51
|
El Khoury G, Ramia E, Salameh P. Misconceptions and Malpractices Toward Antibiotic Use in Childhood Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Among a Cohort of Lebanese Parents. Eval Health Prof 2017; 41:493-511. [PMID: 28692318 DOI: 10.1177/0163278716686809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging global health threat. Misuse and abuse of antibiotics are of particular concern in the pediatric population. Since management of childhood illnesses depends considerably on parents' perceptions, the objectives of this study were to report parents' perspectives and assess their practices toward antibiotics used for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children. Using a cross-sectional design, anonymous structured questionnaires were completed by 1,037 parents in public and private schools across Lebanon's largest governorate. Descriptive statistics were used to report participants' responses. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors affecting knowledge and malpractice related to antibiotic use. Significant misconceptions and malpractices were identified among parents. For instance, 33.9% of parents considered that antibiotics are helpful in treating common cold among children and 36.2% believed antibiotics expedite the recovery of their child with common cold infection. Moreover, there was a lack of knowledge concerning antibiotic coverage, since 37.9% of the respondents believed that antibiotics treat viral infections and 21.5% were neutral toward this question. Around 20% of the participants believed they can reduce the dose of antibiotics if the child gets better. Significant factors associated with poor knowledge and misuses were parents' lower educational and socioeconomic levels. Despite extensive evidence on the limited role of antibiotics in URTIs, parents in Lebanon continue to misuse them. More concerted efforts are needed to improve parents' knowledge and practices with regard to the rational use of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada El Khoury
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Elsy Ramia
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Patil SB, Paramne A, Harsh S. Antibiotic susceptibility of wound isolates in plastic surgery patients at a tertiary care centre. Indian J Plast Surg 2016; 49:198-205. [PMID: 27833282 PMCID: PMC5052992 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.191324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Wound infection increases the hospital stay and adversely affects the recovery of patients. Culture and sensitivity of wound isolates help in proper diagnosis and management of these patients. Aim: To identify common bacteria causing wound infections and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur from October 2013 to October 2015. Materials and Methods: Pus samples were collected by doctors in ward using Sterile Swab Sticks. Bacterial isolates were identified and cultured, and antibiotic culture sensitivity tests were performed. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test. Results: There were a total of 150 patients with infected wounds. Most common organism isolated was Pseudomonas followed by Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aureus. All of these organisms were resistant to most routine antibiotics. Conclusion: We suggest a multidisciplinary approach to wound management, rational drug use, routine microbiological surveillance of wounds and institution of hospital infection control policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surendra B Patil
- Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amit Paramne
- Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shree Harsh
- Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Larsson M, Odberg Pettersson K, Kashiha J, Ross MW, Agardh A. Stretching the Boundaries: Tanzanian Pharmacy Workers' Views and Experiences of Providing STI Services for Men Who Have Sex with Men. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166019. [PMID: 27812206 PMCID: PMC5094583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the views and experiences of providing assistance and treatment of sexually transmitted infections to same-sex practicing male clients among service providers at pharmacies and drugstores in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Previous research suggests that sexually transmitted infections are an increasing concern for this population. Due to stigma and discrimination, men who have sex with men face limited access to treatment, which might contribute to increased self-medication. However, limited research has been conducted on the role of the pharmaceutical service provider with regards to this population in sub-Saharan Africa. METHOD In January 2016, 16 service providers at private pharmacies and drugstores with previous experience of providing services to this population were purposively selected for open-ended face-to-face interviews. The analysis was guided by the grounded theory approach. RESULTS The process that emerged was labelled "Stretching Boundaries for Pharmaceutical Responsibilities". This reflected informants' perceptions of themselves as being involved in a transition from having limited engagement in the care of same-sex practicing male clients to becoming regular service-providers to this group. Findings further revealed that the emotional commitment they developed for clients through this process led to a transgression of provider-client boundaries, which undermined objective decision-making when clients lacked prescription. Financial interests also emerged as an underlying motivation for providing incomplete or inaccurate drug dosages. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are required to better address incentives related to unregulated sale of drugs. Inter-professional networks between pharmacy and healthcare workers could support the development of targeted treatment for men who have sex with men and other key populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Larsson
- Division of Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Karen Odberg Pettersson
- Division of Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - John Kashiha
- Community Health Education Services & Advocacy (CHESA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Michael W. Ross
- Programme in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anette Agardh
- Division of Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
El-Hawy RM, Ashmawy MI, Kamal MM, Khamis HA, Abo El-Hamed NM, Eladely GI, Abdo MH, Hashem Y, Ramadan M, Hamdy DA. Studying the knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotic misuse among Alexandria population. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2016; 24:349-354. [PMID: 31156970 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To assess knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of antimicrobial self-medication among a convenience sample of population in Alexandria, Egypt. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional study using a self-administrated semi-constructed questionnaire. A convenience sample of 359 participants was studied using appropriate consent. The questionnaire had four sections: demographics, KAP, professional medical knowledge and attitude of children caregivers toward antimicrobial self-medication. The questionnaire was initially constructed in English and then translated into its final Arabic version. The Arabic version was pilot-tested and face-validated. Descriptive and quantitative analysis were performed using SPSS (V.20.0). Results Approximately 64% (231) of the studied population used antibiotics without prescription in the past 12 months. This was significantly correlated with female gender and lack of knowledge. The main reason for self-medication was due to saving time and effort (109, 47%) followed by not preferring doctor visits (89, 39%). More than 60% of cases used amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. The main sources of antibiotics were leftovers from previously prescribed pharmaceuticals and those purchased from community pharmacies. 85 participants were young children caregivers of which 18 (21%) reported administering antibiotics to their children without consulting a physician. Out of 115 who claimed attaining medical background, only 30 (26%) managed to answer section 3 correctly with 23 of them reporting antibiotic self-medication. Conclusion This study showed an increased tendency towards antibiotic self-medication among Alexandrian adults and children that was not significantly decreased in population with medical background. The reasons discussed within the study should be further addressed to decrease such practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Menna M Kamal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hager A Khamis
- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Gehad I Eladely
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mayar H Abdo
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yosra Hashem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ramadan
