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Zhang X, He D, Gao S, Wei Y, Wang L. Aspergillus fumigatus enhances human NK cell activity by regulating M1 macrophage polarization. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1241-1249. [PMID: 31173233 PMCID: PMC6625407 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of disease caused by fungal infection is closely associated with the human immune system. Macrophages and natural killer cells (NK cells) are two important types of innate immune cells that serve an important role in anti-infection immunity. There has been limited research into the interactions between fungi and macrophages. In the present in vitro study, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, ELISA and flow cytometry were performed to reveal that the interaction between macrophages and NK cells, regulated by Aspergillus fumigatus conidia, induced macrophages to polarize into M1 macrophages by secreting large quantities of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-18 and Galectin-9. In addition, when NK cells were co-cultured with the conidia of A. fumigatus-stimulated M1 macrophages, they exhibited increased activation levels and secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). It was further demonstrated via antibody neutralization and gene silencing experiments that galectin-9 served an important role in the interaction between macrophages and NK cells regulated by A. fumigatus. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that A. fumigatus induced the polarization of macrophages into M1 macrophages by secreting Galectin-9, which then promoted NK cell activity and IFN-γ secretion. The results provided improved understanding of the role of innate immune cells in invasive fungal infections. The present study also provided novel insight into the study of macrophages and NK cells in inflammatory infections caused by A. fumigatus and potential strategies to control the progression of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dan He
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yunyun Wei
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Trbojevic-Akmacic I, Lauc G, Abdel-Mohsen M. Breaking the Glyco-Code of HIV Persistence and Immunopathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 16:151-168. [PMID: 30707400 PMCID: PMC6441623 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glycoimmunology is an emerging field focused on understanding how immune responses are mediated by glycans (carbohydrates) and their interaction with glycan-binding proteins called lectins. How glycans influence immunological functions is increasingly well understood. In a parallel way, in the HIV field, it is increasingly understood how the host immune system controls HIV persistence and immunopathogenesis. However, what has mostly been overlooked, despite its potential for therapeutic applications, is the role that the host glycosylation machinery plays in modulating the persistence and immunopathogenesis of HIV. Here, we will survey four areas in which the links between glycan-lectin interactions and immunology and between immunology and HIV are well described. For each area, we will describe these links and then delineate the opportunities for the HIV field in investigating potential interactions between glycoimmunology and HIV persistence/immunopathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies show that the human glycome (the repertoire of human glycan structures) plays critical roles in driving or modulating several cellular processes and immunological functions that are central to maintaining HIV infection. Understanding the links between glycoimmunology and HIV infection may create a new paradigm for discovering novel glycan-based therapies that can lead to eradication, functional cure, or improved tolerance of lifelong infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leila B Giron
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83h, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovacica 1, Zagreb, Croatia
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Cruz-Muñoz ME, Valenzuela-Vázquez L, Sánchez-Herrera J, Santa-Olalla Tapia J. From the "missing self" hypothesis to adaptive NK cells: Insights of NK cell-mediated effector functions in immune surveillance. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:955-971. [PMID: 30848847 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0618-224rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The original discovery of NK cells approximately 40 yr ago was based on their unique capability to kill tumor cells without prior sensitization or priming, a process named natural cytotoxicity. Since then, several studies have documented that NK cells can kill hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cancer cells. NK cells also recognize and kill cells that have undergone viral infections. Besides natural cytotoxicity, NK cells are also major effectors of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Therefore, NK cells are well "armed" to recognize and mount immune responses against "insults" that result from cell transformation and viral infections. Because of these attributes, an essential role of NK cells in tumor surveillance was noted. Indeed, several studies have shown a correlation between impaired NK cell cytotoxicity and a higher risk of developing cancer. This evidence led to the idea that cancer initiation and progress is intimately related to an abnormal or misdirected immune response. Whereas all these ideas remain current, it is also true that NK cells represent a heterogeneous population with different abilities to secrete cytokines and to mediate cytotoxic functions. In addition, recent data has shown that NK cells are prone to suffer epigenetic modifications resulting in the acquisition of previously unrecognized attributes such as memory and long-term survival. Such NK cells, referred as "adaptive" or "memory-like," also display effector functions that are not necessarily equal to those observed in conventional NK cells. Given the new evidence available, it is essential to discuss the conceptual reasoning and misconceptions regarding the role of NK cells in immune surveillance and immunotherapy.
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Wang S, Liu Y, Yuan X, Yao L, Yang S, Ma R. Fecal bacteria from ulcerative colitis patients downregulate Tim-3-mediated inhibitory effects on monocytes in vitro. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:147-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Premeaux TA, Mitchell BI, Niki T, Papasavvas E, Montaner LJ, Ndhlovu LC, Abdel-Mohsen M. Galectin-9 Mediates HIV Transcription by Inducing TCR-Dependent ERK Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:267. [PMID: 30842775 PMCID: PMC6391929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous plasma levels of the immunomodulatory carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-9 (Gal-9) are elevated during HIV infection and remain elevated after antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression. We recently reported that Gal-9 regulates HIV transcription and potently reactivates latent HIV. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying Gal-9-mediated viral transcription remain unclear. Given that galectins are known to modulate T cell receptor (TCR)-signaling, we hypothesized that Gal-9 modulates HIV transcriptional activity, at least in part, through inducing TCR signaling pathways. Gal-9 induced T cell receptor ζ chain (CD3ζ) phosphorylation (11.2 to 32.1%; P = 0.008) in the J-Lat HIV latency model. Lck inhibition reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation in the J-Lat HIV latency model (16.8-0.9%; P < 0.0001) and reduced both Gal-9-mediated CD4+ T cell activation (10.3 to 1.65% CD69 and CD25 co-expression; P = 0.0006), and IL-2/TNFα secretion (P < 0.004) in primary CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART. Using phospho-kinase antibody arrays, we found that Gal-9 increased the phosphorylation of the TCR-downstream signaling molecules ERK1/2 (26.7-fold) and CREB (6.6-fold). ERK and CREB inhibitors significantly reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation (16.8 to 2.6 or 12.6%, respectively; P < 0.0007). Given that the immunosuppressive rapamycin uncouples HIV latency reversal from cytokine-associated toxicity, we also investigated whether rapamycin could uncouple Gal-9-mediated latency reactivation from its concurrent pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Rapamycin reduced Gal-9-mediated secretion of IL-2 (4.4-fold, P = 0.001) and TNF (4-fold, P = 0.02) without impacting viral reactivation (16.8% compared to 16.1%; P = 0.2). In conclusion, Gal-9 modulates HIV transcription by activating the TCR-downstream ERK and CREB signaling pathways in an Lck-dependent manner. Our findings could have implications for understanding the role of endogenous galectin interactions in modulating TCR signaling and maintaining chronic immune activation during ART-suppressed HIV infection. In addition, uncoupling Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation from undesirable pro-inflammatory effects, using rapamycin, may increase the potential utility of recombinant Gal-9 within the reversal of HIV latency eradication framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Leila B. Giron
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brooks I. Mitchell
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Toshiro Niki
- GalPharma Co. Ltd., Takamatsu-shi, Takamatsu, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Emmanouil Papasavvas
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luis J. Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Restriction of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection by Galectin-9. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01746-18. [PMID: 30487283 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01746-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus. While HCMV infection is generally asymptomatic in the immunocompetent, it can have devastating consequences in those with compromised or underdeveloped immune systems, including transplant recipients and neonates. Galectins are a widely expressed protein family that have been demonstrated to modulate both antiviral immunity and regulate direct host-virus interactions. The potential for galectins to directly modulate HCMV infection has not previously been studied, and our results reveal that galectin-9 (Gal-9) can potently inhibit HCMV infection. Gal-9-mediated inhibition of HCMV was dependent upon its carbohydrate recognition domains and thus dependent on glycan interactions. Temperature shift studies revealed that Gal-9 specific inhibition was mediated primarily at the level of virus-cell fusion and not binding. Additionally, we found that during reactivation of HCMV in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients soluble Gal-9 is upregulated. This study provides the first evidence for Gal-9 functioning as a potent antiviral defense effector molecule against HCMV infection and identifies it as a potential clinical candidate to restrict HCMV infections.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) continues to cause serious and often life-threatening disease in those with impaired or underdeveloped immune systems. This virus is able to infect and replicate in a wide range of human cell types, which enables the virus to spread to other individuals in a number of settings. Current antiviral drugs are associated with a significant toxicity profile, and there is no vaccine; these factors highlight a need to identify additional targets for the development of anti-HCMV therapies. We demonstrate for the first time that secretion of a member of the galectin family of proteins, galectin-9 (Gal-9), is upregulated during natural HCMV-reactivated infection and that this soluble cellular protein possesses a potent capacity to block HCMV infection by inhibiting virus entry into the host cell. Our findings support the possibility of harnessing the antiviral properties of Gal-9 to prevent HCMV infection and disease.
