51
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Hölscher C, Sonntag F, Henrich K, Chen Q, Beneke J, Matula P, Rohr K, Kaderali L, Beil N, Erfle H, Kleinschmidt JA, Müller M. The SUMOylation Pathway Restricts Gene Transduction by Adeno-Associated Viruses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005281. [PMID: 26625259 PMCID: PMC4666624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses are members of the genus dependoviruses of the parvoviridae family. AAV vectors are considered promising vectors for gene therapy and genetic vaccination as they can be easily produced, are highly stable and non-pathogenic. Nevertheless, transduction of cells in vitro and in vivo by AAV in the absence of a helper virus is comparatively inefficient requiring high multiplicity of infection. Several bottlenecks for AAV transduction have previously been described, including release from endosomes, nuclear transport and conversion of the single stranded DNA into a double stranded molecule. We hypothesized that the bottlenecks in AAV transduction are, in part, due to the presence of host cell restriction factors acting directly or indirectly on the AAV-mediated gene transduction. In order to identify such factors we performed a whole genome siRNA screen which identified a number of putative genes interfering with AAV gene transduction. A number of factors, yielding the highest scores, were identified as members of the SUMOylation pathway. We identified Ubc9, the E2 conjugating enzyme as well as Sae1 and Sae2, enzymes responsible for activating E1, as factors involved in restricting AAV. The restriction effect, mediated by these factors, was validated and reproduced independently. Our data indicate that SUMOylation targets entry of AAV capsids and not downstream processes of uncoating, including DNA single strand conversion or DNA damage signaling. We suggest that transiently targeting SUMOylation will enhance application of AAV in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qingxin Chen
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beneke
- VIROQUANT-CellNetworks RNAi Screening Facility, BIOQUANT Center University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr Matula
- Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Dept. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, University of Heidelberg, BIOQUANT, IPMB, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Rohr
- Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Dept. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, University of Heidelberg, BIOQUANT, IPMB, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Kaderali
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Bioinformatics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nina Beil
- VIROQUANT-CellNetworks RNAi Screening Facility, BIOQUANT Center University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Erfle
- VIROQUANT-CellNetworks RNAi Screening Facility, BIOQUANT Center University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Müller
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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52
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Li B, Ma W, Ling C, Van Vliet K, Huang LY, Agbandje-McKenna M, Srivastava A, Aslanidi GV. Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Surface-Exposed Lysine Residues Leads to Improved Transduction by AAV2, But Not AAV8, Vectors in Murine Hepatocytes In Vivo. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2015; 26:211-20. [PMID: 26421998 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays a critical role in the intracellular trafficking of recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) vectors, which negatively impacts the transduction efficiency of these vectors. Because ubiquitination occurs on lysine (K) residues, we performed site-directed mutagenesis where we replaced each of 10 surface-exposed K residues (K258, K490, K507, K527, K532, K544, K549, K556, K665, and K706) with glutamic acid (E) because of similarity of size and lack of recognition by modifying enzymes. The transduction efficiency of K490E, K544E, K549E, and K556E scAAV2 vectors increased in HeLa cells in vitro up to 5-fold compared with wild-type (WT) AAV2 vectors, with the K556E mutant being the most efficient. Intravenous delivery of WT and K-mutant ssAAV2 vectors further corroborated these results in murine hepatocytes in vivo. Because AAV8 vectors transduce murine hepatocytes exceedingly well, and because some of the surface-exposed K residues are conserved between these serotypes, we generated and tested two single mutants (K547E and K569E), and one double-mutant (K547 + 569E) AAV8 vector. However, no significant increase in the transduction efficiency of any of these mutant AAV8 vectors was observed in murine hepatocytes in vivo. These studies suggest that although targeting the surface-exposed K residues is yet another strategy to improve the transduction efficiency of AAV vectors, phenotypic outcome is serotype specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozheng Li
- 1 Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wenqin Ma
- 1 Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Chen Ling
- 1 Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.,2 Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.,3 Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kim Van Vliet
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lin-Ya Huang
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- 2 Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.,3 Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.,4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Arun Srivastava
- 1 Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.,2 Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.,3 Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.,5 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.,6 Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - George V Aslanidi
- 1 Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.,2 Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.,3 Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
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53
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Yan Z, Sun X, Feng Z, Li G, Fisher JT, Stewart ZA, Engelhardt JF. Optimization of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Expression for Large Transgenes, Using a Synthetic Promoter and Tandem Array Enhancers. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:334-46. [PMID: 25763813 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The packaging capacity of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors limits the size of the promoter that can be used to express the 4.43-kb cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) cDNA. To circumvent this limitation, we screened a set of 100-mer synthetic enhancer elements, composed of ten 10-bp repeats, for their ability to augment CFTR transgene expression from a short 83-bp synthetic promoter in the context of an rAAV vector designed for use in the cystic fibrosis (CF) ferret model. Our initial studies assessing transcriptional activity in monolayer (nonpolarized) cultures of human airway cell lines and primary ferret airway cells revealed that three of these synthetic enhancers (F1, F5, and F10) significantly promoted transcription of a luciferase transgene in the context of plasmid transfection. Further analysis in polarized cultures of human and ferret airway epithelia at an air-liquid interface (ALI), as well as in the ferret airway in vivo, demonstrated that the F5 enhancer produced the highest level of transgene expression in the context of an AAV vector. Furthermore, we demonstrated that increasing the size of the viral genome from 4.94 to 5.04 kb did not significantly affect particle yield of the vectors, but dramatically reduced the functionality of rAAV-CFTR vectors because of small terminal deletions that extended into the CFTR expression cassette of the 5.04-kb oversized genome. Because rAAV-CFTR vectors greater than 5 kb in size are dramatically impaired with respect to vector efficacy, we used a shortened ferret CFTR minigene with a 159-bp deletion in the R domain to construct an rAAV vector (AV2/2.F5tg83-fCFTRΔR). This vector yielded an ∼17-fold increase in expression of CFTR and significantly improved Cl(-) currents in CF ALI cultures. Our study has identified a small enhancer/promoter combination that may have broad usefulness for rAAV-mediated CF gene therapy to the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Yan
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa School of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242.,2 Center for Gene Therapy, University of Iowa School of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Xingshen Sun
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa School of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Zehua Feng
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa School of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Guiying Li
- 3 Department of Surgery, University of Iowa School of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - John T Fisher
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa School of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Zoe A Stewart
- 3 Department of Surgery, University of Iowa School of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - John F Engelhardt
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa School of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242.,2 Center for Gene Therapy, University of Iowa School of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242.,4 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa School of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242
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54
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Basner-Tschakarjan E, Mingozzi F. Cell-Mediated Immunity to AAV Vectors, Evolving Concepts and Potential Solutions. Front Immunol 2014; 5:350. [PMID: 25101090 PMCID: PMC4107954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are one of the most efficient in vivo gene delivery platforms. Over the past decade, clinical trials of AAV vector-mediated gene transfer led to some of the most exciting results in the field of gene therapy and, recently, to the market approval of an AAV-based drug in Europe. With clinical development, however, it became obvious that the host immune system represents an important obstacle to successful gene transfer with AAV vectors. In this review article, we will discuss the issue of cytotoxic T cell responses directed against the AAV capsid encountered on human studies. While over the past several years the field has acquired a tremendous amount of information on the interactions of AAV vectors with the immune system, a lot of questions are still unanswered. Novel concepts are emerging, such as the relationship between the total capsid dose and the T cell-mediated clearance of transduced cells, the potential role of innate immunity in vector immunogenicity highlighted in preclinical studies, and the cross talk between regulatory and effector T cells in the determination of the outcome of gene transfer. There is still a lot to learn about immune responses in AAV gene transfer, for example, it is not well understood what are the determinants of the kinetics of activation of T cells in response to vector administration, why not all subjects develop detrimental T cell responses following gene transfer, and whether the intervention strategies currently in use to block T cell-mediated clearance of transduced cells will be safe and effective for all gene therapy indications. Results from novel preclinical models and clinical studies will help to address these points and to reach the important goal of developing safe and effective gene therapy protocols to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Mingozzi
- University Pierre and Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Genethon , Evry , France
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55