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Hamdy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Graham K, Sinyangwe C, Nicholas S, King R, Mukupa S, Källander K, Counihan H, Montague M, Tibenderana J, Hamade P. Rational use of antibiotics by community health workers and caregivers for children with suspected pneumonia in Zambia: a cross-sectional mixed methods study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:897. [PMID: 27567604 PMCID: PMC5002323 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance is an issue of growing global concern. One key strategy to minimise further development of resistance is the rational use of antibiotics, by providers and patients alike. Through integrated community case management (iCCM), children diagnosed with suspected pneumonia are treated with antibiotics; one component of an essential package to reduce child mortality and increase access to health care for remote populations. Through the use of clinical algorithms, supportive supervision and training, iCCM also offers the opportunity to improve the rational use of antibiotics and limit the spread of resistance in resource-poor contexts. This study provides evidence on antibiotic use by community health workers (CHWs) and caregivers to inform iCCM programmes, safeguarding current treatments whilst maximising access to care. METHODS 1497 CHW consultations were directly observed by non-clinical researchers, with measurement of respiratory rate by CHWs recorded by video. Videos were used to conduct a retrospective reference standard assessment of respiratory rate by experts. Fifty-five caregivers whose children were prescribed a 5-day course of antibiotics for suspected pneumonia were followed up on day six to assess adherence through structured interviews and pill counts. Six focus group discussions and nine in depth interviews were conducted with CHWs and caregivers to supplement quantitative findings. RESULTS The findings indicate that CHWs adhered to treatment guidelines for 92 % of children seen, prescribing treatment corresponding to their assessment. However, only 65 % of antibiotics prescribed were given for children with experts' confirmed fast breathing pneumonia. Qualitative data indicates that CHWs have a good understanding of pneumonia diagnosis, and although caregivers sometimes applied pressure to receive drugs, CHWs stated that treatment decisions were not influenced. 46 % of caregivers were fully adherent and gave their child the full 5-day course of dispersible amoxicillin. If caregivers who gave treatment for 3 to 5 days were considered, adherence increased to 76 %. CONCLUSIONS CHWs are capable of prescribing treatment corresponding to their assessment of respiratory rate. However, rational use of antibiotics could be strengthened through improved respiratory rate assessment, and better diagnostic tools. Furthermore, a shorter course of dispersible amoxicillin could potentially improve caregiver adherence, reducing risk of resistance and cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie Graham
- Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, EC2A 4LT UK
| | | | - Sarala Nicholas
- Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, EC2A 4LT UK
| | - Rebecca King
- Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Karin Källander
- Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, EC2A 4LT UK
| | - Helen Counihan
- Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, EC2A 4LT UK
| | | | | | - Prudence Hamade
- Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, EC2A 4LT UK
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Close RM, Pearson C, Cohn J. Vaccine-preventable disease and the under-utilization of immunizations in complex humanitarian emergencies. Vaccine 2016; 34:4649-4655. [PMID: 27527818 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Complex humanitarian emergencies affect 40-60 million people annually and are a growing public health concern worldwide. Despite efforts to provide medical and public health services to populations affected by complex emergencies, significant morbidity and mortality persist. Measles is a major communicable disease threat, but through vaccination of broader target age groups beyond the traditional immunization schedule, measles-related mortality has been significantly reduced during crises. Yet, a limited number of vaccine-preventable diseases continue to contribute disproportionately to morbidity and mortality in complex emergencies. The literature suggests that Streptococcus pneumoniae, Rotavirus, and Haemophilus influenzae type-b should be key targets for vaccination programs. Because of the significant contribution of these three pathogens to complex humanitarian emergencies in low and middle-income countries regardless of disaster type, geography, or population, their vaccines should be considered essential components of the standard emergency response effort. We discuss the barriers to vaccine distribution and provide evidence for strategies to improve distribution, including expanded target age-range and reduced dose schedules. Our review includes specific recommendations for the expanded use of these three vaccines in complex emergencies in low and middle-income countries as a way to guide future policy discussions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Close
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Catherine Pearson
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jennifer Cohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
|
58
|
DeAntonio R, Yarzabal JP, Cruz JP, Schmidt JE, Kleijnen J. Epidemiology of otitis media in children from developing countries: A systematic review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 85:65-74. [PMID: 27240499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review examined the epidemiology of otitis media (OM) in children <6 years within 90 developing and newly industrialised countries. METHODS Literature searches (1992-2011), based on MEDLINE, EMBASE, WHO, Index Medicus, country-specific websites, conferences, and the reference lists of included studies, yielded 11,413 records; 59 of 344 studies analysed were included in this review. RESULTS The majority of the identified studies provided only a single timepoint for OM. In children <6 years of age, OM prevalence was found to be 9.2% in Nigeria, 10% in Egypt, 6.7% in China, 9.2% in India, 9.1% in Iran and 5.1-7.8% in Russia. Few studies examined the etiology of OM and the antibacterial resistance. The most common bacterial pathogens were S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and S. aureus. A high resistance to penicillin was reported in Nigeria and Turkey. CONCLUSIONS Despite the variability between the identified studies, this review indicates that OM and its various sub-types remain a significant burden in different settings. However, the heterogeneity of studies and a general lack of reliable data made generalisation very difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jos Kleijnen
- School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, York, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Hasan B, Laurell K, Rakib MM, Ahlstedt E, Hernandez J, Caceres M, Järhult JD. Fecal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Healthy Humans, Poultry, and Wild Birds in León, Nicaragua-A Shared Pool of bla CTX-M Genes and Possible Interspecies Clonal Spread of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases-Producing Escherichia coli. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 22:682-687. [PMID: 27007258 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a major concern in the healthcare of today, especially the increasing number of gram-negative bacteria producing β-lactamases such as extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). However, little is known about the relationship of ESBL producers in humans and domestic and wild birds, especially in a low-income setting. Therefore, we studied the fecal carriage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in healthy humans, poultry, and wild birds in the vicinity of León, Nicaragua. Three hundred fecal samples were collected during December 2012 from humans (n = 100), poultry (n = 100) and wild birds (n = 100). The samples were examined for ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae, revealing the prevalence of 27% in humans, 13% in poultry, and 8% in wild birds. Further characterization of the ESBL-producing isolates was performed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (NDM, CTX-M), epidemiological typing (ERIC2-PCR), multilocus sequence typing, and sequencing. ESBL producers harbored blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-22, and blaCTX-M-3 genotypes. The blaCTX-M-15 constituted the absolute majority of ESBL genes among all samples. ERIC-PCR demonstrated highly related E. coli clones among humans, poultry, and wild birds. Clinically relevant E. coli clone ST648 was found in humans and poultry. There is a shared pool of blaCTX-M genes between humans and domesticated and wild birds in Nicaragua, and the results suggest shared clones of ESBL-producing E. coli. The study adds to the notion that wild birds and poultry can pick up antibiotic-resistant bacteria of human origin and function as a melting pot of resistance. Structured surveillance programs of antimicrobial resistance and a more regulated prescription of antibiotics are warranted in Nicaragua.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badrul Hasan
- 1 Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden .,2 Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Laurell
- 1 Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mufti Mahmud Rakib
- 1 Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ahlstedt
- 1 Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jorge Hernandez
- 1 Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden .,3 School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University , Kalmar, Sweden .,4 Kalmar County Hospital , Clinic of Microbiology, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mercedes Caceres
- 5 Department of Microbiology, Medical Science Faculty, National Autonomous University of León (UNAN-León) , León, Nicaragua
| | - Josef D Järhult
- 1 Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden .,2 Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Gebretekle GB, Serbessa MK. Exploration of over the counter sales of antibiotics in community pharmacies of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: pharmacy professionals' perspective. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2016; 5:2. [PMID: 26835006 PMCID: PMC4734870 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-016-0101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the counter sale of antibiotics is a global problem and it is increasingly recognized as a source of antibiotic misuse and is believed to increase treatment costs, adverse effects of treatment and emergence of resistance. The increasing trend of over the counter sale of antibiotics in Ethiopia calls for exploration of why such dispensing is practiced. This study aims to explore reasons for over the counter sale of antibiotics in the community pharmacies of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted in five randomly selected community pharmacies of Addis Ababa. One pharmacy professional from each pharmacy were interviewed at the spot using semi-structured, open-ended interview checklist. Besides, observation of professionals' dispensing practice was made for at least one hour in the same community pharmacies using an observation checklist. Findings were categorized into specific themes that were developed following the objectives. This was facilitated by use of OpenCode 3.6 software. RESULTS All participants pointed out that antibiotics were frequently dispensed without prescription and contend that the trend of such dispensing has been increasing. The findings indicated that the nonprescription sales of antibiotics were common for Amoxicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole. The poor, less educated and younger groups of the population were reported to frequently request antibiotics without prescription. The main reasons for nonprescription sale of antibiotics by pharmacy professionals were found to be related to pharmacy owner's influence to maximize revenue, customer's pressure, weak regulatory mechanism and professional conflicts of interest. CONCLUSION The study shows that nonprescription sale of antibiotics was common practice at least in Addis Ababa. The main reasons for this malpractice were the need to maximize revenue and weak regulatory mechanism. Hence, strong regulatory enforcement and community awareness campaign is called for to limit nonprescription sale of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirgissa Kaba Serbessa
