51
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Pessione A, Lamberti C, Cocolin L, Campolongo S, Grunau A, Giubergia S, Eberl L, Riedel K, Pessione E. Different protein expression profiles in cheese and clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis
revealed by proteomic analysis. Proteomics 2012; 12:431-47. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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52
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Ihnatko R, Shaw E, Toman R. Proteome of Coxiella burnetii. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 984:105-30. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4315-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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53
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Seymour LM, Jenkins C, Deutscher AT, Raymond BBA, Padula MP, Tacchi JL, Bogema DR, Eamens GJ, Woolley LK, Dixon NE, Walker MJ, Djordjevic SP. Mhp182 (P102) binds fibronectin and contributes to the recruitment of plasmin(ogen) to the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae cell surface. Cell Microbiol 2011; 14:81-94. [PMID: 21951786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a major, economically damaging respiratory pathogen. Although M. hyopneumoniae cells bind plasminogen, the identification of plasminogen-binding surface proteins and the biological ramifications of acquiring plasminogen requires further investigation. mhp182 encodes a highly expressed 102 kDa protein (P102) that undergoes proteolytic processing to generate surface-located N-terminal 60 kDa (P60) and C-terminal 42 kDa (P42) proteins of unknown function. We show that recombinant P102 (rP102) binds plasminogen at physiologically relevant concentrations (K(D) ~ 76 nM) increasing the susceptibility of plasmin(ogen) to activation by tissue-specific plasminogen activator (tPA). Recombinant proteins constructed to mimic P60 (rP60) and P42 (rP42) also bound plasminogen at physiologically significant levels. M. hyopneumoniae surface-bound plasminogen was activated by tPA and is able to degrade fibrinogen, demonstrating the biological functionality of M. hyopneumoniae-bound plasmin(ogen) upon activation. Plasmin(ogen) was readily detected in porcine ciliated airways and plasmin levels were consistently higher in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from M. hyopneumoniae-infected animals. Additionally, rP102 and rP42 bind fibronectin with K(D) s of 26 and 33 nM respectively and recombinant P102 proteins promote adherence to porcine kidney epithelial-like cells. The multifunctional binding ability of P102 and activation of M. hyopneumoniae-sequestered plasmin(ogen) by an exogenous activator suggests P102 plays an important role in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Kannan TR, Coalson JJ, Cagle M, Musatovova O, Hardy RD, Baseman JB. Synthesis and distribution of CARDS toxin during Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a murine model. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1596-604. [PMID: 21957154 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice were infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and monitored for the synthesis and distribution of the unique adenosine diphosphate-ribosylating and vacuolating Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) toxin in bronchiolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung. We noted direct relationships between the concentration of CARDS toxin and numbers of mycoplasma genomes in BALF and the degree of histologic pulmonary inflammation. Immunostaining of lungs revealed extensive colonization by mycoplasmas, including the detection of CARDS toxin in the corresponding inflamed airways. Lung lesion scores were higher during the early stages of infection, decreased gradually by day 14 postinfection, and reached substantially lower values at day 35. Infected mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG titers were positive for CARDS toxin as well as for the major adhesin P1 of M. pneumoniae. These data reinforce the proposed pathogenic role of CARDS toxin in M. pneumoniae-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Kannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
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55
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Genomic and surface proteomic analysis of the canine pathogen Staphylococcus pseudintermedius reveals proteins that mediate adherence to the extracellular matrix. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3074-86. [PMID: 21576333 PMCID: PMC3147560 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00137-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell wall-associated (CWA) proteins made by Gram-positive pathogens play a fundamental role in pathogenesis. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a major animal pathogen responsible for the canine skin disease bacterial pyoderma. Here, we describe the bioinformatic analysis of the family of 18 predicted CWA proteins encoded in the genome of S. pseudintermedius strain ED99 and determine their distribution among a phylogenetically diverse panel of S. pseudintermedius clinical isolates and closely related species of the Staphylococcus intermedius group. In parallel, we employed a proteomic approach to identify proteins presented on the surface of strain ED99 in vitro, revealing a total of 60 surface-localized proteins in one or more phases of growth, including 6 of the 18 genome-predicted CWA proteins. Based on these analyses, we selected two CWA proteins (SpsD and SpsL) encoded by all strains examined and investigated their capacity to mediate adherence to extracellular matrix proteins. We discovered that SpsD and SpsL mediated binding of a heterologous host, Lactococcus lactis, to fibrinogen and fibronectin and that SpsD mediated binding to cytokeratin 10, a major constituent of mammalian skin. Of note, the interaction with fibrinogen was host-species dependent, suggestive of a role for SpsD and SpsL in the host tropism of S. pseudintermedius. Finally, we identified IgG specific for SpsD and SpsL in sera from dogs with bacterial pyoderma, implying that both proteins are expressed during infection. The combined genomic and proteomic approach employed in the current study has revealed novel host-pathogen interactions which represent candidate therapeutic targets for the control of bacterial pyoderma.