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Bakhshinejad B, Sadeghizadeh M. Bacteriophages as vehicles for gene delivery into mammalian cells: prospects and problems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1561-74. [PMID: 24955860 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.927437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification of more efficient gene delivery vehicles (GDVs) is essential to fulfill the expectations of clinical gene therapy. Bacteriophages, due to their excellent safety profile, extreme stability under a variety of harsh environmental conditions and the capability for being genetically manipulated, have drawn a flurry of interest to be applied as a newly arisen category of gene delivery platforms. AREAS COVERED The incessant evolutionary interaction of bacteriophages with human cells has turned them into a part of our body's natural ecosystem. However, these carriers represent several barriers to gene transduction of mammalian cells. The lack of evolvement of specialized machinery for targeted cellular internalization, endosomal, lysosomal and proteasomal escape, cytoplasmic entry, nuclear localization and intranuclear transcription poses major challenges to the expression of the phage-carried gene. In this review, we describe pros and cons of bacteriophages as GDVs, provide an insight into numerous barriers that bacteriophages face for entry into and subsequent trafficking inside mammalian cells and elaborate on the strategies used to bypass these barriers. EXPERT OPINION Tremendous genetic flexibility of bacteriophages to undergo numerous surface modifications through phage display technology has proven to be a turning point in the uncompromising efforts to surmount the limitations of phage-mediated gene expression. The revelatory outcomes of the studies undertaken within the recent years have been promising for phage-mediated gene delivery to move from concept to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Bakhshinejad
- Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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56
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Lyi SM, Tan MJA, Parrish CR. Parvovirus particles and movement in the cellular cytoplasm and effects of the cytoskeleton. Virology 2014; 456-457:342-52. [PMID: 24889253 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell infection by parvoviruses requires that capsids be delivered from outside the cell to the cytoplasm, followed by genome trafficking to the nucleus. Here we microinject capsids into cells that lack receptors and followed their movements within the cell over time. In general the capsids remained close to the positions where they were injected, and most particles did not move to the vicinity of or enter the nucleus. When 70 kDa-dextran was injected along with the capsids that did not enter the nucleus in significant amounts. Capsids conjugated to peptides containing the SV40 large T-antigen nuclear localization signal remained in the cytoplasm, although bovine serum albumen conjugated to the same peptide entered the nucleus rapidly. No effects of disruption of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules on the distribution of the capsids were observed. These results suggest that movement of intact capsids within cells is primarily associated with passive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangbom Michael Lyi
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Min Jie Alvin Tan
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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57
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Löw K, Aebischer P, Schneider BL. Direct and retrograde transduction of nigral neurons with AAV6, 8, and 9 and intraneuronal persistence of viral particles. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 24:613-29. [PMID: 23600720 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors of serotypes 6, 8, and 9 were characterized as tools for gene delivery to dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra for future gene therapeutic applications in Parkinson's disease. While vectors of all three serotypes transduced nigral dopaminergic neurons with equal efficiency when directly injected to the substantia nigra, AAV6 was clearly superior to AAV8 and AAV9 for retrograde transduction of nigral neurons after striatal delivery. For sequential transduction of nigral dopaminergic neurons, the combination of AAV9 with AAV6 proved to be more powerful than AAV8 with AAV6 or repeated AAV6 administration. Surprisingly, single-stranded viral genomes persisted in nigral dopaminergic neurons within cell bodies and axon terminals in the striatum, and intact assembled AAV capsid was enriched in nuclei of nigral neurons, 4 weeks after virus injections to the substantia nigra. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra reduced the number of viral genomes in the striatum, in line with viral genome persistence in axon terminals. However, 6-OHDA-induced axonal degeneration did not induce any transsynaptic spread of AAV infection in the striatum. Therefore, the potential presence of viral particles in axons may not represent an important safety issue for AAV gene therapy applications in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Löw
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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58
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Yan Z, Sun X, Evans IA, Tyler SR, Song Y, Liu X, Sui H, Engelhardt JF. Postentry processing of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 1 and transduction of the ferret lung are altered by a factor in airway secretions. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 24:786-96. [PMID: 23948055 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently created a cystic fibrosis ferret model that acquires neonatal lung infection. To develop lung gene therapies for this model, we evaluated recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated gene transfer to the neonatal ferret lung. Unlike in vitro ferret airway epithelial (FAE) cells, in vivo infection of the ferret lung with rAAV1 required proteasome inhibitors to achieve efficient airway transduction. We hypothesized that differences in transduction between these two systems were because of an in vivo secreted factor that alter the transduction biology of rAAV1. Indeed, treatment of rAAV1 with ferret airway secretory fluid (ASF) strongly inhibited rAAV1, but not rAAV2, transduction of primary FAE and HeLa cells. Properties of the ASF inhibitory factor included a strong affinity for the AAV1 capsid, heat-stability, negative charge, and sensitivity to endoproteinase Glu-C. ASF-treated rAAV1 dramatically inhibited apical transduction of FAE ALI cultures (512-fold), while only reducing viral entry by 55-fold, suggesting that postentry processing of virus was influenced by the inhibitor factor. Proteasome inhibitors rescued transduction in the presence of ASF (~1600-fold) without effecting virus internalization, while proteasome inhibitors only enhanced transduction 45-fold in the absence of ASF. These findings demonstrate that a factor in lung secretions can influence intracellular processing of rAAV1 in a proteasome-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1009, USA
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59
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Wang D, Zhong L, Nahid MA, Gao G. The potential of adeno-associated viral vectors for gene delivery to muscle tissue. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:345-364. [PMID: 24386892 PMCID: PMC4098646 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.871258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Muscle-directed gene therapy is rapidly gaining attention primarily because muscle is an easily accessible target tissue and is also associated with various severe genetic disorders. Localized and systemic delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors of several serotypes results in very efficient transduction of skeletal and cardiac muscles, which has been achieved in both small and large animals, as well as in humans. Muscle is the target tissue in gene therapy for many muscular dystrophy diseases, and may also be exploited as a biofactory to produce secretory factors for systemic disorders. Current limitations of using rAAVs for muscle gene transfer include vector size restriction, potential safety concerns such as off-target toxicity and the immunological barrier composing of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies and CD8(+) T-cell response against AAV capsid in humans. AREAS COVERED In this article, we will discuss basic AAV vector biology and its application in muscle-directed gene delivery, as well as potential strategies to overcome the aforementioned limitations of rAAV for further clinical application. EXPERT OPINION Delivering therapeutic genes to large muscle mass in humans is arguably the most urgent unmet demand in treating diseases affecting muscle tissues throughout the whole body. Muscle-directed, rAAV-mediated gene transfer for expressing antibodies is a promising strategy to combat deadly infectious diseases. Developing strategies to circumvent the immune response following rAAV administration in humans will facilitate clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Gene Therapy Center, 368 Plantation Street, AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Physiology Systems, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Li Zhong
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Gene Therapy Center, 368 Plantation Street, AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - M Abu Nahid
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Gene Therapy Center, 368 Plantation Street, AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Physiology Systems, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Gene Therapy Center, 368 Plantation Street, AS6-2049, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Physiology Systems, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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60
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Chaanine AH, Nonnenmacher M, Kohlbrenner E, Jin D, Kovacic JC, Akar FG, Hajjar RJ, Weber T. Effect of bortezomib on the efficacy of AAV9.SERCA2a treatment to preserve cardiac function in a rat pressure-overload model of heart failure. Gene Ther 2014; 21:379-386. [PMID: 24572786 PMCID: PMC3976435 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors are promising vehicles for therapeutic gene delivery, including for the treatment for heart failure. It has been demonstrated for each of the AAV serotypes 1 through 8 that inhibition of the proteasome results in increased transduction efficiencies. For AAV9, however, the effect of proteasome inhibitors on in vivo transduction has until now not been evaluated. Here we demonstrate, in a well-established rodent heart failure model, that concurrent treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib does not enhance the efficacy of AAV9.SERCA2a to improve cardiac function as examined by echocardiography and pressure volume analysis. Western blot analysis of SERCA2a protein and reverse transcription-PCR of SERCA2a mRNA demonstrated that bortezomib had no effect on either endogenous rat SERCA2a levels nor on expression levels of human SERCA2a delivered by AAV9.SERCA2a. Similarly, the number of AAV9 genomes in heart samples was unaffected by bortezomib treatment. Interestingly, whereas transduction of HeLa cells and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes by AAV9 was stimulated by bortezomib, transduction of adult rat cardiomyocytes was inhibited. These results indicate an organ/cell-type-specific effect of proteasome inhibition on AAV9 transduction. A future detailed analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms promises to facilitate the development of improved AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine H Chaanine
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Mathieu Nonnenmacher
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Erik Kohlbrenner
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Dongzhu Jin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Fadi G Akar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Thomas Weber
