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McRobb LS, Lee VS, Simonian M, Zhao Z, Thomas SG, Wiedmann M, Raj JVA, Grace M, Moutrie V, McKay MJ, Molloy MP, Stoodley MA. Radiosurgery Alters the Endothelial Surface Proteome: Externalized Intracellular Molecules as Potential Vascular Targets in Irradiated Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. Radiat Res 2017; 187:66-78. [PMID: 28054837 DOI: 10.1667/rr14518.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an established treatment for brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) that drives blood vessel closure through cellular proliferation, thrombosis and fibrosis, but is limited by a delay to occlusion of 2-3 years and a maximum treatable size of 3 cm. In this current study we used SRS as a priming tool to elicit novel protein expression on the endothelium of irradiated AVM vessels, and these proteins were then targeted with prothrombotic conjugates to induce rapid thrombosis and vessel closure. SRS-induced protein changes on the endothelium in an animal model of AVM were examined using in vivo biotin labeling of surface-accessible proteins and comparative proteomics. LC-MS/MS using SWATH acquisition label-free mass spectrometry identified 280 proteins in biotin-enriched fractions. The abundance of 56 proteins increased after irradiation of the rat arteriovenous fistula (20 Gy, ≥1.5-fold). A large proportion of intracellular proteins were present in this subset: 29 mitochondrial and 9 cytoskeletal. Three of these proteins were chosen for further validation based on previously published evidence for surface localization and a role in autoimmune stimulation: cardiac troponin I (TNNI3); manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2); and the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDCE2). Immunostaining of AVM vessels confirmed an increase in abundance of PDCE2 across the vessel wall, but not a measurable increase in TNNI3 or SOD2. All three proteins co-localized with the endothelium after irradiation, however, more detailed subcellular distribution could not be accurately established. In vitro, radiation-stimulated surface translocation of all three proteins was confirmed in nonpermeabilized brain endothelial cells using immunocytochemistry. Total protein abundance increased modestly after irradiation for PDCE2 and SOD2 but decreased for TNNI3, suggesting that radiation primarily affects subcellular distribution rather than protein levels. The novel identification of these proteins as surface exposed in response to radiation raises important questions about their potential role in radiation-induced inflammation, fibrosis and autoimmunity, but may also provide unique candidates for vascular targeting in brain AVMs and other vascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda S McRobb
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vivienne S Lee
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret Simonian
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,c Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhenjun Zhao
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Santhosh George Thomas
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus Wiedmann
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jude V Amal Raj
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Grace
- d Genesis Cancer Care, Macquarie University Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan Moutrie
- d Genesis Cancer Care, Macquarie University Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J McKay
- b Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark P Molloy
- b Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marcus A Stoodley
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Kimáková P, Solár P, Fecková B, Sačková V, Solárová Z, Ilkovičová L, Kello M. Photoactivated hypericin increases the expression of SOD-2 and makes MCF-7 cells resistant to photodynamic therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:749-755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Falfushynska H, Gnatyshyna L, Yurchak I, Stoliar O, Sokolova IM. Interpopulational variability of molecular responses to ionizing radiation in freshwater bivalves Anodonta anatina (Unionidae). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:444-456. [PMID: 27310535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors including chemical pollution and warming that can affect health of the resident organisms and their responses to novel challenges. We investigated the of in situ exposure history on molecular responses to a novel stressor, ionizing radiation, in unionid mollusks Anodonta anatina. Males from pristine (F-), agricultural (A-) sites and a cooling reservoir of a nuclear power plant (N-site) were exposed to acute low dose (2mGy) X-ray radiation followed by 14days of recovery (R-groups) or to control conditions (C-groups). Biomarkers of oxidative stress, geno-, cyto- and neurotoxicity were used to assess cellular injury and stress. Control group from the cooling reservoir (CN) had higher background levels of caspase-3 activity, metallothionein concentrations and nuclear lesions and lower levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione in the gills compared to other control groups (CF and CA). Irradiation induced cellular damage in mussels from all three sites including increased levels of nuclear lesions in hemocytes, depletion of caspase-3, suppression of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, an increase of the lipid peroxidation and oxidized glutathione levels, as well as down-regulation of cholinesterase indicating neurotoxicity. The up-regulation of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in the digestive gland and vitellogenin-like protein level in gonads were also found in radiation-exposed groups indicating feminization of males and disturbances of xenobiotic metabolism. The RA-group showed the greatest magnitude of radiation-induced stress responses compared to the other two groups. Overall, unionid mollusks, particularly those from a chronically polluted agricultural site, were highly sensitive to low-dose radiation (2mGy) indicating limitations of stress protection mechanisms to deal with multiple stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Falfushynska
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, 2, Kryvonosa Str, Ternopil 46027, Ukraine; Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; Department of General Chemistry, I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, 1, Maidan Voli, Ternopil 46001, Ukraine
| | - L Gnatyshyna
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, 2, Kryvonosa Str, Ternopil 46027, Ukraine; Department of General Chemistry, I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, 1, Maidan Voli, Ternopil 46001, Ukraine
| | - I Yurchak
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, 2, Kryvonosa Str, Ternopil 46027, Ukraine
| | - O Stoliar
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, 2, Kryvonosa Str, Ternopil 46027, Ukraine
| | - I M Sokolova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Banerjee S, Aykin-Burns N, Krager KJ, Shah SK, Melnyk SB, Hauer-Jensen M, Pawar SA. Loss of C/EBPδ enhances IR-induced cell death by promoting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:296-307. [PMID: 27554969 PMCID: PMC5673253 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to ionizing radiation (IR) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). This results in increased oxidative stress and DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) which are the two underlying mechanisms by which IR causes cell/tissue injury. Cells that are deficient or impaired in the cellular antioxidant response are susceptible to IR-induced apoptosis. The transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta (Cebpd, C/EBPδ) has been implicated in the regulation of oxidative stress, DNA damage response, genomic stability and inflammation. We previously reported that Cebpd-deficient mice are sensitive to IR and display intestinal and hematopoietic injury, however the underlying mechanism is not known. In this study, we investigated whether an impaired ability to detoxify IR-induced ROS was the underlying cause of the increased radiosensitivity of Cebpd-deficient cells. We found that Cebpd-knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) expressed elevated levels of ROS, both at basal levels and after exposure to gamma radiation which correlated with increased apoptosis, and decreased clonogenic survival. Pre-treatment of wild type (WT) and KO MEFs with polyethylene glycol-conjugated Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) and catalase (PEG-CAT) combination prior to irradiation showed a partial rescue of clonogenic survival, thus demonstrating a role for increased intracellular oxidants in promoting IR-induced cell death. Analysis of mitochondrial bioenergetics revealed that irradiated KO MEFs showed significant reductions in basal, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-linked, maximal respiration and reserved respiratory capacity and decrease in intracellular ATP levels compared to WT MEFs indicating they display mitochondrial dysfunction. KO MEFs expressed significantly lower levels of the cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and its precursor- cysteine as well as methionine. In addition to its antioxidant function, GSH plays an important role in detoxification of lipid peroxidation products such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). The reduced GSH levels observed in KO MEFs correlated with elevated levels of 4-HNE protein adducts in irradiated KO MEFs compared to respective WT MEFs. We further showed that pre-treatment with the GSH precursor, N-acetyl L-cysteine (NAC) prior to irradiation showed a significant reduction of IR-induced cell death and increases in GSH levels, which contributed to the overall increase in clonogenic survival of KO MEFs. In contrast, pre-treatment with the GSH synthesis inhibitor- buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) further reduced the clonogenic survival of irradiated KO MEFs. This study demonstrates a novel role for C/EBPδ in protection from basal as well as IR-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction thus promoting post-radiation survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Banerjee
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Kimberly J Krager
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Sumit K Shah
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Stepan B Melnyk
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States; Surgical Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Snehalata A Pawar
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
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Xu Y, Wu D, Fan Y, Li P, Du H, Shi J, Wang D, Zhou X. Novel recombinant protein FlaA N/C increases tumor radiosensitivity via NF-κB signaling in murine breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2632-2640. [PMID: 27703525 PMCID: PMC5038907 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recombinant protein flagellin A (FlaA) N/C, derived from the flagellin protein of Legionella pneumophila, has been shown to increase the expression of cytoprotective cytokines, activate the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, and increase the survival of mice following total body irradiation. Determi ning whether FlaA N/C has a sensitizing effect on tumor radiation or a direct tumoricidal effect is critical for its application as an effective radiation protection agent. The present study investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the tumor radiosensitivity of FlaA N/C. FlaA N/C was found to increase tumor apoptosis and autophagy, regulate the cell cycle and increase radiosensitivity in 4T1 tumor cells. Furthermore, FlaA N/C was found to promote radiosensitivity by activating NF-κB signaling. Finally, the present study analyzed FlaA N/C-enhanced radiosensitivity in animal models, and FlaA N/C was found to significantly prolong the survival period of mice after total body radiation. This indicates that FlaA N/C might be a novel radiation sensitizer in tumor radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Dongming Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuanchun Fan