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P .O. Box: 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Lubell Y, Blacksell SD, Dunachie S, Tanganuchitcharnchai A, Althaus T, Watthanaworawit W, Paris DH, Mayxay M, Peto TJ, Dondorp AM, White NJ, Day NPJ, Nosten F, Newton PN, Turner P. Performance of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin to distinguish viral from bacterial and malarial causes of fever in Southeast Asia. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:511. [PMID: 26558692 PMCID: PMC4642613 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor targeting of antimicrobial drugs contributes to the millions of deaths each year from malaria, pneumonia, and other tropical infectious diseases. While malaria rapid diagnostic tests have improved use of antimalarial drugs, there are no similar tests to guide the use of antibiotics in undifferentiated fevers. In this study we estimate the diagnostic accuracy of two well established biomarkers of bacterial infection, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in discriminating between common viral and bacterial infections in malaria endemic settings of Southeast Asia. METHODS Serum procalcitonin and CRP levels were measured in stored serum samples from febrile patients enrolled in three prospective studies conducted in Cambodia, Laos and, Thailand. Of the 1372 patients with a microbiologically confirmed diagnosis, 1105 had a single viral, bacterial or malarial infection. Procalcitonin and CRP levels were compared amongst these aetiological groups and their sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing bacterial infections and bacteraemias from viral infections were estimated using standard thresholds. RESULTS Serum concentrations of both biomarkers were significantly higher in bacterial infections and malaria than in viral infections. The AUROC for CRP in discriminating between bacterial and viral infections was 0.83 (0.81-0.86) compared with 0.74 (0.71-0.77) for procalcitonin (p < 0.0001). This relative advantage was evident in all sites and when stratifying patients by age and admission status. For CRP at a threshold of 10 mg/L, the sensitivity of detecting bacterial infections was 95% with a specificity of 49%. At a threshold of 20 mg/L sensitivity was 86% with a specificity of 67%. For procalcitonin at a low threshold of 0.1 ng/mL the sensitivity was 90% with a specificity of 39%. At a higher threshold of 0.5 ng/ul sensitivity was 60% with a specificity of 76%. CONCLUSION In samples from febrile patients with mono-infections from rural settings in Southeast Asia, CRP was a highly sensitive and moderately specific biomarker for discriminating between viral and bacterial infections. Use of a CRP rapid test in peripheral health settings could potentially be a simple and affordable measure to better identify patients in need of antibacterial treatment and part of a global strategy to combat the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoel Lubell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ampai Tanganuchitcharnchai
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Thomas Althaus
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Wanitda Watthanaworawit
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand.
| | - Daniel H Paris
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos. .,Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos.
| | - Thomas J Peto
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - François Nosten
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand.
| | - Paul N Newton
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos.
| | - Paul Turner
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Kumar RV, Bhasker S. Health-care related supportive-care factors may be responsible for poorer survival of cancer patients in developing countries. J Cancer Policy 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
63
|
Titilawo Y, Sibanda T, Obi L, Okoh A. Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of faecal contamination of water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:10969-10980. [PMID: 25779106 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the antibiogram profile of Escherichia coli (n = 300) isolated from selected rivers in Osun State, Nigeria. The identities of the E. coli isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Susceptibility of the isolates to 20 antibiotics conventionally used in clinical cases was assessed in vitro by the standardized agar disc-diffusion method. All the isolates were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, amikacin and gatilofloxacin. The isolates were variously susceptible to the other antibiotics as follows: ciprofloxacin (96 %), kanamycin (95 %), neomycin (92 %), streptomycin (84 %), chloramphenicol (73 %), nalidixic acid (66 %), nitrofurantoin (64 %), gentamycin (63 %), doxycycline (58 %), cefepime (57 %), tetracycline (49 %) and cephalothin (42 %). The multiple antibiotic resistance indexing ranged from 0.50 to 0.80 for all the sampling locations and exceeded the threshold value of 0.2, suggesting the origin of the isolates to be of high antimicrobial usage. Our findings signify an increase in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli towards conventionally used antibiotics necessitating proper surveillance programmes towards the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance determinants in water bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinka Titilawo
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Martínez-Puchol S, Gomes C, Pons MJ, Ruiz-Roldán L, Torrents de la Peña A, Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J. Development and analysis of furazolidone-resistant Escherichia coli mutants. APMIS 2015; 123:676-81. [PMID: 26011027 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Furazolidone-resistant mutants were obtained from four clinical isolates of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. The stability of the resistance and the frequency of mutation were established. The minimal inhibitory concentration of furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline was established both in the presence and absence of the efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-β-Naphtylamyde. The presence of mutations in the nitroreductase genes nfsA and nfsB was analysed by PCR; sequencing and their enzymatic activity was assessed by a spectrophotometric assay. Alterations in outer membrane proteins were studied by SDS-PAGE. The frequency of mutation ranged from <9.6 × 10(-10) to 9.59 × 10(-7) . Neither an effect on efflux pumps inhibited by Phe-Arg-β-Naphtylamyde nor cross-resistance with the antibiotics studied was observed. Nineteen mutants (52.94%) presented mutations in the nitroreductase-encoding genes: 17 in the nfsA gene (15 mutants with an internal stop codon, 2 with amino acid changes), 2 in the nfsB (all amino acid changes). Alterations in the outer membrane proteins OmpA and OmpW were also observed. Although more studies are necessary to find other resistance mechanisms, present data showed the low potential of selecting furazolidone-resistant mutants, together with the lack of cross-resistance with unrelated antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martínez-Puchol
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cláudia Gomes
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Pons
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruiz-Roldán
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Torrents de la Peña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Theresa J Ochoa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Olonitola OS, Fahrenfeld N, Pruden A. Antibiotic resistance profiles among mesophilic aerobic bacteria in Nigerian chicken litter and associated antibiotic resistance genes. Poult Sci 2015; 94:867-74. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
66
|
Ciprofloxacin release using natural rubber latex membranes as carrier. Int J Biomater 2014; 2014:157952. [PMID: 25587278 PMCID: PMC4283226 DOI: 10.1155/2014/157952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber latex (NRL) from Hevea brasiliensis is easily manipulated, low cost, is of can stimulate natural angiogenesis and cellular adhesion, is a biocompatible, material and presents high mechanical resistance. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a synthetic antibiotic (fluoroquinolone) used in the treatment of infection at external fixation screws sites and remote infections, and this use is increasingly frequent in medical practice. The aim of this study was to develop a novel sustained delivery system for CIP based on NRL membranes and to study its delivery system behavior. CIP was found to be adsorbed on the NRL membrane, according to results of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results show that the membrane can release CIP for up to 59.08% in 312 hours and the mechanism is due to super case II (non-Fickian). The kinetics of the drug release could be fitted with double exponential function X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows some interaction by hydrogen bound, which influences its mechanical behavior.
