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Hatami Zargaran Z, Salehi M, Heydari ST, Babajafari S. The Effects of 6 Isocaloric Meals on Body Weight, Lipid Profiles, Leptin, and Adiponectin in Overweight Subjects (BMI > 25). Int Cardiovasc Res J 2014; 8:52-6. [PMID: 24936481 PMCID: PMC4058484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It seems that meal frequency is negatively related to body weight, but the relationship between meal frequency and weight loss is not clearly known yet. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate whether 6 isocaloric meals affected body weight, lipid profiles, leptin, and adiponectin in overweight subjects. METHODS The present randomized controlled trial was conducted on 90 overweight subjects in 3 months. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The control group continued their normal diet, while the intervention group was required to follow a 6 isocaloric meal diet instead of their previous meal pattern (3 meals and 2 snacks). The planned reduced calorie diets for both groups were identical, except for meal pattern. Blood samples were analyzed prior to and at the end of the study for total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C, leptin, and adiponectinn concentrations. Paired t-test was used for comparison of the measurements before and after the study in each group. Besides, independent t-test was used for comparison of the measurements between the groups. P value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 36.38 ± 9.7 in the intervention group and 37.6 ± 10.9 in the control group. In comparison to the control group, the intervention group showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol (P < 0.001), LDL-C (P < 0.001), BMI (P < 0.001), triglyceride (P < 0.001), and leptin (P = 0.002) and a significant increase in HDL (P < 0.001) and adiponectin (P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS The 6 isocaloric meal pattern led to a reduction in BMI, lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglyceride), and leptin concentrations and an increase in HDL and adiponectin compared to the normal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Hatami Zargaran
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Moosa Salehi
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran,Corresponding author: Moosa Salehi, Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Zand Blvd., Shiraz, IR Iran, Tel: +98-9177108393, E-mail:
| | - Seyed Taghi Heydari
- Research Center for Cardiovascular Atherosclerosis, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | - Siavash Babajafari
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
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Murakami K, Livingstone MBE. Eating frequency in relation to body mass index and waist circumference in British adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1200-6. [PMID: 24406480 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inconsistent associations between eating frequency (EF) and adiposity may be mainly due to measurement errors of EF. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study examined the association of EF with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), by focusing on the confounding of energy misreporting and the effect of exclusion of underreporters (URs). DESIGN Dietary intake was assessed using a 7-day weighed dietary record in 1487 British adults aged 19-64 years. EF was calculated based on all eating occasions (EF(all)), after excluding those providing no energy (EF(energy)), and after excluding those providing <210 kJ of energy (EF(⩾210 kJ)). Energy misreporting was assessed as reported energy intake divided by estimated energy requirement (EI:EER). RESULTS The mean values (1st and 99th percentiles) of EF(all), EF(energy) and EF(⩾210 kJ) were, respectively, 7.8 (3.1, 15.3), 7.2 (2.9, 12.7), and 5.6 (2.3, 10.7) times/day in men and 7.6 (3.0, 13.9), 6.7 (2.7, 12.1), and 4.8 (1.9, 9.1) times/day in women. In the univariate analyses of the entire male population, EF(⩾210 kJ), but not EF(all) and EF(energy), was inversely associated with BMI and WC. After full adjustment (including EI:EER), all three measures of EF were positively associated with BMI and WC. In the univariate analyses of the entire female population, all three measures of EF were inversely associated with BMI and WC. After full adjustment, EF(⩾210 kJ) was positively associated with BMI and WC while EF(all) and EF(energy) showed null associations. When URs (EI:EER <0.665) were excluded, the multivariate analyses showed that EF(all) and EF(energy) were positively associated with BMI in men while EF(⩾210 kJ) was positively associated with BMI and WC in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS We showed positive associations of EF with BMI and WC. Adjustment for EI:EER and the exclusion of URs, as well as definitions of EF, radically affected the results of the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Murakami
- 1] Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK [2] JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow for Research Abroad, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M B E Livingstone
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
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Potential role of meal frequency as a strategy for weight loss and health in overweight or obese adults. Nutrition 2013; 30:386-92. [PMID: 24268866 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Improved dietary strategies for weight loss are necessary to decrease metabolic disease risk in overweight or obese adults. Varying meal frequency (MF; i.e., increasing or decreasing eating occasions beyond the traditional pattern of three meals daily) has been thought to have an influence on body weight regulation, hunger control, and blood markers of health. It is common practice for weight management clinicians to recommend increasing MF as a strategy for weight management and to improve metabolic parameters. However, limited research exists investigating the effect of MF during controlled hypocaloric dietary interventions. Furthermore, MF literature often speculates with regard to efficacy of MF treatments based on research using normal weight, overweight/obese, or some combination, where much diversity exists within these various populations. In this review, we suggest that normal-weight and overweight/obese populations, as well as free-living versus investigator-controlled research trials, should be studied independently. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to survey the literature to assess whether the alteration of MF influences body weight regulation, hunger control, and/or blood markers of health in overweight/obese participants undergoing a controlled hypocaloric diet to induce weight loss. Findings of this review indicate that there is uncertainty in the literature when interpreting the optimal MF for obesity treatment, where reduced MF may even show more favorable lipid profiles in obese individuals compared with increased MF. Furthermore, the simple relationship of comparing MF with body fatness or body mass index should also consider whether eating frequency is associated with other healthy factors (e.g., increased physical activity).