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56
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Artini M, Scoarughi G, Papa R, Cellini A, Carpentieri A, Pucci P, Amoresano A, Gazzola S, Cocconcelli P, Selan L. A New Anti-Infective Strategy to Reduce Adhesion-Mediated Virulence in Staphylococcus Aureus Affecting Surface Proteins. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011; 24:661-72. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201102400312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a flexible microbial pathogen frequently isolated from community-acquired and nosocomial infections. The use of indwelling medical devices is associated with a significant risk of infection by this bacterium which possesses a variety of virulence factors, including many toxins, and the ability to invade eukaryotic cells or to form biofilm on biotic and abiotic surfaces. The present study evaluates the anti-infective properties of serratiopeptidase, a secreted protein of Serratia marcescens, in impairing virulence-related staphylococcal properties, such as attachment to inert surfaces and adhesion/invasion on eukaryotic cells. SPEP seems to exert its action by modulating specific proteins. Proteomic studies performed on surface proteins extracted from SPEP-treated S. aureus cultures revealed that a number of proteins are affected by the treatment. Among these we found the adhesin/autolysin Atl, FnBP-A, SecA1, Sbi, EF-Tu, EF-G, and alpha-enolase. EF-Tu, EF-G and alpha-enolase are known to perform a variety of functions, depending on their cytoplasmic or surface localization. All these factors can facilitate bacterial colonization, persistence and invasion of host tissues. Our results suggest that SPEP could be developed as a potential “anti-infective agent” capable to hinder the entry of S. aureus into human tissues, and also impair the ability of this pathogen to form biofilm on prostheses, catheters and medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Artini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, Rome
| | - G.L. Scoarughi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, Rome
| | - R. Papa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, Rome
| | - A. Cellini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, Rome
| | - A. Carpentieri
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Federico II University, Naples
| | - P. Pucci
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Federico II University, Naples
| | - A. Amoresano
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Federico II University, Naples
| | - S. Gazzola
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - P.S. Cocconcelli
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - L. Selan
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, Rome
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57
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Bacterial virulence in the moonlight: multitasking bacterial moonlighting proteins are virulence determinants in infectious disease. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3476-91. [PMID: 21646455 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00179-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Men may not be able to multitask, but it is emerging that proteins can. This capacity of proteins to exhibit more than one function is termed protein moonlighting, and, surprisingly, many highly conserved proteins involved in metabolic regulation or the cell stress response have a range of additional biological actions which are involved in bacterial virulence. This review highlights the multiple roles exhibited by a range of bacterial proteins, such as glycolytic and other metabolic enzymes and molecular chaperones, and the role that such moonlighting activity plays in the virulence characteristics of a number of important human pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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58
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Sharma J, Mishra BB, Li Q, Teale JM. TLR4-dependent activation of inflammatory cytokine response in macrophages by Francisella elongation factor Tu. Cell Immunol 2011; 269:69-73. [PMID: 21497800 PMCID: PMC3106127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial determinants of pulmonary Francisella induced inflammatory responses and their interaction with host components are not clearly defined. In this study, proteomic and immunoblot analyses showed presence of a cytoplasmic protein elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in the membrane fractions of virulent Francisella novicida, LVS and SchuS4, but not in an attenuated F. novicida mutant. EF-Tu was immunodominant in mice vaccinated and protected from virulent F. novicida. Moreover, recombinant EF-Tu induced macrophages to produce inflammatory cytokines in a TLR4 dependent manner. This study shows immune stimulatory properties of a cytoplasmic protein EF-Tu expressed on the membrane of virulent Francisella strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotika Sharma
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249-1644, United States.