Collapse
|
67
|
Odhiambo F, Galgalo T, Wences A, Muchemi OM, Kanyina EW, Tonui JC, Amwayi S, Boru W. Antimicrobial resistance: capacity and practices among clinical laboratories in Kenya, 2013. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 19:332. [PMID: 25918572 PMCID: PMC4405071 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.19.332.5159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance is neglected in developing countries; associated with limited surveillance and unregulated use of antimicrobials. Consequently, delayed patient recoveries, deaths and further antimicrobial resistance occur. Recent gastroenteritis outbreak at a children's home associated with multidrug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella spp, raised concerns about the magnitude of the problem in Kenya, prompting antimicrobial resistance assessment preceding surveillance system establishment. Methods Eight public medical laboratories were conveniently selected. Questionnaires were administered to key informants to evaluate capacity, practice and utilization of antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Retrospective review of laboratory records determined antimicrobial resistance to isolates. Antimicrobial resistance was defined as resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial agent to which it was previously sensitive and multidrug resistance as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. Results The laboratories comprised; 2(25%) national, 4(50%) sub-national and 2(25%) district. Overall, antimicrobial susceptibility testing capacity was inadequate in all. Seven (88%) had basic capacity for stool cultures, 3(38%) had capacity for blood culture. Resistance to enteric organisms was observed with the following and other commonly prescribed antimicrobials, ampicillin: 40(91%) Salmonella spp isolates; Tetracycline: 16(84%) Shigella flexineri isolates; cotrimoxazole: 20(100%) Shigella spp isolates, 24(91%) Salmonella spp isolates. Comparable patterns of multidrug resistance were evident with Shigella flexineri and Salmonella typhimurium. Ten (100%) clinicians reported not using laboratory results for patient management, for various reasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tura Galgalo
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Kenya
| | - Arvelo Wences
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Samwel Amwayi
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Kenya
| | - Waqo Boru
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Kandeel A, El-Shoubary W, Hicks LA, Fattah MA, Dooling KL, Lohiniva AL, Ragab O, Galal R, Talaat M. Patient Attitudes and Beliefs and Provider Practices Regarding Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Minya, Egypt. Antibiotics (Basel) 2014; 3:632-44. [PMID: 27025759 PMCID: PMC4790377 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inappropriate use of antibiotics in the community is one of the major causes of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to explore the physician prescribing pattern of antibiotics for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of patients regarding antibiotic use for ARIs. The study was conducted in Upper Egypt and used quantitative and qualitative research techniques. Eligible patients exiting outpatient clinics with ARIs were invited to participate in the study. A qualitative study was conducted through 20 focus group discussions. Out of 350 encounters for patients with various ARIs, 292 (83%) had been prescribed at least one antibiotic. Factors significantly associated with antibiotic prescribing for adults included patient preference that an antibiotic be prescribed. For children younger than 18, presentation with fever, cough, loss of appetite, and sore throat, along with the caregiver’s antibiotic preference, were associated with an antibiotic prescription. Several misconceptions regarding antibiotic use among community members were stated, such as the strong belief of the curing and prophylactic power of antibiotics for the common cold. Interventions to promote proper antibiotic use for ARIs need to be piloted, targeting both physicians and the public. Educational programs for physicians and campaigns to raise public awareness regarding proper antibiotic use for ARIs need to be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr Kandeel
- Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo 11516, Egypt.
| | | | - Lauri A Hicks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Omnia Ragab
- Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo 11516, Egypt.
| | - Ramy Galal
- Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo 11516, Egypt.
| | - Maha Talaat
- Naval Medical Research Unit, No.3, Cairo 11517, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Keown OP, Warburton W, Davies SC, Darzi A. Antimicrobial Resistance: Addressing The Global Threat Through Greater Awareness And Transformative Action. Health Aff (Millwood) 2014; 33:1620-6. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P. Keown
- Oliver P. Keown ( ) is a clinical adviser and policy fellow at the Centre for Health Policy, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, in the United Kingdom
| | - Will Warburton
- Will Warburton is forum director, World Innovation Summit for Health, Qatar Foundation, and a senior policy fellow at the Centre for Health Policy, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London
| | - Sally C. Davies
- Sally C. Davies is chair of the Forum on Antimicrobial Resistance at the World Innovation Summit for Health, Qatar Foundation, and chief medical officer for England and chief medical adviser and chief scientific adviser for the Department of Health, in London
| | - Ara Darzi
- Ara Darzi is executive chair of the World Innovation Summit for Health, Qatar Foundation, and director of the Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Epidemiology of pathogenic enterobacteria in humans, livestock, and peridomestic rodents in rural Madagascar. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101456. [PMID: 24983990 PMCID: PMC4077799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the families of enteric bacteria are globally important diarrheal agents. Despite their potential for zoonotic and environmental transmission, few studies have examined the epidemiology of these pathogens in rural systems characterized by extensive overlap among humans, domesticated and peridomestic animals. We investigated patterns of infection with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella enterica, Vibrio cholerae, and Yersinia spp. (enterocolitica, and pseudotuberculosis) in Southeastern Madagascar where the potential for the aforementioned interactions is high. In this pilot project we conducted surveys to examine behaviors potentially associated with risk of infection and if infection with specific enterobacteria species was associated with diarrheal disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS PCR was conducted on DNA from human, livestock, and rodent fecal samples from three villages. Overall, human prevalence was highest (77%), followed by rodents (51%) and livestock (18%). Rodents were ∼2.8 times more likely than livestock to carry one of the bacteria. The incidence of individual species varied between villages, with the observation that, E. coli and Shigella spp. were consistently associated with co-infections. As an aggregate, there was a significant risk of infection linked to a water source in one village. Individually, different pathogens were associated with certain behaviors, including: those who had used medication, experienced diarrhea in the past four weeks, or do not use toilets. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Different bacteria were associated with an elevated risk of infection for various human activities or characteristics. Certain bacteria may also predispose people to co-infections. These data suggest that a high potential for transmission among these groups, either directly or via contaminated water sources. As these bacteria were most prevalent in humans, it is possible that they are maintained in humans and that transmission to other species is infrequent. Further studies are needed to understand bacterial persistence, transmission dynamics, and associated consequences in this and similar systems.
Collapse
|
71
|
Eleje GU, Adinma JI, Ghasi S, Ikechebelu JI, Igwegbe AO, Okonkwo JE, Okafor CI, Ezeama CO, Ezebialu IU, Ogbuagu CN. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of genital tract bacteria in pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes in a resource-limited setting. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 127:10-4. [PMID: 24994495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify microbes prevalent in the genital tract of pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and to assess the susceptibility of the microbial isolates to a range of antibiotics to determine appropriate antibiotics for treating cases of PPROM in resource-limited settings. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional study was undertaken involving women with (n=105) and without (n=105) a confirmed diagnosis of PPROM admitted to Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, southeast Nigeria, between January 1, 2011, and April 30, 2013. Endocervical swabs were collected from all participants and examined microbiologically. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion. RESULTS Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were significantly more prevalent among women with PPROM than among those without PPROM (P<0.01). Among the antibiotics considered safe to use during pregnancy, the bacteria were most sensitive to ampicillin-sulbactam, cefixime, cefuroxime, and erythromycin. CONCLUSION For the first 48hours, women with PPROM should receive an intravenous dose combining ampicillin-sulbactam, cefixime, cefuroxime, or erythromycin with metronidazole followed by oral administration of the chosen antibiotic combination to complete a 7-day course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George U Eleje
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria.