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Peigeng Li
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hongfei Du
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Brooks AL, Hoel DG, Preston RJ. The role of dose rate in radiation cancer risk: evaluating the effect of dose rate at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels using key events in critical pathways following exposure to low LET radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:405-26. [PMID: 27266588 PMCID: PMC4975094 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1186301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review evaluates the role of dose rate on cell and molecular responses. It focuses on the influence of dose rate on key events in critical pathways in the development of cancer. This approach is similar to that used by the U.S. EPA and others to evaluate risk from chemicals. It provides a mechanistic method to account for the influence of the dose rate from low-LET radiation, especially in the low-dose region on cancer risk assessment. Molecular, cellular, and tissues changes are observed in many key events and change as a function of dose rate. The magnitude and direction of change can be used to help establish an appropriate dose rate effectiveness factor (DREF). CONCLUSIONS Extensive data on key events suggest that exposure to low dose-rates are less effective in producing changes than high dose rates. Most of these data at the molecular and cellular level support a large (2-30) DREF. In addition, some evidence suggests that doses delivered at a low dose rate decrease damage to levels below that observed in the controls. However, there are some data human and mechanistic data that support a dose-rate effectiveness factor of 1. In summary, a review of the available molecular, cellular and tissue data indicates that not only is dose rate an important variable in understanding radiation risk but it also supports the selection of a DREF greater than one as currently recommended by ICRP ( 2007 ) and BEIR VII (NRC/NAS 2006 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antone L. Brooks
- Retired Professor, Environmental Science, Washington State University,
Richland,
Washington,
USA
| | - David G. Hoel
- Medical University of South Carolina, Epidemiology,
Charleston South Carolina,
USA
| | - R. Julian Preston
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL) (MD B105-01), RTP,
USA
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Yan Y, Li Z, Xu X, Chen C, Wei W, Fan M, Chen X, Li JJ, Wang Y, Huang J. All-trans retinoic acids induce differentiation and sensitize a radioresistant breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:113. [PMID: 27036550 PMCID: PMC4815257 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is of critical importance in the treatment of breast cancer. However, not all patients derive therapeutic benefit and some breast cancers are resistant to the treatment, and are thus evidenced with prospective distant metastatic spread and local recurrence. In this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on radiation-resistant breast cancer cells and the associated invasiveness. Methods The MCF7/C6 cells with gained radiation resistance after a long term treatment with fractionated ionizing radiation were derived from human breast cancer MCF7 cell line, and are enriched with cells expressing putative breast cancer stem cell biomarker CD44+/CD24-/low/ALDH+. The enhanced invasiveness and the acquired resistances to chemotherapeutic treatments of MCF7/C6 cells were measured, and potential effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the induction of differentiation, invasion and migration, and on the sensitivities to chemotherapies in MCF7/C6 cells were investigated. Results MCF7/C6 cells are with enrichment of cancer stem-cell like cells with positive staining of CD44+/CD24-/low, OCT3/4 and NANOG. MCF7/C6 cells showed an increased tumoregensis potential and enhanced aggressiveness of invasion and migration. Treatment with ATRA induces the differentiation in MCF7/C6 cells, resulting in reduced invasiveness and migration, and increased sensitivity to Epirubincin treatment. Conclusion Our study suggests a potential clinic impact for ATRA as a chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of therapy-resistant breast cancer especially for the metastatic lesions. The study also provides a rationale for ATRA as a sensitizer of Epirubincin, a first-line treatment option for breast cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1088-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Böhringer M, Pohlers S, Schulze S, Albrecht-Eckardt D, Piegsa J, Weber M, Martin R, Hünniger K, Linde J, Guthke R, Kurzai O. Candida albicans infection leads to barrier breakdown and a MAPK/NF-κB mediated stress response in the intestinal epithelial cell line C2BBe1. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:889-904. [PMID: 26752615 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) form a tight barrier to the gut lumen. Paracellular permeability of the intestinal barrier is regulated by tight junction proteins and can be modulated by microorganisms and other stimuli. The polymorphic fungus Candida albicans, a frequent commensal of the human mucosa, has the capacity of traversing this barrier and establishing systemic disease within the host. Infection of polarized C2BBe1 IEC with wild-type C. albicans led to a transient increase of transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) before subsequent barrier disruption, accompanied by a strong decline of junctional protein levels and substantial, but considerably delayed cytotoxicity. Time-resolved microarray-based transcriptome analysis of C. albicans challenged IEC revealed a prominent role of NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways in the response to infection. Hence, we inferred a gene regulatory network based on differentially expressed NF-κB and MAPK pathway components and their predicted transcriptional targets. The network model predicted activation of GDF15 by NF-κB was experimentally validated. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-κB activation in C. albicans infected C2BBe1 cells led to enhanced cytotoxicity in the epithelial cells. Taken together our study identifies NF-κB activation as an important protective signalling pathway in the response of epithelial cells to C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Böhringer
- Septomics Research Centre, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Susann Pohlers
- Septomics Research Centre, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sylvie Schulze
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Judith Piegsa
- Septomics Research Centre, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Weber
- Septomics Research Centre, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Martin
- Septomics Research Centre, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hünniger
- Septomics Research Centre, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Linde
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Guthke
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Septomics Research Centre, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
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Therapeutic Implications for Overcoming Radiation Resistance in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26880-913. [PMID: 26569225 PMCID: PMC4661850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR), such as X-rays and gamma (γ)-rays, mediates various forms of cancer cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, mitotic catastrophe, and senescence. Among them, apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe are the main mechanisms of IR action. DNA damage and genomic instability contribute to IR-induced cancer cell death. Although IR therapy may be curative in a number of cancer types, the resistance of cancer cells to radiation remains a major therapeutic problem. In this review, we describe the morphological and molecular aspects of various IR-induced types of cell death. We also discuss cytogenetic variations representative of IR-induced DNA damage and genomic instability. Most importantly, we focus on several pathways and their associated marker proteins responsible for cancer resistance and its therapeutic implications in terms of cancer cell death of various types and characteristics. Finally, we propose radiation-sensitization strategies, such as the modification of fractionation, inflammation, and hypoxia and the combined treatment, that can counteract the resistance of tumors to IR.
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60
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Hellweg CE. The Nuclear Factor κB pathway: A link to the immune system in the radiation response. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:275-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Liu R, Fan M, Candas D, Qin L, Zhang X, Eldridge A, Zou JX, Zhang T, Juma S, Jin C, Li RF, Perks J, Sun LQ, Vaughan ATM, Hai CX, Gius DR, Li JJ. CDK1-Mediated SIRT3 Activation Enhances Mitochondrial Function and Tumor Radioresistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2090-102. [PMID: 26141949 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor adaptive resistance to therapeutic radiation remains a barrier for further improvement of local cancer control. SIRT3, a member of the sirtuin family of NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases in mitochondria, promotes metabolic homeostasis through regulation of mitochondrial protein deacetylation and plays a key role in prevention of cell aging. Here, we demonstrate that SIRT3 expression is induced in an array of radiation-treated human tumor cells and their corresponding xenograft tumors, including colon cancer HCT-116, glioblastoma U87, and breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells. SIRT3 transcriptional activation is due to SIRT3 promoter activation controlled by the stress transcription factor NF-κB. Posttranscriptionally, SIRT3 enzymatic activity is further enhanced via Thr150/Ser159 phosphorylation by cyclin B1-CDK1, which is also induced by radiation and relocated to mitochondria together with SIRT3. Cells expressing Thr150Ala/Ser159Ala-mutant SIRT3 show a reduction in mitochondrial protein lysine deacetylation, Δψm, MnSOD activity, and mitochondrial ATP generation. The clonogenicity of Thr150Ala/Ser159Ala-mutant transfectants is lower and significantly decreased under radiation. Tumors harboring Thr150Ala/Ser159Ala-mutant SIRT3 show inhibited growth and increased sensitivity to in vivo local irradiation. These results demonstrate that enhanced SIRT3 transcription and posttranslational modifications in mitochondria contribute to adaptive radioresistance in tumor cells. CDK1-mediated SIRT3 phosphorylation is a potential effective target to sensitize tumor cells to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Demet Candas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Lili Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Xiaodi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Angela Eldridge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - June X Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Tieqiao Zhang
- Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Shuaib Juma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Cuihong Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Robert F Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Julian Perks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California. NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Andrew T M Vaughan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California. NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Chun-Xu Hai
- Department of Toxicology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - David R Gius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California. NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.