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54
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Miller R, Benelam B, Stanner SA, Buttriss JL. Is snacking good or bad for health: An overview. NUTR BULL 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Miller
- British Nutrition Foundation; London; UK
| | - B. Benelam
- British Nutrition Foundation; London; UK
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Arciero PJ, Ormsbee MJ, Gentile CL, Nindl BC, Brestoff JR, Ruby M. Increased protein intake and meal frequency reduces abdominal fat during energy balance and energy deficit. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1357-66. [PMID: 23703835 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unrefined, complex carbohydrates and lean protein diets are used to combat obesity, although it's unknown whether more frequent meals may improve this response. The effects of consuming traditional (~15%) versus higher (~35%) protein intakes as three or six meals/day on abdominal fat, postprandial thermogenesis (TEM), and cardiometabolic biomarkers in overweight individuals during 28 days of energy balance (BAL) and deficit (NEG), respectively were compared. DESIGN AND METHODS Overweight individuals (n = 30) were randomized into three groups: two high-protein groups (35% of energy) consumed as three (HP3) or six (HP6) meals/day and one group consumed three meals/day of a traditional intake (TD3). Following a 5-day baseline control (CON), subjects consumed their respective diets throughout a 56-day intervention consisting of two, 28 day phases: a BAL followed by a NEG phase (75% of energy needs). Total body fat (BF) and abdominal BF (ABF), body weight (BW), TEM, and fasting biomarkers were assessed at the end of CON, BAL, and NEG phases. RESULTS BW remained stable throughout CON and BAL in all groups, whereas BF (P < 0.001) and ABF (P < 0.01) decreased in HP groups and lean body mass (LBM) and leptin increased in HP6. Following NEG, BW decreased in all groups. BF, ABF, and leptin decreased in HP groups; LBM remained higher (P < 0.05), and TEM was highest in HP6 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Consuming increased protein (∼35%) more frequently (6×) throughout the day decreases BF and ABF, increases LBM and TEM, and favorably affects adipokines more than current recommendations for macronutrients consumed over three meals/day in overweight individuals during both BAL and NEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Arciero
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA.
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56
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Allirot X, Saulais L, Seyssel K, Graeppi-Dulac J, Roth H, Charrié A, Drai J, Goudable J, Blond E, Disse E, Laville M. An isocaloric increase of eating episodes in the morning contributes to decrease energy intake at lunch in lean men. Physiol Behav 2013; 110-111:169-78. [PMID: 23333553 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effects of increasing eating frequency on human health are unclear. This study used an integrated approach to assess the short-term consequences on appetite and metabolism. Twenty normal-weight men participated in: (i) two sessions consisting of a breakfast consumed in one eating episode at T0 (F1), or in four isocaloric eating episodes at T0, T60, T120, and T180 min (F4), and followed by an ecological ad libitum buffet meal (T240) designed in an experimental restaurant. Intakes were assessed for the whole buffet meal and for each temporal quarter of the meal. (ii) two sessions consisting of the same two breakfasts F1 and F4 in a Clinical Investigation Centre. Blood sampling was performed to study the kinetics of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose, insulin, triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Substrate oxidation was measured by indirect calorimetry. During each of the 4 sessions, participants rated their appetite throughout the experiment. After F4, at T240 min, GLP-1 concentration was higher (P=0.006) while ghrelin concentration and hunger ratings were lower (P<0.001). We showed a trend for subjects to consume less energy (-88±61 kcal, P=0.08) at the buffet after F4, explained by a decrease in lipid intake (P=0.04). Marked differences in consumption were observed during the last temporal quarter of the meal for total energy and lipid intake (P=0.03). Mixed models highlighted differences between F1 and F4 for the kinetics of glucose, insulin and NEFA (P<0.001). The area under the curve was lower for insulin (P<0.001) and NEFA in F4 (P=0.03). Diet induced thermogenesis was reduced in F4 (P<0.05). This study demonstrated the beneficial short-term effect of increasing eating frequency on appetite in lean men considering subjective, physiological and behavioral data. However, the loss of the inter-prandial fast was associated with an inhibition of lipolysis, reflected by NEFA profiles, and a decrease in energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Allirot
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Paul Bocuse, Château du Vivier, 69130 Ecully, France.