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59
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Somarajan SR, Kannan TR, Baseman JB. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mpn133 is a cytotoxic nuclease with a glutamic acid-, lysine- and serine-rich region essential for binding and internalization but not enzymatic activity. Cell Microbiol 2011; 12:1821-31. [PMID: 20690923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We identified Mpn133 as a Ca(2+)-dependent cytotoxic nuclease of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence studies revealed the binding and internalization of recombinant Mpn133 (rMpn133) in human airway A549 cells. Amino acid sequence comparisons of Mpn133 with other mycoplasma nucleases demonstrated the presence of a unique glutamic acid-, lysine- and serine-rich region (EKS region; amino acids 72-110). Deletion of this EKS peptide (rMpn133(Δ72-110)) abrogated its binding and internalization but not its nuclease activity. The function of the EKS region in host cell trafficking and nuclear localization was reinforced by the successful delivery of EKS-conjugated mCherry protein into A549 cells. rMpn133, but not rMpn133(Δ72-110), induced apoptosis-like death in A549 cells. This observation suggested a unique role of Mpn133 as an important contributor to M. pneumoniae-associated life cycle events and as a virulence factor in host-associated cytopathologies. In addition, the distinct property of the EKS peptide in delivery of proteins, like mCherry, into target cells opens new avenues to the establishment of novel concepts of drug delivery and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha R Somarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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60
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Seymour LM, Falconer L, Deutscher AT, Minion FC, Padula MP, Dixon NE, Djordjevic SP, Walker MJ. Mhp107 is a member of the multifunctional adhesin family of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10097-104. [PMID: 21245147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.208140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative pathogen of porcine enzootic pneumonia, an economically significant disease that disrupts the mucociliary escalator in the swine respiratory tract. Expression of Mhp107, a P97 paralog encoded by the gene mhp107, was confirmed using ESI-MS/MS. To investigate the function of Mhp107, three recombinant proteins, F1(Mhp107), F2(Mhp107), and F3(Mhp107), spanning the N-terminal, central, and C-terminal regions of Mhp107 were constructed. Colonization of swine by M. hyopneumoniae requires adherence of the bacterium to ciliated cells of the respiratory tract. Recent studies have identified a number of M. hyopneumoniae adhesins that bind heparin, fibronectin, and plasminogen. F1(Mhp107) was found to bind porcine heparin (K(D) ∼90 nM) in a dose-dependent and saturable manner, whereas F3(Mhp107) bound fibronectin (K(D) ∼180 nM) at physiologically relevant concentrations. F1(Mhp107) also bound porcine plasminogen (K(D) = 24 nM) in a dose-dependent and physiologically relevant manner. Microspheres coated with F3(Mhp107) mediate adherence to porcine kidney epithelial-like (PK15) cells, and all three recombinant proteins (F1(Mhp107)-F3(Mhp107)) bound swine respiratory cilia. Together, these findings indicate that Mhp107 is a member of the multifunctional M. hyopneumoniae adhesin family of surface proteins and contributes to both adherence to the host and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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61
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Henderson B, Nair S, Pallas J, Williams MA. Fibronectin: a multidomain host adhesin targeted by bacterial fibronectin-binding proteins. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:147-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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62
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Henderson B, Martin A. Bacterial Moonlighting Proteins and Bacterial Virulence. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 358:155-213. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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63