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Machala EA, McSharry BP, Rouse BT, Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Gal power: the diverse roles of galectins in regulating viral infections. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:333-349. [PMID: 30648945 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses, as a class of pathogenic microbe, remain a significant health burden globally. Viral infections result in significant morbidity and mortality annually and many remain in need of novel vaccine and anti-viral strategies. The development of effective novel anti-viral therapeutics, in particular, requires detailed understanding of the mechanism of viral infection, and the host response, including the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. In recent years, the role of glycans and lectins in pathogen-host interactions has become an increasingly relevant issue. This review focuses on the interactions between a specific lectin family, galectins, and the broad range of viral infections in which they play a role. Discussed are the diverse activities that galectins play in interacting directly with virions or the cells they infect, to promote or inhibit viral infection. In addition we describe how galectin expression is regulated both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally by viral infections. We also compare the contribution of known galectin-mediated immune modulation, across a range of innate and adaptive immune anti-viral responses, to the outcome of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Machala
- 1Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- 1Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barry T Rouse
- 2Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Allison Abendroth
- 1Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- 1Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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58
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Glycosylation in cancer: Selected roles in tumour progression, immune modulation and metastasis. Cell Immunol 2018; 333:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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59
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The functional potency of natural killer cells in response to IL-2/IL-15/IL-21 stimulation is limited by a concurrent upregulation of Tim-3 in bladder cancer. Exp Cell Res 2018; 372:92-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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60
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Kim N, Kim HS. Targeting Checkpoint Receptors and Molecules for Therapeutic Modulation of Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2041. [PMID: 30250471 PMCID: PMC6139314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the most promising therapeutic modalities for cancer treatment is the blockade of immune checkpoint pathways, which are frequently co-opted by tumors as a major mechanism of immune escape. CTLA-4 and PD-1 are the representative examples, and their blockade by therapeutic antibodies leads to enhanced anti-tumor immunity with durable clinical responses, but only in a minority of patients. This has highlighted the need to identify and target additional immune checkpoints that can be exploited to further enhance immune responses to refractory cancers. These emerging targets include natural killer (NK) cell-directed checkpoint receptors (KIR and CD94/NKG2A) as well as the NK- and T cell-expressed checkpoints TIM-3, TIGIT, CD96, and LAG-3. Interestingly, the potentiation of anti-tumor immunity by checkpoint blockade relies not only on T cells but also on other components of the innate immune system, including NK cells. NK cells are innate lymphoid cells that efficiently kill tumor cells without MHC specificity, which is complementary to the MHC-restricted tumor lysis mediated by cytotoxic T cells. However, the role of these immune checkpoints in modulating the function of NK cells remains unclear and somewhat controversial. Unraveling the mechanisms by which these immune checkpoints function in NK cells and other immune cells will pave the way to developing new therapeutic strategies to optimize anti-tumor immunity while limiting cancer immune escape. Here, we focus on recent findings regarding the roles of immune checkpoints in regulating NK cell function and their potential application in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center (SCIRC), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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61
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Extracellular galectins as controllers of cytokines in hematological cancer. Blood 2018; 132:484-491. [PMID: 29875102 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-04-846014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins and cytokines are both secreted proteins whose levels are prognosis factors for several cancers. Extracellular galectins bind to the glycans decorating glycoproteins and are overproduced in most cancers. Accumulative evidence shows that galectins regulate cytokines during cancer progression. Although galectins alter cytokine function by binding to the glycans decorating cytokines or their receptors, cytokines could also regulate galectin expression and function. This review revises these complex interactions and their clinical impact, particularly in hematological cancers.
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Panda SK, Facchinetti V, Voynova E, Hanabuchi S, Karnell JL, Hanna RN, Kolbeck R, Sanjuan MA, Ettinger R, Liu YJ. Galectin-9 inhibits TLR7-mediated autoimmunity in murine lupus models. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1873-1887. [PMID: 29611821 DOI: 10.1172/jci97333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled secretion of type I IFN, as the result of endosomal TLR (i.e., TLR7 and TLR9) signaling in plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and abnormal production of autoantibodies by B cells are critical for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. The importance of galectin-9 (Gal-9) in regulating various autoimmune diseases, including lupus, has been demonstrated. However, the precise mechanism by which Gal-9 mediates this effect remains unclear. Here, using spontaneous murine models of lupus (i.e., BXSB/MpJ and NZB/W F1 mice), we demonstrate that administration of Gal-9 results in reduced TLR7-mediated autoimmune manifestations. While investigating the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we observed that Gal-9 inhibits the phenotypic maturation of pDCs and B cells and abrogates their ability to mount cytokine responses to TLR7/TLR9 ligands. Importantly, immunocomplex-mediated (IC-mediated) and neutrophil extracellular trap-mediated (NET-mediated) pDC activation was inhibited by Gal-9. Additionally, the mTOR/p70S6K pathway, which is recruited by both pDCs and B cells for TLR-mediated IFN secretion and autoantibody generation, respectively, was attenuated. Gal-9 was found to exert its inhibitory effect on both the cells by interacting with CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Panda
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.,Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Shino Hanabuchi
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.,Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong-Jun Liu
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.,Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Pollmann J, Götz JJ, Rupp D, Strauss O, Granzin M, Grünvogel O, Mutz P, Kramer C, Lasitschka F, Lohmann V, Björkström NK, Thimme R, Bartenschlager R, Cerwenka A. Hepatitis C virus-induced natural killer cell proliferation involves monocyte-derived cells and the OX40/OX40L axis. J Hepatol 2018; 68:421-430. [PMID: 29100993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Natural killer (NK) cells are found at increased frequencies in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). NK cell activation has been shown to correlate with HCV clearance and to predict a favourable treatment response. The aim of our study was to dissect mechanisms leading to NK cell activation and proliferation in response to HCV. METHODS NK cell phenotype, proliferation, and function were assessed after the 6-day co-culture of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with either HCV replicon-containing HuH6 hepatoblastoma cells or HCV-infected HuH7.5 cells. The results obtained were confirmed by immunohistochemistry of liver biopsies from patients with HCV and from HCV-negative controls. RESULTS In HCV-containing co-cultures, a higher frequency of NK cells upregulated the expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor chain CD25, proliferated more rapidly, and produced higher amounts of interferon γ compared with NK cells from control co-cultures. This NK cell activation was dependent on IL-2, cell-cell contact-mediated signals, and HCV replicon-exposed monocytes. The tumour necrosis factor-receptor superfamily member OX40 was induced on the activated CD25± NK cell subset and this induction was abrogated by the depletion of CD14+ monocytes. Moreover, OX40L was upregulated on CD14± monocyte-derived cells co-cultured with HCV-containing cells and also observed in liver biopsies from patients with HCV. Importantly, blocking of the OX40/OX40L interaction abolished both NK cell activation and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our results uncover a previously unappreciated cell-cell contact-mediated mechanism of NK cell activation and proliferation in response to HCV, mediated by monocyte-derived cells and the OX40/OX40L axis. These results reveal a novel mode of crosstalk between innate immune cells during viral infection. LAY SUMMARY Using a cell-culture model of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, our study revealed that natural killer (NK) cells become activated and proliferate when they are co-cultured with HCV-containing liver cells. The mechanism of this activation involves crosstalk with other innate immune cells and a cell-cell contact interaction mediated by the cell surface molecules OX40 and OX40L. Our study reveals a novel pathway leading to NK cell proliferation and activation against virus-infected cells that might be of relevance in antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pollmann
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana-Julia Götz
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Otto Strauss
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Granzin
- Miltenyi Biotec Inc. Clinical Research, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Grünvogel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Mutz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Catharina Kramer
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Immunbiochemistry, University Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany.