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Abstract
Little is known about the relationship between feed intake behaviour and cholesterol levels in humans. This can be attributed to the fact that feed intake behaviour in humans is difficult to assess. The relationships between feed intake, feed efficiency and feed intake behaviour, and cholesterol and triglyceride levels were investigated at an average age of 187 days, in a pig model consisting of 202 Duroc barrows. Feed intake and feed intake behaviour were recorded individually and daily by means of an electronic identification system. Animals with high levels of total cholesterol also had high levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides. Animals with high levels of HDL also had high levels of LDL and triglycerides, and animals with high levels of LDL also had high levels of triglycerides. Animals with higher BW, higher backfat thickness, higher BW gain, higher gain of backfat deposition, higher feed intake, higher residual feed intake (RFI) and higher feed intake rate had higher levels of total, HDL and LDL plasma cholesterol. Results indicate that the relationship between feed intake and cholesterol levels is a long-term relationship, while the relationship between RFI and cholesterol levels is more of a short-term nature. The relationship between intake rate and cholesterol plasma levels disappeared after correction for the amount of feed consumed. Results indicate that feed intake independent of metabolic BW, growth and fatness, i.e. 'RFI', was positively correlated with cholesterol plasma levels. This suggests that eating food over and above the maintenance and growth requirements constitutes a health risk independent of the level of fatness.
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59
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Jennings A, Cassidy A, van Sluijs EMF, Griffin SJ, Welch AA. Associations between eating frequency, adiposity, diet, and activity in 9-10 year old healthy-weight and centrally obese children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:1462-8. [PMID: 22436840 PMCID: PMC3736103 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of childhood obesity is a key public health issue worldwide. Increased eating frequency (EF) is one aspect of diet that has been beneficially associated with obesity, although the mechanisms are unclear. The aims of the current study were to determine whether increased EF was associated with improved adiposity in children, and if this was due to differences in dietary and activity behaviors. Cross-sectional data from 1,700 children aged 9-10 year were analyzed to examine the associations between EF, as estimated from diet diaries, measures of adiposity, and activity measured by accelerometer. Analyses were stratified by obesity status using waist-to-height ratio to define obesity as it has been shown to be a good predictor of adverse health outcomes. Mean EF was 4.3 occasions/day and after adjustment for underreporting, energy intake (EI), and activity significant relative mean differences of -2.4% for body weight (P = 0.001), -1.0% for BMI (P = 0.020), -33% for BMI z-score (P = 0.014), and -0.6% for waist circumference (P = 0.031) per increase in eating occasion were found in healthy-weight but not centrally obese children. Differences between the extreme quartiles of EF were observed for total fat intake at breakfast (-18%, P < 0.001), fruit and vegetables from snacks (201% healthy-weight and 209% centrally obese children, P < 0.01), and for healthy-weight children, vigorous activity (4%, P = 0.003). Increased EF was favorably associated with adiposity, diet quality, and activity behaviors in healthy-weight but not centrally obese children. Future obesity interventions should consider the mediating role of diet quality and activity in the relationship between EF and adiposity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Jennings
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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60
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Choi J, Se-Young O, Lee D, Tak S, Hong M, Park SM, Cho B, Park M. Characteristics of diet patterns in metabolically obese, normal weight adults (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 2005). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:567-574. [PMID: 21186103 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Metabolically obese normal weight (MONW) subjects are a subgroup of individuals who have a normal weight and body mass index (BMI), but exhibit obesity-related abnormalities. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and characteristics of diet patterns in MONW Koreans. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed the data of 3050 adults > 20 years of age with a normal BMI (18.5~24.9 kg/m(2)) obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Anthropometric measurements and information on health behaviors were obtained. The diagnostic criteria for MetS were defined by the International Diabetes Federation consensus. Dietary intake was assessed by the 24-h recall method. The weighted prevalence of MONW was 14.3%. The risk of MONW correlated inversely with the frequency of snacking and positively with the type of snack, particularly those with high carbohydrates. A high carbohydrate diet (≥73.9% of energy intake) compared to a low carbohydrate diet (<59.9% of energy intake) was positively associated with the risk of MONW (OR = 2.54; 95% CI: 1.41, 4.56), whereas a high protein diet (≥17.1% of energy intake) compared to a low protein diet (<12.2% of energy intake) reduced the risk of MONW (OR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.92) in females, but not in males. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a reduced intake of carbohydrates and carbohydrate snacks were associated with a lower prevalence of MONW in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, Center for Health Promotion, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
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61