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Melo SC, Santos RX, Melgaço AC, Pereira ACF, Pungartnik C, Brendel M. Altered Phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Heterologous Expression of Basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa SOD2 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12324-44. [PMID: 26039235 PMCID: PMC4490446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous expression of a putative manganese superoxide dismutase gene (SOD2) of the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa complemented the phenotypes of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sod2Δ mutant. Sequence analysis of the cloned M. perniciosa cDNA revealed an open reading frame (ORF) coding for a 176 amino acid polypeptide with the typical metal-binding motifs of a SOD2 gene, named MpSOD2. Phylogenetic comparison with known manganese superoxide dismutases (MnSODs) located the protein of M. perniciosa (MpSod2p) in a clade with the basidiomycete fungi Coprinopsis cinerea and Laccaria bicolor. Haploid wild-type yeast transformants containing a single copy of MpSOD2 showed increased resistance phenotypes against oxidative stress-inducing hydrogen peroxide and paraquat, but had unaltered phenotype against ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation. The same transformants exhibited high sensitivity against treatment with the pro-mutagen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) that requires oxidation to become an active mutagen/carcinogen. Absence of MpSOD2 in the yeast sod2Δ mutant led to DEN hyper-resistance while introduction of a single copy of this gene restored the yeast wild-type phenotype. The haploid yeast wild-type transformant containing two SOD2 gene copies, one from M. perniciosa and one from its own, exhibited DEN super-sensitivity. This transformant also showed enhanced growth at 37 °C on the non-fermentable carbon source lactate, indicating functional expression of MpSod2p. The pro-mutagen dihydroethidium (DHE)-based fluorescence assay monitored basal level of yeast cell oxidative stress. Compared to the wild type, the yeast sod2Δ mutant had a much higher level of intrinsic oxidative stress, which was reduced to wild type (WT) level by introduction of one copy of the MpSOD2 gene. Taken together our data indicates functional expression of MpSod2 protein in the yeast S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sônia C Melo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Regineide X Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Estrada do Bem Querer, km 4, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia CEP 45083-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana C Melgaço
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Alanna C F Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Pungartnik
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Martin Brendel
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
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Chen PM, Cheng YW, Wu TC, Chen CY, Lee H. MnSOD overexpression confers cisplatin resistance in lung adenocarcinoma via the NF-κB/Snail/Bcl-2 pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:127-37. [PMID: 25499851 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) has been shown to be associated with doxorubicin resistance in gastric cancer cells, but the underlying mechanism of MnSOD in drug resistance remains unclear. A recent study indicated that NF-κB activation by MnSOD promoted tumor malignancy in lung adenocarcinoma. Therefore, we hypothesized that MnSOD-mediated NF-κB activation might confer cisplatin resistance in lung adenocarcinoma via the NF-κB/Bcl-2/Snail pathway. Here, the inhibition concentration of cisplatin with 50% cell viability (IC50) was positively correlated with MnSOD expression and its activity in a panel of lung adenocarcinoma cells. The IC50 value was markedly increased and decreased by MnSOD overexpression and knockdown, respectively, in lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, an increase in Bcl-2 by MnSOD-mediated NF-κB activation confers greater cisplatin resistance than cIAP2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, and Snail. MnSOD-mediated cisplatin resistance can be overcome by a Bcl-2 antagonist (ABT-199) or IKKβ inhibitor (curcumin) in cells and xenograft tumors. MnSOD expression was positively correlated with nuclear p65 protein and Bcl-2 mRNA expression in tumors from patients with lung adenocarcinomas. A retrospective study indicated that it was more common for MnSOD-positive, nuclear p65-positive, or high Bcl-2 mRNA tumors to have an unfavorable response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy than their counterparts. Therefore, we suggest that ABT-199 or curcumin may be potentially useful to improve tumor regression and chemotherapeutic response in patients with MnSOD/Bcl-2-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chin Wu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Chen
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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Su B, Shi B, Tang Y, Guo Z, Yu X, He X, Li X, Gao X, Zhou L. HMGN5 knockdown sensitizes prostate cancer cells to ionizing radiation. Prostate 2015; 75:33-44. [PMID: 25307178 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High Mobility Group N (HMGN) proteins are a family of chromatin structural proteins that specifically bind to nucleosome core particles. HMGN5 is a novel and characteristic member of the HMGN protein family. We have previously found that HMGN5 is upregulated in prostate cancer and its downregulation had been demonstrated to induce apoptosis and G2-M cell cycle arrest. METHODS The radiosensitization effect of HMGN5 knockdown on PC3 and DU145 cells was assessed using clonogenic assay, flow cytometry, and comet assay. The DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair kinetics of HMGN5 knockdown and control cells after radiation exposure was evaluated using immunocytofluorescence. The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were estimated using Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) probes. Expression of mitochondrial antioxidant MnSOD was measured by real-time PCR and Western blot. The expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL as well as cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP were also measured using Western blot. RESULTS HMGN5 knockdown cells exhibit decreased clonogenic survival and increased apoptosis rate in response to 2-8 Gy ionizing radiation (IR). Loss of HMGN5 does not affect the DSB repair kinetics after radiation exposure. HMGN5 knockdown cells demonstrated increased mitochondrial ROS level and suppressed induction of MnSOD upon radiation compared with control cells upon radiation. Further, MnSOD knockdown resulted in inhibited cell viability as well as increased mitochondrial ROS level and apoptosis upon radiation in PC3 and DU145 cells. Finally, HMGN5 knockdown cells showed significantly decreased levels of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL as well as increased cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP compared with control cells after radiation. CONCLUSIONS HMGN5 knockdown sensitizes prostate cancer cells to ionizing radiation, and the radiosensitization effect may be partially mediated through suppressed induction of MnSOD and enhanced activation of apoptosis pathway in response to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxing Su
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and the Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
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Jikihara H, Qi G, Nozoe K, Hirokawa M, Sato H, Sugihara Y, Shimamoto F. Aged garlic extract inhibits 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumor development by suppressing cell proliferation. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1131-40. [PMID: 25573280 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic and its constituents are reported to have a preventive effect against colorectal cancer in animal models. Aged garlic extract (AGE), which is produced by natural extraction from fresh garlic for more than 10 months in aqueous ethanol, also has reputed chemopreventive effects on colon carcinogenesis, but has never been studied for its effects on colon cancer development. We investigated the antitumor effects of AGE in rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced carcinogenesis, and the mechanism of AGE in human colon cancer cell proliferation. F344 rats randomly divided into three groups were administered DMH (20 mg/kg weight) subcutaneously once a week for 8 weeks in a basal diet. After the last injection, one group of rats was then moved onto a basal diet containing 3% wt/wt AGE, and rats were sacrificed at 8 or 31 weeks. The number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), histological type of tumor and proliferative activity of the tumor lesions were analyzed by macroscopic, pathological and immunohistochemical methods. DLD-1 human colon cancer cells were utilized to investigate the effect of AGE on anti-cell proliferation. AGE decreased the number of ACF but had no effect on gross tumor pathology. AGE showed a lower number of adenoma and adenocarcinoma lesions by histological analysis. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that AGE suppressed the proliferative activity in adenoma and adenocarcinoma lesions, but showed no effect on normal colon mucosa. Moreover, we demonstrated that AGE delayed cell cycle progression by downregulating cyclin B1 and cdk1 expression via inactivation of NF-κB in the human colorectal cancer cells but did not induce apoptosis. These findings suggest that AGE has an antitumor effect through suppression of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Jikihara
- Program in Biological System Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Guangying Qi
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Human Culture Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Koichiro Nozoe
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Human Culture Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirokawa
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Human Culture Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sato
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Human Culture Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Yuka Sugihara
- Program in Biological System Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Fumio Shimamoto
- Program in Biological System Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
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66
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Castro ML, McConnell MJ, Herst PM. Radiosensitisation by pharmacological ascorbate in glioblastoma multiforme cells, human glial cells, and HUVECs depends on their antioxidant and DNA repair capabilities and is not cancer specific. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 74:200-9. [PMID: 24992837 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that 5 mM ascorbate radiosensitized early passage radioresistant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells derived from one patient tumor. Here we investigate the sensitivity of a panel of cell lines to 5 mM ascorbate and 6 Gy ionizing radiation, made up of three primary human GBM cells, three GBM cell lines, a human glial cell line, and primary human vascular endothelial cells. The response of different cells lines to ascorbate and/or radiation was determined by measuring viability, colony-forming ability, generation and repair of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs), cell cycle progression, antioxidant capacity and generation of reactive oxygen species. Individually, radiation and ascorbate both decreased viability and clonogenicity by inducing DNA damage, but had differential effects on cell cycle progression. Radiation led to G2/M arrest in most cells whereas ascorbate caused accumulation in S phase, which was moderately associated with poor DSB repair. While high dose ascorbate radiosensitized all cell lines in clonogenic assays, the sensitivity to radiation, high dose ascorbate, and combined treatment varied between cell lines. Normal glial cells were similar to GBM cells with respect to free radical scavenging potential and effect of treatment on DNA damage and repair, viability, and clonogenicity. Both GBM cells and normal cells coped equally poorly with oxidative stress caused by radiation and/or high dose ascorbate, dependent primarily on their antioxidant and DSB repair capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leticia Castro