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Nieves W, Heang J, Asakrah S, Höner zu Bentrup K, Roy CJ, Morici LA. Immunospecific responses to bacterial elongation factor Tu during Burkholderia infection and immunization. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14361. [PMID: 21179405 PMCID: PMC3003680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis, a disease endemic in parts of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Currently there is no licensed vaccine against infection with this biological threat agent. In this study, we employed an immunoproteomic approach and identified bacterial Elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu) as a potential vaccine antigen. EF-Tu is membrane-associated, secreted in outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), and immunogenic during Burkholderia infection in the murine model of melioidosis. Active immunization with EF-Tu induced antigen-specific antibody and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. Mucosal immunization with EF-Tu also reduced lung bacterial loads in mice challenged with aerosolized B. thailandensis. Our data support the utility of EF-Tu as a novel vaccine immunogen against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wildaliz Nieves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Julie Heang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Saja Asakrah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Höner zu Bentrup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Morici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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64
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Immunoproteomic analysis of human serological antibody responses to vaccination with whole-cell pertussis vaccine (WCV). PLoS One 2010; 5:e13915. [PMID: 21170113 PMCID: PMC2976700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pertussis (whooping cough) caused by Bordetella pertussis
(B.p), continues to be a serious public health threat.
Vaccination is the most economical and effective strategy for preventing and
controlling pertussis. However, few systematic investigations of actual
human immune responses to pertussis vaccines have been performed. Therefore,
we utilized a combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE),
immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry to reveal the entire antigenic
proteome of whole-cell pertussis vaccine (WCV) targeted by the human immune
system as a first step toward evaluating the repertoire of human humoral
immune responses against WCV. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunoproteomic profiling of total membrane enriched proteins and
extracellular proteins of Chinese WCV strain 58003 identified a total of 30
immunoreactive proteins. Seven are known pertussis antigens including
Pertactin, Serum resistance protein, chaperonin GroEL and two OMP porins.
Sixteen have been documented to be immunogenic in other pathogens but not in
B.p, and the immunogenicity of the last seven proteins
was found for the first time. Furthermore, by comparison of the human and
murine immunoproteomes of B.p, with the exception of four
human immunoreactive proteins that were also reactive with mouse immune
sera, a unique group of antigens including more than 20 novel immunoreactive
proteins that uniquely reacted with human immune serum was confirmed. Conclusions/Significance This study is the first time that the repertoire of human serum antibody
responses against WCV was comprehensively investigated, and a small number
of previously unidentified antigens of WCV were also found by means of the
classic immunoproteomic strategy. Further research on these newly identified
predominant antigens of B.p exclusively against humans will
not only remarkably accelerate the development of diagnostic biomarkers and
subunit vaccines but also provide detailed insight into human immunity
mechanisms against WCV. In particular, this work highlights the
heterogeneity of the B.p immunoreactivity patterns of the
mouse model and the human host.