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65
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Brubel R, Bokor A, Pohl A, Schilli GK, Szereday L, Bacher-Szamuel R, Rigo J, Polgar B. Serum galectin-9 as a noninvasive biomarker for the detection of endometriosis and pelvic pain or infertility-related gynecologic disorders. Fertil Steril 2017; 108:1016-1025.e2. [PMID: 29202955 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the usefulness of soluble galectin-9 (Gal-9) in the noninvasive laboratory diagnosis of endometriosis and various gynecologic disorders. DESIGN Prospective case-control study. SETTING University medical centers. PATIENT(S) A total of 135 women of reproductive age were involved in the study, 77 endometriosis patients, 28 gynecologic controls, and 30 healthy women. INTERVENTION(S) Diagnostic laparoscopy and collection of tissue biopsies, peritoneal cells, and native peripheral blood from different case groups of gynecology patients and healthy women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The expression of mRNA and serum concentration of Gal-9. RESULT(S) Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and serum soluble Gal-9 ELISA were performed on three different cohorts of patients: those with endometriosis, those with benign gynecologic disorders, and healthy controls. Differences in the Gal-9 concentrations between the investigated groups and the stability of Gal-9 in the serum and diagnostic characteristics of Gal-9 ELISA were determined by statistical evaluation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Significantly elevated Gal-9 levels were found in both minimal-mild (I-II) and moderate-severe (III-IV) stages of endometriosis in comparison with healthy controls. At a cutoff of 132 pg/mL, ROC analysis revealed an excellent diagnostic value of Gal-9 ELISA in endometriosis (area under the curve = 0.973) with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 93.75%, indicating better diagnostic potential than that of other endometriosis biomarkers. Furthermore, various pelvic pain or infertility-associated benign gynecologic conditions were also associated with increased serum Gal-9 levels. CONCLUSION(S) Our results suggest that Gal-9 could be a promising noninvasive biomarker of endometriosis and a predictor of various infertility or pelvic pain-related gynecologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka Brubel
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bokor
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Akos Pohl
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Krisztina Schilli
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Szereday
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Reka Bacher-Szamuel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Janos Rigo
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Polgar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary.
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66
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Zahaf A, Badia A, Morel J, Dellis O. [Gal-9 promotes viral persistence of hepatitis virus in the liver]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:947-949. [PMID: 29200391 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173311010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Zahaf
- M1 Biologie-Santé, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Aurore Badia
- M1 Biologie-Santé, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jessica Morel
- M1 Biologie-Santé, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Dellis
- Inserm UMR-S 1174, équipe signalisation calcique, bâtiment 443, rue des Adèles, 91405 Orsay, France
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67
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Translational Implication of Galectin-9 in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102108. [PMID: 28991189 PMCID: PMC5666790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between galectin-9 and its receptor, Tim-3, triggers a series of signaling events that regulate immune responses. The expression of galectin-9 has been shown to be increased in a variety of target cells of many different viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza virus, dengue virus (DENV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This enhanced expression of galectin-9 following viral infection promotes significant changes in the behaviors of the virus-infected cells, and the resulting events tightly correlate with the immunopathogenesis of the viral disease. Because the human immune response to different viral infections can vary, and the lack of appropriate treatment can have potentially fatal consequences, understanding the implications of galectin-9 is crucial for developing better methods for monitoring and treating viral infections. This review seeks to address how we can apply the current understanding of galectin-9 function to better understand the pathogenesis of viral infection and better treat viral diseases.
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68
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Gonçalves Silva I, Yasinska IM, Sakhnevych SS, Fiedler W, Wellbrock J, Bardelli M, Varani L, Hussain R, Siligardi G, Ceccone G, Berger SM, Ushkaryov YA, Gibbs BF, Fasler-Kan E, Sumbayev VV. The Tim-3-galectin-9 Secretory Pathway is Involved in the Immune Escape of Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. EBioMedicine 2017; 22:44-57. [PMID: 28750861 PMCID: PMC5552242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a severe and often fatal systemic malignancy. Malignant cells are capable of escaping host immune surveillance by inactivating cytotoxic lymphoid cells. In this work we discovered a fundamental molecular pathway, which includes ligand-dependent activation of ectopically expressed latrophilin 1 and possibly other G-protein coupled receptors leading to increased translation and exocytosis of the immune receptor Tim-3 and its ligand galectin-9. This occurs in a protein kinase C and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)-dependent manner. Tim-3 participates in galectin-9 secretion and is also released in a free soluble form. Galectin-9 impairs the anti-cancer activity of cytotoxic lymphoid cells including natural killer (NK) cells. Soluble Tim-3 prevents secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2) required for the activation of cytotoxic lymphoid cells. These results were validated in ex vivo experiments using primary samples from AML patients. This pathway provides reliable targets for both highly specific diagnosis and immune therapy of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inna M Yasinska
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | | | - Walter Fiedler
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Jasmin Wellbrock
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Marco Bardelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita' della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita' della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Steffen M Berger
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Department of Clinical Research, Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Bernhard F Gibbs
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK; Department of Dermatology, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Elizaveta Fasler-Kan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Department of Clinical Research, Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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69
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Zhuo Y, Zhang YF, Wu HJ, Qin L, Wang YP, Liu AM, Wang XH. Interaction between Galectin-9/TIM-3 pathway and follicular helper CD4 + T cells contributes to viral persistence in chronic hepatitis C. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:386-393. [PMID: 28772217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Galectin 9 (Gal-9)/T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3) pathway and follicular helper CD4+ T (Tfh) cells play important roles in persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Thus, we aimed to investigate the regulatory role of interaction between Gal-9/TIM-3 pathway and Tfh cells in chronic hepatitis C. A total of 44 chronic hepatitis C patients and 19 normal controls (NCs) were enrolled in this study. Purified CD4+ T cells were cultured by TIM-3 Fc protein, recombinant Gal-9, or IL-21 for 48h. TIM-3 expression, Tfh proportion, and IL-21 production was measured, respectively. The immunomodulatory role of Gal-9/TIM-3 and IL-21 was also investigated in HCV cell culture system in vitro. We found that the percentage corresponding to both TIM-3-positive and CXCR5+ICOS+ Tfh cells within CD4+ T cells, which correlated with HCV RNA replication, was significantly elevated in patients with chronic hepatitis C in comparison with those in NCs. Moreover, blockade of Gal-9/TIM-3 pathway by TIM-3 Fc protein increased Tfh cells proportion, IL-21 mRNA and protein expression within purified CD4+ T cells, while activation of Gal-9/TIM-3 signaling by Gal-9 stimulation decreased IL-21 production in both patients with chronic HCV infection and healthy individuals. Meanwhile, high concentrations (100 and 200ng/mL) of IL-21 stimulation also elevated TIM-3 expression on CD4+ T cells in chronic hepatitis C. Furthermore, TIM-3 blockage and IL-21 stimulation suppressed mRNA expressions of HCV-induced antiviral proteins (myxovirus resistance A and oligoadenylate synthetase) in Huh7.5 cells without affecting viral replication in HCV cell culture system. The interaction between Gal-9/TIM-3 pathway and Tfh cells contributed to viral persistent in chronic HCV infection, which might be pivotal for development of new therapeutic approaches for chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhuo
- Department of Infectious Diseases II, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-Fu Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Breast and Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Hong-Jie Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases II, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases III, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - A-Min Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases II, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases II, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.