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Patries M Herst
- Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Simerman AA, Perone MJ, Gimeno ML, Dumesic DA, Chazenbalk GD. A mystery unraveled: nontumorigenic pluripotent stem cells in human adult tissues. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:917-29. [PMID: 24745973 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.900538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have emerged as the gold standard of pluripotent stem cells and the class of stem cell with the highest potential for contribution to regenerative and therapeutic application; however, their translational use is often impeded by teratoma formation, commonly associated with pluripotency. We discuss a population of nontumorigenic pluripotent stem cells, termed Multilineage Differentiating Stress Enduring (Muse) cells, which offer an innovative and exciting avenue of exploration for the potential treatment of various human diseases. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the origin of Muse cells, describes in detail their various unique characteristics, and considers future avenues of their application and investigation with respect to what is currently known of adult pluripotent stem cells in scientific literature. We begin by defining cell potency, then discuss both mesenchymal and various reported populations of pluripotent stem cells, and finally delve into Muse cells and the characteristics that set them apart from their contemporaries. EXPERT OPINION Muse cells derived from adipose tissue (Muse-AT) are efficiently, routinely and painlessly isolated from human lipoaspirate material, exhibit tripoblastic differentiation both spontaneously and under media-specific induction, and do not form teratomas. We describe qualities specific to Muse-AT cells and their potential impact on the field of regenerative medicine and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A Simerman
- The University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 10833 Le Conte Ave, Box 951740, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740 , USA +1 310 206 3670 ;
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Sarsour EH, Kalen AL, Goswami PC. Manganese superoxide dismutase regulates a redox cycle within the cell cycle. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1618-27. [PMID: 23590434 PMCID: PMC3942678 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a nuclear-encoded and mitochondria-matrix-localized oxidation-reduction (redox) enzyme that regulates cellular redox homeostasis. Cellular redox processes are known to regulate proliferative and quiescent growth states. Therefore, MnSOD and mitochondria-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to be critical regulators of quiescent cells' entry into the cell cycle and exit from the proliferative cycle back to the quiescent state. RECENT ADVANCES/CRITICAL ISSUES Recent evidence suggests that the intracellular redox environment fluctuates during the cell cycle, shifting toward a more oxidized status during mitosis. MnSOD activity is higher in G0/G1 cells compared with S, G2 and M phases. After cell division, MnSOD activity increases in the G1 phase of the daughter generation. The periodic fluctuation in MnSOD activity during the cell cycle inversely correlates with cellular superoxide levels as well as glucose and oxygen consumption. Based on an inverse correlation between MnSOD activity and glucose consumption during the cell cycle, it is proposed that MnSOD is a central molecular player for the "Warburg effect." FUTURE DIRECTIONS In general, loss of MnSOD activity results in aberrant proliferation. A better understanding of the MnSOD and mitochondrial ROS-dependent cell cycle processes may lead to novel approaches to overcome aberrant proliferation. Since ROS have both deleterious (pathological) and beneficial (physiological) effects, it is proposed that "eustress" should be used when discussing ROS processes that regulate normal physiological functions, while "oxidative stress" should be used to discuss the deleterious effects of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab H Sarsour
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
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Holley AK, Miao L, St Clair DK, St Clair WH. Redox-modulated phenomena and radiation therapy: the central role of superoxide dismutases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1567-89. [PMID: 24094070 PMCID: PMC3942704 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Ionizing radiation is a vital component in the oncologist's arsenal for the treatment of cancer. Approximately 50% of all cancer patients will receive some form of radiation therapy as part of their treatment regimen. DNA is considered the major cellular target of ionizing radiation and can be damaged directly by radiation or indirectly through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed from the radiolysis of water, enzyme-mediated ROS production, and ROS resulting from altered aerobic metabolism. RECENT ADVANCES ROS are produced as a byproduct of oxygen metabolism, and superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the chief scavengers. ROS contribute to the radioresponsiveness of normal and tumor tissues, and SODs modulate the radioresponsiveness of tissues, thus affecting the efficacy of radiotherapy. CRITICAL ISSUES Despite its prevalent use, radiation therapy suffers from certain limitations that diminish its effectiveness, including tumor hypoxia and normal tissue damage. Oxygen is important for the stabilization of radiation-induced DNA damage, and tumor hypoxia dramatically decreases radiation efficacy. Therefore, auxiliary therapies are needed to increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy against tumor tissues while minimizing normal tissue injury. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Because of the importance of ROS in the response of normal and cancer tissues to ionizing radiation, methods that differentially modulate the ROS scavenging ability of cells may prove to be an important method to increase the radiation response in cancer tissues and simultaneously mitigate the damaging effects of ionizing radiation on normal tissues. Altering the expression or activity of SODs may prove valuable in maximizing the overall effectiveness of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Holley
- 1 Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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Candas D, Li JJ. MnSOD in oxidative stress response-potential regulation via mitochondrial protein influx. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1599-617. [PMID: 23581847 PMCID: PMC3942709 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The mitochondrial antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is encoded by genomic DNA and its dismutase function is fully activated in the mitochondria to detoxify free radical O2(•-) generated by mitochondrial respiration. Accumulating evidence shows an extensive communication between the mitochondria and cytoplasm under oxidative stress. Not only is the MnSOD gene upregulated by oxidative stress, but MnSOD activity can be enhanced via the mitochondrial protein influx (MPI). RECENT ADVANCES A cluster of MPI containing cytoplasmic/nuclear proteins, such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and p53 interact with and alter MnSOD activity. These proteins modulate MnSOD superoxide scavenging activity via post-translational modifications in the mitochondria. In addition to well-established pathways in gene expression, recent findings suggest that MnSOD enzymatic activity can also be enhanced by phosphorylation of specific motifs in mitochondria. This review attempts to discuss the pre- and post-translational regulation of MnSOD, and how these modifications alter MnSOD activity, which induces a cell adaptive response to oxidative stress. CRITICAL ISSUES MnSOD is biologically significant to aerobic cells. Its role in protecting the cells against the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species is evident. However, the exact network of MnSOD-associated cellular adaptive reaction to oxidative stress and its post-translational modifications, especially its enzymatic enhancement via phosphorylation, is not yet fully understood. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The broad discussion of the multiple aspects of MnSOD regulation, including gene expression, protein modifications, and enzymatic activity, will shed light onto the unknown mechanisms that govern the prosurvival networks involved in cellular and mitochondrial adaptive response to genotoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Candas
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California
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Kennedy AR. Biological Effects of Space Radiation and Development of Effective Countermeasures. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2014; 1:10-43. [PMID: 25258703 PMCID: PMC4170231 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As part of a program to assess the adverse biological effects expected from astronaut exposure to space radiation, numerous different biological effects relating to astronaut health have been evaluated. There has been major focus recently on the assessment of risks related to exposure to solar particle event (SPE) radiation. The effects related to various types of space radiation exposure that have been evaluated are: gene expression changes (primarily associated with programmed cell death and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling), oxidative stress, gastrointestinal tract bacterial translocation and immune system activation, peripheral hematopoietic cell counts, emesis, blood coagulation, skin, behavior/fatigue (including social exploration, submaximal exercise treadmill and spontaneous locomotor activity), heart functions, alterations in biological endpoints related to astronaut vision problems (lumbar puncture/intracranial pressure, ocular ultrasound and histopathology studies), and survival, as well as long-term effects such as cancer and cataract development. A number of different countermeasures have been identified that can potentially mitigate or prevent the adverse biological effects resulting from exposure to space radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Kennedy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6072