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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61
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Petrs-Silva H, Linden R. Advances in gene therapy technologies to treat retinitis pigmentosa. Clin Ophthalmol 2013; 8:127-36. [PMID: 24391438 PMCID: PMC3878960 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s38041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a class of diseases that leads to progressive degeneration of the retina. Experimental approaches to gene therapy for the treatment of inherited retinal dystrophies have advanced in recent years, inclusive of the safe delivery of genes to the human retina. This review is focused on the development of gene therapy for RP using recombinant adenoassociated viral vectors, which show a positive safety record and have so far been successful in several clinical trials for congenital retinal disease. Gene therapy for RP is under development in a variety of animal models, and the results raise expectations of future clinical application. Nonetheless, the translation of such strategies to the bedside requires further understanding of the mutations and mechanisms that cause visual defects, as well as thorough examination of potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Petrs-Silva
- Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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62
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Sen D, Gadkari RA, Sudha G, Gabriel N, Kumar YS, Selot R, Samuel R, Rajalingam S, Ramya V, Nair SC, Srinivasan N, Srivastava A, Jayandharan GR. Targeted modifications in adeno-associated virus serotype 8 capsid improves its hepatic gene transfer efficiency in vivo. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2013; 24:104-16. [PMID: 23442071 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors based on serotype 8 (AAV8) have shown significant promise for liver-directed gene therapy. However, to overcome the vector dose dependent immunotoxicity seen with AAV8 vectors, it is important to develop better AAV8 vectors that provide enhanced gene expression at significantly low vector doses. Since it is known that AAV vectors during intracellular trafficking are targeted for destruction in the cytoplasm by the host-cellular kinase/ubiquitination/proteasomal machinery, we modified specific serine/threonine kinase or ubiquitination targets on the AAV8 capsid to augment its transduction efficiency. Point mutations at specific serine (S)/threonine (T)/lysine (K) residues were introduced in the AAV8 capsid at the positions equivalent to that of the effective AAV2 mutants, generated successfully earlier. Extensive structure analysis was carried out subsequently to evaluate the structural equivalence between the two serotypes. scAAV8 vectors with the wild-type (WT) and each one of the S/T→Alanine (A) or K-Arginine (R) mutant capsids were evaluated for their liver transduction efficiency in C57BL/6 mice in vivo. Two of the AAV8-S→A mutants (S279A and S671A), and a K137R mutant vector, demonstrated significantly higher enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transcript levels (~9- to 46-fold) in the liver compared to animals that received WT-AAV8 vectors alone. The best performing AAV8 mutant (K137R) vector also had significantly reduced ubiquitination of the viral capsid, reduced activation of markers of innate immune response, and a concomitant two-fold reduction in the levels of neutralizing antibody formation in comparison to WT-AAV8 vectors. Vector biodistribution studies revealed that the K137R mutant had a significantly higher and preferential transduction of the liver (106 vs. 7.7 vector copies/mouse diploid genome) when compared to WT-AAV8 vectors. To further study the utility of the K137R-AAV8 mutant in therapeutic gene transfer, we delivered human coagulation factor IX (h.FIX) under the control of liver-specific promoters (LP1 or hAAT) into C57BL/6 mice. The circulating levels of h.FIX:Ag were higher in all the K137R-AAV8 treated groups up to 8 weeks post-hepatic gene transfer. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of the use of this novel AAV8 vectors for potential gene therapy of hemophilia B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwaipayan Sen
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
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63
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Mechanistic insights into the enhancement of adeno-associated virus transduction by proteasome inhibitors. J Virol 2013; 87:13035-41. [PMID: 24027330 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01826-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib, MG132) are known to enhance adeno-associated virus (AAV) transduction; however, whether this results from pleotropic proteasome inhibition or off-target serine and/or cysteine protease inhibition remains unresolved. Here, we examined recombinant AAV (rAAV) effects of a new proteasome inhibitor, carfilzomib, which specifically inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity and no other proteases. We determined that proteasome inhibitors act on rAAV through proteasome inhibition and not serine or cysteine protease inhibition, likely through positive changes late in transduction.
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64
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A novel chimeric adenoassociated virus 2/human bocavirus 1 parvovirus vector efficiently transduces human airway epithelia. Mol Ther 2013; 21:2181-94. [PMID: 23896725 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus virus-1 (HBoV1), a newly discovered autonomous parvovirus with a 5,500 nt genome, efficiently infects human-polarized airway epithelia (HAE) from the apical membrane. We hypothesized that the larger genome and high airway tropism of HBoV1 would be ideal for creating a viral vector for lung gene therapy. To this end, we successfully generated recombinant HBoV1 (rHBoV1) from an open reading frames-disrupted rHBoV1 genome that efficiently transduces HAE from the apical surface. We next evaluated whether HBoV1 capsids could package oversized rAAV2 genomes. These studies created a rAAV2/HBoV1 chimeric virus (5.5 kb genome) capable of apically transducing HAE at 5.6- and 70-fold greater efficiency than rAAV1 or rAAV2 (4.7-kb genomes), respectively. Molecular studies demonstrated that viral uptake from the apical surface was significantly greater for rAAV2/HBoV1 than for rAAV2 or rAAV1, and that polarization of airway epithelial cells was required for HBoV1 capsid-mediated gene transfer. Furthermore, rAAV2/HBoV1-CFTR virus containing the full-length cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene coding sequence and the strong CBA promoter efficiently corrected CFTR-dependent chloride transport in cystic fibrosis (CF) HAE. In summary, using the combined advantages of AAV and HBoV1, we have developed a novel and promising viral vector for CF lung gene therapy and also potentially HBoV1 vaccine development.
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65
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Abstract
Although it has been appreciated for some years that cytosolic DNA is immune stimulatory, it is only in the past five years that the molecular basis of DNA sensing by the innate immune system has begun to be revealed. In particular it has been described how DNA induces type I interferon, central in antiviral responses and a mediator of autoimmunity. To date more than ten cytosolic receptors of DNA have been proposed, but STING is a key adaptor protein for most DNA-sensing pathways, and we are now beginning to understand the signaling mechanisms for STING. In this review we describe the recent progress in understanding signaling mechanisms activated by DNA and the relevance of DNA sensing to pathogen responses and autoimmunity. We highlight new insights gained into how and why the immune system responds to both pathogen and self DNA and define important questions that now need to be addressed in the field of innate immune activation by DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
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66
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Ahmadiankia N, Neshati V, Neshati Z, Swildens J, AF de Vries A. Generation of Helper Plasmids Encoding Mutant Adeno-associated Virus Type 2 Capsid Proteins with Increased Resistance against Proteasomal Degradation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 16:813-21. [PMID: 23997910 PMCID: PMC3758051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) vectors are widely used for both experimental and clinical gene therapy. A recent research has shown that the performance of these vectors can be greatly improved by substitution of specific surface-exposed tyrosine residues with phenylalanines. In this study, a fast and simple method is presented to generate AAV2 vector helper plasmids encoding capsid proteins with single, double or triple Y→F mutations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A one-step, high-fidelity polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cloning procedure involving the use of two partially overlapping primers to amplify a circular DNA template was applied to produce AAV2 cap genes encoding VP1 mutants with Y→F substitutions in residues 444, 500 or 730. The resulting constructs were used to make the different double and triple mutant by another round of PCR (Y444500F mutant), subcloning (Y444730F and Y500730F mutants) or a combination of both techniques (Y444500730F mutant). RESULTS Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed successful introduction of the desired mutations in the AAV2 cap gene and showed the absence of any unintended mutations in the DNA fragments used to assemble the final set of AAV2 vector helper plasmids. The correctness of these plasmids was further confirmed by restriction mapping. CONCLUSION PCR-based, single-step site-directed mutagenesis of circular DNA templates is a highly efficient and cost-effective method to generate AAV2 vector helper plasmids encoding mutant Cap proteins for the production of vector particles with increased gene transfer efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vajiheh Neshati
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Department, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zeinab Neshati
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jim Swildens
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine AF de Vries
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands,Corresponding author: Antoine AF de Vries. Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands,
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67
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Abstract
Gene therapy products for the treatment of genetic diseases are currently in clinical trials, and one of these, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) product, has recently been licensed. AAV vectors have achieved positive results in a number of clinical and preclinical settings, including hematologic disorders such as the hemophilias, Gaucher disease, hemochromatosis, and the porphyrias. Because AAV vectors are administered directly to the patient, the likelihood of a host immune response is high, as shown by human studies. Preexisting and/or recall responses to the wild-type virus from which the vector is engineered, or to the transgene product itself, can interfere with therapeutic efficacy if not identified and managed optimally. Small-scale clinical studies have enabled investigators to dissect the immune responses to the AAV vector capsid and to the transgene product, and to develop strategies to manage these responses to achieve long-term expression of the therapeutic gene. However, a comprehensive understanding of the determinants of immunogenicity of AAV vectors, and of potential associated toxicities, is still lacking. Careful immunosurveillance conducted as part of ongoing clinical studies will provide the basis for understanding the intricacies of the immune response in AAV-mediated gene transfer, facilitating safe and effective therapies for genetic diseases.
