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Protein Arginine Methyltransferases in Cardiovascular and Neuronal Function. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1716-1732. [PMID: 31823198 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The methylation of arginine residues by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) is a type of post-translational modification which is important for numerous cellular processes, including mRNA splicing, DNA repair, signal transduction, protein interaction, and transport. PRMTs have been extensively associated with various pathologies, including cancer, inflammation, and immunity response. However, the role of PRMTs has not been well described in vascular and neurological function. Aberrant expression of PRMTs can alter its metabolic products, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). Increased ADMA levels are recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Recent studies have provided considerable advances in the development of small-molecule inhibitors of PRMTs to study their function under normal and pathological states. In this review, we aim to elucidate the particular roles of PRMTs in vascular and neuronal function as a potential target for cardiovascular and neurological diseases.
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Karkhanis V, Alinari L, Ozer HG, Chung J, Zhang X, Sif S, Baiocchi RA. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 represses tumor suppressor miRNAs that down-regulate CYCLIN D1 and c-MYC expression in aggressive B-cell lymphoma. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1165-1180. [PMID: 31822509 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase-5 (PRMT5) is overexpressed in aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, including mantle cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and supports constitutive expression of CYCLIN D1 and c-MYC. Here, we combined ChIP analysis with next-generation sequencing to identify microRNA (miRNA) genes that are targeted by PRMT5 in aggressive lymphoma cell lines. We identified enrichment of histone 3 dimethylation at Arg-8 (H3(Me2)R8) in the promoter regions of miR33b, miR96, and miR503. PRMT5 knockdown de-repressed transcription of all three miRNAs, accompanied by loss of recruitment of epigenetic repressor complexes containing PRMT5 and either histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) or HDAC3, enhanced binding of co-activator complexes containing p300 or CREB-binding protein (CBP), and increased acetylation of specific histones, including H2BK12, H3K9, H3K14, and H4K8 at the miRNA promoters. Re-expression of individual miRNAs in B-cell lymphoma cells down-regulated expression of PRMT5, CYCLIN D1, and c-MYC, which are all predicted targets of these miRNAs, and reduced lymphoma cell survival. Luciferase reporter assays with WT and mutant 3'UTRs of CYCLIN D1 and c-MYC mRNAs revealed that binding sites for miR33b, miR96, and miR503 are critical for translational regulation of the transcripts of these two genes. Our findings link altered PRMT5 expression to transcriptional silencing of tumor-suppressing miRNAs in lymphoma cells and reinforce PRMT5's relevance for promoting lymphoma cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrajesh Karkhanis
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Lapo Alinari
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Hatice Gulcin Ozer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jihyun Chung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Saïd Sif
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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53
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Ribeiro ML, Reyes-Garau D, Armengol M, Fernández-Serrano M, Roué G. Recent Advances in the Targeting of Epigenetic Regulators in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Front Genet 2019; 10:986. [PMID: 31681423 PMCID: PMC6807552 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 10 years, major advances have been made in the diagnosis and development of selective therapies for several blood cancers, including B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising from the mature B lymphocyte compartment. However, most of these entities remain incurable and current treatments are associated with variable efficacy, several adverse events, and frequent relapses. Thus, new diagnostic paradigms and novel therapeutic options are required to improve the prognosis of patients with B-NHL. With the recent deciphering of the mutational landscapes of B-cell disorders by high-throughput sequencing, it came out that different epigenetic deregulations might drive and/or promote B lymphomagenesis. Consistently, over the last decade, numerous epigenetic drugs (or epidrugs) have emerged in the clinical management of B-NHL patients. In this review, we will present an overview of the most relevant epidrugs tested and/or used so far for the treatment of different subtypes of B-NHL, from first-generation epigenetic therapies like histone acetyl transferases (HDACs) or DNA-methyl transferases (DNMTs) inhibitors to new agents showing selectivity for proteins that are mutated, translocated, and/or overexpressed in these diseases, including EZH2, BET, and PRMT. We will dissect the mechanisms of action of these epigenetic inhibitors, as well as the molecular processes underlying their lack of efficacy in refractory patients. This review will also provide a summary of the latest strategies being employed in preclinical and clinical settings, and will point out the most promising lines of investigation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University Medical School, Braganca Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana Reyes-Garau
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Armengol
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miranda Fernández-Serrano
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gaël Roué
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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54
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Wingelhofer B, Somervaille TCP. Emerging Epigenetic Therapeutic Targets in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2019; 9:850. [PMID: 31552175 PMCID: PMC6743337 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous malignancy for which treatment options have been largely limited to cytotoxic chemotherapy for the past four decades. Next-generation sequencing and other approaches have identified a spectrum of genomic and epigenomic alterations that contribute to AML initiation and maintenance. The key role of epigenetic modifiers and the reversibility of epigenetic changes have paved the way for evaluation of a new set of drug targets, and facilitated the design of novel candidate treatment strategies. More recently, seven new targeted therapies have been FDA-approved demonstrating successful implementation of the past decades' research. In this review, we will summarize the most recent advances in targeted therapeutics designed for a focused group of key epigenetic regulators in AML, outline their mechanism of action and their current status in clinical development. Furthermore, we will discuss promising new approaches for epigenetic targeted treatment in AML which are currently being tested in pre-clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim C. P. Somervaille
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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55
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Rational Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel triazole derivatives as potent and selective PRMT5 inhibitors with antitumor activity. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 33:775-785. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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56
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Jin J, Martin M, Hartley AV, Lu T. PRMTs and miRNAs: functional cooperation in cancer and beyond. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1676-1686. [PMID: 31234694 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1629791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modulators play pivotal roles in directing gene expression for the maintenance of normal cellular functions. However, when these modulators are aberrantly regulated, this can result in a variety of disease states, including cancer. One class of epigenetic regulators, protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), have been shown to play critical roles in disease through methylation of arginine residues (R) on histone or non-histone proteins. Quite different from PRMTs, microRNAs (miRNAs) belong to the family of modulators known as noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) that act to regulate gene expression via RNA-mediated gene silencing. Importantly, miRNAs are frequently dysregulated and contribute to the progression of cancer and other conditions, including neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, numerous studies have shown that miRNAs and other epigenetic enzymes can co-regulate each other. This review highlights multiple nodes of interaction between miRNAs and PRMTs and also discusses how this interplay might open up promising opportunities for drug development for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Jin
- a College of Life Science , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin , China.,b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Matthew Martin
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Antja-Voy Hartley
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Tao Lu
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,d Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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57
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Liu M, Li FX, Li CY, Li XC, Chen LF, Wu K, Yang PL, Lai ZF, Liu TK, Sullivan WJ, Cui L, Chen XG. Characterization of protein arginine methyltransferase of TgPRMT5 in Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:221. [PMID: 31068219 PMCID: PMC6505072 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein arginine methylation is a prevalent post-translational modification. The protein arginine methyltransferase family (PRMT) is involved in many cellular processes in eukaryotes, including transcriptional regulation, epigenetic regulation, RNA metabolism, and DNA damage repair. Toxoplasma gondii, an opportunistic protozoan parasite, encodes five conserved PRMTs. PRMT5 is thought to be responsible for substantial PRMT activity in T. gondii; however, it has not yet been characterized. METHODS We tagged the 3' end of the endogenous TgPRMT5 genomic locus with sequence encoding a 3X hemagglutinin (HA) epitope. IFA and WB were performed to check the expression and subcellular localization of TgPRMT5 in tachyzoites and bradyzoites. In vitro methylation assays were performed to determine whether endogenous TgPRMT5 has arginine methyltransferase activity. RESULTS IFA and WB results showed that T. gondii PRMT5 (TgPRMT5) was localized in the cytoplasm in the tachyzoite stage; however, it shifts largely to the nuclear compartment in the bradyzoite stage. The in vitro methylation showed that TgPRMT5 has authentic type II PRMT activity and forms monomethylarginines and symmetric dimethylarginines. CONCLUSIONS We determined the expression and cellular localization of TgPRMT5 in tachyzoites and bradyzoites and confirmed its type II PRMT activity. We demonstrated the major changes in expression and cellular localization of TgPRMT5 during the tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages in T. gondii. Our findings suggest that TgPRMT5 protein may be involved in tachyzoite-bradyzoite transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen-Xiang Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yuan Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Cong Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Long-Fei Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei-Liang Yang
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Fa Lai
- Futian Center for disease control and prevention, Shenzhen, 518040 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-kai Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - William J. Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 501 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
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58
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Chatterjee B, Ghosh K, Suresh L, Kanade SR. Curcumin ameliorates PRMT5-MEP50 arginine methyltransferase expression by decreasing the Sp1 and NF-YA transcription factors in the A549 and MCF-7 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 455:73-90. [PMID: 30392062 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) and its catalytic partner methylosome protein MEP50 (WDR77) catalyse the mono- and symmetric di-methylation of selective arginines in various histones and non-histone target proteins. It has emerged as a crucial epigenetic regulator in cell proliferation and differentiation; which also reported to be overexpressed in many forms of cancers in humans. In this study, we aimed to assess the modulations in the expression of this enzyme upon exposure to the well-studied natural compound from the spice turmeric, curcumin. We exposed the lung and breast cancer cell lines (A549 and MCF-7) to curcumin (2 and 20 μM) and observed a highly significant inhibitory effect on the expression of both PRMT5 and MEP50. The level of symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA) in multiple proteins, and more specifically, the H4R3me2s mark (which predominates in GC-rich motifs in nucleosomal DNA) was also diminished significantly. We also found that curcumin significantly reduced the level and enrichment of the transcription factors Sp1 and NF-YA which shares their binding sites within the GC-rich region of the PRMT5 proximal promoter. Furthermore, the involvement of both PKC-p38-ERK-cFos and AKT-mTOR signalling was observed in reducing the Sp1 and NF-YA expression by curcumin. Therefore, we propose curcumin decreased the expression of PRMT5 in these cells by affecting at least these two transcription factors. Altogether, we report a new molecular target of curcumin and further elucidation of this proposed mechanism through which curcumin affects the PRMT5-MEP50 methyltransferase expression might be explored for its therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Krishna Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Lavanya Suresh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Santosh R Kanade
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod, Kerala, 671316, India.