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65
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Deringer JR, Chen C, Samuel JE, Brown WC. Immunoreactive Coxiella burnetii Nine Mile proteins separated by 2D electrophoresis and identified by tandem mass spectrometry. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 157:526-542. [PMID: 21030434 PMCID: PMC3090129 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.043513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of Q fever in humans. Q fever causes acute flu-like symptoms and may develop into a chronic disease leading to endocarditis. Its potential as a bioweapon has led to its classification as a category B select agent. An effective inactivated whole-cell vaccine (WCV) currently exists but causes severe granulomatous/necrotizing reactions in individuals with prior exposure, and is not licensed for use in most countries. Current efforts to reduce or eliminate the deleterious reactions associated with WCVs have focused on identifying potential subunit vaccine candidates. Both humoral and T cell-mediated responses are required for protection in animal models. In this study, nine novel immunogenic C. burnetii proteins were identified in extracted whole-cell lysates using 2D electrophoresis, immunoblotting with immune guinea pig sera, and tandem MS. The immunogenic C. burnetii proteins elicited antigen-specific IgG in guinea pigs vaccinated with whole-cell killed Nine Mile phase I vaccine, suggesting a T cell-dependent response. Eleven additional proteins previously shown to react with immune human sera were also antigenic in guinea pigs, showing the relevance of the guinea pig immunization model for antigen discovery. The antigens described here warrant further investigation to validate their potential use as subunit vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Deringer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - James E Samuel
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Wendy C Brown
- School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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66
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Seymour LM, Deutscher AT, Jenkins C, Kuit TA, Falconer L, Minion FC, Crossett B, Padula M, Dixon NE, Djordjevic SP, Walker MJ. A processed multidomain mycoplasma hyopneumoniae adhesin binds fibronectin, plasminogen, and swine respiratory cilia. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33971-8. [PMID: 20813843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine enzootic pneumonia is a chronic respiratory disease that affects swine. The etiological agent of the disease, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is a bacterium that adheres to cilia of the swine respiratory tract, resulting in loss of cilia and epithelial cell damage. A M. hyopneumoniae protein P116, encoded by mhp108, was investigated as a potential adhesin. Examination of P116 expression using proteomic analyses observed P116 as a full-length protein and also as fragments, ranging from 17 to 70 kDa in size. A variety of pathogenic bacterial species have been shown to bind the extracellular matrix component fibronectin as an adherence mechanism. M. hyopneumoniae cells were found to bind fibronectin in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. Surface plasmon resonance was used to show that a recombinant C-terminal domain of P116 bound fibronectin at physiologically relevant concentrations (K(D) 24 ± 6 nm). Plasmin(ogen)-binding proteins are also expressed by many bacterial pathogens, facilitating extracellular matrix degradation. M. hyopneumoniae cells were found to also bind plasminogen in a dose-dependent and saturable manner; the C-terminal domain of P116 binds to plasminogen (K(D) 44 ± 5 nm). Plasminogen binding was abolished when the C-terminal lysine of P116 was deleted, implicating this residue as part of the plasminogen binding site. P116 fragments adhere to the PK15 porcine kidney epithelial-like cell line and swine respiratory cilia. Collectively these data suggest that P116 is an important adhesin and virulence factor of M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Seymour
- Schools of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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67