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Ritchie LD. Less frequent eating predicts greater BMI and waist circumference in female adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95:290-6. [PMID: 22218154 PMCID: PMC3260064 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.016881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effect of eating frequency on adiposity. OBJECTIVE The study aim was to assess the prospective relation of an objective measure of eating frequency with adiposity in girls from ages 9-10 to 19-20 y. DESIGN By using data from 3-d diet records collected from 2372 girls in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, meal, snack, and total eating frequencies aggregated over the first 2 study years were examined in relation to 10-y change in BMI and waist circumference (WC). RESULTS Eating frequency was lower in black and older girls than in white and younger girls (P < 0.0001). In whites, lower initial snack and total eating frequencies were related to greater 10-y increases in BMI (P = 0.023 and 0.012, respectively) and WC (P = 0.030 and 0.015, respectively). In blacks, lower initial meal and snack frequencies were related to greater increases in BMI (P = 0.004 and 0.022, respectively) and WC (P = 0.052 and 0.005, respectively). Also, in blacks, lower initial total eating frequency was related to greater increases in WC (P = 0.010). After adjustment for baseline adiposity measure, race, parental education, physical activity, television and video viewing, total energy intake, and dieting for weight loss, lower initial total eating frequency remained related to greater 10-y increases in BMI (P = 0.013) and WC (P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS A lower eating frequency predicts a greater gain in adiposity in adolescent females. Intervention trials are needed to test if changing the frequency of eating can affect obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorrene D Ritchie
- Dr Robert C and Veronica Atkins Center for Weight and Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA.
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La Bounty PM, Campbell BI, Wilson J, Galvan E, Berardi J, Kleiner SM, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Ziegenfuss T, Spano M, Smith A, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: meal frequency. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2011; 8:4. [PMID: 21410984 PMCID: PMC3070624 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: Admittedly, research to date examining the physiological effects of meal frequency in humans is somewhat limited. More specifically, data that has specifically examined the impact of meal frequency on body composition, training adaptations, and performance in physically active individuals and athletes is scant. Until more research is available in the physically active and athletic populations, definitive conclusions cannot be made. However, within the confines of the current scientific literature, we assert that: 1. Increasing meal frequency does not appear to favorably change body composition in sedentary populations. 2. If protein levels are adequate, increasing meal frequency during periods of hypoenergetic dieting may preserve lean body mass in athletic populations. 3. Increased meal frequency appears to have a positive effect on various blood markers of health, particularly LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and insulin. 4. Increased meal frequency does not appear to significantly enhance diet induced thermogenesis, total energy expenditure or resting metabolic rate. 5. Increasing meal frequency appears to help decrease hunger and improve appetite control. The following literature review has been prepared by the authors in support of the aforementioned position statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M La Bounty
- Dept, of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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63
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McCrory MA, Howarth NC, Roberts SB, Huang TTK. Eating frequency and energy regulation in free-living adults consuming self-selected diets. J Nutr 2011; 141:148-53. [PMID: 21123466 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.114991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative importance of eating frequency to weight control is poorly understood. This review examines the evidence to date on the role of eating frequency in weight control in free-living adults. The majority of cross-sectional studies in free-living adults show an inverse relationship between eating frequency and adiposity; however, this is likely an artifact produced by the underreporting of eating frequency concurrent with underreporting of energy intake. When implausible energy intake reporting (which is mostly underreporting) is taken into account, the association between eating frequency and adiposity becomes positive. In studies in which eating frequency is prescribed and food intake is mostly self-selected, there is either no effect or a minor positive effect of eating frequency on energy intake. Most of those studies have been short-term and lack the necessary dietary biomarkers to validate reported energy intakes and eating frequencies. In conclusion, there is some suggestion from cross-sectional studies in which energy intake underreporting is taken into account and from experimental studies to date that greater eating frequency may promote positive energy balance. However, experimental studies of longer-term duration that include objective dietary biomarkers are necessary before firm conclusions about the relative importance of eating frequency in weight control can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A McCrory
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Department of Psychological Sciences, and the Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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64
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Tucci S, Murphy L, Boyland E, Dye L, Halford J. Oral contraceptive effects on food choice during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. A laboratory based study. Appetite 2010; 55:388-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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James WPT. 23rd Marabou Symposium: Nutrition and the Aging Brain. Nutr Rev 2010; 68 Suppl 2:S135-61. [PMID: 21091947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W Philip T James
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the International Association for the Study of Obesity, London, UK.