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C R Rao Road, Gachibowli, Telangana, 500046, India.
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59
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Vinet M, Suresh S, Maire V, Monchecourt C, Némati F, Lesage L, Pierre F, Ye M, Lescure A, Brisson A, Meseure D, Nicolas A, Rigaill G, Marangoni E, Del Nery E, Roman-Roman S, Dubois T. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5: A novel therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancers. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2414-2428. [PMID: 30957988 PMCID: PMC6537044 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
TNBC is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive breast cancer subtype associated with high relapse rates, and for which no targeted therapy yet exists. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), an enzyme which catalyzes the methylation of arginines on histone and non‐histone proteins, has recently emerged as a putative target for cancer therapy. Potent and specific PRMT5 inhibitors have been developed, but the therapeutic efficacy of PRMT5 targeting in TNBC has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we examine the expression of PRMT5 in a human breast cancer cohort obtained from the Institut Curie, and evaluate the therapeutic potential of pharmacological inhibition of PRMT5 in TNBC. We find that PRMT5 mRNA and protein are expressed at comparable levels in TNBC, luminal breast tumors, and healthy mammary tissues. However, immunohistochemistry analyses reveal that PRMT5 is differentially localized in TNBC compared to other breast cancer subtypes and to normal breast tissues. PRMT5 is heterogeneously expressed in TNBC and high PRMT5 expression correlates with poor prognosis within this breast cancer subtype. Using the small‐molecule inhibitor EPZ015666, we show that PRMT5 inhibition impairs cell proliferation in a subset of TNBC cell lines. PRMT5 inhibition triggers apoptosis, regulates cell cycle progression and decreases mammosphere formation. Furthermore, EPZ015666 administration to a patient‐derived xenograft model of TNBC significantly deters tumor progression. Finally, we reveal potentiation between EGFR and PRMT5 targeting, suggestive of a beneficial combination therapy. Our findings highlight a distinctive subcellular localization of PRMT5 in TNBC, and uphold PRMT5 targeting, alone or in combination, as a relevant treatment strategy for a subset of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Vinet
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Breast Cancer Biology Group, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Samyuktha Suresh
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Breast Cancer Biology Group, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Maire
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Breast Cancer Biology Group, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Clarisse Monchecourt
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Breast Cancer Biology Group, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Fariba Némati
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Preclinical Investigation Laboratory, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Lesage
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Pierre
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Breast Cancer Biology Group, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mengliang Ye
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Breast Cancer Biology Group, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Auriane Lescure
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Brisson
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Breast Cancer Biology Group, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Didier Meseure
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - André Nicolas
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Guillem Rigaill
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213, UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne, Paris-Cité, Orsay, France.,Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d'Evry (LaMME), Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, UMR CNRS 8071, ENSIIE, USC INRA, Evry, France
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Preclinical Investigation Laboratory, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Elaine Del Nery
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Roman-Roman
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Dubois
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Breast Cancer Biology Group, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Musiani D, Bok J, Massignani E, Wu L, Tabaglio T, Ippolito MR, Cuomo A, Ozbek U, Zorgati H, Ghoshdastider U, Robinson RC, Guccione E, Bonaldi T. Proteomics profiling of arginine methylation defines PRMT5 substrate specificity. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/575/eaat8388. [PMID: 30940768 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat8388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze arginine methylation on both chromatin-bound and cytoplasmic proteins. Accumulating evidence supports the involvement of PRMT5, the major type II PRMT, in cell survival and differentiation pathways that are important during development and in tumorigenesis. PRMT5 is an attractive drug target in various cancers, and inhibitors are currently in oncological clinical trials. Nonetheless, given the complex biology of PRMT5 and its multiple nonhistone substrates, it is paramount to fully characterize these dynamic changes in methylation and to link them to the observed anticancer effects to fully understand the functions of PRMT5 and the consequences of its inhibition. Here, we used a newly established pipeline coupling stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) with immunoenriched methyl peptides to globally profile arginine monomethylation and symmetric dimethylation after PRMT5 inhibition by a selective inhibitor. We adopted heavy methyl SILAC as an orthogonal validation method to reduce the false discovery rate. Through in vitro methylation assays, we validated a set of PRMT5 targets identified by mass spectrometry and provided previously unknown mechanistic insights into the preference of the enzyme to methylate arginine sandwiched between two neighboring glycines (a Gly-Arg-Gly, or "GRG," sequence). Our analysis led to the identification of previously unknown PRMT5 substrates, thus both providing insight into the global effects of PRMT5 and its inhibition in live cells, beyond chromatin, and refining our knowledge of its substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Musiani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jabez Bok
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Enrico Massignani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Liling Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Tommaso Tabaglio
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Marica Rosaria Ippolito
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cuomo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Umut Ozbek
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Habiba Zorgati
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Umesh Ghoshdastider
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Robert C Robinson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore. .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.,Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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61
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Zhang J, Jing L, Li M, He L, Guo Z. Regulation of histone arginine methylation/demethylation by methylase and demethylase (Review). Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3963-3971. [PMID: 30942418 PMCID: PMC6471501 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone arginine methylation is a universal post-translational modification that has been implicated in multiple cellular and sub-cellular processes, including pre-mRNA splicing, DNA damage signaling, mRNA translation, cell signaling and cell death. Despite these important roles, the understanding of its regulation with respect to certain other modifications, such as phosphorylation and acetylation, is very poor. Thus far, few histone arginine demethylases have been identified in mammalian cells, compared with nine protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) that have been reported. Studies have reported that aberrant histone arginine methylation is strongly associated with carcinogenesis and metastasis. This increases the requirement for understanding the regulation of histone arginine demethylation. The present review summarizes the published studies and provides further insights into histone arginine methylases and demethylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210097, P.R. China
| | - Li Jing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210097, P.R. China
| | - Menghan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210097, P.R. China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210097, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210097, P.R. China
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Qin Y, Hu Q, Xu J, Ji S, Dai W, Liu W, Xu W, Sun Q, Zhang Z, Ni Q, Zhang B, Yu X, Xu X. PRMT5 enhances tumorigenicity and glycolysis in pancreatic cancer via the FBW7/cMyc axis. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:30. [PMID: 30922330 PMCID: PMC6440122 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epigenetic factor protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) has been reported to play vital roles in a wide range of cellular processes, such as gene transcription, genomic organization, differentiation and cell cycle control. However, its role in pancreatic cancer remains unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the roles of PRMT5 in pancreatic cancer prognosis and progression and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and analysis of a dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were performed to study the expression of PRMT5 at the mRNA and protein levels in pancreatic cancer. Cell proliferation assays, including cell viability, colony formation ability and subcutaneous mouse model assays, were utilized to confirm the role of PRMT5 in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. A Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer, a glucose uptake kit, a lactate level measurement kit and the measurement of 18F-FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) uptake by PET/CT (positron emission tomography/computed tomography) imaging were used to verify the role of PRMT5 in aerobic glycolysis, which sustains cell proliferation. The regulatory effect of PRMT5 on cMyc, a master regulator of oncogenesis and aerobic glycolysis, was explored by quantitative PCR and protein stability measurements. RESULTS PRMT5 expression was significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues compared with that in adjacent normal tissues. Clinically, elevated expression of PRMT5 was positively correlated with worse overall survival in pancreatic cancer patients. Silencing PRMT5 expression inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, PRMT5 regulated aerobic glycolysis in vitro in cell lines, in vivo in pancreatic cancer patients and in a xenograft mouse model used to measure 18F-FDG uptake. We found that mechanistically, PRMT5 posttranslationally regulated cMyc stability via F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBW7), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls cMyc degradation. Moreover, PRMT5 epigenetically regulated the expression of FBW7 in pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that PRMT5 epigenetically silenced the expression of the tumor suppressor FBW7, leading to increased cMyc levels and the subsequent enhancement of the proliferation of and aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer cells. The PRMT5/FBW7/cMyc axis could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiangsheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weixing Dai
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiqing Sun
