51
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Meyers C, Harry J, Lin YL, Wettstein FO. Identification of three transforming proteins encoded by cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. J Virol 1992; 66:1655-64. [PMID: 1310771 PMCID: PMC240904 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.3.1655-1664.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) provides an animal model for human papillomaviruses associated with a high risk of cancer development. So far, nothing is known about the transforming functions of CRPV genes because of the lack of an assay system. We have recently developed two systems to assay for CRPV transforming functions. One is based on the finding that transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by CRPV is considerably increased by deleting sequences in open reading frame L2. The second one is based on the use of a cottontail rabbit skin epithelial cell line, sf1Ep (C. Meyers and F. O. Wettstein, Virology 181:637-646, 1991). Mutations were introduced which abolished expression of the full-length E6 protein (LE6), the short E6 protein (SE6) initiated at the second ATG of E6, the E7 protein, or the E5 protein. Mutations affecting LE6 or E7, but not SE6, reduced transformation of NIH 3T3 and sf1Ep cells. Transformed NIH 3T3 cell lines with mutations in LE6 and E7 did not grow in soft agar, while those with mutations in SE6 and E5 grew with a reduced efficiency. The cell lines with mutations in LE6, SE6, or E7 still did induce tumors in nude mice. These mutations, however, abolished the ability to induce papillomas in rabbits. When expressed individually with a retroviral vector, LE6, SE6, or E7, but not E5, conferred anchorage-independent growth. The level of viral protein expression in these cell lines was generally low, and a comparison of the abundance of virus-specific mRNA showed that cell lines contained 20 to 50 times less mRNA than a cottontail rabbit papilloma. These data demonstrate that CRPV encodes at least three transforming proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1747
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52
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Kahn T, Friesl H, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Gissmann L, Kramer J, zur Hausen H. Molecular cloning, analysis, and chromosomal localization of a mouse genomic sequence related to the human papillomavirus type 18 E5 region. Mol Carcinog 1992; 6:88-99. [PMID: 1326990 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940060204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The E5 open reading frame (ORF) from bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV 1) as well as the E5 ORFs from human papillomaviruses (HPV) type 6 and type 16 have been reported to transform immortalized rodent cells. In an analysis of murine and human tumors for the presence of putative papillomavirus-related sequences, we cloned amplified cellular sequences from the mouse cell line Eb that cross-hybridized with the E5 ORF of HPV 18. A 2.1-kb fragment termed HC1 was sequenced. In normal murine cells, it was present as a single-copy genomic sequence located on chromosome 8. A region of 213 nucleotides corresponded to the E5 gene (HC1 E5), based on the best alignments and on the presence of direct and inverted repeats bearing a central sequence motif. These structural elements are also present in the HPV 18 E5 ORF. HC1 E5 contained an ORF that was transcribed bidirectionally. The transcription in the E5 direction was enhanced in RNA obtained from organs and tumors from carcinogen-treated animals and C127 cells. The polypeptide deduced from the sequence was related to E5 proteins from genital papillomaviruses, to the putative product of the Q300 mouse gene, and to several viral and human growth factors. The data suggest that there may be several cellular counterparts to the viral E5 proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Line
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Female
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- RNA, Antisense/genetics
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Sequence Homology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kahn
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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53
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Leptak C, Ramon y Cajal S, Kulke R, Horwitz BH, Riese DJ, Dotto GP, DiMaio D. Tumorigenic transformation of murine keratinocytes by the E5 genes of bovine papillomavirus type 1 and human papillomavirus type 16. J Virol 1991; 65:7078-83. [PMID: 1658398 PMCID: PMC250837 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.12.7078-7083.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the biological properties of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV) and human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E5 genes, each was cloned separately into a retroviral expression vector and helper-free recombinant viruses were generated in packaging cell lines. The BPV E5 retroviruses efficiently caused morphologic and tumorigenic transformation of cultured lines of murine fibroblasts, whereas the HPV16 E5 viruses were inactive in these assays. In contrast, infection of the p117 established line of murine epidermal keratinocytes with either the BPV or the HPV16 E5 retrovirus resulted in the generation of tumorigenic cells. Pam212 murine keratinocytes were also transformed to tumorigenicity by the HPV16 E5 gene but not by the gene carrying a frameshift mutation. These results establish that the HPV16 E5 gene is a transforming gene in cells related to its normal host epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leptak
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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54
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Abstract
Patients with abnormal Pap smears underwent repeat Pap smear, colposcopy, biopsy, and human papilloma virus (HPV) typing to identify the presence of CIN and to assess the correlation of HPV type to grade of CIN and behavior of CIN. A total of 334 patients underwent evaluation and typing with Southern blot methodology. Fifty-five percent (185) of the patients demonstrated HPV viral sequences; 98 of the 185 positive patients demonstrated HPV types 16, 18. The presence of HPV sequences was not associated with a higher frequency of positive cytology of CIN II or III. High-grade CIN (II or III) was seen in 17.3, 13.5, 13.8, and 10.7% of patients with HPV 16, 18; 6, 11; 31, 33, 35; or no HPV sequences. Of 52 patients with normal cytology and biopsy revealing less than or equal to CIN I, no patients with types 6, 11, 3/5 patients with 31, 33, 35, 3/15 patients with 16, 18, and 2/23 patients with no HPV sequences progressed to greater than or equal to CIN II. These data do not support a role for HPV typing in predicting the initial histology. Typing may be of some value in monitoring patients with low-grade lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Sedlacek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia 19107
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55