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Alexandrou AT, Li JJ. Cell cycle regulators guide mitochondrial activity in radiation-induced adaptive response. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1463-80. [PMID: 24180340 PMCID: PMC3936506 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE There are accruing concerns on potential genotoxic agents present in the environment including low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) that naturally exists on earth's surface and atmosphere and is frequently used in medical diagnosis and nuclear industry. Although its long-term health risk is being evaluated and remains controversial, LDIR is shown to induce temporary but significant adaptive responses in mammalian cells and animals. The mechanisms guiding the mitochondrial function in LDIR-induced adaptive response represent a unique communication between DNA damage and cellular metabolism. Elucidation of the LDIR-regulated mitochondrial activity may reveal new mechanisms adjusting cellular function to cope with hazardous environmental stress. RECENT ADVANCES Key cell cycle regulators, including Cyclin D1/CDK4 and Cyclin B1/cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) complexes, are actively involved in the regulation of mitochondrial functions via phosphorylation of their mitochondrial targets. Accumulating new evidence supports a concept that the Cyclin B1/CDK1 complex acts as a mediator in the cross talk between radiation-induced DNA damage and mitochondrial functions to coordinate cellular responses to low-level genotoxic stresses. CRITICAL ISSUES The LDIR-mediated mitochondrial activity via Cyclin B1/CDK1 regulation is an irreplaceable network that is able to harmonize vital cellular functions with adjusted mitochondrial metabolism to enhance cellular homeostasis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further investigation of the coordinative mechanism that regulates mitochondrial activities in sublethal stress conditions, including LDIR, will reveal new insights of how cells cope with genotoxic injury and will be vital for future targeted therapeutic interventions that reduce environmental injury and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris T Alexandrou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis , Sacramento, California
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Coleman MC, Olivier AK, Jacobus JA, Mapuskar KA, Mao G, Martin SM, Riley DP, Gius D, Spitz DR. Superoxide mediates acute liver injury in irradiated mice lacking sirtuin 3. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1423-35. [PMID: 23919724 PMCID: PMC3936509 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study determined whether acute radiation-induced liver injury seen in Sirtuin3(-/-) mice after exposure to Cs-137 γ-rays was mediated by superoxide anion (O2(•-)). RESULTS Male wild-type (WT) and SIRT3(-/-) mice were given 2×2 Gy whole-body radiation doses separated by 24 h and livers were harvested 20 h after the second dose. Ex vivo measurements in fresh frozen liver sections demonstrated 50% increases in dihydroethidium oxidation from SIRT3(-/-) animals, relative to WT animals, before irradiation, but this increase was not detected 20 h after radiation exposure. In addition, irradiated livers from SIRT3(-/-) animals showed significant hydropic degeneration, loss of MitoTracker Green FM staining, increased immunohistochemical staining for 3-nitrotyrosine, loss of Ki67 staining, and increased mitochondrial localization of p53. These parameters of radiation-induced injury were significantly attenuated by an intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg of the highly specific superoxide dismutase mimic, GC4401, 30 min before each fraction. INNOVATION Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is believed to regulate mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and antioxidant defenses in response to acute radiation-induced liver injury. This work provides strong evidence for the causal role of O2(•-) in the liver injury process initiated by whole-body irradiation in SIRT3(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis that O2(•-) mediates acute liver injury in SIRT3(-/-) animals exposed to whole-body γ-radiation and suggest that GC4401 could be used as a radio-protective compound in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell C Coleman
- 1 Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
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Miao L, Holley AK, Zhao Y, St Clair WH, St Clair DK. Redox-mediated and ionizing-radiation-induced inflammatory mediators in prostate cancer development and treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1481-500. [PMID: 24093432 PMCID: PMC3936609 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Radiation therapy is widely used for treatment of prostate cancer. Radiation can directly damage biologically important molecules; however, most effects of radiation-mediated cell killing are derived from the generated free radicals that alter cellular redox status. Multiple proinflammatory mediators can also influence redox status in irradiated cells and the surrounding microenvironment, thereby affecting prostate cancer progression and radiotherapy efficiency. RECENT ADVANCES Ionizing radiation (IR)-generated oxidative stress can regulate and be regulated by the production of proinflammatory mediators. Depending on the type and stage of the prostate cancer cells, these proinflammatory mediators may lead to different biological consequences ranging from cell death to development of radioresistance. CRITICAL ISSUES Tumors are heterogeneous and dynamic communication occurs between stromal and prostate cancer cells, and complicated redox-regulated mechanisms exist in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory strategies should be carefully evaluated for each patient at different stages of the disease to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing unintended side effects. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Compared with normal cells, tumor cells are usually under higher oxidative stress and secrete more proinflammatory mediators. Thus, redox status is often less adaptive in tumor cells than in their normal counterparts. This difference can be exploited in a search for new cancer therapeutics and treatment regimes that selectively activate cell death pathways in tumor cells with minimal unintended consequences in terms of chemo- and radio-resistance in tumor cells and toxicity in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Miao
- 1 Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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Vijayalaxmi, Cao Y, Scarfi MR. Adaptive response in mammalian cells exposed to non-ionizing radiofrequency fields: A review and gaps in knowledge. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 760:S1383-5742(14)00004-0. [PMID: 24548818 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive response is a phenomenon in which cells which were pre-exposed to extremely low and non-toxic doses of a genotoxic agent became resistant to the damage induced by subsequent exposure to a higher and toxic dose of the same, similar (in action) or another genotoxic agent. Such response has been well documented in scientific literature in cells exposed in vitro and in vivo to low doses of physical (especially, ionizing radiation) and chemical mutagens. The existence of similar phenomenon in mammalian cells exposed in vitro and in vivo to non-ionizing radiofrequency fields has been reported in several research publications. In in vitro studies, human blood lymphocytes exposed to radiofrequency fields and then treated with a genotoxic mutagen or subjected to ionizing radiation showed significantly decreased genetic damage. Similar studies in tumor cells showed significantly increased viability, decreased apoptosis, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased intracellular free Ca2+ and, increased Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity. In in vivo studies, exposure of rodents to radiofrequency fields and then to lethal/sub-lethal doses of γ-radiation showed survival advantage, significantly decreased damage in hematopoietic tissues, decreased genetic damage in blood leukocytes and bone marrow cells, increased numbers of colony forming units in bone marrow, increased levels of colony stimulating factor and interleukin-3 in the serum and increased expression of genes related to cell cycle. These observations suggested the ability of radiofrequency fields to induce adaptive response and also indicated some potential mechanisms for the induction of such response. Several gaps in knowledge that need to be investigated were discussed.
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Mohanty S, Saha S, Md S Hossain D, Adhikary A, Mukherjee S, Manna A, Chakraborty S, Mazumdar M, Ray P, Das K, Chakraborty J, Sa G, Das T. ROS-PIASγ cross talk channelizes ATM signaling from resistance to apoptosis during chemosensitization of resistant tumors. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1021. [PMID: 24457965 PMCID: PMC4040699 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With the existing knowledge of ATM's role in therapeutic resistance, the present study aimed at identifying the molecular mechanisms that influence ATM to oscillate between chemoresistance and chemosensitivity. We observed that the redox status of tumors functions as a major determinant of ATM-dependent ‘resistance-to-apoptosis' molecular switch. At a low reactive oxygen species (ROS) condition during genotoxic insult, the ATM/sumoylated-IKKγ interaction induced NFκB activation that resisted JNK-mediated apoptosis, whereas increasing cellular ROS restored ATM/JNK apoptotic signaling. A search for the upstream missing link revealed that high ROS induces oxidation and ubiquitin-mediated degradation of PIASγ, thereby disrupting PIASγ-IKKγ cross talk, a pre-requisite for IKKγ sumoylation and subsequent NFκB activation. Interruption in the PIASγ-mediated resistance pathway channels ATM signaling toward ATM/JNK pro-death circuitry. These in vitro results also translated to sensitive and resistant tumor allograft mouse models in which low ROS-induced resistance was over-ruled in PIASγ knockout tumors, while its overexpression inhibited high ROS-dependent apoptotic cues. Cumulatively, our findings identified an unappreciated yet critical combinatorial function of cellular ROS and PIASγ in regulating ATM-mediated chemosensitization of resistant tumors. Thus, therapeutic strategies employing ROS upregulation to inhibit PIASγ during genotoxic therapy may, in future, help to eliminate the problems of NFκB-mediated tumor drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohanty
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - S Saha
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - D Md S Hossain
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - A Adhikary
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - S Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - A Manna
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - S Chakraborty
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - M Mazumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - P Ray
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - K Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - J Chakraborty
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - G Sa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - T Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, India
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Breast cancer adaptive resistance: HER2 and cancer stem cell repopulation in a heterogeneous tumor society. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 140:1-14. [PMID: 23990015 PMCID: PMC3889683 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The lethal effects of cancer are associated with the enhanced tumor aggressiveness in recurrent and metastatic lesions that show resistant phenotype to anti-cancer therapy, a major barrier to improving overall survival of cancer patients. The presence of heterogeneous populations of cancer cells within a specific tumor including the tumor-initiating cells or so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs) has linked the acquired resistance (AR, or adaptive resistance). Herein, we discuss the CSC-mediated tumor repopulation in AR of breast cancer in this review. Methods We emphasize a dynamic feature of gene induction in tumor cells that undergo long-term treatment, and describe a specific HER2-NF-κB-HER2 pro-survival pathway that can be initiated in breast CSCs upon radiation therapy. Results Elucidation of HER2-induced pro-survival networks, specifically the force driving tumor repopulation due to radioresistant CSCs during anticancer therapies, will have a significant impact on the generation of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets to control of recurrent and metastatic breast tumors.