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66
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Johnson GH, Anderson GH. Snacking Definitions: Impact on Interpretation of the Literature and Dietary Recommendations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50:848-71. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390903572479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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A high eating frequency is associated with an overall healthy lifestyle in middle-aged men and women and reduced likelihood of general and central obesity in men. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:1065-73. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of eating frequency in obesity development is debated. Therefore, we investigated the association between eating frequency, BMI and waist circumference (WC), as well as how eating frequency is related to diet composition and lifestyle factors. A subsample (aged 47–68 years) of men (n1355) and women (n1654) from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort was used for the present cross-sectional study. The daily eating frequency was calculated based on the number of self-reported eating occasions during an ordinary day. Regression analysis and ANOVA examined the associations between eating frequency, BMI and WC, while adjusting for potential confounders. The energy percentage (E%) from carbohydrates as well as relative fibre intake (g/MJ) increased with higher eating frequency; while E% from fat, protein and alcohol decreased. A low daily eating frequency was associated with smoking, higher alcohol consumption, and lower leisure-time physical activity. Eating three or fewer meals per d was also associated with increased likelihood of general and central obesity in men when adjusting for total energy intake, lifestyle and dietary factors. However, results did not reach statistical significance among women. The present study suggests that a high daily eating frequency is associated with a healthy lifestyle and dietary pattern in both men and women, and a reduced likelihood of general and central obesity in men. There is a need for prospective studies investigating the association between eating frequency, diet and body composition.
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Ko Y, Park M, Goh E, Oh SY, Chung H, Kim J, Choi J, Kang JH, Kim G. Maximum Meal Calorie Variation and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Korean J Fam Med 2010. [DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2010.31.12.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Ko
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minseon Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eurah Goh
- Department of Family Medicine, Kangwon Natioinal University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Se-Young Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heegyung Chung
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junseok Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jooseong Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-hyoung Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyehyeong Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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[Influence of premenstrual syndrome and oral contraceptive effects on food choice during the follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 56:170-5. [PMID: 19627733 DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(09)70981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Food intake and motivation for food varies according to the phase of the menstrual cycle. These changes seem to be more marked in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and may be modified by the use of oral contraceptives (OC). This study examined the effect of menstrual cycle, PMS and OC use on the intake and hedonic rating of sweet and savory snack foods. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-five women were recruited and assigned to either a PMS group or a control group. In addition, based on OC use, the women were assigned to an OC-user or non-user group. During the luteal and follicular phases, the participants were asked to consume and rate sweet and savory snacks. RESULTS The luteal phase induced greater caloric intake from sweet foods. PMS sufferers did not consume significantly more calories in either phase. There was a significant interaction between phase, flavor, PMS status and OC use. OC users consumed more calories from sweet foods in the follicular phase. CONCLUSIONS Food intake is increased in the luteal phase. This effect was modulated by both PMS and OC use. OC use seems to eliminate cyclic fluctuations in caloric intake.