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Quanxing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Webb LM, Narvaez Miranda J, Amici SA, Sengupta S, Nagy G, Guerau-de-Arellano M. NF-κB/mTOR/MYC Axis Drives PRMT5 Protein Induction After T Cell Activation via Transcriptional and Non-transcriptional Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2019; 10:524. [PMID: 30941147 PMCID: PMC6433977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) mediated by CD4+ T cells and modeled via experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Inhibition of PRMT5, the major Type II arginine methyltransferase, suppresses pathogenic T cell responses and EAE. PRMT5 is transiently induced in proliferating memory inflammatory Th1 cells and during EAE. However, the mechanisms driving PRMT5 protein induction and repression as T cells expand and return to resting is currently unknown. Here, we used naive mouse and memory mouse and human Th1/Th2 cells as models to identify mechanisms controlling PRMT5 protein expression in initial and recall T cell activation. Initial activation of naive mouse T cells resulted in NF-κB-dependent transient Prmt5 transcription and NF-κB, mTOR and MYC-dependent PRMT5 protein induction. In murine memory Th cells, transcription and miRNA loss supported PRMT5 induction to a lesser extent than in naive T cells. In contrast, NF-κB/MYC/mTOR-dependent non-transcriptional PRMT5 induction played a major role. These results highlight the importance of the NF-κB/mTOR/MYC axis in PRMT5-driven pathogenic T cell expansion and may guide targeted therapeutic strategies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Webb
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Janiret Narvaez Miranda
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Stephanie A Amici
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shouvonik Sengupta
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gregory Nagy
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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64
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Chung J, Karkhanis V, Baiocchi RA, Sif S. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) promotes survival of lymphoma cells via activation of WNT/β-catenin and AKT/GSK3β proliferative signaling. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7692-7710. [PMID: 30885941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation by the type II protein arginine methyltransferase, PRMT5, plays an essential role in the control of cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. In this report, we investigate the relationship between PRMT5 and WNT/β-CATENIN as well as AKT/GSK3β proliferative signaling in three different types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines, clinical samples, and mouse primary lymphoma cells. We show that PRMT5 stimulates WNT/β-CATENIN signaling through direct epigenetic silencing of pathway antagonists, AXIN2 and WIF1, and indirect activation of AKT/GSK3β signaling. PRMT5 inhibition with either shRNA-mediated knockdown or a specific small molecule PRMT5 inhibitor, CMP-5, not only leads to derepression of WNT antagonists and decreased levels of active phospho-AKT (Thr-450 and Ser-473) and inactive phospho-GSK3β (Ser-9) but also results in decreased transcription of WNT/β-CATENIN target genes, CYCLIN D1, c-MYC, and SURVIVIN, and enhanced lymphoma cell death. Furthermore, PRMT5 inhibition leads to reduced recruitment of co-activators CBP, p300, and MLL1, as well as enhanced recruitment of co-repressors HDAC2 and LSD1 to the WNT/β-CATENIN target gene promoters. These results indicate that PRMT5 governs expression of prosurvival genes by promoting WNT/β-CATENIN and AKT/GSK3β proliferative signaling and that its inhibition induces lymphoma cell death, which warrants further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Chung
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Vrajesh Karkhanis
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Saïd Sif
- the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Demetriadou C, Pavlou D, Mpekris F, Achilleos C, Stylianopoulos T, Zaravinos A, Papageorgis P, Kirmizis A. NAA40 contributes to colorectal cancer growth by controlling PRMT5 expression. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:236. [PMID: 30858358 PMCID: PMC6411749 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
N-alpha-acetyltransferase 40 (NAA40) catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl moiety to the alpha-amino group of serine 1 (S1) on histones H4 and H2A. Our previous studies linked NAA40 and its corresponding N-terminal acetylation of histone H4 (N-acH4) to colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of NAA40 in CRC development was not investigated. Here, we show that NAA40 protein and mRNA levels are commonly increased in CRC primary tissues compared to non-malignant specimens. Importantly, depletion of NAA40 inhibits cell proliferation and survival of CRC cell lines and increases their sensitivity to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment. Moreover, the absence of NAA40 significantly delays the growth of human CRC xenograft tumors. Intriguingly, we found that NAA40 knockdown and loss of N-acH4 reduce the levels of symmetric dimethylation of histone H4 (H4R3me2s) through transcriptional downregulation of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5). NAA40 depletion and subsequent repression of PRMT5 results in altered expression of key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes leading to inhibition of CRC cell growth. Consistent with this, NAA40 mRNA levels correlate with those of PRMT5 in CRC patient tissues. Taken together, our results establish the oncogenic function of the epigenetic enzyme NAA40 in colon cancer and support its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Demetriadou
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Demetria Pavlou
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Fotios Mpekris
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Charis Achilleos
- Tumor Viruses and Cancer Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Antonis Kirmizis
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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The arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 and PRMT1 distinctly regulate the degradation of anti-apoptotic protein CFLAR L in human lung cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:64. [PMID: 30736843 PMCID: PMC6368745 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CFLARL, also known as c-FLIPL, is a critical anti-apoptotic protein that inhibits activation of caspase 8 in mammalian cells. Previous studies have shown that arginine 122 of CFLARL can be mono-methylated. However, the precise role of arginine methyltransferase of CFLARL remains unknown. PRMT5 and PRMT1, which are important members of the PRMT family, catalyze the transfer of methyl groups to the arginine of substrate proteins. PRMT5 can monomethylate or symmetrically dimethylate arginine residues, while PRMT1 can monomethylate or asymmetrically dimethylate arginine residues. Methods Lung cancer cells were cultured following the standard protocol and the cell lysates were prepared to detect the given proteins by Western Blot analysis, and the protein interaction was assayed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) or GST pull-down assay. CFLARL ubiquitination level was evaluated by proteasomal inhibitor treatment combined with HA-Ub transfection and WB assay. PRMT1 and PRMT5 genes were knocked down by siRNA technique. Results We show that PRMT5 up-regulated the protein levels of CFLARL by decreasing the ubiquitination and increasing its protein level. Additionally, PRMT1 down-regulated the protein level of CFLARL by increasing the ubiquitination and degradation. The overexpression of PRMT5 can inhibit the interaction between CFLARL and ITCH, which has been identified as an E3 ubiquitin ligase of CFLARL, while overexpressed PRMT1 enhances the interaction between CFLARL and ITCH. Furthermore, we verified that dead mutations of PRMT5 or PRMT1 have the same effects on CFLARL as the wild-type ones have, suggesting it is the physical interaction between CFLAR and PRMT1/5 that regulates CFLARL degradation other than its enzymatic activity. Finally, we showed that PRMT5 and PRMT1 could suppress or facilitate apoptosis induced by doxorubicin or pemetrexed by affecting CFLARL in NSCLC cells. Conclusions PRMT5 and PRMT1 mediate the distinct effects on CFLARL degradation by regulating the binding of E3 ligase ITCH in NSCLC cells. This study identifies a cell death mechanism that is fine-tuned by PRMT1/5 that modulate CFLARL degradation in human NSCLC cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1064-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Krauss S, Nalavade R, Weber S, Carter K, Evert BO. Upregulation of miR-25 and miR-181 Family Members Correlates with Reduced Expression of ATXN3 in Lymphocytes from SCA3 Patients. Microrna 2019; 8:76-85. [PMID: 30147021 DOI: 10.2174/2211536607666180821162403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), the most common spinocerebellar ataxia, is caused by a polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the protein ataxin-3 (ATXN3). Silencing the expression of polyQ-expanded ATXN3 rescues the cellular disease phenotype. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the differential expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs targeting gene expression, in lymphoblastoid cells (LCs) from SCA3 patients and the capability of identified deregulated miRNAs to target and alter ATXN3 expression. METHODS MiRNA profiling was performed by microarray hybridization of total RNA from control and SCA3-LCs. The capability of the identified miRNAs and their target sites to suppress ATXN3 expression was analyzed using mutagenesis, reverse transcription PCR, immunoblotting, luciferase reporter assays, mimics and precursors of the identified miRNAs. RESULTS SCA3-LCs showed significantly decreased expression levels of ATXN3 and a significant upregulation of the ATXN3-3'UTR targeting miRNAs, miR-32 and miR-181c and closely related members of the miR-25 and miR-181 family, respectively. MiR-32 and miR-181c effectively targeted the 3'UTR of ATXN3 and suppressed the expression of ATXN3. CONCLUSIONS The simultaneous upregulation of closely related miRNAs targeting the 3'UTR of ATXN3 and the significantly reduced ATXN3 expression levels in SCA3-LCs suggests that miR-25 and miR-181 family members cooperatively bind to the 3'UTR to suppress the expression of ATXN3. The findings further suggest that the upregulation of miR-25 and miR-181 family members in SCA3- LCs reflects a cell type-specific, protective mechanism to diminish polyQ-mediated cytotoxic effects. Thus, miRNA mimics of miR-25 and miR-181 family members may prove useful for the treatment of SCA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Krauss
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Street 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rohit Nalavade
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Street 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Weber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Street 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katlynn Carter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd O Evert