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70
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Collin R, St-Pierre C, Guilbault L, Mullins-Dansereau V, Policheni A, Guimont-Desrochers F, Pelletier AN, Gray DH, Drobetsky E, Perreault C, Hillhouse EE, Lesage S. An Unbiased Linkage Approach Reveals That the p53 Pathway Is Coupled to NK Cell Maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1490-1504. [PMID: 28710252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells constitute potent innate lymphoid cells that play a major role in both tumor immunosurveillance and viral clearance via their effector functions. A four-stage model of NK cell functional maturation has been established according to the expression of CD11b and CD27, separating mature NK (mNK) cells into distinct populations that exhibit specific phenotypic and functional properties. To identify genetic factors involved in the regulation of NK cell functional maturation, we performed a linkage analysis on F2 (B6.Rag1-/- × NOD.Rag1-/- intercross) mice. We identified six loci on chromosomes 2, 4, 7, 10, 11, and 18 that were linked to one or more mNK cell subsets. Subsequently, we performed an in silico analysis exploiting mNK cell subset microarray data, highlighting various genes and microRNAs as potential regulators of the functional maturation of NK cells. Together, the combination of our unbiased genetic linkage study and the in silico analysis positions genes known to affect NK cell biology along the specific stages of NK cell functional maturation. Moreover, this approach allowed us to uncover a novel candidate gene in the regulation of NK cell maturation, namely Trp53 Using mice deficient for Trp53, we confirm that this tumor suppressor regulates NK cell functional maturation. Additional candidate genes revealed in this study may eventually serve as targets for the modulation of NK cell functional maturation to potentiate both tumor immunosurveillance and viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Collin
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Charles St-Pierre
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Lorie Guilbault
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Victor Mullins-Dansereau
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Antonia Policheni
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; and.,Department of Medical Biology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Fanny Guimont-Desrochers
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Adam-Nicolas Pelletier
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniel H Gray
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; and.,Department of Medical Biology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elliot Drobetsky
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Claude Perreault
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Erin E Hillhouse
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada;
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; .,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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71
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Golden-Mason L, Rosen HR. Galectin-9: Diverse roles in hepatic immune homeostasis and inflammation. Hepatology 2017; 66:271-279. [PMID: 28195343 PMCID: PMC5521806 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycan-binding proteins, which include galectins, are involved at all stages of immunity and inflammation, from initiation through resolution. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is highly expressed in the liver and has a wide variety of biological functions in innate and adaptive immunity that are instrumental in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis. In the setting of viral hepatitis, increased expression of Gal-9 drives the expansion of regulatory T cells and contraction of effector T cells, thereby favoring viral persistence. The dichotomous nature of Gal-9 is evident in hepatocellular carcinoma, where loss of expression in hepatocytes promotes tumor growth and metastasis, whereas overexpression by Kupffer cells and endothelial cells inhibits the antitumor immune response. In nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Gal-9 is involved indirectly in the expansion of protective natural killer T-cell populations. In ischemic liver injury, hepatocyte-derived Gal-9 is both diagnostic and cytoprotective. In drug-induced acute liver failure, plasma levels correlate with outcome. Here, we offer a synthesis of recent and emerging findings on Gal-9 in the regulation of hepatic inflammation. Ongoing studies are warranted to better elucidate the pathophysiology of hepatic immune-mediated diseases and to develop new therapeutic interventions using glycan-binding proteins. (Hepatology 2017;66:271-279).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Golden-Mason
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado Denver Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Hugo R Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado Denver Medical Center, Aurora, CO
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72
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Natural killer cell immunotherapies against cancer: checkpoint inhibitors and more. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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73
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Jung SH, Hwang JH, Kim SE, Kim YK, Park HC, Lee HT. Human galectin-9 on the porcine cells affects the cytotoxic activity of M1-differentiated THP-1 cells through inducing a shift in M2-differentiated THP-1 cells. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28432704 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In xenotransplantation, immune rejection by macrophages occurs rapidly and remains a major obstacle. Studies to control immune rejection in macrophages have been continuing to date. Recent studies have reported that human galectin-9 (hGal-9) can regulate the function of regulatory T cells (Treg), as well as cytotoxicity T cells (CTL) and natural killer cells (NK). Although the effect of hGal-9 on lymphocytes has been well studied, the relationship between hGal-9 and myeloid cells has been scarcely studied. METHODS To confirm the decreased cytotoxic activity effect by hGal-9 in M1-differentiated THP-1 cells, we established the hGal-9 expressing transgenic porcine cell line. hGal-9 siRNA was transfected to transgenic cells and recombinant hGal-9 (rhGal-9) was treated to co-culturing condition, and then, flow cytometry assay was conducted for analyzing the cytotoxic activity of M1-differentiated THP-1 cells. Related inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and TGF-β) and related enzymes (iNOS and Arginase 1) were analyzed by qPCR and Western blot assay. To identify the shift in M1/M2-differentiated THP-1 cells, expression levels of CCR7, CD163, iNOS, and Arginase 1 and population of M2 marker positive cells were analyzed. RESULTS The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in M1-differentiated THP-1 cells co-cultured with hGal-9-expressing porcine kidney epithelial cells were decreased, but not in co-cultured THP-1 cells. However, the expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were also increased in co-cultured M1-differentiated THP-1 cells. The cytotoxicity effect of M1-differentiated THP-1 cells on transgenic cells was decreased while the expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and M2 macrophages-related molecules were increased. M2 differentiation program was turned on while M1 program was turned down by enhancing the phosphorylation levels of Akt and PI3K and the expression level of PPAR-γ. Due to these changes, differentiation of M2 program was enhanced in cells co-cultured with hGal-9. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that hGal-9 has a reduction in M1-differentiated THP-1 cell cytotoxic activity-related acute immune rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation in addition to its role in lymphoid lineage immune cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Han Jung
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kyu Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Chang Park
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Taek Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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74
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Translating the ‘Sugar Code’ into Immune and Vascular Signaling Programs. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:255-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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75
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Galectins: emerging regulatory checkpoints linking tumor immunity and angiogenesis. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 45:8-15. [PMID: 28088061 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints, a plethora of inhibitory pathways aimed at maintaining immune cell homeostasis, may be co-opted by cancer cells to evade immune destruction. Therapies targeting immune checkpoints have reached a momentum yielding significant clinical benefits in patients with various malignancies by unleashing anti-tumor immunity. Galectins, a family of glycan-binding proteins, have emerged as novel regulatory checkpoints that promote immune evasive programs by inducing T-cell exhaustion, limiting T-cell survival, favoring expansion of regulatory T cells, de-activating natural killer cells and polarizing myeloid cells toward an immunosuppressive phenotype. Concomitantly, galectins can trigger vascular signaling programs, serving as bifunctional messengers that couple tumor immunity and angiogenesis. Thus, targeting galectin-glycan interactions may halt tumor progression by simultaneously augmenting antitumor immunity and suppressing aberrant angiogenesis.