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68
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McClements ME, MacLaren RE. Gene therapy for retinal disease. Transl Res 2013; 161:241-54. [PMID: 23305707 PMCID: PMC3831157 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy strategies for the treatment of inherited retinal diseases have made major advances in recent years. This review focuses on adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector approaches to treat retinal degeneration and, thus, prevent or delay the onset of blindness. Data from human clinical trials of gene therapy for retinal disease show encouraging signs of safety and efficacy from AAV vectors. Recent progress in enhancing cell-specific targeting and transduction efficiency of the various retinal layers plus the use of AAV-delivered growth factors to augment the therapeutic effect and limit cell death suggest even greater success in future human trials is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E McClements
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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69
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Gabriel N, Hareendran S, Sen D, Gadkari RA, Sudha G, Selot R, Hussain M, Dhaksnamoorthy R, Samuel R, Srinivasan N, Srivastava A, Jayandharan GR. Bioengineering of AAV2 capsid at specific serine, threonine, or lysine residues improves its transduction efficiency in vitro and in vivo. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2013; 24:80-93. [PMID: 23379478 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the AAV2 vector is targeted for destruction in the cytoplasm by the host cellular kinase/ubiquitination/proteasomal machinery and that modification of their targets on AAV2 capsid may improve its transduction efficiency. In vitro analysis with pharmacological inhibitors of cellular serine/threonine kinases (protein kinase A, protein kinase C, casein kinase II) showed an increase (20-90%) on AAV2-mediated gene expression. The three-dimensional structure of AAV2 capsid was then analyzed to predict the sites of ubiquitination and phosphorylation. Three phosphodegrons, which are the phosphorylation sites recognized as degradation signals by ubiquitin ligases, were identified. Mutation targets comprising eight serine (S) or seven threonine (T) or nine lysine (K) residues were selected in and around phosphodegrons on the basis of their solvent accessibility, overlap with the receptor binding regions, overlap with interaction interfaces of capsid proteins, and their evolutionary conservation across AAV serotypes. AAV2-EGFP vectors with the wild-type (WT) capsid or mutant capsids (15 S/T→alanine [A] or 9 K→arginine [R] single mutant or 2 double K→R mutants) were then evaluated in vitro. The transduction efficiencies of 11 S/T→A and 7 K→R vectors were significantly higher (~63-90%) than the AAV2-WT vectors (~30-40%). Further, hepatic gene transfer of these mutant vectors in vivo resulted in higher vector copy numbers (up to 4.9-fold) and transgene expression (up to 14-fold) than observed from the AAV2-WT vector. One of the mutant vectors, S489A, generated ~8-fold fewer antibodies that could be cross-neutralized by AAV2-WT. This study thus demonstrates the feasibility of the use of these novel AAV2 capsid mutant vectors in hepatic gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth Gabriel
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
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70
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Horan KA, Hansen K, Jakobsen MR, Holm CK, Søby S, Unterholzner L, Thompson M, West JA, Iversen MB, Rasmussen SB, Ellermann-Eriksen S, Kurt-Jones E, Landolfo S, Damania B, Melchjorsen J, Bowie AG, Fitzgerald KA, Paludan SR. Proteasomal degradation of herpes simplex virus capsids in macrophages releases DNA to the cytosol for recognition by DNA sensors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2311-9. [PMID: 23345332 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is important for control of infections, including herpesvirus infections. Intracellular DNA potently stimulates antiviral IFN responses. It is known that plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense herpesvirus DNA in endosomes via TLR9 and that nonimmune tissue cells can sense herpesvirus DNA in the nucleus. However, it remains unknown how and where myeloid cells, such as macrophages and conventional dendritic cells, detect infections with herpesviruses. In this study, we demonstrate that the HSV-1 capsid was ubiquitinated in the cytosol and degraded by the proteasome, hence releasing genomic DNA into the cytoplasm for detection by DNA sensors. In this context, the DNA sensor IFN-γ-inducible 16 is important for induction of IFN-β in human macrophages postinfection with HSV-1 and CMV. Viral DNA localized to the same cytoplasmic regions as did IFN-γ-inducible 16, with DNA sensing being independent of viral nuclear entry. Thus, proteasomal degradation of herpesvirus capsids releases DNA to the cytoplasm for recognition by DNA sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Horan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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71
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Engineered AAV vector minimizes in vivo targeting of transduced hepatocytes by capsid-specific CD8+ T cells. Blood 2013; 121:2224-33. [PMID: 23325831 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-460733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have shown that evasion of CD8(+) T-cell responses against viral capsid is critical for successful liver-directed gene therapy with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors for hemophilia. Preclinical models to test whether use of alternate serotypes or capsid variants could avoid this deleterious response have been lacking. Here, the ability of CD8(+) T cells ("cap-CD8," specific for a capsid epitope presented by human B*0702 or murine H2-L(d) molecules) to target AAV-infected hepatocytes was investigated. In a murine model based on adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded cap-CD8, AAV2-transduced livers showed CD8(+) T-cell infiltrates, transaminitis, significant reduction in factor IX transgene expression, and loss of transduced hepatocytes. AAV8 gene transfer resulted in prolonged susceptibility to cap-CD8, consistent with recent clinical findings. In contrast, using an AAV2(Y-F) mutant capsid, which is known to be less degraded by proteasomes, preserved transgene expression and largely avoided hepatotoxicity. In vitro assays confirmed reduced major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of this capsid and killing of human or murine hepatocytes compared with AAV2. In conclusion, AAV capsids can be engineered to substantially reduce the risk of destruction by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, whereas use of alternative serotypes per se does not circumvent this obstacle.
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72
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Ellis BL, Hirsch ML, Porter SN, Samulski RJ, Porteus MH. Zinc-finger nuclease-mediated gene correction using single AAV vector transduction and enhancement by Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. Gene Ther 2013; 20:35-42. [PMID: 22257934 PMCID: PMC4957644 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An emerging strategy for the treatment of monogenic diseases uses genetic engineering to precisely correct the mutation(s) at the genome level. Recent advancements in this technology have demonstrated therapeutic levels of gene correction using a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN)-induced DNA double-strand break in conjunction with an exogenous DNA donor substrate. This strategy requires efficient nucleic acid delivery and among viral vectors, recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has demonstrated clinical success without pathology. However, a major limitation of rAAV is the small DNA packaging capacity and to date, the use of rAAV for ZFN gene delivery has yet to be reported. Theoretically, an ideal situation is to deliver both ZFNs and the repair substrate in a single vector to avoid inefficient gene targeting and unwanted mutagenesis, both complications of a rAAV co-transduction strategy. Therefore, a rAAV format was generated in which a single polypeptide encodes the ZFN monomers connected by a ribosome skipping 2A peptide and furin cleavage sequence. On the basis of this arrangement, a DNA repair substrate of 750 nucleotides was also included in this vector. Efficient polypeptide processing to discrete ZFNs is demonstrated, as well as the ability of this single vector format to stimulate efficient gene targeting in a human cell line and mouse model derived fibroblasts. Additionally, we increased rAAV-mediated gene correction up to sixfold using a combination of Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, which act at the level of AAV vector transduction. Collectively, these experiments demonstrate the ability to deliver ZFNs and a repair substrate by a single AAV vector and offer insights for the optimization of rAAV-mediated gene correction using drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- BL Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - ML Hirsch
- UNC Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - SN Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - RJ Samulski
- UNC Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - MH Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
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73
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Wang Y, Ling C, Song L, Wang L, Aslanidi GV, Tan M, Ling C, Srivastava A. Limitations of encapsidation of recombinant self-complementary adeno-associated viral genomes in different serotype capsids and their quantitation. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2012; 23:225-33. [PMID: 22966785 PMCID: PMC4015078 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that self-complementary adeno-associated virus (scAAV) type 2 genomes of up to 3.3 kb can be successfully encapsidated into AAV2 serotype capsids. Here we report that such oversized AAV2 genomes fail to undergo packaging in other AAV serotype capsids, such as AAV1, AAV3, AAV6, and AAV8, as determined by Southern blot analyses of the vector genomes, although hybridization signals on quantitative DNA slot-blots could still be obtained. Recently, it has been reported that quantitative real-time PCR assays may result in substantial differences in determining titers of scAAV vectors depending on the distance between the primer sets and the terminal hairpin structure in the scAAV genomes. We also observed that the vector titers determined by the standard DNA slot-blot assays were highly dependent on the specific probe being used, with probes hybridizing to the ends of viral genomes being significantly overrepresented compared with the probes hybridizing close to the middle of the viral genomes. These differences among various probes were not observed using Southern blot assays. This overestimation of titer is a systemic error during scAAV genome quantification, regardless of viral genome sequences and capsid serotypes. Furthermore, different serotypes capsid and modification of capsid sequence may affect the ability of packaging intact, full-length AAV genomes. Although the discrepancy is modest with wild-type serotype capsid and short viral genomes, the measured titer could be as much as fivefold different with capsid mutant vectors and large genomes. Thus, based on our data, we suggest that Southern blot analyses should be performed routinely to more accurately determine the titers of recombinant AAV vectors. At the very least, the use of probes/primers hybridizing close to the mutant inverted terminal repeat in scAAV genomes is recommended to avoid possible overestimation of vector titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Chen Ling
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Liujiang Song
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Xiangya Biomedicine, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - George V. Aslanidi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Mengqun Tan
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Xiangya Biomedicine, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Changquan Ling
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
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74
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Naumer M, Popa-Wagner R, Kleinschmidt JA. Impact of capsid modifications by selected peptide ligands on recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2-mediated gene transduction. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2131-2141. [PMID: 22764318 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.044735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectors based on adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) belong to today's most promising and most frequently used viral vectors in human gene therapy. Like in many other vector systems, the broad but non-specific tropism limits their use for certain cell types or tissues. One approach to screen for transduction-improved vectors is the selection of random peptide libraries displayed directly on the AAV2 capsid. Although the AAV2 library system has been widely applied for the successful selection of improved gene therapy vectors, it remains unknown which steps of the transduction process are most affected and therefore critical for the selection of targeting peptides. Attachment to the cell surface is the first essential step of AAV-mediated gene transduction; however, our experiments challenge the conventional belief that enhanced gene transfer is equivalent to more efficient cell binding of recombinant AAV2 vectors. A comparison of the various steps of gene transfer by vectors carrying a wild-type AAV2 capsid or displaying two exemplary peptide ligands selected from AAV2 random libraries on different human tumour cell lines demonstrated strong alterations in cell binding, cellular uptake, as well as intracellular processing of these vectors. Combined, our results suggest that entry and post-entry events are decisive for the selection of the peptides NDVRSAN and GPQGKNS rather than their cell binding efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Naumer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department of Tumorvirology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruth Popa-Wagner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department of Tumorvirology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen A Kleinschmidt
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department of Tumorvirology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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75
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Distinct transduction difference between adeno-associated virus type 1 and type 6 vectors in human polarized airway epithelia. Gene Ther 2012; 20:328-37. [PMID: 22695783 PMCID: PMC3443503 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Of the many biologically isolated AAV serotypes, AAV1 and AAV6 share the highest degree of sequence homology, with only six different capsid residues. We compared the transduction efficiencies of rAAV1 and rAAV6 in primary polarized human airway epithelia (HAE) and found significant differences in their abilities to transduce epithelia from the apical and basolateral membranes. rAAV1 transduction was ~10-fold higher than rAAV6 following apical infection, while rAAV6 transduction was ~10-fold higher than rAAV1 following basolateral infection. Furthermore, rAAV6 demonstrated significant polarity of transduction (100-fold; basolateral≫apical), while rAAV1 transduced from both membranes with equal efficiency. To evaluate capsid residues responsible for the observed serotype differences, we mutated the six divergent amino acids either alone or in combination. Results from these studies demonstrated that capsid residues 418 and 513 most significantly controlled membrane polarity differences in transduction between serotypes, with the rAAV6-D418E/K513E mutant demonstrating decreased (~10-fold) basolateral transduction and the rAAV1-E418D/E513K mutant demonstrating a transduction polarity identical to rAAV6-WT. However, none of the rAAV6 mutants obtained apical transduction efficiencies of rAAV1-WT, suggesting that all six divergent capsid residues in AAV1 act in concert to improve apical transduction of HAE.