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Lungu O, Crum CP, Silverstein S. Biologic properties and nucleotide sequence analysis of human papillomavirus type 51. J Virol 1991; 65:4216-25. [PMID: 1649326 PMCID: PMC248858 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.8.4216-4225.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) may be grouped according to the site from which they are isolated and the disease with which they are associated. We recently identified and cloned HPV type 51 (HPV-51) from a low-grade precancerous lesion (G. Nuovo, E. DeVilliers, R. Levine, S. Silverstein, and C. Crum. J. Virol. 62:1452-1455, 1988). Molecular epidemiologic analysis of cervical lesions, including condylomata and low- and high-grade precancers, revealed that HPV-51 was present in about 5% of the samples we examined. We have now determined the complete nucleotide sequence of this virus and compared it with other sequenced HPVs. Our analysis reveals that the 7,808-bp genome is composed of eight open reading frames which are encoded on the same strand and that this virus is most closely related to HPV-31. Sequence comparisons place this virus in the group of high-risk viruses (those with an increased risk of progressing to malignancy) along with HPV-16, -18, -31, and -33. Morphologic transformation experiments demonstrated that HPV-51 had transformation potential and that transformed cells contained RNAs homologous to E6 and E7.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lungu
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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56
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Crum CP, Barber S, Roche JK. Pathobiology of papillomavirus-related cervical diseases: prospects for immunodiagnosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991; 4:270-85. [PMID: 1653642 PMCID: PMC358199 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.4.3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the relationship between human papillomaviruses (HPV) and genital neoplasia has been explored intensively, and a molecular basis for the role of HPV in the genesis of these diseases has been convincingly demonstrated. These findings have provided justification for efforts to apply this molecular information to the early detection and possible prevention of HPV-related neoplasia. The technology of detecting viral nucleic acids in genital fluids brought with it initial hopes that it would serve to identify women at risk for having or developing precancers or cancers of the cervix. Subsequent studies, however, have demonstrated limitations of the technology for predicting future disease. Recently, molecular immunology has complemented these prior efforts, with the intent to identify serological indices of exposure to HPV and perhaps delineate individuals at risk. The molecular basis for this approach, its limitations, and future prospects for immunodiagnosis are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Crum
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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57
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Meneguzzi G, Cerni C, Kieny MP, Lathe R. Immunization against human papillomavirus type 16 tumor cells with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing E6 and E7. Virology 1991; 181:62-9. [PMID: 1847269 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90470-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are etiological agents of epithelial proliferative disease. In man, neoplastic transformation of the uterine cervix has been linked to infection with specific subtypes of human papillomavirus, particularly types 16 and 18. We previously reported that live vaccinia virus recombinants expressing early transforming proteins of other tumor viruses can immunize against challenge with cognate tumor cells and we have extended this approach to HPV16. Neoplastic transformation by papillomaviruses involves expression of early open reading frames (ORFs) E5, E6, and E7, and we report the construction of vaccinia recombinants separately expressing ORFs E5-E7 of HPV16. Primary rat cell lines cotransformed with HPV16 and an activated ras oncogene were established in order to evaluate the potential of the recombinants to elicit antitumor immunity. We report that inoculation of rats with vaccinia recombinants expressing E6 or E7 retarded or prevented tumor development in a proportion of animals challenged by subcutaneous seeding of tumor cells whereas the recombinant expressing E5 was inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Meneguzzi
- U273-INSERM, Centre de Biochimie du CNRS, Nice, France
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58
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Jackson ME, Pennie WD, McCaffery RE, Smith KT, Grindlay GJ, Campo MS. The B subgroup bovine papillomaviruses lack an identifiable E6 open reading frame. Mol Carcinog 1991; 4:382-7. [PMID: 1654923 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the corrected DNA sequence for the bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV4) genome revealed that there is no open reading frame (ORF) that might encode an E6 protein. The other two B subgroup bovine papillomaviruses, BPV3 and BPV6, were found to have the same arrangement of ORFs in this region as BPV4. Thus, we conclude that E6 functions are either not required by these viruses or are performed by another viral (or host) protein. Furthermore, the position that might be expected to be occupied by E6, between the long control region and the E7 ORF, contains the E8 ORF, which has the potential to encode a 42-residue polypeptide with considerable similarity to the E5 transforming protein of BPV1. Therefore, it appears that during the evolution of the B subgroup of BPVs, genomic rearrangements may have occurred resulting in the present layout of the early ORFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Jackson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Campaign Beatson Laboratories, Glasgow, Scotland
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59
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Pecoraro G, Lee M, Morgan D, Defendi V. Evolution of in vitro transformation and tumorigenesis of HPV16 and HPV18 immortalized primary cervical epithelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1991; 138:1-8. [PMID: 1846261 PMCID: PMC1886048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma develops through a progressive spectrum of premalignant intraepithelial lesions (CIN I-III), the majority of which are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18. We established HPV16 and HPV18 immortalized human cervical epithelial cell lines and used them as a model to investigate the genesis and progression of cervical malignancy. The cell lines when cultured in vitro in a system mimicking their in vivo environment exhibit cytologic atypia and a variety of defects in morphologic differentiation at early passage compared to their normal counterparts. With increased passage, these alterations progress to more severe grades, histologically similar to CIN III; however only a limited number of the cell lines are tumorigenic, mimicking the epidemiologic evidence on the rate of conversion from premalignant to invasive carcinoma. The observed changes are not associated with alterations of viral DNA integration or expression and may reflect specific cellular events or changes in virus-host interactions associated with malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pecoraro
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York
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60
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Affiliation(s)
- D DiMaio
- Department of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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