| | - Joseph I Adinma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Ghasi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Joseph I Ikechebelu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Anthony O Igwegbe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - John E Okonkwo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Charles I Okafor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Chukwuemeka O Ezeama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Ifeanyichukwu U Ezebialu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anambra State University Teaching Hospital, Awka, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Emeka PM, Al-Omar M, Khan TM. Public attitude and justification to purchase antibiotics in the Eastern region Al Ahsa of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2014; 22:550-4. [PMID: 25561868 PMCID: PMC4281610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of non-prescription antibiotics can portend danger and predispose the populace to changes in bacterial resistance pattern. The aims of this study were to (a) evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of residents of Al-Ahsa community, Saudi Arabia on the use of non-prescribed antibiotics. (b) To identify possible predictors (if any) for self-medication within the community. A cross-sectional survey study, using self-administered questionnaire was conducted in two sections; demographics and self-medication attitude (in form of self-antibiotic use). Questions contained the following outcomes; for demographics; gender, age, education level and common disease within the community. Whereas the second part evaluated sources of information, knowledge of antibiotics, frequency/duration of use, underlined illness in which drug use was employed, names of antibiotics used and awareness of adverse effects of antibiotics. Results revealed that the adult population in the 18–40 year age range constituted about 82.5% of the respondents. Also 18–29 age group made of 60.5% of the respondents and that 56.8% the respondents are university graduates. Cold (18.8%) and sore throat (13.0%) were the diseases commonly found among the community that drove them to using non-prescribed antibiotics. About 337 (72.8%) of the respondent mention the use of antibiotics to treat the illness, and 21 (4.5%) were aiming to prevent the illness. While, 19.4% of the respondents admitted to taking non-prescribed antibiotics for both prevention and treatment of illness. 43.6% of the respondents disclosed that they are not aware of the dangers of using non-prescribed antibiotics. In conclusion the use of non-prescribed antibiotics in this community is evident, as a significant number use them from previous experience for prevention and treatment of illness. Therefore introduction of rational use of drugs will help in limiting the attendant development of bacterial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Promise M Emeka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mokhtar Al-Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahir M Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Mshana SE, Matee M, Rweyemamu M. Antimicrobial resistance in human and animal pathogens in Zambia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique and Tanzania: an urgent need of a sustainable surveillance system. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2013; 12:28. [PMID: 24119299 PMCID: PMC3852305 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-12-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the published and unpublished literature on bacterial resistance in human and animals was performed. Sixty-eight articles/reports from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia were reviewed. The majority of these articles were from Tanzania. There is an increasing trend in the incidence of antibiotic resistance; of major concern is the increase in multidrug- resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera, non-typhoid Salmonella and other pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections. The increase in methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers in the countries under review confirms the spread of these clones worldwide. Clinical microbiology services in these countries need to be strengthened in order to allow a coordinated surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and provide data for local treatment guidelines and for national policies to control antimicrobial resistance. While the present study does not provide conclusive evidence to associate the increasing trend in antibiotic resistance in humans with the use of antibiotics in animals, either as feed additives or veterinary prescription, we strongly recommend a one-health approach of systematic surveillance across the public and animal health sectors, as well as the adherence to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)-OIE (World Organization of animal Health) –WHO(World Health Organization) recommendations for non-human antimicrobial usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Mshana
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology Weill Bugando School of Medicine, CUHAS-Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Ecker L, Ochoa TJ, Vargas M, Del Valle LJ, Ruiz J. Factors affecting caregivers' use of antibiotics available without a prescription in Peru. Pediatrics 2013; 131:e1771-9. [PMID: 23690517 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine factors that affect caregivers' decisions about antibiotic use in children in settings where antibiotics are available without prescription. METHODS In a house-to-house survey, 1200 caregivers in 3 periurban districts of Lima, Peru, were asked about antibiotic use in young children. RESULTS In this sample, 87.2% of children aged <5 years had received an antibiotic drug in their lives; 70.3% had received antibiotics before 1 year of age, and 98.8% of those had been prescribed by a physician. Given hypothetical cases of common cold and nondysenteric diarrhea, caregivers would seek medical advice in 76.4% and 87.1%, respectively, and 84.6% of caregivers said they respected medical decisions even if an antibiotic was not prescribed. Caregivers with high school-level education accepted 80% more medical decisions of not using an antibiotic and used fewer pharmacist-recommended antibiotics. For each additional year of life, the risk of self-medicated antibiotic use and the use of pharmacist-recommended antibiotics increased in 30%. (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4, P = .001 and OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2-1.5, P < .001, respectively). Caregivers respected a medical decision of not prescribing an antibiotic 5 times more when physicians had explained the reason for their advice (OR: 5.0, 95% CI: 3.2-7.8, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Prescribed antibiotic use in these young children is common. Even if they are available without prescription, caregivers usually comply with medical advice and follow physicians' recommendations when antibiotics are not prescribed. Improving physician prescribing habits could reduce irrational antibiotic use, decreasing future caregiver-driven misuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Ecker
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, La Molina, Lima, Perú.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Pondei K, Fente BG, Oladapo O. Current microbial isolates from wound swabs, their culture and sensitivity pattern at the niger delta university teaching hospital, okolobiri, Nigeria. Trop Med Health 2013; 41:49-53. [PMID: 23874138 PMCID: PMC3705182 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2012-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wound infections continue to be problematic in clinical practice where empiric treatment of infections is routine. Objectives: A retrospective cross-sectional study to determine the current causative organisms of wound infections and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital (NDUTH), Okolobiri, Bayelsa State of Nigeria. Methods: Records of wound swabs collected from 101 patients with high suspicion of wound infection were analysed. Smears from the wound swabs were inoculated on appropriate media and cultured. Bacterial colonies were Gram stained and microscopically examined. Biochemical tests were done to identify pathogen species. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic testing. Results: Prevalence of wound infection was 86.13% (CI: 79.41–92.85). Most bacteria were Gram negative bacilli with Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most prevalent pathogen isolated. The bacterial isolates exhibited a high degree of resistance to the antibiotics tested (42.8% to 100% resistance). All isolates were resistant to cloxacillin. Age group and sex did not exert any effect on prevalence, aetiological agent or antimicrobial resistance pattern. Conclusion: We suggest a multidisciplinary approach to wound management, routine microbiological surveillance of wounds, rational drug use and the institution of strong infection control policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kemebradikumo Pondei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences ; Department of Medical Microbiology
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Quizhpe P A, Gassowski M, Encalada T L, Barten F. Differences in antibiotic use and knowledge between adolescent and adult mothers in Ecuador. F1000Res 2013; 2:108. [PMID: 24555055 PMCID: PMC3829124 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-108.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the differences in antibiotic use and knowledge between adolescent and adult mothers of children under the age of 5 years in Ecuador. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed in four health centers and hospitals. Mothers of children under five years, seeking medical attention their child's upper respiratory tract infection (URI), were included. The data was collected through interviews, using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire covered the topics knowledge of antibiotic treatment, risk and resistance. Results: 777 mothers were included in the study, of which 15.8% were adolescent and 84.1% adult mothers. There were significant differences in the social and economic characteristics of the mothers (p ≤ 0.05), with adolescent mothers being more likely to have an incomplete high school education and lack of basic services in their home. Significant differences between these groups were found in adherence to treatment, knowledge about risks associated with antibiotic use, and having heard of antibiotic resistance. Among the adult mothers, 83.5% reported correct adherence, 28.5% were knowledgeable about risks associated with antibiotic use, and 29.3% had heard of antibiotic resistance. Among the adolescent mothers, these numbers were 75.4%, 15.0%, and 19.8%, respectively. Conclusions: To develop successful interventions, it is crucial to understand the factors causing differences in antibiotic use and knowledge between mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Quizhpe P
- International Center for Health Systems Research and Education, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 500 HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, EC010107, Ecuador
| | - Martyna Gassowski
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lorena Encalada T
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, EC010107, Ecuador
| | - Francoise Barten
- Department of Primary and Community Healthcare, Radbound University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Abstract
Despite increasing concerns over inappropriate use of antibiotics in medicine and food production, population-level resistance transfer into the human gut microbiota has not been demonstrated beyond individual case studies. To determine the "antibiotic resistance potential" for entire microbial communities, we employ metagenomic data and quantify the totality of known resistance genes in each community (its resistome) for 68 classes and subclasses of antibiotics. In 252 fecal metagenomes from three countries, we show that the most abundant resistance determinants are those for antibiotics also used in animals and for antibiotics that have been available longer. Resistance genes are also more abundant in samples from Spain, Italy, and France than from Denmark, the United States, or Japan. Where comparable country-level data on antibiotic use in both humans and animals are available, differences in these statistics match the observed resistance potential differences. The results are robust over time as the antibiotic resistance determinants of individuals persist in the human gut flora for at least a year.