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76
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Nonnenmacher M, Weber T. Intracellular transport of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. Gene Ther 2012; 19:649-58. [PMID: 22357511 PMCID: PMC4465241 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAVs) have been widely used for gene delivery in animal models, and are currently evaluated for human gene therapy after successful clinical trials in the treatment of inherited, degenerative or acquired diseases, such as Leber congenital amaurosis, Parkinson disease or heart failure. However, limitations in vector tropism, such as limited tissue specificity and insufficient transduction efficiencies of particular tissues and cell types, still preclude therapeutic applications in certain tissues. Wild-type adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are defective viruses that require the presence of a helper virus to complete their life cycle. On the one hand, this unique property makes AAV vectors one of the safest available viral vectors for gene delivery. On the other, it also represents a potential obstacle because rAAV vectors have to overcome several biological barriers in the absence of a helper virus to transduce successfully a cell. Consequently, a better understanding of the cellular roadblocks that limit rAAV gene delivery is crucial and, during the last 15 years, numerous studies resulted in an expanding body of knowledge of the intracellular trafficking pathways of rAAV vectors. This review describes our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in rAAV attachment to target cells, endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, capsid processing, nuclear import and genome release with an emphasis on the most recent discoveries in the field and the emerging strategies used to improve the efficiency of AAV-derived vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nonnenmacher
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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77
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Endocytic processing of adeno-associated virus type 8 vectors for transduction of target cells. Gene Ther 2012; 20:308-17. [PMID: 22622241 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the transduction of HEK293T cells permissive to adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) to understand the mechanisms underlying its endocytic processing. Results showed that AAV8 enters cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis followed by trafficking through various endosomal compartments. Interestingly, compared to the relatively well-characterized AAV2, a distinct involvement of late endosomes was observed for AAV8 trafficking within the target cell. AAV8 particles were also shown to exploit the cytoskeleton network to facilitate their transport within cells. Moreover, the cellular factors involved during endosomal escape were examined by an in vitro membrane permeabilization assay. Our data demonstrated that an acidic endosomal environment was required for AAV2 penetration through endosomal membranes and that the cellular endoprotease furin could promote AAV2 escape from the early endosomes. In contrast, these factors were not sufficient for AAV8 penetration through endosomal membranes. We further found that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is likely involved in the intracellular transport of AAV8 to nucleus. Taken together, our data have shed some light on the intracellular trafficking pathways of AAV8, which, in turn, could provide insight for potentializing AAV-mediated gene delivery.
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78
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Abstract
Parvoviruses package a ssDNA genome. Both nonpathogenic and pathogenic members exist, including those that cause fetal infections, encompassing the entire spectrum of virus phenotypes. Their small genomes and simple coding strategy has enabled functional annotation of many steps in the infectious life cycle. They assemble a multifunctional capsid responsible for cell recognition and the transport of the packaged genome to the nucleus for replication and progeny virus production. It is also the target of the host immune response. Understanding how the capsid structure relates to the function of parvoviruses provides a platform for recombinant engineering of viral gene delivery vectors for the treatment of clinical diseases, and is fundamental for dissecting the viral determinants of pathogenicity. This review focuses on our current understanding of parvovirus capsid structure and function with respect to the infectious life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Halder
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Robert Ng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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79
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Directing integrin-linked endocytosis of recombinant AAV enhances productive FAK-dependent transduction. Mol Ther 2012; 20:972-83. [PMID: 22233580 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a widely used gene therapy vector. Although a wide range of rAAV serotypes can effectively enter most cell types, their transduction efficiencies (i.e., transgene expression) can vary widely depending on the target cell type. Integrins play important roles as coreceptors for rAAV infection, however, it remains unclear how integrin-dependent and -independent mechanisms of rAAV endocytosis influence the efficiency of intracellular virus processing and ultimately transgene expression. In this study, we examined the contribution of integrin-mediated endocytosis to transduction of fibroblasts by rAAV2. Mn(++)-induced integrin activation significantly enhanced (~17-fold) the efficiency of rAAV2 transduction, without altering viral binding or endocytosis. rAAV2 subcellular localization studies demonstrated that Mn(++) promotes increased clustering of rAAV2 on integrins and recruitment of intracellular vinculin (an integrin effector) to sites of rAAV2 binding at the cell surface. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a downstream effector of integrin signals, was essential for rAAV2/integrin complex internalization and transduction. These findings support a model whereby integrin activation at the cell surface can redirect rAAV2 toward a FAK-dependent entry pathway that is more productive for cellular transduction. This pathway appears to be conserved for other rAAV serotypes that contain a capsid integrin-binding domain (AAV1 and AAV6).
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80
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Abstract
The Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are not associated with any diseases, and their ability to package non-genomic DNA and to transduce different cell/tissue populations has generated significant interest in understanding their basic biology in efforts to improve their utilization for corrective gene delivery. This includes their capsid structure, cellular tropism and interactions for entry, uncoating, replication, DNA packaging, capsid assembly, and antibody neutralization. The human and nonhuman primate AAVs are clustered into serologically distinct genetic clade and serotype groups, which have distinct cellular/tissue tropisms and transduction efficiencies. These properties are highly dependent upon the AAV capsid amino acid sequence, their capsid structure, and their interactions with host cell factors, including cell surface receptors, co-receptors, signaling molecules, proteins involved in host DNA replication, and host-derived antibodies. This chapter reviews the current structural information on AAV capsids and the capsid viral protein regions playing a role in the cellular interactions conferring an infective phenotype, which are then used to annotate the functional regions of the capsid. Based on the current data, the indication is that the AAVs, like other members of the Parvoviridae and other ssDNA viruses that form a T = 1 capsid, have evolved a multifunctional capsid with conserved core regions as is required for efficient capsid trafficking, capsid assembly, and genome packaging. Disparate surface loop structures confer differential receptor recognition and are involved in antibody recognition. The role of structural regions in capsid uncoating remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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81
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Shin JH, Yue Y, Duan D. Recombinant adeno-associated viral vector production and purification. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 798:267-84. [PMID: 22130842 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-343-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery vectors based on recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) are powerful tools for studying myogenesis in normal and diseased conditions. Strategies have been developed to use AAV to increase, down-regulate, or modify expression of a particular muscle gene in a specific muscle, muscle group(s), or all muscles in the body. AAV-based muscle gene therapy has been shown to cure several inherited muscle diseases in animal models. Early clinical trials have also yielded promising results. In general, AAV vectors lead to robust, long-term in vivo transduction in rodents, dogs, and non-human primates. To meet specific research needs, investigators have developed numerous AAV variants by engineering viral capsid and/or genome. Here we outline a generic AAV production and purification protocol. Techniques described here are applicable to any AAV variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Shin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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82
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Abstract
The process of moving a novel drug such as an adeno-associated viral vector from the bench top to bedside is an arduous process requiring coordination and skill from multiple laboratories and regulatory agencies. Proceeding to a phase I safety trial in humans after most of the proof-of-concept data have been acquired may take several years. During this time, agencies including the FDA, NIH Office of Biotechnology Activities (OBA), and Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) along with the investigator's team will develop a series of preclinical toxicology and biodistribution studies in order to develop a safety profile for the intended novel drug. In this chapter, key features of the pharm-tox study design and conduct will be discussed. Highlighted features include choosing a sufficient animal number and species to use in testing, dose determination, typical toxicological assays performed, the use of Standard Operating Procedures in respect to good laboratory practices compliancy, and role of the Quality Assurance Unit.