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Mei M, Zhang R, Zhou ZW, Ying Z, Wang J, Zhang H, Zheng H, Bao S. PRMT5-mediated H4R3sme2 Confers Cell Differentiation in Pediatric B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2633-2643. [PMID: 30635341 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known about the function of histone arginine methylation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The objective was to evaluate whether protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) plays a role in pediatric ALL and to determine the possible mechanism of epigenetic regulation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used bone marrow samples from patients with pediatric ALL, the Nalm6 cell line, mature B-cell lines, and mouse xenograft models to evaluate the function of PRMT5 in ALL tumorigenesis. RESULTS This study showed that PRMT5 and the symmetric dimethylation of H4R3 (H4R3sme2) were upregulated in most initially diagnosed (n = 15; 100%) and relapsed (n = 4; 75%) bone marrow leukemia cells from patients with pediatric B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) and were decreased when the disease was in remission (n = 15; 6.7%). Downregulation of H4R3sme2 by PRMT5 silencing induced BCP-ALL cell differentiation from the pre-B to immature B stage, whereas overexpressed PRMT5 with enhanced H4R3sme2 promoted human mature B cells to dedifferentiate back to the pre-B II/immature B stages in vitro. High PRMT5 expression enhanced the proportion of CD43+/B220+/sIgM- B leukocytes in recipient mice. CLC and CTSB were identified as potential target genes of PRMT5 in BCP-ALL cells and were inhibited by H4R3sme2 in gene promoters. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that enhanced PRMT5 promotes BCP-ALL leukemogenesis partially by the dysregulation of B-cell lineage differentiation. H4R3sme2 and PRMT5 may serve as potential sensitive biomarkers of pediatric BCP-ALL. Suppression of the activation of PRMT5 may offer a promising therapeutic strategy against pediatric BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruidong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Department of Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengzhou Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Department of Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Huyong Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Department of Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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PRMT5 is essential for B cell development and germinal center dynamics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:22. [PMID: 30604754 PMCID: PMC6318318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating B cell development, activation, education in the germinal center (GC) and differentiation, underpin the humoral immune response. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (Prmt5), which catalyzes most symmetric dimethyl arginine protein modifications, is overexpressed in B cell lymphomas but its function in normal B cells is poorly defined. Here we show that Prmt5 is necessary for antibody responses and has essential but distinct functions in all proliferative B cell stages in mice. Prmt5 is necessary for B cell development by preventing p53-dependent and p53-independent blocks in Pro-B and Pre-B cells, respectively. By contrast, Prmt5 protects, via p53-independent pathways, mature B cells from apoptosis during activation, promotes GC expansion, and counters plasma cell differentiation. Phenotypic and RNA-seq data indicate that Prmt5 regulates GC light zone B cell fate by regulating transcriptional programs, achieved in part by ensuring RNA splicing fidelity. Our results establish Prmt5 as an essential regulator of B cell biology. Protective antibody responses depend critically on proper B cell development and differentiation at multiple stages. Here the authors show that a protein arginine methyltransferase, Prmt5 uses multiples pathways to prevent death of immature B cells, yet modulates, in p53-independent manners, the survival and differentiation of mature B cells.
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Fulton MD, Brown T, Zheng YG. Mechanisms and Inhibitors of Histone Arginine Methylation. CHEM REC 2018; 18:1792-1807. [PMID: 30230223 PMCID: PMC6348102 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone methylation plays an important regulatory role in chromatin restructuring and RNA transcription. Arginine methylation that is enzymatically catalyzed by the family of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) can either activate or repress gene expression depending on cellular contexts. Given the strong correlation of PRMTs with pathophysiology, great interest is seen in understanding molecular mechanisms of PRMTs in diseases and in developing potent PRMT inhibitors. Herein, we reviewed key research advances in the study of biochemical mechanisms of PRMT catalysis and their relevance to cell biology. We highlighted how a random binary, ordered ternary kinetic model for PRMT1 catalysis reconciles the literature reports and endorses a distributive mechanism that the enzyme active site utilizes for multiple turnovers of arginine methylation. We discussed the impacts of histone arginine methylation and its biochemical interplays with other key epigenetic marks. Challenges in developing small-molecule PRMT inhibitors were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody D Fulton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Tyler Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Kota SK, Roening C, Patel N, Kota SB, Baron R. PRMT5 inhibition promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells and represses basal interferon stimulated gene expression. Bone 2018; 117:37-46. [PMID: 30189247 PMCID: PMC6317875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze symmetric and asymmetric methylation on arginine residues of multiple protein targets including histones and have essential roles in organismal development and disease. PRMT5 mediates symmetric di-methylation (sDMA) of arginine 2 (H3R2me2s) and arginine 8 on histone 3 (H3R8me2s), arginine 3 on histones 2A and 4 (H2A/H4R3me2s) as well as several non-histone substrates like Sm proteins. Here, we found that selective inhibition of PRMT5 in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) led to a reduction in colony forming units (CFUs) and increased osteoblast differentiation. PRMT5 inhibition blocked global symmetric dimethylation of H3R8 and H4R3 but not on H3R2. Genome-wide expression analysis by total RNA sequencing of mesenchymal stromal cells undergoing osteogenic differentiation revealed significant reduction in the intrinsic expression of several interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) upon PRMT5 inhibition. Effects of PRMT5 inhibition on basal ISG expression and osteogenic differentiation was effectively blocked by exogenous activation of type I IFN signaling. Together, these results indicate important functions for PRMT5 in the regulation of basal interferon gene expression in MSCs and in the control of differentiation potential of MSCs during osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya K Kota
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA.
| | - Coco Roening
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Nehal Patel
- Renal Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Savithri B Kota
- Renal Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA
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72
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Shailesh H, Zakaria ZZ, Baiocchi R, Sif S. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) dysregulation in cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36705-36718. [PMID: 30613353 PMCID: PMC6291173 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are known for their ability to catalyze methylation of specific arginine residues in a wide variety of cellular proteins, which are involved in a plethora of processes including signal transduction, transcription, and more recently DNA recombination. All members of the PRMT family can be grouped into three main classes depending on the type of methylation they catalyze. Type I PRMTs induce monomethylation and asymmetric dimethylation, while type II PRMTs catalyze monomethylation and symmetric dimethylation of specific arginine residues. In contrast, type III PRMTs carry out only monomethylation of arginine residues. In this review, we will focus on PRMT5, a type II PRMT essential for viability and normal development, which has been shown to be overexpressed in a wide variety of cancer cell types, owing it to the crucial role it plays in controlling key growth regulatory pathways. Furthermore, the role of PRMT5 in regulating expression and stability of key transcription factors that control normal stem cell function as well as cancer stem cell renewal will be discussed. We will review recent work that shows that through its ability to methylate various cellular proteins, PRMT5 functions as a master epigenetic regulator essential for growth and development, and we will highlight studies that have examined its dysregulation and the effects of its inhibition on cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Shailesh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zain Z Zakaria
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Robert Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Saïd Sif
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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73
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Yang ML, Doyle HA, Clarke SG, Herold KC, Mamula MJ. Oxidative Modifications in Tissue Pathology and Autoimmune Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1415-1431. [PMID: 29088923 PMCID: PMC6166690 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Various autoimmune syndromes are characterized by abnormalities found at the level of tissues and cells, as well as by microenvironmental influences, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), that alter intracellular metabolism and protein expression. Moreover, the convergence of genetic, epigenetic, and even environmental influences can result in B and T lymphocyte autoimmunity and tissue pathology. Recent Advances: This review describes how oxidative stress to cells and tissues may alter post-translational protein modifications, both directly and indirectly, as well as potentially lead to aberrant gene expression. For example, it has been clearly observed in many systems how oxidative stress directly amplifies carbonyl protein modifications. However, ROS also lead to a number of nonenzymatic spontaneous modifications including deamidation and isoaspartate modification as well as to enzyme-mediated citrullination of self-proteins. ROS have direct effects on DNA methylation, leading to influences in gene expression, chromosome inactivation, and the silencing of genetic elements. Finally, ROS can alter many other cellular pathways, including the initiation of apoptosis and NETosis, triggering the release of modified intracellular autoantigens. CRITICAL ISSUES This review will detail specific post-translational protein modifications, the pathways that control autoimmunity to modified self-proteins, and how products of ROS may be important biomarkers of tissue pathogenesis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A clear understanding of the many pathways affected by ROS will lead to potential therapeutic manipulations to alter the onset and/or progression of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- 1 Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hester A Doyle
- 1 Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven G Clarke
- 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kevan C Herold
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,4 Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mark J Mamula
- 1 Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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74
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Wei R, Dhawan P, Baiocchi RA, Kim KY, Christakos S. PU.1 and epigenetic signals modulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and C/EBPα regulation of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene in lung epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10345-10359. [PMID: 30387140 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