Collapse
|
78
|
Abstract
AIM To study the difference in antimicrobial resistance profile among biofilm producing and non-producing microorganisms isolated from diabetic foot ulcer in a tertiary care hospital in North India. METHODOLOGY We performed a prospective study on 162 DFU in patients treated in a multidisciplinary based diabetes and endocrinology center of JNMCH, AMU, Aligarh, India during the period of December 2008-March 2011. Detailed history and physical examination was carried out for every subject. Patient's profile, grade of DFU, co-morbidities and complications, laboratory data and final outcome were collected. Standard methods of sample collection and identification of microorganism were adopted. Risk factors for biofilm producing infections were determined by univariate analysis with 95% of CI. P value <0.05 were considered as significant. RESULTS The overall biofilm producing infection rate among DFU was 67.9%. On univariate analysis, significant risk factors for biofilm producing infection were male sex [P=0.015, OR 2.35, RR 1.71], duration of diabetes [P<0.006, OR 4.0, RR 2.7], duration of ulcer >1 month [P<0.02, OR 2.26, RR 1.72], size of ulcer >4 cm(2) [P<0.05, OR 2.03, RR 1.54], Grade II ulcer [P<0.06, OR 1.87, RR 1.63], necrotic ulcer [P<0.002, OR 5.79, RR 3.59], previous antibiotic use [P<0.007, OR 4.24, RR 2.74], subcutaneous infection [P<0.06, OR 1.87, RR 1.63], HbA1c >7% [P<0.04, OR 3.19, RR1.87] and polymicrobial infection [P<0.001, OR 6.64, RR 3.21] were significant risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Treating the DFU by shifting from the planktonic model of microbiology to the biofilm model was recommended. With this new scientific approaches along with coordination of clinical and laboratory efforts, education, and research, it is possible to imagine overcoming much of biofilm disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abida Malik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Abdel Gawad Elmasry A, Samir Mohamed Bakr A, Alaaeldin Abdou Abdelaziz Kolkailah D, Almohamady Ibrahim Khaskia M, Essam Eldin Mohammed M, Hatem Mohamed Amin Riad O, Ashraf Khalil Abdelrahman S. Pattern of antibiotic abuse – a population based study in Cairo. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
80
|
Kashef N, Borghei YS, Djavid GE. Photodynamic effect of hypericin on the microorganisms and primary human fibroblasts. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 10:150-5. [PMID: 23769281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypericin (HYP) is a natural photosensitizer considered for the new generation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro bactericidal effect of HYP-PDT on four bacterial species, assessing its photocytotoxicity to primary human fibroblasts to determine possible side effects. METHODS Effect of photosensitizer concentration (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 1 μg/ml) and light irradiation time (3, 5, 10 min) on photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms and primary human fibroblasts was investigated. RESULTS A 6.3 log killing was obtained for Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) treated with 1 μg/ml at 48 J/cm². For this set of PDT parameters, Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 11700) showed 6.5 log killing, Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) 6.2 log killing, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 0.7 log killing. Fibroblasts can be preserved by keeping the HYP concentration below 0.6 μg/ml and the light dose below 48 J/cm². CONCLUSION S. aureus, E. faecalis, and E. coli appear to be suitable for treatment with HYP-PDT without significant damage to fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Kashef
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Photodynamic inactivation of primary human fibroblasts by methylene blue and toluidine blue O. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
82
|
Poulsen LL, Bisgaard M, Son NT, Trung NV, An HM, Dalsgaard A. Enterococcus and Streptococcus spp. associated with chronic and self-medicated urinary tract infections in Vietnam. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:320. [PMID: 23176582 PMCID: PMC3529114 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common infections among women worldwide. E. coli often causes more than 75% of acute uncomplicated UTI, however, little is known about how recurrent UTIs and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials affect the aetiology of UTIs. This study aimed to establish the aetiology of UTI in a population of recurrent and self-medicated patients referred from pharmacies to a hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam and to describe genotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of the associated bacterial pathogens. The aetiology of bacterial pathogens associated with UTI (defined as ≥ 104 CFU/ml urine) was established by phenotypic and molecular methods. Enterococcus faecalis isolates were typed by Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Methods Urine samples from 276 patients suffering symptoms of urinary tract infection were collected and cultured on Flexicult agar® allowing for detection of the most common urine pathogens. Patients were interviewed about underlying diseases, duration of symptoms, earlier episodes of UTI, number of episodes diagnosed by doctors and treatment in relation to UTI. All tentative E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were identified to species level by PCR, 16S rRNA and partial sequencing of the groEL gene. E. faecalis isolates were further characterized by Multi Locus Sequence Typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results Mean age of 49 patients was 48 yrs (range was 11–86 yrs) and included 94% women. On average, patients reported to have suffered from UTI for 348 days (range 3 days-10 years, and experienced 2.7 UTIs during the previous year). Cephalosporins were reported the second drug of choice in treatment of UTI at the hospital. E. faecalis (55.1%), E. coli (12.2%) and Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus (8.2%) were main bacterial pathogens. MIC testing of E. faecalis showed susceptibility to ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin, but high-level resistance against gentamicin (48.1%). MLST revealed 12 Sequence Types (ST) of which ST 16 made up 44.5% and showed closely related PFGE types. Conclusion The different aetiology of UTI compared with reports elsewhere, where E. coli dominates, may be a result of chronic and recurrent UTIs together with indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. The similar genotypes shown by epidemiologically unrelated ST 16 isolates in Vietnam and elsewhere, suggest that E. faecalis ST 16 might represent a globally distributed clone. Treatment of UTI with cephalosporins may select for E. faecalis as it is intrinsic resistant and further studies are needed to establish the source(s) and role of E. faecalis ST 16 in acute UTI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ladefoged Poulsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 15, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Pons MJ, Mensa L, Gascón J, Ruiz J. Fitness and Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Rifaximin in In Vitro Selected Escherichia coli Mutants. Microb Drug Resist 2012; 18:376-9. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Pons
- Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), IDIBAPS—Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Mensa
- Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), IDIBAPS—Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gascón
- Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), IDIBAPS—Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), IDIBAPS—Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Neto RM, Ansaldi MA, da Costa MES, da Silva SO, Luz VHF. A case report of a multi-drug resistant bacterial infection in a diabetic patient treated in northeast Brazil. Diabet Foot Ankle 2012; 3:DFA-3-18656. [PMID: 22745851 PMCID: PMC3384988 DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.18656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most critical health conditions around the world, not only in terms of the number of affected people, disability, and premature mortality, but also in regards to the health care costs involved in controlling and treating its complications. Among the most constant ailments the diabetic patient suffers is the diabetic foot, defined as any infection, ulceration, and/or necrosis of deep tissues associated with neurological abnormalities and various degrees of peripheral vascular disease of the lower limbs. Diabetic foot ulcerations have become a major and increasing public health concern and its associated morbidities, impairment of the patients' quality of life, and the implied costs for management have attracted the attention of numerous health care providers. In this case report, the authors review a unique presentation of a polymicrobial infection of a multi-drug resistant character species formed by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter lwoffii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Motta Neto
- Laboratory Mycobacteria (LABMIC), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Tekwu EM, Pieme AC, Beng VP. Investigations of antimicrobial activity of some Cameroonian medicinal plant extracts against bacteria and yeast with gastrointestinal relevance. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:265-273. [PMID: 22583961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Resistance against antibiotics of many bacteria is accumulating. Therefore, searches for new substances with antimicrobial activity have become an urgent necessity. Medicinal plants are frequently used in popular medicine as remedies for many infectious diseases (intestinal infection, malaria, tuberculosis, etc.). AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from different parts (leaves, stem bark, entire plant) of five different plant species against bacteria and yeast of gastrointestinal relevance. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-one extracts from all the following plants (Albizia gummifera (leaf), Ficus exasperata (leaf and stem bark), Nauclea latifolia (leaf and stem bark), Ricinodendron heudelotii (stem bark), Senna hirsuta (entire plant) have been screened for their antimicrobial activity against eight bacteria species including Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and one yeast species (Candida albicans) using agar disc-diffusion, and microbroth dilution assays. RESULTS Results demonstrated that F. exasperata and N. latifolia were active against the whole set of tested microorganisms. The methanol extract of N. latifolia (leaf and stem bark) was the most active against against C. albicans, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2, 32, 64 and 64 μg/ml, respectively. The methanol extract of leaf of F. exasperata was also most active with significant inhibitory activity against E. coli, S. dysenteriae, S. Typhi and P. aeruginosa with MIC values of 128 μg/ml. Only the extract of N. latifolia (stem bark and leaf) showed anticandidal property. CONCLUSION The results show that these plant extracts exhibit antimicrobial activity and N. latifolia proved to be most effective as an antibacterial and antifungal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Mouafo Tekwu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science/Laboratory for Tuberculosis Research, Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé-Cameroon, PO Box 812, Yaoundé.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Rogers GB, Carroll MP, Bruce KD. Enhancing the utility of existing antibiotics by targeting bacterial behaviour? Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:845-57. [PMID: 21864314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel classes of antibiotics has slowed dramatically. This has occurred during a time when the appearance of resistant strains of bacteria has shown a substantial increase. Concern is therefore mounting over our ability to continue to treat infections in an effective manner using the antibiotics that are currently available. While ongoing efforts to discover new antibiotics are important, these must be coupled with strategies that aim to maintain as far as possible the spectrum of activity of existing antibiotics. In many instances, the resistance to antibiotics exhibited by bacteria in chronic infections is mediated not by direct resistance mechanisms, but by the adoption of modes of growth that confer reduced susceptibility. These include the formation of biofilms and the occurrence of subpopulations of 'persister' cells. As our understanding of these processes has increased, a number of new potential drug targets have been revealed. Here, advances in our ability to disrupt these systems that confer reduced susceptibility, and in turn increase the efficacy of antibiotic therapy, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B Rogers