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83
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Dickey DD, Excoffon KJDA, Koerber JT, Bergen J, Steines B, Klesney-Tait J, Schaffer DV, Zabner J. Enhanced sialic acid-dependent endocytosis explains the increased efficiency of infection of airway epithelia by a novel adeno-associated virus. J Virol 2011; 85:9023-30. [PMID: 21697483 PMCID: PMC3165813 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05154-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously used directed evolution in human airway epithelia to create adeno-associated virus 2.5T (AAV2.5T), a highly infectious chimera of AAV2 and AAV5 with one point mutation (A581T). We hypothesized that the mechanism for its increased infection may be a higher binding affinity to the surface of airway epithelia than its parent AAV5. Here, we show that, like AAV5, AAV2.5T, uses 2,3N-linked sialic acid as its primary receptor; however, AAV2.5T binds to the apical surface of human airway epithelia at higher levels and has more receptors than AAV5. Furthermore, its binding affinity is similar to that of AAV5. An alternative hypothesis is that AAV2.5T interaction with 2,3N-linked sialic acid may instead be required for cellular internalization. Consistent with this, AAV2.5T binds but fails to be internalized by CHO cells that lack surface expression of sialic acid. Moreover, whereas AAV2.5T binds similarly to human (rich in 2,3N-linked sialic acid) and pig airway epithelia (2,6N-linked sialic acid), significantly more virus was internalized by human airway. Subsequent transduction correlated with the level of internalized rather than surface-bound virus. We also found that human airway epithelia internalized significantly more AAV2.5T than AAV5. These data suggest that AAV2.5T has evolved to utilize specific 2,3N-linked sialic acid residues on the surface of airway epithelia that mediate rapid internalization and subsequent infection. Thus, sialic acid serves as not just an attachment factor but is also required for AAV2.5T internalization, possibly representing an important rate-limiting step for other viruses that use sialic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Dickey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | | | - James T. Koerber
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1462
| | - Jamie Bergen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1462
| | - Benjamin Steines
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Julia Klesney-Tait
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1462
| | - Joseph Zabner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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84
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Gustin JK, Moses AV, Früh K, Douglas JL. Viral takeover of the host ubiquitin system. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:161. [PMID: 21847386 PMCID: PMC3147166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Like the other more well-characterized post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, acylation, etc.), the attachment of the 76 amino acid ubiquitin (Ub) protein to substrates has been shown to govern countless cellular processes. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses have evolved the capability to commandeer many host processes in order to maximize their own survival, whether it be to increase viral production or to ensure the long-term survival of latently infected host cells. The first evidence that viruses could usurp the Ub system came from the DNA tumor viruses and Adenoviruses, each of which use Ub to dysregulate the host cell cycle (Scheffner et al., 1990; Querido et al., 2001). Today, the list of viruses that utilize Ub includes members from almost every viral class, encompassing both RNA and DNA viruses. Among these, there are examples of Ub usage at every stage of the viral life cycle, involving both ubiquitination and de-ubiquitination. In addition to viruses that merely modify the host Ub system, many of the large DNA viruses encode their own Ub modifying machinery. In this review, we highlight the latest discoveries regarding the myriad ways that viruses utilize Ub to their advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean K Gustin
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Beaverton, OR, USA
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85
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Cheng B, Ling C, Dai Y, Lu Y, Glushakova LG, Gee SWY, McGoogan KE, Aslanidi GV, Park M, Stacpoole PW, Siemann D, Liu C, Srivastava A, Ling C. Development of optimized AAV3 serotype vectors: mechanism of high-efficiency transduction of human liver cancer cells. Gene Ther 2011; 19:375-84. [PMID: 21776025 PMCID: PMC3519243 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our recent studies have revealed that among the 10 different commonly used adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes, AAV3 vectors transduce human liver cancer cells extremely efficiently because these cells express high levels of human hepatocyte growth factor receptor (hHGFR), and AAV3 utilizes hHGFR as a cellular co-receptor for viral entry. In this report, we provide further evidence that both extracellular as well as intracellular kinase domains of hHGFR are involved in AAV3 vector entry and AAV3-mediated transgene expression. We also document that AAV3 vectors are targeted for degradation by the host cell proteasome machinery, and that site-directed mutagenesis of surface-exposed tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) residues on AAV3 capsids significantly improves the transduction efficiency of Y701F, Y705F and Y731F mutant AAV3 vectors. The transduction efficiency of the Y705+731F double-mutant vector is significantly higher than each of the single mutants in liver cancer cells in vitro. In immunodeficient mouse xenograft models, direct intratumoral injection of AAV3 vectors also led to high-efficiency transduction of human liver tumor cells in vivo. We also document here that the optimized tyrosine-mutant AAV3 vectors lead to increased transduction efficiency following both intratumoral and tail-vein injections in vivo. The optimized tyrosine-mutant AAV3 serotype vectors containing proapoptotic genes should prove useful for the potential gene therapy of human liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cheng
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Departments of Pediatics and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-3633, USA
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86
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Mingozzi F, High KA. Therapeutic in vivo gene transfer for genetic disease using AAV: progress and challenges. Nat Rev Genet 2011; 12:341-55. [PMID: 21499295 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vivo gene replacement for the treatment of inherited disease is one of the most compelling concepts in modern medicine. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been extensively used for this purpose and have shown therapeutic efficacy in a range of animal models. Successful translation to the clinic was initially slow, but long-term expression of donated genes at therapeutic levels has now been achieved in patients with inherited retinal disorders and haemophilia B. Recent exciting results have raised hopes for the treatment of many other diseases. As we discuss here, the prospects and challenges for AAV gene therapy are to a large extent dependent on the target tissue and the specific disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Mingozzi
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, 5th Floor CTRB, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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87
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Orthopaedic gene therapy using recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:619-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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88
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Keiser NW, Yan Z, Zhang Y, Lei-Butters DCM, Engelhardt JF. Unique characteristics of AAV1, 2, and 5 viral entry, intracellular trafficking, and nuclear import define transduction efficiency in HeLa cells. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:1433-44. [PMID: 21574868 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological differences between recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) serotypes define their efficiencies in expressing a transgene in a particular target cell. Few studies have directly compared how differences in viral entry, intracellular trafficking, and nuclear import of rAAV serotypes influence the effectiveness of transduction in the same cell type. We evaluated these characteristics for three rAAV serotypes in HeLa cells, using biochemical techniques and fluorescence-based detection of multiple serotypes in the same cell. Although rAAV2 exhibited the slowest entry, intracellular trafficking, and nuclear import among the three serotypes, it elicited the highest levels of transduction. Conversely, rAAV1 exhibited more rapid entry and nuclear import than the other serotypes, yet was ineffective at transducing HeLa cells due to impaired capsid disassembly in the nucleus. rAAV5, which entered the cell less rapidly than rAAV1, was imported efficiently into the nucleus, but then rapidly degraded, resulting in poor transduction of HeLa cells. We conclude that rAAV1, 2, and 5 utilize distinct mechanisms for intracellular trafficking, and that post-nuclear events play an important role in determining the efficiency of HeLa cell transduction by these serotypes. Thus, overcoming post-nuclear barriers that limit uncoating and/or promote virion degradation may enhance the efficiency of certain AAV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Keiser
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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89
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Devaney J, Contreras M, Laffey JG. Clinical review: gene-based therapies for ALI/ARDS: where are we now? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2011; 15:224. [PMID: 21699743 PMCID: PMC3218971 DOI: 10.1186/cc10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) confer substantial morbidity and mortality, and have no specific therapy. The accessibility of the distal lung epithelium via the airway route, and the relatively transient nature of ALI/ARDS, suggest that the disease may be amenable to gene-based therapies. Ongoing advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS have revealed multiple therapeutic targets for gene-based approaches. Strategies to enhance or restore lung epithelial and/or endothelial cell function, to strengthen lung defense mechanisms against injury, to speed clearance of infection and to enhance the repair process following ALI/ARDS have all demonstrated promise in preclinical models. Despite three decades of gene therapy research, however, the clinical potential for gene-based approaches to lung diseases including ALI/ARDS remains to be realized. Multiple barriers to effective pulmonary gene therapy exist, including the pulmonary architecture, pulmonary defense mechanisms against inhaled particles, the immunogenicity of viral vectors and the poor transfection efficiency of nonviral delivery methods. Deficits remain in our knowledge regarding the optimal molecular targets for gene-based approaches. Encouragingly, recent progress in overcoming these barriers offers hope for the successful translation of gene-based approaches for ALI/ARDS to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Devaney
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, Orbsen Building, National University of Ireland, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland
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90