LL-37, the only known human cathelicidin which is encoded by the human antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene, plays a critical role in protection against bacterial infection. We previously demonstrated that cathelicidin is induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) in human airway epithelial cells with a resultant increase in bactericidal activity. In this study we identify key factors that co-operate with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in the regulation of CAMP. Our results show for the first time that PU.1, the myeloid transcription factor (which has also been identified in lung epithelial cells), co-operates with the vitamin D receptor and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (CEBPα) to enhance the induction of CAMP in lung epithelial cells. Our findings also indicate that enhancement of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 regulation of CAMP by histone deacetylase inhibitors involves co-operation between acetylation and chromatin remodeling through Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1; a component of the SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable [SWI/SNF] complex). BRG1 can be an activator or repressor depending on BRG1-associated factors. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a methlytransferase which interacts with BRG1, represses 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 induced CAMP in part through dimethylation of H4R3. Our findings identify key mediators involved in the regulation of the CAMP gene in lung epithelial cells and suggest new approaches for therapeutic manipulation of gene expression to increase the antibacterial capability of the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ki-Yoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
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75
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Biray Avci C, Goker Bagca B, Tetik Vardarli A, Saydam G, Gunduz C. Epigenetic modifications in chronic myeloid leukemia cells through ruxolitinib treatment. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4555-4563. [PMID: 30260022 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia is a clonal malignancy of hematopoietic stem cell that is characterized by the occurrence of t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) translocation, named Philadelphia chromosome. Ruxolitinib is a powerful Janus tyrosine kinase 1 and 2 inhibitor that is used for myelofibrosis treatment. DNA-histone connection mediates a wide range of genes that code methylation, demethylation, acetylation, deacetylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation enzymes. Epigenetic modifications regulate chromatin compactness, which plays pivotal roles in critical biological processes including the transcriptional activity and cell proliferation as well as various pathological mechanisms, including CML. This study is aimed to determine the alterations of the expression levels of epigenetic modification-related genes after ruxolitinib treatment. Total RNA was isolated from K-562 cells treated with the IC50 value of ruxolitinib and untreated K-562 control cells. A reverse transcription procedure was performed for complementary DNA synthesis, and gene expressions were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction compared with the untreated cells. Ruxolitinib treatment caused a significant alteration in the expression levels of epigenetic regulation-related genes in K-562 cells. Our novel results suggested that ruxolitinib has inhibitor effects on epigenetic modification-regulator genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bakiye Goker Bagca
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Asli Tetik Vardarli
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guray Saydam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Haematology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gunduz
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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76
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Bernkopf DB, Daum G, Brückner M, Behrens J. Sulforaphane inhibits growth and blocks Wnt/β-catenin signaling of colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33982-33994. [PMID: 30338040 PMCID: PMC6188060 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN) from cruciferous vegetables is associated with growth inhibition of various cancer types, including colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is most frequently driven by hyperactive Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Here, we show that SFN treatment reduced growth of three unrelated colorectal cancer cell lines (SW480, DLD1 and HCT116) via induction of cell death and inhibition of proliferation. Importantly, SFN inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling in colorectal cancer cells as shown by inhibition of β-catenin-dependent luciferase reporters and repression of β-catenin target genes (AXIN2, LGR5). SFN inhibits Wnt signaling downstream of β-catenin degradation and induces the formation of nuclear β-catenin structures associated with closed chromatin. Co-expression of the transcription factors LEF1 or TCF4 prevented formation of these structures and rescued inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by SFN. Our findings provide a molecular basis explaining SFN effects in colorectal cancer cells and underline its potential for prevention and therapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic B Bernkopf
- Experimental Medicine II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Daum
- Experimental Medicine II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martina Brückner
- Experimental Medicine II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behrens
- Experimental Medicine II, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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77
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Zhu K, Tao H, Song JL, Jin L, Zhang Y, Liu J, Chen Z, Jiang CS, Luo C, Zhang H. Identification of 5-benzylidene-2-phenylthiazolones as potent PRMT5 inhibitors by virtual screening, structural optimization and biological evaluations. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:289-298. [PMID: 30172110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is an epigenetics related enzyme that has been validated as an important therapeutic target for glioblastoma and mantel cell lymphoma. In the present study, 11 novel PRMT5 inhibitors with 5-benzylidene-2-phenylthiazolone scaffold were identified by molecular docking-based virtual screening and structural optimization. Their IC50 values against PRMT5 at enzymatic level were ranging from 0.77 to 23 μM. As expected, the top two active hits (5 and 19) showed potent anti-proliferative activity against MV4-11 cells with EC50 values lower than 10 μM and reduced the cellular symmetric arginine dimethylation levels of SmD3 protein. Besides, 5 and 19 demonstrated the mechanism of cell killing in cell cycle arrest and apoptotic effect. The probable binding modes of the two compounds were explored and further verified by molecular dynamics simulation. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of this class of structures was also discussed and further demonstrated by molecular docking simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongkai Zhu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Hongrui Tao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China; Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jia-Li Song
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Lu Jin
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jingqiu Liu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Cheng-Shi Jiang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
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78
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PRMT5 interacts with the BCL6 oncoprotein and is required for germinal center formation and lymphoma cell survival. Blood 2018; 132:2026-2039. [PMID: 30082494 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-831438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction plays an important role in generating humoral immunity and is believed to give rise to most B-cell lymphomas. GC entry and exit are tightly regulated processes, controlled by the actions of transcription factors such as BCL6. Herein, we demonstrate that protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a symmetric dimethyl arginine methyltransferase, is also necessary for GC formation and affinity maturation. PRMT5 contributes to GC formation and affinity maturation at least in part through its direct interaction with and methylation of BCL6 at arginine 305 (R305), a modification necessary for the full transcriptional repressive effects of BCL6. Inhibition of PRMT5 in B-cell lymphoma lines led to significant upregulation of BCL6 target genes, and the concomitant inhibition of both BCL6 and PRMT5 exhibited synergistic killing of BCL6-expressing lymphoma cells. Our studies identify PRMT5 as a novel regulator of the GC reaction and highlight the mechanistic rationale of cotargeting PRMT5 and BCL6 in lymphoma.
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79
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Prabhu L, Chen L, Wei H, Demir Ö, Safa A, Zeng L, Amaro RE, O'Neil BH, Zhang ZY, Lu T. Development of an AlphaLISA high throughput technique to screen for small molecule inhibitors targeting protein arginine methyltransferases. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:2509-2520. [PMID: 29099132 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family of enzymes comprises nine family members in mammals. They catalyze arginine methylation, either monomethylation or symmetric/asymmetric dimethylation of histone and non-histone proteins. PRMT methylation of its substrate proteins modulates cellular processes such as signal transduction, transcription, and mRNA splicing. Recent studies have linked overexpression of PRMT5, a member of the PRMT superfamily, to oncogenesis, making it a potential target for cancer therapy. In this study, we developed a highly sensitive (Z' score = 0.7) robotic high throughput screening (HTS) platform to discover small molecule inhibitors of PRMT5 by adapting the AlphaLISA™ technology. Using biotinylated histone H4 as a substrate, and S-adenosyl-l-methionine as a methyl donor, PRMT5 symmetrically dimethylated H4 at arginine (R) 3. Highly specific acceptor beads for symmetrically dimethylated H4R3 and streptavidin-coated donor beads bound the substrate, emitting a signal that is proportional to the methyltransferase activity. Using this powerful approach, we identified specific PRMT5 inhibitors P1608K04 and P1618J22, and further validated their efficacy and specificity for inhibiting PRMT5. Importantly, these two compounds exhibited much more potent efficacy than the commercial PRMT5 inhibitor EPZ015666 in both pancreatic and colorectal cancer cells. Overall, our work highlights a novel, powerful, and sensitive approach to identify specific PRMT5 inhibitors. The general principle of this HTS screening method can not only be applied to PRMT5 and the PRMT superfamily, but may also be extended to other epigenetic targets. This approach allows us to identify compounds that inhibit the activity of their respective targets, and screening hits like P1608K04 and P1618J22 may serve as the basis for novel drug development to treat cancer and/or other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Prabhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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80
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Activation of the p53-MDM4 regulatory axis defines the anti-tumour response to PRMT5 inhibition through its role in regulating cellular splicing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9711. [PMID: 29946150 PMCID: PMC6018746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Evasion of the potent tumour suppressor activity of p53 is one of the hurdles that must be overcome for cancer cells to escape normal regulation of cellular proliferation and survival. In addition to frequent loss of function mutations, p53 wild-type activity can also be suppressed post-translationally through several mechanisms, including the activity of PRMT5. Here we describe broad anti-proliferative activity of potent, selective, reversible inhibitors of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) including GSK3326595 in human cancer cell lines representing both hematologic and solid malignancies. Interestingly, PRMT5 inhibition activates the p53 pathway via the induction of alternative splicing of MDM4. The MDM4 isoform switch and subsequent p53 activation are critical determinants of the response to PRMT5 inhibition suggesting that the integrity of the p53-MDM4 regulatory axis defines a subset of patients that could benefit from treatment with GSK3326595.