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76
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Nishio A, Tatsumi T, Nawa T, Suda T, Yoshioka T, Onishi Y, Aono S, Shigekawa M, Hikita H, Sakamori R, Okuzaki D, Fukuhara T, Matsuura Y, Hiramatsu N, Takehara T. CD14 + monocyte-derived galectin-9 induces natural killer cell cytotoxicity in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2017; 65:18-31. [PMID: 27640362 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural killer (NK) cell activation is associated with both liver injury and persistent infection in chronic hepatitis C (CHC); however, the detailed mechanism of this activation has not yet been fully elucidated. Because galectin-9 (Gal-9) has been reported to be increased in the serum and liver tissue of CHC patients, we investigated the function of Gal-9 in NK cell activation in CHC. First, we evaluated the function of Gal-9 on NK cytotoxicity in vitro. Gal-9 treatment resulted in increased cytotoxicity of naïve NK cells, and the Gal-9-activated NK cells demonstrated cytotoxicity toward hepatoma cells and T cells. Additionally, coculturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with JFH-1/Huh7.5.1 cells increased both Gal-9 production and NK cell cytotoxicity. Next, we investigated the source of Gal-9 and the mechanism of Gal-9 production. Deletion of CD14+ monocytes from PBMCs resulted in reduced Gal-9 production in the coculture with JFH-1/Huh7.5.1 cells. Gal-9 production was driven by coculturing of PBMCs with apoptotic hepatocytes. Blocking integrin αv β3 , a receptor for phosphatidylserine expressed on apoptotic cells, also resulted in decreased Gal-9 production. Finally, we found that serum Gal-9 levels were significantly higher in CHC patients than in healthy donors and patients who achieved sustained virologic response. Among CHC patients, serum Gal-9 levels were significantly higher in patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) than in those with normal ALT. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that CD14+ monocyte-derived Gal-9 increases NK cell cytotoxicity in HCV infection, which might be associated with liver injury and persistent infection. (Hepatology 2017;65:18-31).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomohide Tatsumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Nawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Teppei Yoshioka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Onishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Aono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Minoru Shigekawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hayato Hikita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Department of DNA-Chip Developmental Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiramatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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77
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Gonçalves Silva I, Rüegg L, Gibbs BF, Bardelli M, Fruehwirth A, Varani L, Berger SM, Fasler-Kan E, Sumbayev VV. The immune receptor Tim-3 acts as a trafficker in a Tim-3/galectin-9 autocrine loop in human myeloid leukemia cells. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1195535. [PMID: 27622049 PMCID: PMC5006895 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1195535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune receptor Tim-3 is often highly expressed in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells where it acts as a growth factor and inflammatory receptor. Recently, it has been demonstrated that Tim-3 forms an autocrine loop with its natural ligand galectin-9 in human AML cells. However, the pathophysiological functions of Tim-3 in human AML cells remain unclear. Here, we report for the first time that Tim-3 is required for galectin-9 secretion in human AML cells. However, this effect is cell-type specific and was found so far to be applicable only to myeloid (and not, for example, lymphoid) leukemia cells. We concluded that AML cells might use Tim-3 as a trafficker for the secretion of galectin-9 which can then be possibly used to impair the anticancer activities of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Rüegg
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent , Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard F Gibbs
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent , Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Bardelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita' della Svizzera italiana (USI) , Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Fruehwirth
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita' della Svizzera italiana (USI) , Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita' della Svizzera italiana (USI) , Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Steffen M Berger
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Department of Clinical Research, Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elizaveta Fasler-Kan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Department of Clinical Research, Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vadim V Sumbayev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent , Canterbury, United Kingdom
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Pessina S, Cantini G, Kapetis D, Cazzato E, Di Ianni N, Finocchiaro G, Pellegatta S. The multidrug-resistance transporter Abcc3 protects NK cells from chemotherapy in a murine model of malignant glioma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1108513. [PMID: 27467914 PMCID: PMC4910710 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1108513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abcc3, a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily, plays a role in multidrug resistance. Here, we found that Abcc3 is highly expressed in blood-derived NK cells but not in CD8(+) T cells. In GL261 glioma-bearing mice treated with the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) for 5 d, an early increased frequency of NK cells was observed. We also found that Abcc3 is strongly upregulated and functionally active in NK cells from mice treated with TMZ compared to controls. We demonstrate that Abcc3 is critical for NK cell survival during TMZ administration; more importantly, Akt, involved in lymphocyte survival, is phosphorylated only in NK cells expressing Abcc3. The resistance of NK cells to chemotherapy was accompanied by increased migration and homing in the brain at early time points. Cytotoxicity, evaluated by IFNγ production and specific lytic activity against GL261 cells, increased peripherally in the later phases, after conclusion of TMZ treatment. Intra-tumor increase of the NK effector subset as well as in IFNγ, granzymes and perforin-1 expression, were found early and persisted over time, correlating with a profound modulation on glioma microenvironment induced by TMZ. Our findings reveal an important involvement of Abcc3 in NK cell resistance to chemotherapy and have important clinical implications for patients treated with chemo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimos Kapetis
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Milan, Italy
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Rosen HR, Biggins SW, Niki T, Gralla J, Hillman H, Hirashima M, Schilsky M, Lee WM. Association Between Plasma Level of Galectin-9 and Survival of Patients With Drug-Induced Acute Liver Failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14:606-612.e3. [PMID: 26499927 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fewer than 50% of patients with acute liver failure (ALF) recover spontaneously, and ALF has high mortality without liver transplantation. Kupffer cells have been reported to mediate liver inflammation during drug-induced injury. Galectin-9 is produced by Kupffer cells and has diverse roles in regulating immunity. We investigated whether plasma levels of galectin-9 are associated with outcomes of patients with ALF. METHODS We analyzed plasma samples (collected at time of hospital admission) and clinical data from 149 patients included in the Acute Liver Failure Study Group from July 2006 through November 2010 (110 had acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and 39 had nonacetaminophen drug-induced liver injury). We compared data with those from all patients enrolled in the study (from July 1, 2006 through October 30, 2013), and from healthy individuals of similar ages with no evidence of liver disease (control subjects). Plasma levels of galectin-9 were measured using a polyclonal antibody and colorimetric assay. RESULTS Patients with ALF had statistically higher plasma levels of galectin-9 than control subjects, but levels did not differ significantly between patients with acetaminophen-induced liver injury and drug-induced liver injury. A level of galectin-9 above 690 pg/mL was associated with a statistically significant increase in risk for mortality or liver transplantation caused by ALF. Competing risk analyses associated level of galectin-9 with transplant-free survival, independently of Model For End-Stage Liver Disease score or systemic inflammatory response syndrome. CONCLUSIONS A one-time measurement of plasma galectin-9 level can be used to assign patients with ALF to high-, intermediate-, and low-risk groups. The combination of galectin-9 level and Model For End-Stage Liver Disease score was more closely associated with patient outcome than either value alone. These data might be used to determine patient prognoses and prioritize patients for liver transplantation. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT00518440.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Integrated Program in Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Scott W Biggins
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan; GalPharma Co., Kagawa, Japan
| | - Jane Gralla
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado; University of Colorado Denver, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Holly Hillman
- Data Coordination Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan; GalPharma Co., Kagawa, Japan
| | - Michael Schilsky
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Section of Transplantation and Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Yale University Medical Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - William M Lee
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Reduced Expression of Galectin-9 Contributes to a Poor Outcome in Colon Cancer by Inhibiting NK Cell Chemotaxis Partially through the Rho/ROCK1 Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152599. [PMID: 27028892 PMCID: PMC4814049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 is a widely expressed protein that is involved in immune regulation and tumorpathogenesis and serves as a marker of a poor prognosis in various types of cancers. However, the clinical impact and the precise mechanism by which this protein contributes to colon tumor progression are unclear. In the present study, we detected the expression of galectin-9 and CD56 cells using immunohistochemistry. Spearman's rank correlation was used to clarify the association between galectin-9 expression and natural killer (NK) cell infiltration. The influence of galectin-9 on NK-92 cell migration was evaluated in vitro using transwell chemotaxis assays. The role of rh-galectin-9 in F-actin polarization in NK-92 cells was investigated using laser scanning confocal microscopy. We showed that galectin-9 was expressed in 101 (78.91%) colon tumor tissues and that was expressed at lower levels in these tissues than in para-tumor tissues. Low levels of galectin-9 expression were positively correlated with a poor histological grade and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). A Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that overall survival was longer in patients with high galectin-9 expression in an 8-year follow-up (P<0.05). Spearman's rank correlation indicated that there was a linear correlation between galectin-9 expression and CD56+ NK cell infiltration (R(2) = 0.658; P<0.0001). Galectin-9 stimulated migration in human NK-92 cells by affecting F-actin polarization through the Rho/ROCK1 signaling pathway. These results suggest that galectin-9 expression potentially represents a novel mechanism for tumors to escape immune surveillance in colon tumors.