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Cacciotto C, Addis MF, Pagnozzi D, Chessa B, Coradduzza E, Carcangiu L, Uzzau S, Alberti A, Pittau M. The liposoluble proteome of Mycoplasma agalactiae: an insight into the minimal protein complement of a bacterial membrane. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:225. [PMID: 20738845 PMCID: PMC2941501 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasmas are the simplest bacteria capable of autonomous replication. Their evolution proceeded from gram-positive bacteria, with the loss of many biosynthetic pathways and of the cell wall. In this work, the liposoluble protein complement of Mycoplasma agalactiae, a minimal bacterial pathogen causing mastitis, polyarthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, and abortion in small ruminants, was subjected to systematic characterization in order to gain insights into its membrane proteome composition. RESULTS The selective enrichment for M. agalactiae PG2T liposoluble proteins was accomplished by means of Triton X-114 fractionation. Liposoluble proteins were subjected to 2-D PAGE-MS, leading to the identification of 40 unique proteins and to the generation of a reference 2D map of the M. agalactiae liposoluble proteome. Liposoluble proteins from the type strain PG2 and two field isolates were then compared by means of 2D DIGE, revealing reproducible differences in protein expression among isolates. An in-depth analysis was then performed by GeLC-MS/MS in order to achieve a higher coverage of the liposoluble proteome. Using this approach, a total of 194 unique proteins were identified, corresponding to 26% of all M. agalactiae PG2T genes. A gene ontology analysis and classification for localization and function was also carried out on all protein identifications. Interestingly, the 11.5% of expressed membrane proteins derived from putative horizontal gene transfer events. CONCLUSIONS This study led to the in-depth systematic characterization of the M. agalactiae liposoluble protein component, providing useful insights into its membrane organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cacciotto
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero (SS), Italy
| | | | - Bernardo Chessa
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Carcangiu
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero (SS), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Pittau
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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68
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Kannan TR, Musatovova O, Balasubramanian S, Cagle M, Jordan JL, Krunkosky TM, Davis A, Hardy RD, Baseman JB. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome toxin expression reveals growth phase and infection-dependent regulation. Mol Microbiol 2010; 76:1127-41. [PMID: 20199607 PMCID: PMC2883071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes acute and chronic respiratory infections, including tracheobronchitis and community acquired pneumonia, and is linked to asthma and an array of extra-pulmonary disorders. Recently, we identified an ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating toxin of M. pneumoniae, designated Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) toxin. In this study we analysed CARDS toxin gene (annotated mpn372) transcription and identified its promoter. We also compared CARDS toxin mRNA and protein profiles in M. pneumoniae during distinct in vitro growth phases. CARDS toxin mRNA expression was maximal, but at low levels, during early exponential growth and declined sharply during mid-to-late log growth phases, which was in direct contrast to other mycoplasma genes examined. Between 7% and 10% of CARDS toxin was localized to the mycoplasma membrane at mid-exponential growth, which was reinforced by immunogold electron microscopy. No CARDS toxin was released into the medium. Upon M. pneumoniae infection of mammalian cells, increased expression of CARDS toxin mRNA was observed when compared with SP-4 broth-grown cultures. Further, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that M. pneumoniae readily expressed CARDS toxin during infection of differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Analysis of M. pneumoniae-infected mouse lung tissue revealed high expression of CARDS toxin per mycoplasma cell when compared with M. pneumoniae cells grown in SP-4 medium alone. Taken together, these studies indicate that CARDS toxin expression is carefully controlled by environmental cues that influence its transcription and translation. Further, the acceleration of CARDS toxin synthesis and accumulation in vivo is consistent with its role as a bona fide virulence determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Kannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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69
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Entry of Spiroplasma citri into Circulifer haematoceps cells involves interaction between spiroplasma phosphoglycerate kinase and leafhopper actin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:1879-86. [PMID: 20118377 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02384-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of the phytopathogenic mollicutes, spiroplasmas, and phytoplasmas by their insect vectors mainly depends on their ability to pass through gut cells, to multiply in various tissues, and to traverse the salivary gland cells. The passage of these different barriers suggests molecular interactions between the plant mollicute and the insect vector that regulate transmission. In the present study, we focused on the interaction between Spiroplasma citri and its leafhopper