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78
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Xiang L, Xie G, Liu C, Zhou J, Chen J, Yu S, Li J, Pang X, Shi H, Liang H. Knock-down of glutaminase 2 expression decreases glutathione, NADH, and sensitizes cervical cancer to ionizing radiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2996-3005. [PMID: 23954443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate-activated mitochondrial glutaminase (GLS2) is suggested to be linked with elevated glutamine metabolism. It plays an important role in catalyzing the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate. The present study was to investigate the potent effect of GLS2 on radioresistance of cervical carcinoma. GLS2 was examined in 144 cases of human cervical cancer specimens (58 radioresistant specimens, 86 radiosensitive specimens) and 15 adjacent normal cervical specimens with immunohistochemistry. HeLa cells were treated with a cumulative dose of 50Gy X-rays, over 6months, yielding the resistant sub-line HeLaR. The expressions of GLS2 were measured by Western blot. Radioresistance was tested by colony survival assay. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The levels of glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), NAD(+)/NADH ratio and NADP(+)/NADPH ratio were detected by quantization assay kit. Xenografts were used to confirm the effect of GLS2 on radioresistance in vivo. The expressions of GLS2 were significantly enhanced in tumor tissues of radioresistant patients compared with that in radiosensitive patients. In vitro, the radioresistant cell line HeLaR exhibited significantly increased GLS2 levels than its parental cell line HeLa. GLS2 silenced radioresistant cell HeLaR shows substantially enhanced radiosensitivity with lower colony survival and higher apoptosis in response to radiation. In vivo, xenografts with GLS2 silenced HeLaR were more sensitive to radiation. At the molecular level, knock-down of GLS2 increased the intracellular ROS levels of HeLaR exposed to irradiation by decreasing the productions of antioxidant GSH, NADH and NADPH. GLS2 may have an important role in radioresistance in cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Radiation Oncology Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Ganfeng Xie
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Radiation Oncology Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Radiation Oncology Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jianfang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Songtao Yu
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xueli Pang
- Radiation Oncology Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Houjie Liang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Radiation Oncology Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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Jacobus JA, Duda CG, Coleman MC, Martin SM, Mapuskar K, Mao G, Smith BJ, Aykin-Burns N, Guida P, Gius D, Domann FE, Knudson CM, Spitz DR. Low-dose radiation-induced enhancement of thymic lymphomagenesis in Lck-Bax mice is dependent on LET and gender. Radiat Res 2013; 180:156-65. [PMID: 23819597 DOI: 10.1667/rr3293.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction and increased superoxide levels in thymocytes over expressing Bax (Lck-Bax1 and Lck-Bax38&1) contributes to lymphomagenesis after low-dose radiation was tested. Lck-Bax1 single-transgenic and Lck-Bax38&1 double-transgenic mice were exposed to single whole-body doses of 10 or 100 cGy of (137)Cs or iron ions (1,000 MeV/n, 150 keV/μm) or silicon ions (300 MeV/n, 67 keV/μm). A 10 cGy dose of (137)Cs significantly increased the incidence and onset of thymic lymphomas in female Lck-Bax1 mice. In Lck-Bax38&1 mice, a 100 cGy dose of high-LET iron ions caused a significant dose dependent acceleration of lymphomagenesis in both males and females that was not seen with silicon ions. To determine the contribution of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, Lck-Bax38&1 over expressing mice were crossed with knockouts of the mitochondrial protein deacetylase, Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3), which regulates superoxide metabolism. Sirt3(-/-)/Lck-Bax38&1 mice demonstrated significant increases in thymocyte superoxide levels and acceleration of lymphomagenesis (P < 0.001). These results show that lymphomagenesis in Bax over expressing animals is enhanced by radiation exposure in both an LET and gender dependent fashion. These findings support the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction leads to increased superoxide levels and accelerates lymphomagenesis in Lck-Bax transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Jacobus
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Liu Q, Zheng J, Guan M, Fang X, Wang C, Shu C. Protective effect of C70-carboxyfullerene against oxidative-induced stress on postmitotic muscle cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:4328-4333. [PMID: 23618319 DOI: 10.1021/am400535j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Satellite muscle cells play an important role in regeneration of skeletal muscle. However, they are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Herein, we address our efforts on the cytoprotective activities of carboxyfullerenes with different cage size (C60 vs C70) and adduct number on postmitotic muscle cell (C2C12 cell). The correlation of the structural effect on the cytoprotective capability of carboxyfullerenes was evaluated. We find that quadri-malonic acid C70 fullerene (QF70) exhibits higher capability on protecting cells from oxidative-induced stress among these tested carboxyfullerenes. The accumulation of intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) is proposed to play an important role in their diverse antioxidative ability. Moreover, the pretreatment of QF70 could also obviously enhance the viability of myotubes originated from oxidative-stressed C2C12 cells, which facilitates the future application of carboxyfullerenes in tissue engineering and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
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81
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Ahmed KM, Zhang H, Park CC. NF-κB regulates radioresistance mediated by β1-integrin in three-dimensional culture of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3737-48. [PMID: 23576567 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
β1-integrin induction enhances breast cancer cell survival after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR), but the mechanisms of this effect remain unclear. Although NF-κB initiates prosurvival signaling pathways post-IR, the molecular function of NF-κB with other key elements in radioresistance, particularly with respect to extracellular matrix-induced signaling, is not known. We discovered a typical NF-κB-binding site in the β1-integrin promoter region, indicating a possible regulatory role for NF-κB. Using three-dimensional laminin-rich extracellular matrix (3D lrECM) culture, we show that NF-κB is required for β1-integrin transactivation in T4-2 breast cancer cells post-IR. Inhibition of NF-κB reduced clonogenic survival and induced apoptosis and cytostasis in formed tumor colonies. In addition, T4-2 tumors with inhibition of NF-κB activity exhibit decreased growth in athymic mice, which was further reduced by IR with downregulated β1-integrin expression. Direct interactions between β1-integrin and NF-κB p65 were induced in nonmalignant breast epithelial cells, but not in malignant cells, indicating context-specific regulation. As β1-integrin also activates NF-κB, our findings reveal a novel forward feedback pathway that could be targeted to enhance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Mokim Ahmed
- Department of Cancer and DNA Damage Responses, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley
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82
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Menaa C, Li JJ. The role of radiotherapy-resistant stem cells in breast cancer recurrence. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2013; 2:89-92. [PMID: 25598844 DOI: 10.2217/bmt.13.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheikh Menaa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Hasan HR, Mathkor TH, Al-Habal MH. Superoxide dismutase isoenzyme activities in plasma and tissues of Iraqi patients with breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2571-6. [PMID: 22938422 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the first of the most common ten cancers in Iraq. Its etiology is mulifactorial, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation being suggested to play important roles in carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oxidant-antioxidant status in breast cancer patients, by measuring SOD isoenzyme activities (total SOD, CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD and EC-SOD) in plasma and breast tumors, and by estimating thiobarbituric reactive substance (TBRS) in tissue homogenates. General increase in total SOD activity was observed in plasma and tissue samples of breast tumors, greater in the malignant when compared to benign group (p<0.05). Mn- SOD showed a significant decrease in tissue malignant samples (p<0.05), and insignificant decrease in plasma malignant samples compared with control and benign samples. Plasma EC-SOD activity in both patient benign and malignant breast tumors demonstrated 3.5% and 22.8% increase, respectively. However, there was a decrease in tissue EC-SOD activity in malignant breast tumors when compared with benign. A similar tendency was noted for TBRS.We suggested that elevated total SOD might reflect a response to oxidative stress, and then may predict a state of excess reactive oxygen species in the carcinogenesis process. If there is proteolytic removal of the heparin binding domain, EC-SOD will lose its affinity for the extracellular matrix and diffuse out of the tissue. This will result in a decreased EC-SOD activity, thus leading to an increase in the steady-state concentration of O2- in this domain, and increase in EC-SOD activity in extracellular fluid. This might explain the result recorded here concerning the decrease in tissue EC-SOD activity and increase in plasma of breast cancer patients.