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Joo KI, Fang Y, Liu Y, Xiao L, Gu Z, Tai A, Lee CL, Tang Y, Wang P. Enhanced real-time monitoring of adeno-associated virus trafficking by virus-quantum dot conjugates. ACS NANO 2011; 5:3523-35. [PMID: 21473596 PMCID: PMC3132586 DOI: 10.1021/nn102651p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The unique spectral properties of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) enable long-term live-cell imaging and ultrasensitive detection of viral particles, which in turn can potentially provide a practical means for detailed analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms of virus entry. In this study, we report a general method of labeling adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) with QDs for enhanced visualization of the intracellular behavior of viruses in living target cells. It was found that the mild conditions required for this QD conjugation reaction allowed for the retention of viral infectivity of AAV2. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of viral motility in living cells suggested that QD-labeling had no significant effect on the intracellular transport properties of AAV2 particles compared to those of conventional organic dye-labeled AAV2. Our imaging study demonstrated that QD-AAV2 was internalized mainly through a clathrin-dependent pathway and then trafficked through various endosomes. It was also observed that QD-AAV2 particles exploit the cytoskeleton network to facilitate their transport within cells, and the labeling study provided evidence that the ubiquitin-proteasome system was likely involved in the intracellular trafficking of AAV2, at least at the level of nuclear transport. Taken together, our findings reveal the potential of this QD-labeling method for monitoring the intracellular dynamics of virus-host cell interactions and interrogating the molecular mechanisms of viral infection in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Il Joo
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Yun Fang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Yarong Liu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Liang Xiao
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - April Tai
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Chi-Lin Lee
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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91
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Johnson JS, Gentzsch M, Zhang L, Ribeiro CMP, Kantor B, Kafri T, Pickles RJ, Samulski RJ. AAV exploits subcellular stress associated with inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum expansion, and misfolded proteins in models of cystic fibrosis. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002053. [PMID: 21625534 PMCID: PMC3098238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Barriers to infection act at multiple levels to prevent viruses, bacteria, and parasites from commandeering host cells for their own purposes. An intriguing hypothesis is that if a cell experiences stress, such as that elicited by inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) expansion, or misfolded proteins, then subcellular barriers will be less effective at preventing viral infection. Here we have used models of cystic fibrosis (CF) to test whether subcellular stress increases susceptibility to adeno-associated virus (AAV) infection. In human airway epithelium cultured at an air/liquid interface, physiological conditions of subcellular stress and ER expansion were mimicked using supernatant from mucopurulent material derived from CF lungs. Using this inflammatory stimulus to recapitulate stress found in diseased airways, we demonstrated that AAV infection was significantly enhanced. Since over 90% of CF cases are associated with a misfolded variant of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (ΔF508-CFTR), we then explored whether the presence of misfolded proteins could independently increase susceptibility to AAV infection. In these models, AAV was an order of magnitude more efficient at transducing cells expressing ΔF508-CFTR than in cells expressing wild-type CFTR. Rescue of misfolded ΔF508-CFTR under low temperature conditions restored viral transduction efficiency to that demonstrated in controls, suggesting effects related to protein misfolding were responsible for increasing susceptibility to infection. By testing other CFTR mutants, G551D, D572N, and 1410X, we have shown this phenomenon is common to other misfolded proteins and not related to loss of CFTR activity. The presence of misfolded proteins did not affect cell surface attachment of virus or influence expression levels from promoter transgene cassettes in plasmid transfection studies, indicating exploitation occurs at the level of virion trafficking or processing. Thus, we surmised that factors enlisted to process misfolded proteins such as ΔF508-CFTR in the secretory pathway also act to restrict viral infection. In line with this hypothesis, we found that AAV trafficked to the microtubule organizing center and localized near Golgi/ER transport proteins. Moreover, AAV infection efficiency could be modulated with siRNA-mediated knockdown of proteins involved in processing ΔF508-CFTR or sorting retrograde cargo from the Golgi and ER (calnexin, KDEL-R, β-COP, and PSMB3). In summary, our data support a model where AAV exploits a compromised secretory system and, importantly, underscore the gravity with which a stressed subcellular environment, under internal or external insults, can impact infection efficiency. Misfolded proteins have been associated with a variety of disorders such as cystic fibrosis, diabetes insipidus, alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. In this study, by using cellular models of events in cystic fibrosis lung disease we have revealed an effect of misfolded proteins on increasing susceptibility to infection with a parvovirus. Infection efficiency was an order of magnitude higher in cells expressing misfolded Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) mutant proteins than in cells expressing the correctly folded protein. During infection, virus capsids accumulated near cellular factors that normally process misfolded proteins and are involved in retrograde trafficking from the Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that infection efficiency can be attenuated by restoring correct protein folding or augmented by siRNA-mediated knockdown of secretory pathway components. Taken together our results indicate that converging cellular systems operate to clear misfolded proteins and virus capsids from an infected cell. We raise the possibility that parvoviruses and perhaps other viruses exploit congested cellular secretory pathways during entry, and that viral infection could be a contributing factor in the progression of diseases associated with misfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod S Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
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92
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Choi SH, Lee HC. Long-term, antidiabetogenic effects of GLP-1 gene therapy using a double-stranded, adeno-associated viral vector. Gene Ther 2010; 18:155-63. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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93
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Monahan PE, Lothrop CD, Sun J, Hirsch ML, Kafri T, Kantor B, Sarkar R, Tillson DM, Elia JR, Samulski RJ. Proteasome inhibitors enhance gene delivery by AAV virus vectors expressing large genomes in hemophilia mouse and dog models: a strategy for broad clinical application. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1907-16. [PMID: 20700109 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of genes that are larger than the wild-type adeno-associated virus (AAV) 4,681 nucleotide genome is inefficient using AAV vectors. We previously demonstrated in vitro that concurrent proteasome inhibitor (PI) treatment improves transduction by AAV vectors encoding oversized transgenes. In this study, an AAV vector with a 5.6 kilobase (kb) factor VIII expression cassette was used to test the effect of an US Food and Drug Administration-approved PI (bortezomib) treatment concurrent with vector delivery in vivo. Intrahepatic vector delivery resulted in factor VIII expression that persisted for >1 year in hemophilia mice. Single-dose bortezomib given with AAV2 or AAV8 factor VIII vector enhanced expression on average ~600 and ~300%, respectively. Moreover, coadministration of AAV8.canineFVIII (1 × 10(13) vg/kg) and bortezomib in hemophilia A dogs (n = 4) resulted in normalization of the whole blood clotting time (WBCT) and 90% reduction in hemorrhages for >32 months compared to untreated hemophilia A dogs (n = 3) or dogs administered vector alone (n = 3). Demonstration of long-term phenotypic correction of hemophilia A dogs with combination adjuvant bortezomib and AAV vector expressing the oversized transgene establishes preclinical studies that support testing in humans and provides a working paradigm to facilitate a significant expansion of therapeutic targets for human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Monahan
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7352, USA.
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94
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Mutagenesis of adeno-associated virus type 2 capsid protein VP1 uncovers new roles for basic amino acids in trafficking and cell-specific transduction. J Virol 2010; 84:8888-902. [PMID: 20573820 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00687-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The N termini of the capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 of adeno-associated virus (AAV) play important roles in subcellular steps of infection and contain motifs that are highly homologous to a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) domain and nuclear localization signals (NLSs). To more clearly understand how virion components influence infection, we have generated mutations in these regions and examined their effects on subcellular trafficking, capsid stability, transduction, and sensitivity to pharmacological enhancement. All mutants tested assembled into capsids; retained the correct ratio of VP1, VP2, and VP3; packaged DNA similarly to recombinant AAV2 (rAAV2); and displayed similar stability profiles when heat denatured. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that these mutants trafficked through a perinuclear region in the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus, with a subset of mutants displaying more-diffuse localization consistent with an NLS-deficient phenotype. When tested for viral transduction, two mutant classes emerged. Class I (BR1(-), BR2(-), and BR2+K) displayed partial transduction, whereas class II (VP3 only, (75)HD/AN, BR3(-), and BR3+K) were severely defective. Surprisingly, one class II mutant (BR3+K) trafficked identically to rAAV2 and accumulated in the nucleolus, a step recently described by our laboratory that occurs with wild-type infection. The BR3+K mutant, containing an alanine-to-lysine substitution in the third basic region of VP1, was 10- to 100-fold-less infectious than rAAV2 in transformed cell lines (such as HEK-293, HeLa, and CV1-T cells), but in contrast, it was indistinguishable from rAAV2 in several nontransformed cell lines, as well as in tissues (liver, brain, and muscle) in vivo. Complementation studies with pharmacological adjuvants or adenovirus coinfection suggested that additional positive charges in NLS regions restrict mobilization in the nucleus and limit transduction in a transformed-cell-specific fashion. Remarkably, besides displaying cell-type-specific transduction, this is the first description of a capsid mutant indicating that nuclear entry is not sufficient for AAV-mediated transduction and suggests that additional steps (i.e., subnuclear mobilization or uncoating) limit successful AAV infection.