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70
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Nutrition in advanced age: dietary assessment in the Newcastle 85+ study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63 Suppl 1:S6-18. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2008.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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71
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Sierra-Johnson J, Undén AL, Linestrand M, Rosell M, Sjogren P, Kolak M, De Faire U, Fisher RM, Hellénius ML. Eating meals irregularly: a novel environmental risk factor for the metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:1302-7. [PMID: 18388902 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skipping meals is a common practice in our current society; however, it is not clear whether eating meals regularly is associated with the metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the association of eating meals regularly with parameters of the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in a representative population-based cohort of 60-year-old men and women. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A population-based cross-sectional study of 3,607 individuals (1,686 men and 1,921 women), aged 60 years, was conducted in Stockholm County, Sweden. Medical history, socioeconomic factors, and lifestyle data were collected by a questionnaire and a medical examination, which included laboratory tests. RESULTS Of the subjects who were regular eaters, 20% fulfilled the criteria for the metabolic syndrome vs. 27% of subjects who were irregular eaters (P < 0.0001). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for having the greatest number of components of the metabolic syndrome in subjects who were regular eaters was 0.27 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.13-0.54) using subjects who did not fulfill any criteria for the metabolic syndrome as a reference group. Eating meals regularly was also inversely related to insulin resistance (OR, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.48-0.97)) and to gamma-glutamyl transferase (OR, 0.52 (95% CI, 0.33-83)) after full adjustment. DISCUSSION Eating meals regularly is inversely associated to the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and (high) serum concentrations of gamma-glutamyl transferase. These findings suggest that eating meals irregularly may be part of several potential environmental risk factors that are associated with the metabolic syndrome and may have future implications in giving dietary advice to prevent and/or treat the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justo Sierra-Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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72
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Bertéus Forslund H, Klingström S, Hagberg H, Löndahl M, Torgerson JS, Lindroos AK. Should snacks be recommended in obesity treatment? a 1-year randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62:1308-17. [PMID: 17700649 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect to recommend no snacks vs three snacks per day on 1-year weight loss. The hypothesis was that it is easier to control energy intake and lose weight if snacks in between meals are omitted. SUBJECTS/METHOD In total 140 patients (36 men, 104 women), aged 18-60 years and body mass index>30 kg/m(2) were randomized and 93 patients (27 men, 66 women) completed the study. A 1-year randomized intervention trial was conducted with two treatment arms with different eating frequencies; 3 meals/day (3M) or 3 meals and 3 snacks/day (3+3M). The patients received regular and individualized counseling by dieticians. Information on eating patterns, dietary intake, weight and metabolic variables was collected at baseline and after 1 year. RESULTS Over 1 year the 3M group reported a decrease in the number of snacks whereas the 3+3M group reported an increase (-1.1 vs +0.4 snacks/day, respectively, P<0.0001). Both groups decreased energy intake and E% (energy percent) fat and increased E% protein and fiber intake but there was no differences between the groups. Both groups lost weight, but there was no significant difference in weight loss after 1 year of treatment (3M vs 3+3M=-4.1+/-6.1 vs -5.9+/-9.4 kg; P=0.31). Changes in metabolic variables did not differ between the groups, except for high-density lipoprotein that increased in the 3M group but not in 3+3M group (P<0.033 for group difference). CONCLUSION Recommending snacks or not between meals does not influence 1-year weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bertéus Forslund
- Department of Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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73