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84
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Ansenberger-Fricano K, Ganini DDS, Mao M, Chatterjee S, Dallas S, Mason RP, Stadler K, Santos JH, Bonini MG. The peroxidase activity of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 54:116-24. [PMID: 22982047 PMCID: PMC4155036 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is an integral mitochondrial protein known as a first-line antioxidant defense against superoxide radical anions produced as by-products of the electron transport chain. Recent studies have shaped the idea that by regulating the mitochondrial redox status and H(2)O(2) outflow, MnSOD acts as a fundamental regulator of cellular proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis, thereby assuming roles that extend far beyond its proposed antioxidant functions. Accordingly, allelic variations of MnSOD that have been shown to augment levels of MnSOD in mitochondria result in a 10-fold increase in prostate cancer risk. In addition, epidemiologic studies indicate that reduced glutathione peroxidase activity along with increases in H(2)O(2) further increase cancer risk in the face of MnSOD overexpression. These facts led us to hypothesize that, like its Cu,ZnSOD counterpart, MnSOD may work as a peroxidase, utilizing H(2)O(2) to promote mitochondrial damage, a known cancer risk factor. Here we report that MnSOD indeed possesses peroxidase activity that manifests in mitochondria when the enzyme is overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Ansenberger-Fricano
- Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S. Wolcott Ave., COMRB 3020, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Douglas da Silva Ganini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Mao Mao
- Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S. Wolcott Ave., COMRB 3020, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Shannon Dallas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P. Mason
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Janine H. Santos
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of the UMDNJ, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Marcelo G. Bonini
- Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S. Wolcott Ave., COMRB 3020, Chicago, IL, 60612
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
- To whom correspondence should be sent: Marcelo G. Bonini, Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S. Wolcott Avenue, COMRB 1168, Chicago, IL, 60612, Telephone Number: 312-355-5948,
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85
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Abstract
Alpha-actinins (ACTNs) were originally identified as cytoskeletal proteins which cross-link filamentous actin to establish cytoskeletal architect that protects cells from mechanical stress and controls cell movement. Notably, unlike other ACTNs, alpha-actinin 4 (ACTN4) displays unique characteristics in signaling transduction, nuclear translocation, and gene expression regulation. Initial reports indicated that ACTN4 is part of the breast cancer cell motile apparatus and is highly expressed in the nucleus. These results imply that ACTN4 plays a role in breast cancer tumorigenesis. While several observations in breast cancer and other cancers support this hypothesis, little direct evidence links the tumorigenic phenotype with ACTN4-mediated pathological mechanisms. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that in addition to its role in coordinating cytoskeleton, ACTN4 interacts with signaling mediators, chromatin remodeling factors, and transcription factors including nuclear receptors. Thus, ACTN4 functions as a versatile promoter for breast cancer tumorigenesis and appears to be an ideal drug target for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Sheng Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University-CWRU, The Comprehensive Cancer Center of CWRU, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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86
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Corniola R, Zou Y, Leu D, Fike JR, Huang TT. Paradoxical relationship between Mn superoxide dismutase deficiency and radiation-induced cognitive defects. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49367. [PMID: 23145165 PMCID: PMC3493523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy of the CNS, even at low doses, can lead to deficits in neurocognitive functions. Reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis is usually, but not always, associated with cognitive deficits resulting from radiation therapy. Generation of reactive oxygen species is considered the main cause of radiation-induced tissue injuries, and elevated levels of oxidative stress persist long after the initial cranial irradiation. Consequently, mutant mice with reduced levels of the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme, Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD or Sod2), are expected to be more sensitive to radiation-induced changes in hippocampal neurogenesis and the related functions. In this study, we showed that MnSOD deficiency led to reduced generation of immature neurons in Sod2−/+ mice even though progenitor cell proliferation was not affected. Compared to irradiated Sod2+/+ mice, which showed cognitive defects and reduced differentiation of newborn cells towards the neuronal lineage, irradiated Sod2−/+ mice showed normal hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions and normal differentiation pattern for newborn neurons and astroglia. However, we also observed a disproportional decrease in newborn neurons in irradiated Sod2−/+ following behavioral studies, suggesting that MnSOD deficiency may render newborn neurons more sensitive to stress from behavioral trainings following cranial irradiation. A positive correlation between normal cognitive functions and normal dendritic spine densities in dentate granule cells was observed. The data suggest that maintenance of synaptic connections, via maintenance of dendritic spines, may be important for normal cognitive functions following cranial irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Corniola
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Yani Zou
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - David Leu
- Palo Alto Institute for Research and Education, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Fike
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lu Y, Zhang J, Ma B, Li K, Li X, Bai H, Yang Q, Zhu X, Ben J, Chen Q. Glycine attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in mice. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:649-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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88
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Bøhn SK, Russnes KM, Sakhi AK, Thoresen M, Holden M, Moskaug JØ, Myhrstad MC, Olstad OK, Smeland S, Blomhoff R. Stress associated gene expression in blood cells is related to outcome in radiotherapy treated head and neck cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:426. [PMID: 23009663 PMCID: PMC3517770 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously observed that a radiotherapy-induced biochemical response in plasma was associated with favourable outcome in head and neck squamous carcinoma cancer (HNSCC) patients. The aim of the present study was to compare stress associated blood cell gene expression between two sub-groups of HNSCC patients with different biochemical responses to radiotherapy. Methods Out of 87 patients (histologically verified), 10 biochemical ‘responders’ having a high relative increase in plasma oxidative damage and a concomitant decrease in plasma antioxidants during radiotherapy and 10 ‘poor-responders’ were selected for gene-expression analysis and compared using gene set enrichment analysis. Results There was a significant induction of stress-relevant gene-sets in the responders following radiotherapy compared to the poor-responders. The relevance of the involvement of similar stress associated gene expression for HNSCC cancer and radioresistance was verified using two publicly available data sets of 42 HNSCC cases and 14 controls (GEO GSE6791), and radiation resistant and radiation sensitive HNSCC xenografts (E-GEOD-9716). Conclusions Radiotherapy induces a systemic stress response, as revealed by induction of stress relevant gene expression in blood cells, which is associated to favourable outcome in a cohort of 87 HNSCC patients. Whether these changes in gene expression reflects a systemic effect or are biomarkers of the tumour micro-environmental status needs further study. Trial registration Raw data are available at ArrayExpress under accession number E-MEXP-2460.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv K Bøhn
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
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Mottin E, Caplat C, Latire T, Mottier A, Mahaut ML, Costil K, Barillier D, Lebel JM, Serpentini A. Effect of zinc sacrificial anode degradation on the defence system of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas: chronic and acute exposures. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:1911-1920. [PMID: 22770699 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two types of exposures were performed to assess the effects of zinc released from sacrificial anode degradation: a chronic exposure, in which oysters were exposed to 0.53±0.04 mg Zn L(-1) for 10 weeks, and an acute exposure, where oysters were exposed to 10.2±1.2 mg Zn L(-1) for 1 week. At the end of the acute exposure experiment, 81.8% mortality was recorded. In contrast, no mortality was detected after 10 weeks exposure. Moreover, all of the immune system biomarkers studied, except the number of circulating haemocytes, were stimulated by a moderate level of zinc and inhibited by a high level. Our exposure conditions did not induce SOD or MXR mRNA expression in gills and digestive gland. However, an increase of MT mRNA is observed in these tissues. The results indicate that oysters are sensitive to acute zinc toxicity but are only moderately affected by a mild zinc concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmina Mottin
- UMR 100 IFREMER Physiologie et Ecophysiologie des Mollusques Marins, IFR 146 ICORE - IBFA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Campus 1, Bat M, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
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90
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Brown-Endres L, Schoenfeld D, Tian F, Kim HG, Namba T, Muñoz-Fontela C, Mandinova A, Aaronson SA, Lee SW. Expression of the p53 target CDIP correlates with sensitivity to TNFα-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2373-82. [PMID: 22549949 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
TNFα is a pleiotropic cytokine that signals for both survival and apoptotic cell fates. It is still unclear that the dual role of TNFα can be regulated in cancer cells. We previously described an apoptotic pathway involving p53→CDIP→TNFα that was activated in response to genotoxic stress. This pathway operated in the presence of JNK activation; therefore, we postulated that CDIP itself could sensitize cells to a TNFα apoptotic cell fate, survival, or death. We show that CDIP mediates sensitivity to TNFα-induced apoptosis and that cancer cells with endogenous CDIP expression are inherently sensitive to the growth-suppressive effects of TNFα in vitro and in vivo. Thus, CDIP expression correlates with sensitivity of cancer cells with TNFα, and CDIP seems to be a regulator of the p53-mediated death versus survival response of cells to TNFα. This CDIP-mediated sensitivity to TNFα-induced apoptosis favors pro- over antiapoptotic program in cancer cells, and CDIP may serve as a predictive biomarker for such sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Brown-Endres
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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91
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Kim JS, Yun HS, Um HD, Park JK, Lee KH, Kang CM, Lee SJ, Hwang SG. Identification of inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II as a novel tumor resistance biomarker in human laryngeal cancer HEp-2 cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:1307-18. [PMID: 22895072 PMCID: PMC3493439 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.21788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tumor resistance remains a significant impediment to successful radiotherapy, associated regulatory markers and detailed molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well defined. In this study, we identified inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B) as a novel marker of radioresistance by systematically analyzing Unigene libraries of laryngeal cancer. INPP4B was highly expressed in radioresistant laryngeal cancer cells and was induced by treatment with either radiation or anticancer drugs in various types of cancer cells. Ectopic INPP4B overexpression increased radioresistance and anticancer drug resistance by suppressing apoptosis in HEp-2 cells. Conversely, INPP4B depletion with small interfering RNA resensitized HEp-2 as well as A549 and H1299 cells to radiation- and anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, radiation-induced INPP4B expression was blocked by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). INPP4B depletion significantly attenuated radiation-induced increases in Akt phosphorylation, indicating an association of INPP4B-mediated radioresistance with Akt survival signaling. Taken together, our data suggest that ERK-dependent induction of INPP4B triggers the development of a tumor-resistance phenotype via Akt signaling and identify INPP4B as a potentially important target molecule for resolving the radioresistance of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
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92
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Caputo F, Vegliante R, Ghibelli L. Redox modulation of the DNA damage response. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1292-306. [PMID: 22846600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lesions to DNA trigger the DNA-damage response (DDR), a complex, multi-branched cell-intrinsic process targeted to DNA repair, or elimination of the damaged cells by apoptosis. DDR aims at reducing permanence of mutated cells, decreasing the risk of tumor development: the more stringent the response, the lower the likelihood that sub-lethally damaged, unrepaired cells survive and proliferate. Accordingly, leakage often occurs in tumor cells with compromised DDR, accumulating mutations and accelerating tumor progression. Oxidations mediate DNA damage upon different insults such as UV, X and γ radiation, pollutants, poisons, or endogenous disequilibria, producing different types of lesions that trigger DDR, which can be alleviated by antioxidants. But reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the enzymes involved in their production or scavenging, also participate in DDR signaling, modulating the activity of key enzymes, and regulating the stringency of DDR. Accordingly, antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase play intimate and complex roles in tumor development, exceeding the basal roles of preventing the initial DNA damage. Likewise, it is emerging that dietary antioxidants help controlling tumor onset and progression by preventing DNA damage and by acting on cell cycle checkpoints, opening a novel and promising frontier to anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Caputo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universita' di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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93
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Eken A, Aydin A, Erdem O, Akay C, Sayal A, Somuncu İ. Induced antioxidant activity in hospital staff occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:648-53. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.702295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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94
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Schisandrin B as a hormetic agent for preventing age-related neurodegenerative diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:250825. [PMID: 22666518 PMCID: PMC3359732 DOI: 10.1155/2012/250825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, with the latter preceding the appearance of clinical symptoms. The energy failure resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction further impedes brain function, which demands large amounts of energy. Schisandrin B (Sch B), an active ingredient isolated from Fructus Schisandrae, has been shown to afford generalized tissue protection against oxidative damage in various organs, including the brain, of experimental animals. Recent experimental findings have further demonstrated that Sch B can protect neuronal cells against oxidative challenge, presumably by functioning as a hormetic agent to sustain cellular redox homeostasis and mitoenergetic capacity in neuronal cells. The combined actions of Sch B offer a promising prospect for preventing or possibly delaying the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as enhancing brain health.