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81
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Rehman I, Basu SM, Das SK, Bhattacharjee S, Ghosh A, Pommier Y, Das BB. PRMT5-mediated arginine methylation of TDP1 for the repair of topoisomerase I covalent complexes. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:5601-5617. [PMID: 29718323 PMCID: PMC6009676 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterases (TDP) hydrolyze the phosphodiester bond between DNA and the catalytic tyrosine of Top1 to excise topoisomerase I cleavage complexes (Top1cc) that are trapped by camptothecin (CPT) and by genotoxic DNA alterations. Here we show that the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 enhances the repair of Top1cc by direct binding to TDP1 and arginine dimethylation of TDP1 at residues R361 and R586. Top1-induced replication-mediated DNA damage induces TDP1 arginine methylation, enhancing its 3'- phosphodiesterase activity. TDP1 arginine methylation also increases XRCC1 association with TDP1 in response to CPT, and the recruitment of XRCC1 to Top1cc DNA damage foci. PRMT5 knockdown cells exhibit defective TDP1 activity with marked elevation in replication-coupled CPT-induced DNA damage and lethality. Finally, methylation of R361 and R586 stimulate TDP1 repair function and promote cell survival in response to CPT. Together, our findings provide evidence for the importance of PRMT5 for the post-translational regulation of TDP1 and repair of Top1cc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Rehman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Suparna M Basu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhendu K Das
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sangheeta Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arijit Ghosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Benu Brata Das
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
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82
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Smith E, Zhou W, Shindiapina P, Sif S, Li C, Baiocchi RA. Recent advances in targeting protein arginine methyltransferase enzymes in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:527-545. [PMID: 29781349 PMCID: PMC6311705 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1474203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exploration in the field of epigenetics has revealed the diverse roles of the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family of proteins in multiple disease states. These findings have led to the development of specific inhibitors and discovery of several new classes of drugs with potential to treat both benign and malignant conditions. Areas covered: We provide an overview on the role of PRMT enzymes in healthy and malignant cells, highlighting the role of arginine methylation in specific pathways relevant to cancer pathogenesis. Additionally, we describe structure and catalytic activity of PRMT and discuss the mechanisms of action of novel small molecule inhibitors of specific members of the arginine methyltransferase family. Expert opinion: As the field of PRMT biology advances, it's becoming clear that this class of enzymes is highly relevant to maintaining normal physiologic processes as well and disease pathogenesis. We discuss the potential impact of PRMT inhibitors as a broad class of drugs, including the pleiotropic effects, off target effects the need for more detailed PRMT-centric interactomes, and finally, the potential for targeting this class of enzymes in clinical development of experimental therapeutics for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Smith
- The Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Polina Shindiapina
- The Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Said Sif
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Robert A. Baiocchi
- The Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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83
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Prabhu L, Wei H, Chen L, Demir Ö, Sandusky G, Sun E, Wang J, Mo J, Zeng L, Fishel M, Safa A, Amaro R, Korc M, Zhang ZY, Lu T. Adapting AlphaLISA high throughput screen to discover a novel small-molecule inhibitor targeting protein arginine methyltransferase 5 in pancreatic and colorectal cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39963-39977. [PMID: 28591716 PMCID: PMC5522311 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are notoriously challenging for treatment. Hyperactive nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a common culprit in both cancers. Previously, we discovered that protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) methylated and activated NF-κB. Here, we show that PRMT5 is highly expressed in PDAC and CRC. Overexpression of PRMT5 promoted cancer progression, while shRNA knockdown showed an opposite effect. Using an innovative AlphaLISA high throughput screen, we discovered a lead compound, PR5-LL-CM01, which exhibited robust tumor inhibition effects in both cancers. An in silico structure prediction suggested that PR5-LL-CM01 inhibits PRMT5 by binding with its active pocket. Importantly, PR5-LL-CM01 showed higher anti-tumor efficacy than the commercial PRMT5 inhibitor, EPZ015666, in both PDAC and CRC. This study clearly highlights the significant potential of PRMT5 as a therapeutic target in PDAC and CRC, and establishes PR5-LL-CM01 as a promising basis for new drug development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Prabhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Han Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lan Chen
- Chemical Genomics Core Facility, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Özlem Demir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - George Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emily Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jessica Mo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lifan Zeng
- Chemical Genomics Core Facility, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melissa Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ahmad Safa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rommie Amaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Murray Korc
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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84
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Ye F, Zhang W, Ye X, Jin J, Lv Z, Luo C. Identification of Selective, Cell Active Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 through Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Biological Assays. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:1066-1073. [PMID: 29672052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a type II PRMT enzyme, is reported as an important therapeutic target in leukemia and lymphoma. In the present study, based on the combination of virtual screening and biochemical validations, we discovered a series of small-molecule inhibitors targeting PRMT5. Among those, DC_Y134 exhibited the most potent activity with IC50 value of 1.7 μM and displayed good selectivity against other methyltransferases. Further treatment with DC_Y134 inhibited the proliferation of several hematological malignancy cell lines by causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Western blot assays indicated that DC_Y134 reduced the cellular symmetrically dimethylated levels. In addition, we analyzed the binding mode of DC_Y134 through molecular docking, which revealed that DC_Y134 occupies the binding site of substrate arginine and explained the selectivity of this inhibitor. Taken together, compound DC_Y134 could be used to elucidate the biological roles of PRMT5 and serve as a lead compound for treatment of hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Weiyao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Xiaoqing Ye
- College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Jia Jin
- College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
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85
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Li Z, Zhang J, Liu X, Li S, Wang Q, Di Chen, Hu Z, Yu T, Ding J, Li J, Yao M, Fan J, Huang S, Gao Q, Zhao Y, He X. The LINC01138 drives malignancies via activating arginine methyltransferase 5 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1572. [PMID: 29679004 PMCID: PMC5910401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent chromosomal aberrations have led to the discovery of oncogenes or tumour suppressors involved in carcinogenesis. Here we characterized an oncogenic long intergenic non-coding RNA in the frequent DNA-gain regions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), LINC01138 (long intergenic non-coding RNA located on 1q21.2). The LINC01138 locus is frequently amplified in HCC; the LINC01138 transcript is stabilized by insulin like growth factor-2 mRNA-binding proteins 1/3 (IGF2BP1/IGF2BP3) and is associated with the malignant features and poor outcomes of HCC patients. LINC01138 acts as an oncogenic driver that promotes cell proliferation, tumorigenicity, tumour invasion and metastasis by physically interacting with arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) and enhancing its protein stability by blocking ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent degradation in HCC. The discovery of LINC01138, a promising prognostic indicator, provides insight into the molecular pathogenesis of HCC, and the LINC01138/PRMT5 axis is an ideal therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shengli Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qifeng Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Di Chen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhixiang Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shenglin Huang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xianghuo He
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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86
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Huang S, Chi Y, Qin Y, Wang Z, Xiu B, Su Y, Guo R, Guo L, Sun H, Zeng C, Zhou S, Hu X, Liu S, Shao Z, Wu Z, Jin W, Wu J. CAPG enhances breast cancer metastasis by competing with PRMT5 to modulate STC-1 transcription. Theranostics 2018; 8:2549-2564. [PMID: 29721098 PMCID: PMC5928908 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-capping protein (CAPG) has been shown to promote cancer cell metastasis, although the mechanism remains poorly understood. Methods: Breast cancer (BC) tissue microarray was used to test the role of CAPG in the prognosis of BC patients. Xenograft mice model was used to validate the metastasis promotion role of CAPG in vivo. Gene expression array, chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase report assay were performed to search for the target genes of CAPG. Protein immunoprecipitation, MS/MS analysis, tissue microarray and histone methyltransferase assay were used to explore the mechanism of CAPG regulating stanniocalcin 1 (STC-1) transcription. Results: We demonstrate a novel mechanism by which CAPG enhances BC metastasis via promoting the transcription of the pro-metastatic gene STC-1, contributing to increased metastasis in BC. Mechanistically, CAPG competes with the transcriptional repressor arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) for binding to the STC-1 promoter, leading to reduced histone H4R3 methylation and enhanced STC-1 transcription. Our study also indicates that both CAPG and PRMT5 are independent prognostic factors for BC patient survival. High CAPG level is associated with poor survival, while high PRMT5 expression favors a better prognosis in BC patients. Conclusion: Our findings identify a novel role of CAPG in the promotion of BC metastasis by epigenetically enhancing STC-1 transcription.