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Kerver JM, Yang EJ, Obayashi S, Bianchi L, Song WO. Meal and snack patterns are associated with dietary intake of energy and nutrients in US adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 106:46-53. [PMID: 16390666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2005.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that specific meal and snack patterns are associated with selected nutrient intakes in US adults. DESIGN Using the 24-hour dietary recall from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, meal and snack patterns were described in relation to nutrient intakes. SUBJECTS The study included US adults aged 20 years or older (n=15,978). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED All statistical analyses accounted for the survey design and sample weights. Linear regression analyses controlled for confounding factors, including energy intakes. Wald F tests were used for determination of significance between means of nutrient intakes by daily eating frequency or meal pattern groups. RESULTS Daily eating frequency was positively related to carbohydrate, folic acid, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, and fiber intakes and inversely related to protein, total fat, cholesterol, and sodium intakes. Meal patterns were further categorized into the five most commonly reported meal and snack combinations by population percentages including breakfast (B), lunch (L), dinner (D), and > or =2 snacks (S) (31.6%); B, L, D and 1 S (15.4%); B, D and > or =2 S (13.1%); B, L, D (8.3%); and L, D and > or =2 S (7.6%). Groups reporting B, L, D and 1 S and B, L, D and > or =2 S had the highest intakes of all micronutrients examined except cholesterol, vitamin B-6, and sodium. Breakfast skippers (L, D and > or =2 S) had the lowest intakes of all micronutrients examined except sodium. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this cross-sectional survey suggest that meal and snack patterns may be markers for nutrient intakes and therefore diet quality. Complete nutrient intakes should be considered in investigations of meal patterns and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Kerver
- Food and Nutrition Database Research Center, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 131 G. M. Trout FSHN Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Barba G, Troiano E, Russo P, Siani A. Total fat, fat distribution and blood pressure according to eating frequency in children living in southern Italy: the ARCA project. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:1166-9. [PMID: 16462817 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between eating frequency and adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors have been poorly investigated in children. To evaluate this issue, anthropometric indices and blood pressure (BP) were measured in 3668 children, aged 6-11 years. Meals/snack frequency, assessed by a questionnaire, was 'Low' in 332 (<or=3 meals/day), 'Intermediate' in 1334 (4/day) and 'High' in 2002 (>or=5/day) children. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference significantly decreased going up across meals/snacks categories (BMI=20.5+/-0.2, 19.7+/-0.1 and 18.8+/-0.1 kg/m2; waist=68.0+/-0.6, 66.6+/-0.3, 63.9+/-0.2 cm, for Low, Intermediate and High groups, respectively; M+/-s.e.; P<0.001 by ANCOVA trend analysis adjusted by age, sex, birth weight, physical activity, parental overweight and education level). BP decreased from Low to High group but differences were no longer significant after adjustment for BMI. In our sample of school children, the daily eating frequency was inversely associated with the degree of both total adiposity and central fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barba
- Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy.
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Poston WSC, Haddock CK, Pinkston MM, Pace P, Karakoc ND, Reeves RS, Foreyt JP. Weight loss with meal replacement and meal replacement plus snacks: a randomized trial. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 29:1107-14. [PMID: 15925955 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether snacking would improve weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight individuals within the context of a structured meal replacement (MR) weight loss program. DESIGN A prospective 24 week, 2 (snacking vs nonsnacking) x 2 (MR vs meal replacement augmented with snacks (MRPS)) randomized trial. Participants were instructed to limit their total daily intake to 1200 (women) or 1500 (men) kcals. Those receiving the MR program were instructed not to snack while those in the MRPS program were told to snack three times per day. SUBJECTS A total of 100 participants were block-randomized, based on prestudy snacking status (high vs low), to receive a standard meal replacement program (MR) or MRPS. MEASUREMENTS Weight, height, blood pressure, lipid fractions, glucose, and insulin were assessed at the baseline, 12-, and 24 weeks. RESULTS Completers analysis at 24 weeks demonstrated a significant time effect (F(1,46)=44.6, P<0.001), indicating that all participants lost significant amounts of weight regardless of group assignment. An intention-to-treat model resulted in similar results. By week 24, the average weight loss across groups was 4.6 kg. There also were significant improvements across all groups among completers for systolic blood pressure (P=0.047), cholesterol (P=0.001), LDL (P=0.001), glucose (P=0.004), and insulin (P=0.001) at week 12, and glucose (P=0.001) and insulin at week 24 (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a participant's preferences for snacking did not affect their response to treatment. Snackers and nonsnackers responded equally well whether they received a standard meal replacement program or one augmented with snacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S C Poston
- Health Research Group, Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas, MO 64110, USA.