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81
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Harwood NMK, Golden-Mason L, Cheng L, Rosen HR, Mengshol JA. HCV-infected cells and differentiation increase monocyte immunoregulatory galectin-9 production. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:495-503. [PMID: 26475932 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a1214-582r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The lectin galectin-9 may help establish and maintain chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Galectin-9 is elevated in the liver and sera of hepatitis C virus patients, induces apoptosis of hepatitis C virus-specific T cells, and increases inhibitory regulatory T cells. Kupffer cells stain strongly for galectin-9 protein in hepatitis C virus patients. In the current study, we determined stimuli that induce galectin-9 production by monocytes and macrophages in hepatitis C virus infection. With the use of real-time PCR and flow cytometry, we analyzed galectin-9 mRNA and protein from human monocytes cocultured with hepatitis C virus-infected cells or noninfectious hepatitis C virus subgenomic replicon cells. We focused on finding the stimuli for galectin-9 production. Additionally, we measured galectin-9 during monocyte-to-macrophage maturation. Finally, we examined galectin-9 in peripheral monocytes from hepatitis C virus patients using flow cytometry. Galectin-9 mRNA increased 8-fold when primary monocytes were exposed to hepatitis C virus--infected cells. Maximum induction required proximity or contact and did not require IFN-γ or hepatitis C virus virions. Coculture of monocytes with subgenomic replicon cells increased galectin-9 5-fold, and purified exosomes from infected cells stimulated galectin-9 production. Stimulation of monocyte TLR3, -7, and -8 increased galectin-9 production. Differentiation of monocytes to macrophages increased galectin-9, and nonclassic monocytes from hepatitis C virus patients had the highest levels of galectin-9. Hepatitis C virus-infected cells stimulated monocytes to produce galectin-9 in close proximity, possibly, in part, as a result of exosomes and endosomal TLRs. Differentiation of monocytes to macrophages increased galectin-9. Nonclassic monocytes from hepatitis C virus patients express the highest galectin-9 levels, suggesting they may contribute to elevated galectin-9 and adaptive immune inhibition in hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah M K Harwood
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Lucy Golden-Mason
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Linling Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Hugo R Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - John A Mengshol
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Komita H, Koido S, Hayashi K, Kan S, Ito M, Kamata Y, Suzuki M, Homma S. Expression of immune checkpoint molecules of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein 3/galectin-9 for NK cell suppression in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2099-105. [PMID: 26239720 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody therapy for immune checkpoint blockade has achieved promising results for several types of malignant tumors. For the future treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) by immune checkpoint blockade, expression of immune checkpoint-related molecules that suppress antitumor immunity in GISTs was examined. Infiltration of immune cell types into 19 GIST tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein 3 (Tim-3) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) in the infiltrated immune cells was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. The expression status of galectin-9 in the GIST tumor cells was also determined by immunohistochemistry. All the GIST tissues showed CD8+ T cell infiltration and 8 showed CD56+ natural killer (NK) cell infiltration, and the numbers of infiltrated CD8+ T and NK cells were strongly correlated. However, these CD8+ T and NK cells were CD69-negative inactivated cells. Tim-3 was expressed in the infiltrated NK cells in 6/8 (75%) of the GIST tissues. Expression of galectin-9, a ligand of Tim-3, was observed in 13/19 (68.4%) GIST tissues and all of the GIST tissues with Tim-3+ NK cell infiltration showed positive galectin-9 expression. No PD-1 expression in the infiltrated NK cells and neither Tim-3 nor PD-1 expression was observed in the infiltrated CD8+ T cells. Interaction between Tim-3 in infiltrated NK cells and galectin-9 in tumor cells may be involved in an immune checkpoint mechanism for suppression of antitumor immunity in GISTs. Blockade of the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway may become a new strategy for GIST treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Komita
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hayashi
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Science, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Kan
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Science, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Ito
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Science, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kamata
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Science, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadamu Homma
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Science, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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83
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Sugaya S, Chen WS, Cao Z, Kenyon KR, Yamaguchi T, Omoto M, Hamrah P, Panjwani N. Comparison of galectin expression signatures in rejected and accepted murine corneal allografts. Cornea 2015; 34:675-681. [PMID: 25961492 PMCID: PMC4430336 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although members of the galectin family of carbohydrate-binding proteins are thought to play a role in the immune response and regulation of allograft survival, little is known about the galectin expression signature in failed corneal grafts. The aim of this study was to compare the galectin expression pattern in accepted and rejected murine corneal allografts. METHODS Using BALB/c mice as recipients and C57BL/6 mice as donors, a total of 57 transplants were successfully performed. One week after transplantation, the grafts were scored for opacity by slit-lamp microscopy. Opacity scores of 3+ or greater on postoperative week 4 were considered rejected. Grafted corneas were harvested on postoperative week 4, and their galectin expressions were analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS As determined by the Western blot analyses, galectins-1, 3, 7, 8 and 9 were expressed in normal corneas. Although in both accepted and rejected grafts, expression levels of the 5 lectins were upregulated compared with normal corneas, there were distinct differences in the expression levels of galectins-8 and 9 between accepted and rejected grafts, as both the Western blot and immunofluorescence staining revealed that galectin-8 is upregulated, whereas galectin-9 is downregulated in the rejected grafts compared with the accepted grafts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings that corneal allograft rejection is associated with increased galectin-8 expression and reduced galectin-9 expression, support the hypothesis that galectin-8 may reduce graft survival, whereas galectin-9 may promote graft survival. As a potential therapeutic intervention, inhibition of galectin-8 and/or treatment with exogenous galectin-9 may enhance corneal allograft survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sugaya
- New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei-Sheng Chen
- Program in Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhiyi Cao
- New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth R Kenyon
- New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute / Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, USA
| | - Takefumi Yamaguchi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute / Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, USA
| | - Masashiro Omoto
- Schepens Eye Research Institute / Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Schepens Eye Research Institute / Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, USA
| | - Noorjahan Panjwani
- New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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84
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Lhuillier C, Barjon C, Niki T, Gelin A, Praz F, Morales O, Souquere S, Hirashima M, Wei M, Dellis O, Busson P. Impact of Exogenous Galectin-9 on Human T Cells: CONTRIBUTION OF THE T CELL RECEPTOR COMPLEX TO ANTIGEN-INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION BUT NOT TO APOPTOSIS INDUCTION. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16797-811. [PMID: 25947381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (gal-9) is a multifunctional β-galactoside-binding lectin, frequently released in the extracellular medium, where it acts as a pleiotropic immune modulator. Despite its overall immunosuppressive effects, a recent study has reported bimodal action of gal-9 on human resting blood T cells with apoptosis occurring in the majority of them, followed by a wave of activation and expansion of Th1 cells in the surviving population. Our knowledge of the signaling events triggered by exogenous gal-9 in T cells remains limited. One of these events is cytosolic calcium (Ca(2+)) release reported in some murine and human T cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of Ca(2+) mobilization to apoptotic and nonapoptotic effects of exogenous gal-9 in human T cells. We found that the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex and the Lck kinase were required for Ca(2+) mobilization but not for apoptosis induction in Jurkat cells. These data were confirmed in human CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood as follows: a specific Lck chemical inhibitor abrogated Ca(2+) mobilization but not apoptosis induction. Moreover, Lck activity was also required for the production of Th1-type cytokines, i.e. interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, which resulted from gal-9 stimulation in peripheral CD4(+) T cells. These findings indicate that gal-9 acts on T cells by two distinct pathways as follows: one mimicking antigen-specific activation of the TCR with a mandatory contribution of proximal elements of the TCR complex, especially Lck, and another resulting in apoptosis that is independent of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lhuillier
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Clément Barjon
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Toshiro Niki
- the Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, the GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Aurore Gelin
- the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Praz
- INSERM, UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France, the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Morales
- CNRS, UMR 8161 Groupe IRCV, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 Rue du Pr. Calmette, 59021 Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, UMR 8122, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, and
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- the Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, the GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Ming Wei