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87
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Abstract
Protein arginine methyl transferase 5 (PRMT5) is a signaling protein and histone modifying enzyme that is important in many cellular processes, including regulation of eukaryotic gene transcription. Reported here is a 3.7 Å structure of PRMT5, solved in complex with regulatory binding subunit MEP50 (methylosome associated protein 50, WDR77, p44), by single particle (SP) cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM) using micrographs of particles that are visibly crowded and aggregated. Despite suboptimal micrograph appearance, this cryo-EM structure is in good agreement with previously reported crystal structures of the complex, which revealed a 450 kDa hetero-octameric assembly having internal D2 symmetry. The catalytic PRMT5 subunits form a core tetramer and the MEP50 subunits are arranged peripherally in complex with the PRMT5 N-terminal domain. The cryo-EM reconstruction shows good side chain definition and shows a well-resolved peak for a bound dehydrosinefungin inhibitor molecule. These results demonstrate the applicability of cryo-EM in determining structures of human protein complexes of biomedical significance and suggests cryo-EM could be further utilized to understand PRMT5 interactions with other biologically important binding proteins and ligands.
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88
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Zakrzewicz D, Didiasova M, Krüger M, Giaimo BD, Borggrefe T, Mieth M, Hocke AC, Zakrzewicz A, Schaefer L, Preissner KT, Wygrecka M. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 mediates enolase-1 cell surface trafficking in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1816-1827. [PMID: 29501774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enolase-1-dependent cell surface proteolysis plays an important role in cell invasion. Although enolase-1 (Eno-1), a glycolytic enzyme, has been found on the surface of various cells, the mechanism responsible for its exteriorization remains elusive. Here, we investigated the involvement of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Eno-1 in its lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered trafficking to the cell surface. RESULTS We found that stimulation of human lung adenocarcinoma cells with LPS triggered the monomethylation of arginine 50 (R50me) within Eno-1. The Eno-1R50me was confirmed by its interaction with the tudor domain (TD) from TD-containing 3 (TDRD3) protein recognizing methylarginines. Substitution of R50 with lysine (R50K) reduced Eno-1 association with epithelial caveolar domains, thereby diminishing its exteriorization. Similar effects were observed when pharmacological inhibitors of arginine methyltransferases were applied. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) was identified to be responsible for Eno-1 methylation. Overexpression of PRMT5 and caveolin-1 enhanced levels of membrane-bound extracellular Eno-1 and, conversely, pharmacological inhibition of PRMT5 attenuated Eno-1 cell-surface localization. Importantly, Eno-1R50me was essential for cancer cell motility since the replacement of Eno-1 R50 by lysine or the suppression of PRMT 5 activity diminished Eno-1-triggered cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS LPS-triggered Eno-1R50me enhances Eno-1 cell surface levels and thus potentiates the invasive properties of cancer cells. Strategies to target Eno-1R50me may offer novel therapeutic approaches to attenuate tumor metastasis in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Zakrzewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Miroslava Didiasova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Benedetto Daniele Giaimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tilman Borggrefe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Maren Mieth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Zakrzewicz
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstrasse 10-12, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
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89
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Jiang H, Zhu Y, Zhou Z, Xu J, Jin S, Xu K, Zhang H, Sun Q, Wang J, Xu J. PRMT5 promotes cell proliferation by inhibiting BTG2 expression via the ERK signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2018; 7:869-882. [PMID: 29441724 PMCID: PMC5852340 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that PRMT5, a protein arginine methyltransferase, has roles in cell growth regulation and cancer development. However, the role of PRMT5 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression remains unclear. Here, we showed that PRMT5 expression was frequently upregulated in HCC tissues, and its expression was inversely correlated with overall survival in HCC patients. PRMT5 knockdown markedly inhibited in vitro HCC proliferation and in vivo tumorigenesis. We revealed that the mechanism of PRMT5‐induced proliferation was partially mediated by BTG downregulation, leading to cell cycle arrest during the G1 phase in HCC cells. Ectopic BTG2 overexpression decreased HCC growth, caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and downregulated Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E1 protein expression. Furthermore, we found that PRMT5‐induced ERK phosphorylation regulated BTG2 expression in HCC cells, whereas pretreatment with a selective ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD184352) significantly reversed the effect of PRMT5 on BTG2 expression. Our results indicated that PRMT5 promotes HCC proliferation by downregulating BTG2 expression via the ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Junyang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Forth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Shaowen Jin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Heyun Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Junyao Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
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90
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Poulard C, Corbo L, Le Romancer M. Protein arginine methylation/demethylation and cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67532-67550. [PMID: 27556302 PMCID: PMC5341895 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification involved in numerous cellular processes including transcription, DNA repair, mRNA splicing and signal transduction. Currently, there are nine known members of the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family, but only one arginine demethylase has been identified, namely the Jumonji domain-containing 6 (JMJD6). Although its demethylase activity was initially challenged, its dual activity as an arginine demethylase and a lysine hydroxylase is now recognized. Interestingly, a growing number of substrates for arginine methylation and demethylation play key roles in tumorigenesis. Though alterations in the sequence of these enzymes have not been identified in cancer, their overexpression is associated with various cancers, suggesting that they could constitute targets for therapeutic strategies. In this review, we present the recent knowledge of the involvement of PRMTs and JMJD6 in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Poulard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée, La Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Laura Corbo
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée, La Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée, La Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
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91
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Zhou X, Wang W, Du C, Yan F, Yang S, He K, Wang H, Zhao A. OGG1 regulates the level of symmetric dimethylation of histone H4 arginine-3 by interacting with PRMT5. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 38:19-24. [PMID: 29409673 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OGG1 is the first enzyme in the base excision repair pathway (BER) responsible for repairing 8-oxoguanine DNA lesions. Recent studies found that OGG1 may also be involved in epigenetic regulation. In this study, we focused on the roles of OGG1 in histone modification. First, to study the effects of OGG1 on histone modification, the protein levels of symmetric dimethylation of histone H4 arginine-3 (H4R3me2s) were determined by western blot analysis following the knockdown or overexpression of OGG1. Second, the molecular mechanisms by which OGG1 regulates H4R3me2s were assessed by co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) assays in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) wild-type (WT) and Ogg-/- cells. Finally, to verify the regulation of H4R3me2s by OGG1 on specific genes, chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) was performed on MEF WT and Ogg-/- cells. We found that OGG1 affects PRMT5 binding on histone H4 and the formation of H4R3me2s via PRMT5. The methylation level of H4R3me2s was dramatically decreased in MEF Ogg-/- cells compared to WT cells. Knockdown of OGG1 by siRNA led to a decrease in H4R3me2s, while overexpression of OGG1 increased the level of H4R3me2s. OGG1 also interacted with PRMT5 and histone H4, and the interaction between PRMT5 and histone H4 was reduced in MEF Ogg-/- cells. Our data not only illustrate the important roles of OGG1 in histone modification, but also reveal the mechanism by which OGG1 affects PRMT5 binding on H4R3 resulting in the symmetrical dimethylation of histone H4 arginine-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Road, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chengtao Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Road, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Feifei Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Road, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Songbai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Road, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Ke He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Road, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Han Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Road, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Ayong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Road, Lin'an 311300, China.
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92
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Tamiya H, Kim H, Klymenko O, Kim H, Feng Y, Zhang T, Han JY, Murao A, Snipas SJ, Jilaveanu L, Brown K, Kluger H, Zhang H, Iwai K, Ronai ZA. SHARPIN-mediated regulation of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 controls melanoma growth. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:517-530. [PMID: 29227283 PMCID: PMC5749505 DOI: 10.1172/jci95410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SHARPIN, an adaptor for the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), plays important roles in NF-κB signaling and inflammation. Here, we have demonstrated a LUBAC-independent role for SHARPIN in regulating melanoma growth. We observed that SHARPIN interacted with PRMT5, a type II protein arginine methyltransferase, and increased its multiprotein complex and methyltransferase activity. Activated PRMT5 controlled the expression of the transcription factors SOX10 and MITF by SHARPIN-dependent arginine dimethylation and inhibition of the transcriptional corepressor SKI. Activation of PRMT5 by SHARPIN counteracted PRMT5 inhibition by methylthioadenosine, a substrate of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, which is codeleted with cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) in approximately 15% of human cancers. Collectively, we identified a LUBAC-independent role for SHARPIN in enhancing PRMT5 activity that contributes to melanomagenesis through the SKI/SOX10 regulatory axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironari Tamiya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hyungsoo Kim
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Oleksiy Klymenko
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Heejung Kim
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yongmei Feng
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jee Yun Han
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ayako Murao
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Scott J. Snipas
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lucia Jilaveanu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Harriet Kluger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ze’ev A. Ronai
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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93
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Abstract
PRMT5 catalyzes the mono- and symmetric dimethylation of the arginine N-guanidine group of a wide variety of target proteins including histones, transcriptional elongation factors, kinases and tumor suppressors by utilizing the essential co-factor S-adenosylmethionine as methyl source. PRMT5 overexpression has been linked to the progression of various diseases, including cancer, and is oftentimes associated with a poor prognosis. Therefore, PRMT5 is promoted as a valuable target for drug discovery approaches and was a subject matter in recent endeavors aiming for the development of specific PRMT5 inhibitors. This review will embrace the significance of PRMT5 as therapeutic target with respect to its molecular interdependencies in disease states as well as its implication in drug development approaches.