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Mass distribution of azithromycin for trachoma control is associated with short-term reduction in risk of acute lower respiratory infection in young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:341-6. [PMID: 22173140 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31824155c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the effect of a single mass distribution of azithromycin for trachoma on the risk of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) during a 6-month period among young children living in 8 communities in rural Tanzania. METHODS In 8 communities, a cohort of randomly selected children (n = 1036) was followed for incidence of ALRI episodes. Mass treatment for trachoma using a single dose of oral azithromycin was provided in 4 of the 8 communities where trachoma prevalence was .10%. All children were followed with biweekly surveillance at home for 6 months. Incidence of ALRI episodes was calculated for 0 to 1 month, 1 to 3 months, and 3 to 6 months posttreatment and in comparable time points in the nontreated villages. RESULTS In the multivariate analysis, living in a MDA village was associated with a 38% (rate ratio 5 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.43-0.91) decreased risk of ALRI in the 0- to 1-month follow-up period as compared with those in the untreated communities after adjusting for covariates and clustering. There were no significant differences in ALRI incidence by exposure status in the 1- to 3-month (rate ratio = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.69-1.20) and in the 3- to 6-month (rate ratio = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.76-1.30) follow-up periods. CONCLUSIONS Mass distribution of a single dose of oral azithromycin for trachoma is associated with a significant short-term reduction in ALRI morbidity among young children.
Collapse
|
88
|
Zubair M, Malik A, Ahmad J. Study of plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing strains of enterobacteriaceae, isolated from diabetic foot infections in a North Indian tertiary-care hospital. Diabetes Technol Ther 2012; 14:315-24. [PMID: 22225456 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2011.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study evaluated the incidence and factors responsible for plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) infection among patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). SUBJECTS AND METHODS A prospective study was conducted on 162 DFU inpatients treated in a multidisciplinary-based diabetes and endocrinology center at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, during the period of December 2008-March 2011. Detailed history and patient's profile, grade of DFU, co-morbidities and complications, laboratory data, and final outcome were collected. Standard methods were used for culture identification, sensitivity testing, and ESBL detection. Polymerase chain reaction for bla genes was performed, and the risk factors for bla gene positivity were determined by univariate analysis with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS In total, 127 (78.3%) Enterobacteriaceae members were isolated. The most common isolate was Escherichia coli (71; 55.9%), followed by Klebsiella sp. (33; 25.9%) and Proteus sp. (13; 10.2%). By phenotypic methods, 67.8% were ESBL producers. In the molecular detection of ESBLs, 81.9% were found to be positive for the bla gene, of which bla(CTX-M) showed 81.8% positivity, followed by bla(TEM) (50%) and bla(SHV) (46.9%). In a univariate analysis, bla gene-positive status was associated with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (>100 mg/dL) (P<0.004, odds ratio 13.4, relative risk 8.65) and triglycerides (>200 mg/dL) (P<0.003, odds ratio 6.5, relative risk 4.11). CONCLUSION ESBL constitutes a major threat to currently available β-lactam therapy, leading to complications in DFUs. Aminoglycosides, cephalosporin, and β-lactam inhibitor drugs would probably be more appropriate empirical agents after establishing the patient's history of previous antibiotic use. The detection of ESBL should be done on a routine basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zubair
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Rahimi E, Ameri M, Alimoradi M, Chakeri A, Bahrami AR. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from raw camel, beef, and water buffalo meat in Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-012-1434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
90
|
Eltayb A, Barakat S, Marrone G, Shaddad S, Stålsby Lundborg C. Antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming: a quantitative and qualitative study on knowledge and practices among farmers in Khartoum, Sudan. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:330-8. [PMID: 22333519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major emerging global public health threat. Farmers in the Khartoum state are believed to misuse antibiotics in animal farming leading to daily exposure to resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues. Hence, farmers are at potential risk exposure to bacteria, zoonotic infection and toxicity. We hypothesized that farmers' misuse of antibiotics could be due to their ignorance of the importance of optimal use of antibiotics, the potential health hazards and the economical waste associated with antibiotic misuse practices. In the present study, we investigated knowledge and practices among farmers regarding antibiotic use and resistance. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Khartoum state where data were collected from 81 farmers using structured interviews. Data were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Fifty-two per cent of farmers were uneducated or had studied for < 6 years. The majority reported antibiotic use for treatment and prevention while only 5% stated use for growth promotion. Antibiotic group treatment for both sick and healthy animals was commonly practiced among most farmers. The most commonly used group of antibiotics was the quinolones, which was reported by one-third. Only 30% of the farmers had heard of antibiotic resistance and provided their definition. Almost half were not aware of the commonly transferred zoonotic infections between humans and animals. The farmers consume 1-2 meals/day from their own farm products. A significant association between low education, poor knowledge of farmers on antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance and zoonotic infections was found. This association may play a vital role in the present practiced misuse of antibiotics. Our findings on farmers' practices could be used as baseline information in defining the gaps related to antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming in Sudan. It can thus serve as a foundation for future interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Eltayb
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
RAMANATHAN K, SETHUMADHAVAN RAO. EXPLORING THE ROLE OF C–H … π INTERACTIONS ON THE STRUCTURAL STABILITY OF ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633609005155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A computational analysis on the C – H … π interactions in a group of 53 antimicrobial peptides was investigated. A total of 162 C – H … π interactions were observed. Side-chain to side-chain C – H … π interactions are the predominant type of interactions in antimicrobial peptides data set. There was an average of one significant C – H … π interaction for every 7 residues in the antimicrobial peptides investigated. Long-range C – H … π interactions are the predominant type of interactions. The secondary structure preference, solvent accessibility and stabilization centers of these of C – H … π interacting residues were estimated. It is likely that the C – H … π interactions contribute significantly to the overall stability of antimicrobial peptides. These interactions were observed after a molecular dynamics study on these set of antimicrobial peptides using CHARMM force field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. RAMANATHAN
- School of Biotechnology, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Bioinformatics Division, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - RAO SETHUMADHAVAN
- School of Biotechnology, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Bioinformatics Division, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Epidemiology and clinical features of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Can J Infect Dis 2011; 13:245-50. [PMID: 18159397 DOI: 10.1155/2002/235213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2000] [Accepted: 05/04/2001] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence, demography and clinical characteristics of patients who were colonized or infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 1998 at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Results of MRSA-positive cultures of clinical specimens obtained as part of investigations for suspected infections were retrieved from the King Abdulaziz University Hospital Infection Control Department's records. Charts of patients were reviewed. RESULTS Of 292 S aureus isolates identified, 111 (38%) were MRSA, or 6.0 MRSA isolates/1000 admissions, which represented a marked increase over MRSA prevalence in 1988 (less than 2%). Nosocomial acquisition occurred in 74.8% of isolates. All age groups were affected, but 45.9% of patients were in the 'extremes of age' group (younger than one or older than 60 years of age). The prevalence was highest in the medical ward (27%), followed by the paediatrics combined medical and surgical ward (20.7%), the outpatient department (18%), the adult surgical ward (17.1%) and the intensive care units (17.1%). Two-thirds (66.7%) of cases represented infection and the remainder represented colonization. Surgical wounds (31.1%), the chest (27%) and endovascular catheters (20.3%) were the most common sites of infection. Bacteremia occurred in 27% of patients. Local signs (68.9%) and fever (60.8%) were the most common clinical manifestations. Respiratory distress and septic shock occurred in 28.4% and 6.8% of cases, respectively. Of 74 patients with MRSA infection and 37 patients with MRSA colonization, 91.9% and 56.8% received antibiotics in the preceding six weeks, respectively (P<0.0001). The total mortality of patients with MRSA infection was 60.8%; 37.8% of deaths were the result of MRSA infection and 23% were the result of other diseases. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of MRSA is high and rapidly increasing at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, as it is worldwide. Control measures to prevent the spread of MRSA in hospitals should continue with reinforcement of hygienic precautions and development of policies to restrict the use of antibiotics.