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95
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Radical decisions in cancer: redox control of cell growth and death. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:442-74. [PMID: 24213319 PMCID: PMC3712695 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals play a key role in many physiological decisions in cells. Since free radicals are toxic to cellular components, it is known that they cause DNA damage, contribute to DNA instability and mutation and thus favor carcinogenesis. However, nowadays it is assumed that free radicals play a further complex role in cancer. Low levels of free radicals and steady state levels of antioxidant enzymes are responsible for the fine tuning of redox status inside cells. A change in redox state is a way to modify the physiological status of the cell, in fact, a more reduced status is found in resting cells while a more oxidative status is associated with proliferative cells. The mechanisms by which redox status can change the proliferative activity of cancer cells are related to transcriptional and posttranscriptional modifications of proteins that play a critical role in cell cycle control. Since cancer cells show higher levels of free radicals compared with their normal counterparts, it is believed that the anti-oxidative stress mechanism is also increased in cancer cells. In fact, the levels of some of the most important antioxidant enzymes are elevated in advanced status of some types of tumors. Anti-cancer treatment is compromised by survival mechanisms in cancer cells and collateral damage in normal non-pathological tissues. Though some resistance mechanisms have been described, they do not yet explain why treatment of cancer fails in several tumors. Given that some antitumoral treatments are based on the generation of free radicals, we will discuss in this review the possible role of antioxidant enzymes in the survival mechanism in cancer cells and then, its participation in the failure of cancer treatments.
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96
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Herst PM, Broadley KWR, Harper JL, McConnell MJ. Pharmacological concentrations of ascorbate radiosensitize glioblastoma multiforme primary cells by increasing oxidative DNA damage and inhibiting G2/M arrest. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1486-93. [PMID: 22342518 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has a very poor prognosis because of its chemo- and radiation therapy resistance. Here we investigated the ability of pharmacological concentrations of ascorbate to radiosensitize primary cells isolated from six GBM patients, mouse astrocytoma cells, and mouse astrocytes. We measured cell viability by trypan blue exclusion, generation of double-stranded DNA breaks by H2AX phosphorylation using fluorescently labeled antibodies and FACS analysis, apoptosis by annexin V/propidium iodide staining, inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine, and cell cycle progression by propidium iodide staining of permeabilized cells. We showed that 5 mM ascorbate in combination with 6 Gy radiation killed more GBM primary cells by generating significantly more double-stranded breaks than either treatment alone (p<0.05). Combined treatment affected viability and double-stranded break generation in normal astrocytes to a much smaller extent. Radiation, but not 5 mM ascorbate, caused G2/M arrest in GBM cells and ascorbate prevented radiation-induced G2/M arrest in combined treatment. Cell death in response to 5 mM ascorbate or combination treatment was not mediated by apoptosis or autophagy. In conclusion, pharmacological concentrations of ascorbate radiosensitize GBM primary cells to a much greater extent than astrocytes; this large therapeutic ratio may be of clinical significance in radiation-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patries M Herst
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand.
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97
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Kujjo LL, Ronningen R, Ross P, Pereira RJG, Rodriguez R, Beyhan Z, Goissis MD, Baumann T, Kagawa W, Camsari C, Smith GW, Kurumizaka H, Yokoyama S, Cibelli JB, Perez GI. RAD51 plays a crucial role in halting cell death program induced by ionizing radiation in bovine oocytes. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:76. [PMID: 22190703 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.092064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive health of humans and animals exposed to daily irradiants from solar/cosmic particles remains largely understudied. We evaluated the sensitivities of bovine and mouse oocytes to bombardment by krypton-78 (1 Gy) or ultraviolet B (UV-B; 100 microjoules). Mouse oocytes responded to irradiation by undergoing massive activation of caspases, rapid loss of energy without cytochrome-c release, and subsequent necrotic death. In contrast, bovine oocytes became positive for annexin-V, exhibited cytochrome-c release, and displayed mild activation of caspases and downstream DNAses but with the absence of a complete cell death program; therefore, cytoplasmic fragmentation was never observed. However, massive cytoplasmic fragmentation and increased DNA damage were induced experimentally by both inhibiting RAD51 and increasing caspase 3 activity before irradiation. Microinjection of recombinant human RAD51 prior to irradiation markedly decreased both cytoplasmic fragmentation and DNA damage in both bovine and mouse oocytes. RAD51 response to damaged DNA occurred faster in bovine oocytes than in mouse oocytes. Therefore, we conclude that upon exposure to irradiation, bovine oocytes create a physiologically indeterminate state of partial cell death, attributed to rapid induction of DNA repair and low activation of caspases. The persistence of these damaged cells may represent an adaptive mechanism with potential implications for livestock productivity and long-term health risks associated with human activity in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loro L Kujjo
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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98
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Karamouzis MV, Papavassiliou AG. Targeting insulin-like growth factor in breast cancer therapeutics. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 84:8-17. [PMID: 22424863 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway holds crucial role in cell growth, differentiation and proliferation. Aberrant regulation of the IGF system has been attributed to the pathogenesis of breast cancer and has been shown to contribute to various stages of breast carcinogenesis. Therefore, targeting the IGF-related axis represents a promising strategy, mainly aiming to bypass the resistance of currently employed treatment options in breast cancer patients. Nevertheless, major limitations have aroused despite the early stage of clinical development of various IGF-system modulators. The present review highlights the current status and considers the future perspectives of IGF-system targeting in breast cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis V Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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99
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Raafat BM, Saleh A, Shafaa MW, Khedr M, Ghafaar AA. Ginkgo biloba and Angelica archangelica bring back an impartial hepatic apoptotic to anti-apoptotic protein ratio after exposure to technetium 99mTc. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:14-22. [PMID: 22294442 DOI: 10.1177/0748233711433938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to study the effect of ionizing radiation on apoptosis-related protein concentrations as well as the radio-protective role of Ginkgo biloba and Angelica archangelica. The experiments were performed on 68 adult Wistar rats weighing 175 g (±10 g). Animals were subdivided into control group in which the animals received neither the protector nor the isotopes. The second group represents the animals that received 1 mCi of (99m)Tc only. The third group represents the animals that received A. archangelica for 7 days. The fourth group represents the animals that received G. biloba for 7 days. The fifth group represents the animals that received 1 mCi of (99m)Tc once after receiving A. archangelica for 7 days. The sixth group represents the animals that received mCi of (99m)Tc once after receiving G. biloba for 7 days. Radiation was administered as intravenous injection by 1 mCi of (99m)Tc with the legend methoxyisobutylisonitrile for 24 h. The concentration of p53, Bcl2 and malondialdehyde in liver as well as histopathological examination of liver cells were carried out. Results showed that apoptotic to anti-apoptotic protein ratio significantly (p < 0.05) returned to its normal ratio when radioisotopic injection was administered after the protection period for a week by both A. archangelica and G. biloba in a dose based on the animal body weight. Electron microscope photographing supported this finding. CONCLUSION It was concluded that both antioxidants can be used as radio-protective agents in cases of ionizing radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem M Raafat
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Egypt.
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100
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by living organisms as a result of normal cellular metabolism and environmental factors, such as air pollutants or cigarette smoke. ROS are highly reactive molecules and can damage cell structures such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins and alter their functions. The shift in the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of oxidants is termed “oxidative stress.” Regulation of reducing and oxidizing (redox) state is critical for cell viability, activation, proliferation, and organ function. Aerobic organisms have integrated antioxidant systems, which include enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants that are usually effective in blocking harmful effects of ROS. However, in pathological conditions, the antioxidant systems can be overwhelmed. Oxidative stress contributes to many pathological conditions and diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia/perfusion, diabetes, acute respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. In this review, we summarize the cellular oxidant and antioxidant systems and discuss the cellular effects and mechanisms of the oxidative stress.
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