vector, Circulifer haematoceps. An in vitro protein overlay assay identified five significant binding activities between S. citri proteins and insect host proteins from salivary glands. One insect protein involved in one binding activity was identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as actin. Confocal microscopy observations of infected salivary glands revealed that spiroplasmas colocated with the host actin filaments. An S. citri actin-binding protein of 44 kDa was isolated by affinity chromatography and identified by LC-MS/MS as phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). To investigate the role of the PGK-actin interaction, we performed competitive binding and internalization assays on leafhopper cultured cell lines (Ciha-1) in which His(6)-tagged PGK from S. citri or purified PGK from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was added prior to the addition of S. citri inoculum. The results suggested that exogenous PGK has no effect on spiroplasmal attachment to leafhopper cell surfaces but inhibits S. citri internalization, demonstrating that the process leading to internalization of S. citri in eukaryotic cells requires the presence of PGK. PGK, regardless of origin, reduced the entry of spiroplasmas into Ciha-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
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70
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Analysis of pulmonary inflammation and function in the mouse and baboon after exposure to Mycoplasma pneumoniae CARDS toxin. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7562. [PMID: 19859545 PMCID: PMC2762541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae produces an ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating toxin known as the CARDS (Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome) toxin that has been shown to be cytotoxic to mammalian cells in tissue and organ culture. In this study we tested the ability of recombinant CARDS (rCARDS) toxin to elicit changes within the pulmonary compartment in both mice and baboons. Animals responded to a respiratory exposure to rCARDS toxin in a dose and activity-dependent manner by increasing the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, 1β, 6, 12, 17, TNF-α and IFN-γ. There was also a dose-dependent increase in several growth factors and chemokines following toxin exposure including KC, IL-8, RANTES, and G-CSF. Increased expression of IFN-γ was observed only in the baboon; otherwise, mice and baboons responded to CARDS toxin in a very similar manner. Introduction of rCARDS toxin to the airways of mice or baboons resulted in a cellular inflammatory response characterized by a dose-dependent early vacuolization and cytotoxicity of the bronchiolar epithelium followed by a robust peribronchial and perivascular lymphocytic infiltration. In mice, rCARDS toxin caused airway hyper-reactivity two days after toxin exposure as well as prolonged airway obstruction. The changes in airway function, cytokine expression, and cellular inflammation correlate temporally and are consistent with what has been reported for M. pneumoniae infection. Altogether, these data suggest that the CARDS toxin interacts extensively with the pulmonary compartment and that the CARDS toxin is sufficient to cause prolonged inflammatory responses and airway dysfunction.
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71
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Amino acid changes in elongation factor Tu of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium influence fibronectin binding. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3533-41. [PMID: 19546194 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00081-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium are closely related organisms that cause distinct clinical manifestations and possess different tissue predilections despite their high degree of genome homology. We reported earlier that surface-localized M. pneumoniae elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu(Mp)) mediates binding to the extracellular matrix component fibronectin (Fn) through the carboxyl region of EF-Tu. In this study, we demonstrate that surface-associated M. genitalium EF-Tu (EF-Tu(Mg)), in spite of sharing 96% identity with EF-Tu(Mp), does not bind Fn. We utilized this finding to identify the essential amino acids of EF-Tu(Mp) that mediate Fn interactions by generating modified recombinant EF-Tu proteins with amino acid changes corresponding to those of EF-Tu(Mg). Amino acid changes in serine 343, proline 345, and threonine 357 were sufficient to significantly reduce the Fn binding of EF-Tu(Mp). Synthetic peptides corresponding to this region of EF-Tu(Mp) (EF-Tu(Mp) 340-358) blocked both recombinant EF-Tu(Mp) and radiolabeled M. pneumoniae cell binding to Fn. In contrast, EF-Tu(Mg) 340-358 peptides exhibited minimal blocking activity, reinforcing the specificity of EF-Tu-Fn interactions as mediators of microbial colonization and tissue tropism.