Collapse
|
93
|
Alesana-Slater J, Ritchie SR, Heffernan H, Camp T, Richardson A, Herbison P, Norris P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Samoa, 2007-2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2011. [PMID: 21749763 PMCID: PMC3358195 DOI: 10.3201/eid1706.101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TOC Summary: A wide range of MRSA genotypes cause wound infections. Little is known about the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in most Pacific Island nations. Relatively high rates of MRSA have been reported in Polynesian people living outside the Pacific Islands. To determine the prevalence and characteristics of MRSA, we assessed wound swabs from 399 persons with skin and soft tissue infection living in Samoa. MRSA was isolated from 9% of study participants; 34 of the 196 S. aureus isolates were MRSA. Five MRSA genotypes were identified; the 3 most common were USA300, the Queensland clone, and a sequence type 1 MRSA strain that shares <85% homology with the sequence type 1 MRSA strain common in the region (WA MRSA-1). The Southwest Pacific MRSA clone was identified but accounted for only 12% of MRSA isolates. The high prevalence of MRSA in Samoa provides impetus for initiatives to improve antimicrobial drug resistance surveillance, infection control, and antimicrobial drug use in Pacific Island nations.
Collapse
|
94
|
Rahimi E, Ameri M. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter spp. isolated from raw chicken, turkey, quail, partridge, and ostrich meat in Iran. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
95
|
Malik A, Aleem A. Incidence of metal and antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas spp. from the river water, agricultural soil irrigated with wastewater and groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 178:293-308. [PMID: 20853188 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A total of 144 isolates of Pseudomonas spp. (48 each from the Yamuna River water, wastewater irrigated soil and groundwater irrigated soil) were tested for their resistance against certain heavy metals and antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Hg(2+ ), Cd(2+ ), Cu(2+ ), Zn(2+ ), Ni(2+ ), Pb(2+ ), Cr(3+ ) and Cr(6+ ) for each isolate were also determined. A maximum MIC of 200 μg/ml for mercury and 3,200 μg/ml for other metals were observed. The incidences of metal resistance and MICs of metals for Pseudomonas isolates from the Yamuna water and wastewater irrigated soil were significantly different to those of groundwater irrigated soil. A high level of resistance against tetracycline and polymyxin B (81.2%) was observed in river water isolates. However, 87.5% of Pseudomonas isolates from soil irrigated with wastewater showed resistance to sulphadiazine, whereas 79.1% were resistant to both ampicillin and erythromycin. Isolates from soil irrigated with groundwater exhibited less resistance towards heavy metals and antibiotics as compared to those of river water and wastewater irrigated soil. Majority of the Pseudomonas isolates from water and soil exhibited resistance to multiple metals and antibiotics. Resistance was transferable to recipient Escherichia coli AB2200 strains by conjugation. Plasmids were cured with the curing agent ethidium bromide and acridine orange at sub-MIC concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Malik
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Taylor NG, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Baker-Austin C. Aquatic systems: maintaining, mixing and mobilising antimicrobial resistance? Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 26:278-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
97
|
Alesana-Slater J, Ritchie SR, Heffernan H, Camp T, Richardson A, Herbison P, Norris P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Samoa, 2007-2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:1023-9. [PMID: 21749763 PMCID: PMC3358195 DOI: 10.3201/eid/1706.101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in most Pacific Island nations. Relatively high rates of MRSA have been reported in Polynesian people living outside the Pacific Islands. To determine the prevalence and characteristics of MRSA, we assessed wound swabs from 399 persons with skin and soft tissue infection living in Samoa. MRSA was isolated from 9% of study participants; 34 of the 196 S. aureus isolates were MRSA. Five MRSA genotypes were identified; the 3 most common were USA300, the Queensland clone, and a sequence type 1 MRSA strain that shares <85% homology with the sequence type 1 MRSA strain common in the region (WA MRSA-1). The Southwest Pacific MRSA clone was identified but accounted for only 12% of MRSA isolates. The high prevalence of MRSA in Samoa provides impetus for initiatives to improve antimicrobial drug resistance surveillance, infection control, and antimicrobial drug use in Pacific Island nations.
Collapse
|
98
|
Wang SM, Huang FC, Wu CH, Tang KS, Tiao MM. Clinical significance of erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni in children. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2011; 44:63-6. [PMID: 21531355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter has been recognized as the common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in many countries. Increasing erythromycin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni infection is noted recently, but severe case was rarely reported. In this study, we aimed to clarify the clinical significance of the resistant strain of C jejuni in children. We reviewed the charts of children who were diagnosed with C jejuni enteritis in our hospital from January 2000 to December 2005, including 326 patients (117 males and 209 females). All the cases had positive stool culture. We divided them into two groups, the sensitive group (a total of 306 cases) and resistant group (a total of 20 cases), according to the drug sensitivity. We analyzed the clinical manifestations and laboratory data between the two groups. The mean age was 3.79 ± 3.24 years in the sensitive group and 3.03 ± 2.84 years in the resistant group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in clinical presentations and laboratory examinations. No mortality was found, and one case was initially presented with colonic perforation. This report demonstrates that infection by erythromycin-resistant strains of C jejuni has no clinical significance in children, despite the probably increased emergence of erythromycin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ming Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Shu Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Meng Tiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Abdullah-Al-Emran, Shahed S, Ahmed F, Saha SK, Das SC, Bachar SC. Evaluation of Brine shrimp lethality and Antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract on some drug resistance bacteria in Bangladesh. PHARMACOGNOSY JOURNAL 2011; 3:66-71. [DOI: 10.5530/pj.2011.20.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
100
|
Ramanathan K, Shanthi V, Rajasekaran R, Sudandiradoss C, Doss CGP, Sethumadhavan R. Predicting Therapeutic Template by Evaluating the Structural Stability of Anti-Cancer Peptides—A Computational Approach. Int J Pept Res Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-010-9237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|