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94
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Saha K, Fisher ML, Adhikary G, Grun D, Eckert RL. Sulforaphane suppresses PRMT5/MEP50 function in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma leading to reduced tumor formation. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:827-836. [PMID: 28854561 PMCID: PMC5862259 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) cooperates with methylosome protein 50 (MEP50) to arginine methylate histone H3 and H4 to silence gene expression, and increased PRMT5 activity is associated with enhanced cancer cell survival. We have studied the role of PRMT5 and MEP50 in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma. We show that knockdown of PRMT5 or MEP50 results in reduced H4R3me2s formation, and reduced cell proliferation, invasion, migration and tumor formation. We further show that treatment with sulforaphane (SFN), a cancer preventive agent derived from cruciferous vegetables, reduces PRMT5 and MEP50 level and H4R3me2s formation, and this is associated with reduced cell proliferation, invasion and migration. The SFN-dependent reduction in PRMT5 and MEP50 level requires proteasome activity. Moreover, SFN-mediated responses are partially reversed by forced PRMT5 or MEP50 expression. SFN treatment of tumors results in reduced MEP50 level and H4R3me2s formation, confirming that that SFN impacts this complex in vivo. These studies suggest that the PRMT5/MEP50 is required for tumor growth and that reduced expression of this complex is a part of the mechanism of SFN suppression of tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Grun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Department of Dermatology.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.,The Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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95
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Kumar B, Yadav A, Brown NV, Zhao S, Cipolla MJ, Wakely PE, Schmitt AC, Baiocchi RA, Teknos TN, Old M, Kumar P. Nuclear PRMT5, cyclin D1 and IL-6 are associated with poor outcome in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients and is inversely associated with p16-status. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14847-14859. [PMID: 28107179 PMCID: PMC5362449 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase-5 (PRMT5) plays an important role in cancer progression by repressing the expression of key tumor suppressor genes via the methylation of transcriptional factors and chromatin-associated proteins. However, very little is known about the expression and biological role of PRMT5 in head and neck cancer. In this study, we examined expression profile of PRMT5 at subcellular levels in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and assessed its correlation with disease progression and patient outcome. Our results show that nuclear PRMT5 was associated with poor overall survival (p < 0.012) and these patients had 1.732 times higher hazard of death (95% CI: 1.127–2.661) as compared to patients in whom PRMT5 was not present in the nucleus of the tumors. Nuclear PRMT5 expression was inversely correlated with p16-status (p < 0.001) and was significantly higher in tumor samples from patients who smoked > 10 pack-years (p = 0.013). In addition, nuclear PRMT5 was directly correlated with cyclin D1 (p = 0.0101) and IL-6 expression (p < 0.001). In a subgroup survival analysis, nuclear PRMT5-positive/IL-6-positive group had worst survival, whereas nuclear PRMT5-negative/IL-6-negative group had the best survival. Similarly, patients with p16-negative/nuclear PRMT5-positive tumors had worse survival compared to patients with p16-positive/nuclear PRMT5-negative tumors. Our mechanistic results suggest that IL-6 promotes nuclear translocation of PRMT5. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that nuclear PRMT5 expression is associated with poor clinical outcome in OPSCC patients and IL-6 plays a role in the nuclear translocation of PRMT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Arti Yadav
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nicole V Brown
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Songzhu Zhao
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael J Cipolla
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Paul E Wakely
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alessandra C Schmitt
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Theodoros N Teknos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Matthew Old
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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96
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Zhang B, Zhang S, Zhu L, Chen X, Zhao Y, Chao L, Zhou J, Wang X, Zhang X, Ma N. Arginine methyltransferase inhibitor 1 inhibits gastric cancer by downregulating eIF4E and targeting PRMT5. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 336:1-7. [PMID: 28987382 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is carried out by protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMTs) family. Arginine methyltransferase inhibitor 1 (AMI-1) is mainly used to inhibit type I PRMT activity in vitro. However, the effects of AMI-1 on type II PRMT5 activity and gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear. In this study, we provided the first evidence that AMI-1 significantly inhibited GC cell proliferation and migration while induced GC cell apoptosis, and reduced the expression of PRMT5, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), symmetric dimethylation of histone 3 (H3R8me2s) and histone 4 (H4R3me2s). In addition, AMI-1 inhibited tumor growth, downregulated eIF4E, H4R3me2s and H3R8me2s expression in mice xenografts model of GC. Collectively, our results suggest that AMI-1 inhibits GC by downregulating eIF4E and targeting type II PRMT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China.
| | - Su Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Li Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Juanping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xinyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Nengqian Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
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97
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The PAF complex regulation of Prmt5 facilitates the progression and maintenance of MLL fusion leukemia. Oncogene 2017; 37:450-460. [PMID: 28945229 PMCID: PMC5785415 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease associated with epigenetic dysregulation. 11q23 translocations involving the H3K4 methyltransferase MLL1 (KMT2A) generate oncogenic fusion proteins with deregulated transcriptional potential. The Polymerase Associated Factor complex (PAFc) is an epigenetic co-activator complex that makes direct contact with MLL fusion proteins and is involved in AML, however its functions are not well understood. Here, we explored the transcriptional targets regulated by the PAFc that facilitate leukemia by performing RNA-sequencing after conditional loss of the PAFc subunit Cdc73. We found Cdc73 promotes expression of an early hematopoietic progenitor gene program that prevents differentiation. Among the target genes, we confirmed the protein arginine methyltransferase Prmt5 is a direct target that is positively regulated by a transcriptional unit that includes the PAFc, MLL1, HOXA9 and STAT5 in leukemic cells. We observed reduced PRMT5-mediated H4R3me2s following excision of Cdc73 placing this histone modification downstream of the PAFc and revealing a novel mechanism between the PAFc and Prmt5. Knock down or pharmacologic inhibition of Prmt5 causes a G1 arrest and reduced proliferation resulting in extended leukemic disease latency in vivo. Overall, we demonstrate the PAFc regulates Prmt5 to facilitate leukemic progression and is a potential therapeutic target for AMLs.
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98
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99
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Mao R, Shao J, Zhu K, Zhang Y, Ding H, Zhang C, Shi Z, Jiang H, Sun D, Duan W, Luo C. Potent, Selective, and Cell Active Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) Inhibitor Developed by Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Hit Optimization. J Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Mao
- Marine
College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, P.R. China
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research,
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingwei Shao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kongkai Zhu
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research,
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School
of
Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research,
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research,
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chenhua Zhang
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co., LTD., Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhe Shi
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co., LTD., Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research,
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dequn Sun
- Marine
College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, P.R. China
| | - Wenhu Duan
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research,
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia
Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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100
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Strahan RC, McDowell-Sargent M, Uppal T, Purushothaman P, Verma SC. KSHV encoded ORF59 modulates histone arginine methylation of the viral genome to promote viral reactivation. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006482. [PMID: 28678843 PMCID: PMC5513536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) persists in a highly-ordered chromatin structure inside latently infected cells with the majority of the viral genome having repressive marks. However, upon reactivation the viral chromatin landscape changes into 'open' chromatin through the involvement of lysine demethylases and methyltransferases. Besides methylation of lysine residues of histone H3, arginine methylation of histone H4 plays an important role in controlling the compactness of the chromatin. Symmetric methylation of histone H4 at arginine 3 (H4R3me2s) negatively affects the methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3), an active epigenetic mark deposited on the viral chromatin during reactivation. We identified a novel binding partner to KSHV viral DNA processivity factor, ORF59-a protein arginine methyl transferase 5 (PRMT5). PRMT5 is an arginine methyltransferase that dimethylates arginine 3 (R3) of histone H4 in a symmetric manner, one hallmark of condensed chromatin. Our ChIP-seq data of symmetrically methylated H4 arginine 3 showed a significant decrease in H4R3me2s on the viral genome of reactivated cells as compared to the latent cells. Reduction in arginine methylation correlated with the binding of ORF59 on the viral chromatin and disruption of PRMT5 from its adapter protein, COPR5 (cooperator of PRMT5). Binding of PRMT5 through COPR5 is important for symmetric methylation of H4R3 and the expression of ORF59 competitively reduces the association of PRMT5 with COPR5, leading to a reduction in PRMT5 mediated arginine methylation. This ultimately resulted in a reduced level of symmetrically methylated H4R3 and increased levels of H3K4me3 marks, contributing to the formation of an open chromatin for transcription and DNA replication. Depletion of PRMT5 levels led to a decrease in symmetric methylation and increase in viral gene transcription confirming the role of PRMT5 in viral reactivation. In conclusion, ORF59 modulates histone-modifying enzymes to alter the chromatin structure during lytic reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne C. Strahan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Maria McDowell-Sargent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Timsy Uppal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Pravinkumar Purushothaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Subhash C. Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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