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Bertéus Forslund H, Torgerson JS, Sjöström L, Lindroos AK. Snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices in obese men and women compared to a reference population. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29:711-9. [PMID: 15809664 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices, taking physical activity into account, in obese vs reference men and women. DESIGN Cross-sectional, descriptive study. SUBJECTS In total, 4259 obese, middle-aged subjects (1891 men and 2368 women) from the baseline examination of the XENDOS study and 1092 subjects (505 men and 587 women) from the SOS reference study were included. MEASUREMENTS A meal pattern questionnaire describing habitual intake occasions (main meals, light meals/breakfast, snacks, drink-only), a dietary questionnaire describing habitual energy and macronutrient intake and a questionnaire assessing physical activity at work and during leisure time were used. RESULTS The obese group consumed snacks more frequently compared to the reference group (P<0.001) and women more frequently than men (P<0.001). Energy intake increased with increasing snacking frequency, irrespective of physical activity. Statistically significant differences in trends were found for cakes/cookies, candies/chocolate and desserts for the relation between energy intake and snacking frequency, where energy intake increased more by snacking frequency in obese subjects than in reference subjects. CONCLUSION Obese subjects were more frequent snackers than reference subjects and women were more frequent snackers than men. Snacks were positively related to energy intake, irrespective of physical activity. Sweet, fatty food groups were associated with snacking and contributed considerably to energy intake. Snacking needs to be considered in obesity treatment, prevention and general dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bertéus Forslund
- Department of Body Composition and Metabolism, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Ma Y, Bertone-Johnson ER, Stanek III EJ, Reed GW, Herbert JR, Cohen NL, Olendzki BC, Rosal MC, Merriam PA, Ockene IS. Eating Patterns in a Free-Living Healthy U. S. Adult Population. Ecol Food Nutr 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/03670240590904326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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New SA, Livingstone MBE. An investigation of the association between vending machine confectionery purchase frequency by schoolchildren in the UK and other dietary and lifestyle factors. Public Health Nutr 2003; 6:497-504. [PMID: 12943566 DOI: 10.1079/phn2003462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Availability of confectionery from vending machines in secondary schools provides a convenient point of purchase. There is concern that this may lead to 'over-indulgence' and hence an increase in susceptibility to obesity and poor 'dietary quality'. The study objective was to investigate the association between the frequency of consumption of confectionery purchased from vending machines and other sources and related lifestyle factors in adolescent boys and girls. DESIGN A secondary school-based, cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS AND SETTING A total of 504 subjects were investigated (age range 12-15 years), from three schools in southern and northern England. Using a lifestyle questionnaire, frequency of confectionery consumption (CC) from all sources (AS) and vending machines (VM) was recorded for a typical school week. Subjects were categorised into non-consumers, low, medium and high consumers using the following criteria: none, 0 times per week; low, 1-5 times per week; medium, 6-9 times per week; high, 10 times per week or greater. RESULTS No differences were found in the frequency of CC from AS or VM between those who consumed breakfast and lunch and those who did not. No differences were found in the frequency of fruit and vegetable intake in high VM CC vs. none VM CC groups, or in any of the VM CC groups. Confectionery consumption from AS (but not VM) was found to be higher in subjects who were physically active on the journey to school (P<0.01) but also higher in those who spent more time watching television and playing computer games (P<0.01). No associations were found between smoking habits or alcohol consumption and frequency of CC. CONCLUSIONS These results do not show a link between consumption of confectionery purchased from vending machines and 'poor' dietary practice or 'undesirable' lifestyle habits. Findings for total confectionery consumption showed some interesting trends, but the results were not consistent, either for a negative or positive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A New
- Independent Nutrition Consultant, 4 Whitmore Hill Cottages, Whitmore Vale Road, Grayshott, Surrey, GU26 6LU, UK.
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Ruidavets JB, Bongard V, Bataille V, Gourdy P, Ferrières J. Eating frequency and body fatness in middle-aged men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2002; 26:1476-83. [PMID: 12439650 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2001] [Revised: 03/29/2002] [Accepted: 05/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between eating frequency and body fatness was tested in a population sample. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey on cardiovascular risk factors and a nutritional survey were carried out from June 1996 to April 1997. SUBJECTS Population sample of 330 free-living middle-aged men (45-64 y). MEASUREMENTS Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and nutritional survey (3-day record). RESULTS In the whole sample, BMI and WHR decreased significantly (P<0.05) along with the increase of the number of eating occasions. When low energy records were excluded, the trend for BMI and WHR according to eating categories remained significant. For WHR, averages were 0.98, 0.95, 0.94 and 0.93 for 1-2, 3, 4 or 5 or more feedings a day, respectively. For BMI, mean values were 28.1, 26.2, 26.2 and 24.5 kg/m(2), respectively. After adjustment for confounders (total energy intake or macronutrients, age, educational level, smoking habits, physical activity and restrained diet), the linear trend for BMI and WHR throughout feeding categories was significant when the whole sample was considered. This relationship remained similar when low energy records or when dieters were excluded. CONCLUSION These results suggest that for an isoenergetic intake the increase of eating frequency is associated with lower body fatness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Ruidavets
- INSERM U558, Département d'Epidémiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Toulouse, France
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Heath R. Agreeing goals. Gerodontology 2001; 18:63-4. [PMID: 11794739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2001.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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