- the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Dellis
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, INSERM, UMR-S 757, Bâtiment 440/443, Rue des Adèles, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Busson
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France,
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Merani S, Chen W, Elahi S. The bitter side of sweet: the role of Galectin-9 in immunopathogenesis of viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:175-86. [PMID: 25760439 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a critical role for β-galactoside-binding protein, Galectin-9 (Gal-9) has emerged in infectious disease, autoimmunity, and cancer. It is a ligand for T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain 3 (Tim-3), a type-I glycoprotein that is persistently expressed on dysfunctional T cells during chronic viral infections. Gal-9 exerts its pivotal immunomodulatory effects by inducing apoptosis or suppressing effector functions via engagement with its receptor, Tim-3. Recent studies report elevation of circulating Gal-9 in humans infected with different viral infections. Interaction of soluble Gal-9 with Tim-3 expressed on the surface of activated CD4+ T cells renders them less susceptible to HIV-1 infection, while enhanced HIV infection occurs when Gal-9 interacts with a different receptor than Tim-3. This indicates the versatile role of Gal-9 in viral pathogenesis. For instance, higher expression of Tim-3 during chronic viral infection and elevation of plasma Gal-9 may have evolved to limit persistent immune activation and pathogenic T cells activity. In contrast, Gal-9 can suppress the effectiveness of immunity against viral infections. In agreement, Gal-9 knockout mice mount a more robust and vigorous virus-specific immune response in acute and chronic viral infections resulting in rapid viral clearance. In line with this observation, blocking Gal-9 signals to Tim-3-expressing T cells result in improved immune responses. Here we review the biological and immunological properties of Gal-9 in viral infections (HIV, HCV, HBV, HSV, CMV, influenza, and dengue virus). Manipulating Gal-9 signals may have immunotherapeutic potential and could represent an alternative approach for improving immune responses to viral infections/vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzma Merani
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Hsu YL, Wang MY, Ho LJ, Huang CY, Lai JH. Up-regulation of galectin-9 induces cell migration in human dendritic cells infected with dengue virus. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1065-76. [PMID: 25754930 PMCID: PMC4420608 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) exerts immunosuppressive effects by inducing apoptosis in T cells that produce interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-17. However, Gal-9 can be pro-inflammatory in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes. Using microarray analysis, we observed that Gal-9 was up-regulated in human dendritic cells (DCs) after dengue virus (DV) infection. The investigation into the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of Gal-9 in DCs exposed to DV revealed that DV infection specifically increased mRNA and protein levels of Gal-9 but not those of Gal-1 or Gal-3. Blocking p38, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), inhibited DV-induced expression of Gal-9. Reduction in Gal-9 by small interference RNA treatment suppressed DV-stimulated migration of DCs towards the chemoattractants CCL19 and CCL21. In addition, DV-induced IL-12p40 production was reduced after knockdown of Gal-9 in DCs. Furthermore, Gal-9 deficiency suppressed DV-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB. Inhibition of DV-induced DC migration under conditions of Gal-9 deficiency was mediated through suppressing ERK activation but not by regulating the expression of CCR7, the receptor for CCL19 and CCL21. Both the reduction in IL-12 production and the suppression of ERK activity might account for the inhibition of DV-induced DC migration after knockdown of Gal-9. In summary, this study reveals the roles of Gal-9 in DV-induced migration of DCs. The findings indicate that Gal-9 might be a therapeutic target for preventing immunopathogenesis induced by DV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
The ability of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to establish latency despite specific immune responses and to successfully persist lifelong in the human host shows that EBV has developed powerful strategies and mechanisms to exploit, evade, abolish, or downsize otherwise effective immune responses to ensure its own survival. This chapter focuses on current knowledge on innate immune responses against EBV and its evasion strategies for own benefit and summarizes the questions that remain to be tackled. Innate immune reactions against EBV originate both from the main target cells of EBV and from nontarget cells, which are elements of the innate immune system. Thus, we structured our review accordingly but with a particular focus on the innate recognition of EBV in its two stages in its life cycle, latent state and lytic replication. Specifically, we discuss (I) innate sensing and resulting innate immune responses against EBV by its main target cells, focusing on (i) EBV transmission between epithelial cells and B cells and their life cycle stages; and (ii) elements of innate immunity in EBV's target cells. Further, we debate (II) the innate recognition and resulting innate immune responses against EBV by cells other than the main target cells, focusing on (iii) myeloid cells: dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophil granulocytes; and (iv) natural killer cells. Finally, we address (III) how EBV counteracts or exploits innate immunity in its latent and lytic life cycle stages, concentrating on (v) TLRs; (vi) EBERs; and (vii) microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lünemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Rowe
- Centre for Human Virology, School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Nadal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Galectins are an evolutionarily ancient family of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and are found in all animals. Although they were discovered over 30 years ago, ideas about their biological functions continue to evolve. Current evidence indicates that galectins, which are the only known GBPs that occur free in the cytoplasm and extracellularly, are involved in a variety of intracellular and extracellular pathways contributing to homeostasis, cellular turnover, cell adhesion, and immunity. Here we review evolving insights into galectin biology from a historical perspective and explore current evidence regarding biological roles of galectins.
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Bellutti Enders F, van Wijk F, Scholman R, Hofer M, Prakken BJ, van Royen-Kerkhof A, de Jager W. Correlation of CXCL10, tumor necrosis factor receptor type II, and galectin 9 with disease activity in juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2281-9. [PMID: 24756983 DOI: 10.1002/art.38676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Juvenile dermatomyositis (DM) is a systemic autoimmune disorder of unknown immunopathogenesis in which the immune system targets the microvasculature of skeletal muscles, skin, and other organs. The current mainstay of therapy is a steroid regimen in combination with other immunosuppressive treatments. To date, no validated markers for monitoring disease activity have been identified, which hampers personalized treatment. This study was undertaken to identify a panel of proteins specifically related to active disease in juvenile DM. METHODS We performed a multiplex immunoassay for plasma levels of 45 proteins related to inflammation in 25 patients with juvenile DM in 4 clinically well-defined groups, as determined by clinical activity and treatment. We compared them to 14 age-matched healthy children and 8 age-matched children with nonautoimmune muscle disease. RESULTS Cluster analysis of circulating proteins showed distinct profiles for juvenile DM patients and controls based on a group of 10 proteins. In addition to CXCL10, tumor necrosis factor receptor type II (TNFRII) and galectin 9 were significantly increased in active juvenile DM. The levels of these 3 proteins were tightly linked to active disease and correlated with clinical scores (as measured by the Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale and physician's global assessment of disease activity on a visual analog scale). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that CXCL10, TNFRII, and galectin 9 correspond to disease status in juvenile DM and thus could be helpful in monitoring disease activity and guiding treatment. Furthermore, they might provide new knowledge about the pathogenesis of this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bellutti Enders
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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90
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Human cytomegalovirus upregulates expression of the lectin galectin 9 via induction of beta interferon. J Virol 2014; 88:10990-4. [PMID: 25008927 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01259-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the lectin galectin 9 (Gal-9) was investigated for the first time during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Gal-9 transcription was significantly upregulated in transplant recipients with reactivated HCMV in vivo. In vitro, Gal-9 was potently upregulated by HCMV independently of viral gene expression, with interferon beta (IFN-β) identified as the mediator of this effect. This study defines an immunoregulatory protein potently increased by HCMV infection and a novel mechanism to control Gal-9 through IFN-β induction.
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91
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Natural killer cell function and dysfunction in hepatitis C virus infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:903764. [PMID: 25057504 PMCID: PMC4095668 DOI: 10.1155/2014/903764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses must continually adapt against dynamic innate and adaptive responses of the host immune system to establish chronic infection. Only a small minority (~20%) of those exposed to hepatitis C virus (HCV) spontaneously clear infection, leaving approximately 200 million people worldwide chronically infected with HCV. A number of recent research studies suggest that establishment and maintenance of chronic HCV infection involve natural killer (NK) cell dysfunction. This relationship is illustrated in vitro by disruption of typical NK cell responses including both cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Expression of a number of activating NK cell receptors in vivo is also affected in chronic HCV infection. Thus, direct in vivo and in vitro evidence of compromised NK function in chronic HCV infection in conjunction with significant epidemiological associations between the outcome of HCV infection and certain combinations of NK cell regulatory receptor and class I human histocompatibility linked antigen (HLA) genotypes indicate that NK cells are important in the immune response against HCV infection. In this review, we highlight evidence suggesting that selective impairment of NK cell activity is related to establishment of chronic HCV infection.