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95
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Wodrich H, Henaff D, Jammart B, Segura-Morales C, Seelmeir S, Coux O, Ruzsics Z, Wiethoff CM, Kremer EJ. A capsid-encoded PPxY-motif facilitates adenovirus entry. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000808. [PMID: 20333243 PMCID: PMC2841620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses use cellular machinery to enter and infect cells. In this study we address the cell entry mechanisms of nonenveloped adenoviruses (Ads). We show that protein VI, an internal capsid protein, is rapidly exposed after cell surface attachment and internalization and remains partially associated with the capsid during intracellular transport. We found that a PPxY motif within protein VI recruits Nedd4 E3 ubiquitin ligases to bind and ubiquitylate protein VI. We further show that this PPxY motif is involved in rapid, microtubule-dependent intracellular movement of protein VI. Ads with a mutated PPxY motif can efficiently escape endosomes but are defective in microtubule-dependent trafficking toward the nucleus. Likewise, depletion of Nedd4 ligases attenuates nuclear accumulation of incoming Ad particles and infection. Our data provide the first evidence that virus-encoded PPxY motifs are required during virus entry, which may be of significance for several other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Wodrich
- Institut Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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96
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Michelfelder S, Trepel M. Adeno-associated viral vectors and their redirection to cell-type specific receptors. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2010; 67:29-60. [PMID: 19914449 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(09)67002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and specific delivery of genes to the cell type of interest is a crucial issue in gene therapy. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has gained particular interest as gene vector recently and is therefore the focus of this chapter. Its low frequency of random integration into the genome and the moderate immune response make AAV an attractive platform for vector design. Like in most other vector systems, the tropism of AAV vectors limits their utility for certain tissues especially upon systemic application. This may in part be circumvented by using AAV serotypes with an in vivo gene transduction pattern most closely fitting the needs of the application. Also, the tropism of AAV capsids may be changed by combining parts of the natural serotype diversity. In addition, peptides mediating binding to the cell type of interest can be identified by random phage display library screening and subsequently be introduced into an AAV capsid region critical for receptor binding. Such peptide insertions can abrogate the natural tropism of AAV capsids and result in detargeting from the liver in vivo. In a novel approach, cell type-directed vector capsids can be selected from random peptide libraries displayed on viral capsids or serotype-shuffling libraries in vitro and in vivo for optimized transduction of the cell type or tissue of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Michelfelder
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Trepel
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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97
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Parrish CR. Structures and functions of parvovirus capsids and the process of cell infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 343:149-76. [PMID: 20397069 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To infect a cell, the parvovirus or adeno-associated virus (AAV) genome must be delivered from outside the plasma membrane to the nucleus, and in the process, the capsid must follow a series of binding and trafficking steps and also undergo necessary changes that result in exposure or release the ssDNA genome at the appropriate time and place within the cell. The 25 nm parvovirus capsid is comprised of two or three forms of a single protein, and although it is robust and stable, it is still sufficiently flexible to allow the exposure of several internal components at appropriate times during cell infection. The capsid can also accommodate insertion of peptides into surface loops, and capsid proteins from different viral serotypes can be shuffled to create novel functional variants. The capsids of the different viruses bind to one or more cell receptors, and for at least some viruses, the insertion of additional or alternative receptor binding sequences or structures into the capsid can expand or redirect its tropism. The infection process after cell binding involves receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by viral trafficking through the endosomal systems. That endosomal trafficking may be complex and prolonged for hours or be relatively brief. Generally only a small proportion of the particles taken up enter the cytoplasm after altering the endosomal membrane through the activity of a VP1-encoded phospholipase A2 domain that becomes released to the outside of the viral particle. Modifications to the capsid that can occur within the endosome or cytoplasm include structural changes to expose internal components, ubiquination and proteosomal processing, and possible trafficking of particles on molecular motors. It is still not clear how the genomes enter the nucleus, but nuclear pore-dependent entry of particles or permeabilization of nuclear membranes have been proposed. Those processes control the infection, pathogenesis, and host ranges of the autonomous viruses and determine the effectiveness of gene therapy using AAV capsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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98
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Finn JD, Hui D, Downey HD, Dunn D, Pien GC, Mingozzi F, Zhou S, High KA. Proteasome inhibitors decrease AAV2 capsid derived peptide epitope presentation on MHC class I following transduction. Mol Ther 2009; 18:135-42. [PMID: 19904235 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are an extensively studied and highly used vector platform for gene therapy applications. We hypothesize that in the first clinical trial using AAV to treat hemophilia B, AAV capsid proteins were presented on the surface of transduced hepatocytes, resulting in clearance by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and consequent loss of therapeutic transgene expression. It has been previously shown that proteasome inhibitors can have a dramatic effect on AAV transduction in vitro and in vivo. Here, we describe using the US Food and Drug Administration-approved proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, to decrease capsid antigen presentation on hepatocytes in vitro, whereas at the same time, enhancing gene expression in vivo. Using an AAV capsid-specific T-cell reporter (TCR) line to analyze the effect of proteasome inhibitors on antigen presentation, we demonstrate capsid antigen presentation at low multiplicities of infection (MOIs), and inhibition of antigen presentation at pharmacologic levels of bortezomib. We also demonstrate that bortezomib can enhance Factor IX (FIX) expression from an AAV2 vector in mice, although the same effect was not observed for AAV8 vectors. A pharmacological agent that can enhance AAV transduction, decrease T-cell activation/proliferation, and decrease capsid antigen presentation would be a promising solution to obstacles to successful AAV-mediated, liver-directed gene transfer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Finn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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99
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Physical principles and models describing intracellular virus particle dynamics. Curr Opin Microbiol 2009; 12:439-45. [PMID: 19608455 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Modeling in cellular biology benefits greatly from quantitative analysis that arise from the theory of diffusion and chemical reactions. Recent progress in single particle imaging enables the visualization of viral trajectories evolving in the cytoplasm. Biophysical models and mathematical analysis have been developed to unravel the complexity of single viral trajectories. We review here models of active motion of viruses along the cytoskeleton as well as their diffusion. We present resent efforts to estimate global trafficking properties, such as the probability and the mean time for a viral particle to reach a small nuclear pore. However, most signaling pathways involved in controlling viral motion remain undescribed and should be the goal of future modeling efforts.
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100
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Pien GC, Basner-Tschakarjan E, Hui DJ, Mentlik AN, Finn JD, Hasbrouck NC, Zhou S, Murphy SL, Maus MV, Mingozzi F, Orange JS, High KA. Capsid antigen presentation flags human hepatocytes for destruction after transduction by adeno-associated viral vectors. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1688-95. [PMID: 19436115 PMCID: PMC2689109 DOI: 10.1172/jci36891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are effective gene delivery vehicles mediating long-lasting transgene expression. Data from a clinical trial of AAV2-mediated hepatic transfer of the Factor IX gene (F9) into hemophilia B subjects suggests that CTL responses against AAV capsid can eliminate transduced hepatocytes and prevent long-term F9 expression. However, the capacity of hepatocytes to present AAV capsid-derived antigens has not been formally demonstrated, nor whether transduction by AAV sensitizes hepatocytes for CTL-mediated destruction. To investigate the fate of capsids after transduction, we engineered a soluble TCR for the detection of capsid-derived peptide:MHC I (pMHC) complexes. TCR multimers exhibited antigen and HLA specificity and possessed high binding affinity for cognate pMHC complexes. With this reagent, capsid pMHC complexes were detectable by confocal microscopy following AAV-mediated transduction of human hepatocytes. Although antigen presentation was modest, it was sufficient to flag transduced cells for CTL-mediated lysis in an in vitro killing assay. Destruction of hepatocytes was inhibited by soluble TCR, demonstrating a possible application for this reagent in blocking undesirable CTL responses. Together, these studies provide a mechanism for the loss of transgene expression and transient elevations in aminotransferases following AAV-mediated hepatic gene transfer in humans and a potential therapeutic intervention to abrogate these limitations imposed by the host T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C. Pien
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Etiena Basner-Tschakarjan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J. Hui
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley N. Mentlik
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Finn
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole C. Hasbrouck
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shangzhen Zhou
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samuel L. Murphy
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcela V. Maus
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Federico Mingozzi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine A. High
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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