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72
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Lopez JE, Porcella SF, Schrumpf ME, Raffel SJ, Hammer CH, Zhao M, Robinson MA, Schwan TG. Identification of conserved antigens for early serodiagnosis of relapsing fever Borrelia. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:2641-2651. [PMID: 19443544 PMCID: PMC2885675 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.029918-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia hermsii is a blood-borne pathogen transmitted by the argasid tick Ornithodoros hermsi. Since spirochaete clearance in mice is associated with an IgM-mediated response, an immunoproteomic analysis was used to identify proteins reactive with IgM. We report that IgM from both mice and human patients infected with B. hermsii not only reacted with the previously identified variable membrane proteins but also identified candidate antigens including heat-shock proteins, an adhesin protein, ABC transporter proteins, flagellar proteins, housekeeping proteins, an immune evasion protein, and proteins with unknown function. Furthermore, IgM reactivity to recombinant glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase was detected during early spirochaete infection and prior to a detectable IgG response. Lastly, a conserved hypothetical protein was produced in Escherichia coli and tested with immune serum against B. hermsii and Borrelia recurrentis. These results identify a much larger set of immunoreactive proteins, and could help in the early serodiagnosis of this tick-borne infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job E Lopez
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Stephen F Porcella
- Research Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Merry E Schrumpf
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Sandra J Raffel
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Carl H Hammer
- Research Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852-1737, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- Research Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852-1737, USA
| | - Mary Ann Robinson
- Research Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852-1737, USA
| | - Tom G Schwan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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73
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Proteomics-based identification of anchorless cell wall proteins as vaccine candidates against Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2719-29. [PMID: 19364833 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00617-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen with increasing clinical impact due to the extensive spread of antibiotic-resistant strains. Therefore, development of a protective polyvalent vaccine is of great clinical interest. We employed an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparation as a source of antibodies directed against anchorless S. aureus surface proteins for identification of novel vaccine candidates. In order to identify such proteins, subtractive proteome analysis (SUPRA) of S. aureus anchorless cell wall proteins was performed. Proteins reacting with IVIG but not with IVIG depleted of S. aureus-specific opsonizing antibodies were considered vaccine candidates. Nearly 40 proteins were identified by this preselection method using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization--time of flight analysis. Three of these candidate proteins, enolase (Eno), oxoacyl reductase (Oxo), and hypothetical protein hp2160, were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins, purified, and used for enrichment of corresponding immunoglobulin Gs from IVIG by affinity chromatography. Use of affinity-purified anti-Eno, anti-Oxo, and anti-hp2160 antibodies resulted in opsonization, phagocytosis, and killing of S. aureus by human neutrophils. High specific antibody titers were detected in mice immunized with recombinant antigens. In mice challenged with bioluminescent S. aureus, reduced staphylococcal spread was measured by in vivo imaging. The recovery of S. aureus CFU from organs of immunized mice was diminished 10- to 100-fold. Finally, mice immunized with hp2160 displayed statistically significant higher survival rates after lethal challenge with clinically relevant S. aureus strains. Taken together, our data suggest that anchorless cell wall proteins might be promising vaccine candidates and that SUPRA is a valuable tool for their identification.
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74
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Miyamoto K, Kosakai K, Ikebayashi S, Tsuchiya T, Yamamoto S, Tsujibo H. Proteomic analysis of Vibrio vulnificus M2799 grown under iron-repleted and iron-depleted conditions. Microb Pathog 2009; 46:171-7. [PMID: 19185608 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic marine bacterium that causes a serious, often fatal, infection in human. An important factor that determines the survival of V. vulnificus in the human body is the ability to acquire iron. The differential expression of proteins in whole-cell lysates of V. vulnificus M2799, a clinical isolate, was evaluated under iron-repleted and iron-depleted conditions during the early, mid and late logarithmic growth phases. A total of 32, 53 and 42 iron-regulated spots were detected by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) in the early, mid and late logarithmic growth phases, respectively. Of these, 18 (early logarithmic growth phase), 31 (mid logarithmic growth phase) and 26 (late logarithmic growth phase) proteins were subsequently identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight analysis. These proteins were classified into 10 functional categories, including inorganic ion transport and metabolism, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, and amino acid transport and metabolism. Based on this classification, the expression of proteins involved in the iron acquisition system increased from the early to the mid logarithmic growth phases, while that of proteins involved in other metabolic pathways increased from the mid to the late logarithmic growth phases. Furthermore, when the protein expression profile of the wild type bacterium was compared with that of the fur mutant grown under the iron-repleted condition, the expression of 18 proteins was found to be regulated by iron and Fur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushiro Miyamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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75
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Roberts R, Moreno G, Bottero D, Gaillard ME, Fingermann M, Graieb A, Rumbo M, Hozbor D. Outer membrane vesicles as acellular vaccine against pertussis. Vaccine 2008; 26:4639-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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