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92
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Madireddi S, Eun SY, Lee SW, Nemčovičová I, Mehta AK, Zajonc DM, Nishi N, Niki T, Hirashima M, Croft M. Galectin-9 controls the therapeutic activity of 4-1BB-targeting antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1433-48. [PMID: 24958847 PMCID: PMC4076583 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biologics to TNF family receptors are prime candidates for therapy of immune disease. Whereas recent studies have highlighted a requirement for Fcγ receptors in enabling the activity of CD40, TRAILR, and GITR when engaged by antibodies, other TNFR molecules may be controlled by additional mechanisms. Antibodies to 4-1BB (CD137) are currently in clinical trials and can both augment immunity in cancer and promote regulatory T cells that inhibit autoimmune disease. We found that the action of agonist anti-4-1BB in suppressing autoimmune and allergic inflammation was completely dependent on Galectin-9 (Gal-9). Gal-9 directly bound to 4-1BB, in a site distinct from the binding site of antibodies and the natural ligand of 4-1BB, and Gal-9 facilitated 4-1BB aggregation, signaling, and functional activity in T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Conservation of the Gal-9 interaction in humans has important implications for effective clinical targeting of 4-1BB and possibly other TNFR superfamily molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Madireddi
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - So-Young Eun
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ivana Nemčovičová
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Amit Kumar Mehta
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nozomu Nishi
- Life Science Research Center; and Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Life Science Research Center; and Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan GalPharma Co., Ltd., Kagawa 760-0301, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Life Science Research Center; and Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan GalPharma Co., Ltd., Kagawa 760-0301, Japan
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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93
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Peripheral blood TIM-3 positive NK and CD8+ T cells throughout pregnancy: TIM-3/galectin-9 interaction and its possible role during pregnancy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92371. [PMID: 24651720 PMCID: PMC3961322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM) family is a relatively newly described group of molecules with a conserved structure and important immunological functions. Identification of Galectin-9 as a ligand for TIM-3 has established the Galectin-9/TIM-3 pathway as an important negative regulator of Th1 immunity and tolerance induction. Data about the TIM-3/Gal-9 pathway in the pathogenesis of human diseases is emerging, but their possible role during human pregnancy is not precisely known. The aim of our study was to investigate the number, phenotype and functional activity of TIM-3+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells during healthy human pregnancy. METHODS OF STUDY 57 healthy pregnant women [first trimester (n = 16); second trimester (n = 19); third trimester (n = 22)] and 30 non-pregnant controls were enrolled in the study. We measured the surface expression of TIM-3 by cytotoxic T cells, NK cells and NK cell subsets as well as Galectin-9 expression by regulatory T cells by flow cytometry. We analyzed the cytokine production and cytotoxicity of TIM3+ and TIM3- CD8 T and NK cells obtained from non-pregnant and healthy pregnant women at different stages of pregnancy by flow cytometry. Serum Galectin-9 levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Our results show that the numbers of peripheral NK and cytotoxic T cells and their TIM-3 expression do not change between the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Compared to non-pregnant individuals, regulatory T cells show higher level of Galectin-9 expression as pregnancy proceeds, which is in line with the level of Galectin-9 in the patients sera. Cytotoxic T cells, NK cells and NK cell subsets expressing TIM-3 molecule show altered cytokine production and cytotoxicity during pregnancy compared to non-pregnant individuals. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Galectin-9 expressing regulatory T cells, TIM-3+ cytotoxic T cells and NK cells could play an important role in the maintenance of healthy pregnancy.
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94
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Baginska J, Viry E, Paggetti J, Medves S, Berchem G, Moussay E, Janji B. The critical role of the tumor microenvironment in shaping natural killer cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:490. [PMID: 24400010 PMCID: PMC3872331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence has been gathered over the last 10 years showing that the tumor microenvironment (TME) is not simply a passive recipient of immune cells, but an active participant in the establishment of immunosuppressive conditions. It is now well documented that hypoxia, within the TME, affects the functions of immune effectors including natural killer (NK) cells by multiple overlapping mechanisms. Indeed, each cell in the TME, irrespective of its transformation status, has the capacity to adapt to the hostile TME and produce immune modulatory signals or mediators affecting the function of immune cells either directly or through the stimulation of other cells present in the tumor site. This observation has led to intense research efforts focused mainly on tumor-derived factors. Notably, it has become increasingly clear that tumor cells secrete a number of environmental factors such as cytokines, growth factors, exosomes, and microRNAs impacting the immune cell response. Moreover, tumor cells in hostile microenvironments may activate their own intrinsic resistance mechanisms, such as autophagy, to escape the effective immune response. Such adaptive mechanisms may also include the ability of tumor cells to modify their metabolism and release several metabolites to impair the function of immune cells. In this review, we summarize the different mechanisms involved in the TME that affect the anti-tumor immune function of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Baginska
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health (CRP-Santé) , Luxembourg City , Luxembourg
| | - Elodie Viry
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health (CRP-Santé) , Luxembourg City , Luxembourg
| | - Jérôme Paggetti
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health (CRP-Santé) , Luxembourg City , Luxembourg
| | - Sandrine Medves
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health (CRP-Santé) , Luxembourg City , Luxembourg
| | - Guy Berchem
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health (CRP-Santé) , Luxembourg City , Luxembourg
| | - Etienne Moussay
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health (CRP-Santé) , Luxembourg City , Luxembourg
| | - Bassam Janji
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health (CRP-Santé) , Luxembourg City , Luxembourg
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Abstract
Since the discovery of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by molecular cloning almost a quarter of a century ago, unprecedented at the time because the virus had never been grown in cell culture or detected serologically, there have been impressive strides in many facets of our understanding of the natural history of the disease, the viral life cycle, the pathogenesis, and antiviral therapy. It is apparent that the virus has developed multiple strategies to evade immune surveillance and eradication. This Review covers what we currently understand of the temporal and spatial immunological changes within the human innate and adaptive host immune responses that ultimately determine the outcomes of HCV infection.
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96
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Jost S, Moreno-Nieves UY, Garcia-Beltran WF, Rands K, Reardon J, Toth I, Piechocka-Trocha A, Altfeld M, Addo MM. Dysregulated Tim-3 expression on natural killer cells is associated with increased Galectin-9 levels in HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2013; 10:74. [PMID: 23866914 PMCID: PMC3750478 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural killer (NK) cells constitutively express high levels of Tim-3, an immunoregulatory molecule recently proposed to be a marker for mature and functional NK cells. Whether HIV-1 infection modulates the expression of Tim-3 on NK cells, or the levels of its ligand Galectin-9 (Gal-9), and how signaling through these molecules affects the NK cell response to HIV-1 remains inadequately understood. Results We analyzed Tim-3 and Gal-9 expression in a cohort of 85 individuals with early and chronic HIV-1 infection, and in 13 HIV-1 seronegative control subjects. HIV-1 infection was associated with reduced expression of Tim-3 on NK cells, which was normalized by HAART. Plasma concentrations of Gal-9 were higher in HIV-1-infected individuals than in healthy individuals. Interestingly, Gal-9 expression in immune cells was significantly elevated in early infection, with monocytes and dendritic cells displaying the highest expression levels, which correlated with HIV-1 viral loads. In vitro, Gal-9 triggered Tim-3 downregulation on NK cells as well as NK cell activation. Conclusions Our data suggest that high expression levels of Gal-9 during early HIV-1 infection can lead to enhanced NK cell activity, possibly allowing for improved early control of HIV-1. In contrast, persistent Gal-9 production might impair Tim-3 activity and contribute to NK cell dysfunction in chronic HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jost
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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