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Wang T, Wang F, Gou Z, Tang H, Li C, Shi L, Zhai S. Using real-world data to evaluate the association of incretin-based therapies with risk of acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of 1,324,515 patients from observational studies. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:32-41. [PMID: 25200423 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the real-world incidence of acute pancreatitis (AP) associated with incretin-based therapy (IBT). METHODS We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies using Medline, PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Database, ClinicalTrials.gov and conference proceedings. We included: those studies in which AP was a pre-defined clinical outcome; longitudinal studies (case-control, cohort); studies that adjusted for confounders; studies that reported on a population exposed to IBT; studies in which non-IBT users or past users (who received IBTs >90 days before the index date) were used as the control group; studies that reported risk estimates [relative risks, odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios] with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for AP event with IBT use, or that reported sufficient data to estimate these; and publications in the English language. Data were extracted by two independent investigators, and a consensus was reached with involvement of a third. Study-specific ORs from seven cohort studies and two case-control studies were meta-analysed using random-effects models. Associations were tested in subgroups representing different patient characteristics and study quality. RESULTS A total of nine studies that included 1,324,515 patients and 5195 cases of AP were included in our meta-analysis. The summary estimate of OR for an association between IBT and AP was 1.03 (95% CI 0.87-1.20). CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis of real-world data does not suggest that IBT is associated with AP. Although we should continue to remain vigilant, IBTs should be regarded as reasonable options to consider adding to the regimen of a patient with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Mohan Dallumal R, Chua SS, Wu DBC, Vethakkan SR. Sitagliptin: Is It Effective in Routine Clinical Practice? Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:950571. [PMID: 26089904 PMCID: PMC4451333 DOI: 10.1155/2015/950571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim. The present study was conducted to determine the glycaemic effects of sitagliptin in type 2 diabetes patients. Methods. Data was collected from patient medical records of a major teaching hospital in Malaysia, from 2009 to 2012. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values prior to and up to 12 months after the initiation of sitagliptin were analysed. The change in HbA1c values was accounted for based on a generalized linear model generated using the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) method. Results and Discussion. Of the 457 patients, 53.6% were elderly and 81.4% were overweight. The mean HbA1c (standard deviation) before initiation of sitagliptin was 8.5 (1.4)%. This dropped to 7.7 (1.4)%, 3 to 6 months after initiation of sitagliptin, with a mean difference of 0.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7-1.0; P < 0.001). However, this value increased to 8.0 (1.7)% after 7 to 12 months on sitagliptin (P = 0.002) with a mean difference from baseline of 0.6% (95% CI: 0.4-0.7; P < 0.001). Conclusion. In routine clinical practice, sitagliptin produces a significant reduction in mean HbA1c (0.8%) within the first 6 months of use which corresponds to efficacy data obtained in controlled clinical trials. However, this reduction was lesser, 7 to 12 month later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mohan Dallumal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Siang Chua
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Siew Siang Chua:
| | - David Bin-Chia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Chen DY, Wang SH, Mao CT, Tsai ML, Lin YS, Chou CC, Wen MS, Wang CC, Hsieh IC, Hung KC, Chen TH. Sitagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease and acute myocardial infarction: A nationwide cohort study. Int J Cardiol 2014; 181:200-6. [PMID: 25528312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardiovascular safety and efficacy of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, in type 2 diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are unclear. METHODS We analyzed data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database between March 1st, 2009 and December 31st, 2011. A total of 1025 AMI patients with diabetes with chronic kidney disease were selected as the study cohort. The study evaluated the cardiovascular safety and efficacy of sitagliptin by comparing 205 subjects (20%) who use sitagliptin to 820 matched subjects (80%) who do not. The primary outcomes included myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke or cardiovascular death. RESULTS Primary composite outcomes occurred in 54 patients in the sitagliptin group (26.3%) and in 164 patients in the comparison group (20.0%) (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.97-1.79; P=0.079) during the mean follow-up of 1.02years (SD=0.71years). The sitagliptin group had similar risks of ischemic stroke, all-cause mortality or hospitalization for heart failure (HF) compared to the non-sitagliptin group (P=0.938, 0.523 and 0.795 respectively). However, sitagliptin use was associated with increased risks of recurrent myocardial infarction (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.15-2.58; P=0.008) and percutaneous coronary revascularization (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.04-1.95; P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS Among type 2 diabetic patients with CKD after AMI, the use of sitagliptin was not associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death, ischemic stroke or hospitalization for HF but was associated with increased risks of recurrent MI and percutaneous coronary revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yi Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Heng Wang
- Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tai Mao
- Heart Failure Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chuan Chou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shien Wen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Chang Hsieh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chun Hung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Hsing Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen, China; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Evaluating Cardiovascular Safety of Novel Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Cardiol Rep 2014; 16:541. [DOI: 10.1007/s11886-014-0541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mogensen UM, Andersson C, Fosbøl EL, Schramm TK, Vaag A, Scheller NM, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason G, Køber L. Cardiovascular safety of combination therapies with incretin-based drugs and metformin compared with a combination of metformin and sulphonylurea in type 2 diabetes mellitus--a retrospective nationwide study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:1001-8. [PMID: 24827939 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists are widely used in combinations with metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes; however, data on long-term safety compared with conventional combination therapies are limited. METHODS Danish individuals without prior myocardial infarction or stroke that initiated combinations of metformin with sulphonylurea (SU), DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists or insulin between 9 May 2007 and 31 December 2011 were followed up for the risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CV) mortality or a combined end point of myocardial infarction, stroke and CV mortality. Rate ratios (RR) were calculated using time-dependent multivariable Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 40 028 patients (59% men, mean age 60 ± 13 years) used metformin with SU (n = 25 092), DPP-4 inhibitor (n = 11 138), GLP-1 agonist (n = 4345) or insulin (n = 6858). Crude incidence rates per 1000 patient years for the combined end point were 18 (SU), 10 (DPP-4 inhibitor), 8 (GLP-1 agonist) and 21 (insulin). In adjusted analyses with metformin + SU as reference, metformin + DPP-4 inhibitor was associated with an RR of 0.65 (0.54-0.80) for mortality, an RR of 0.57 (0.40-0.80) for CV mortality and an RR of 0.70 (0.57-0.85) for the combined end point. For metformin + GLP-1 agonist, the RR for mortality was 0.77 (0.51-1.17), for CV mortality 0.89 (0.47-1.68), and for the combined end point 0.82 (0.55-1.21). CONCLUSION Incretin-based drugs combined with metformin were safe compared with conventional combinations of glucose-lowering therapy. Use of incretin-based therapy may be target for strategies to lower CV risk in type 2 diabetes, although it should be recognized that the multivariable analysis may not have fully accounted for important baseline differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Mogensen
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hirata T, Inukai K, Morimoto J, Katayama S, Ishida H. Effects of concomitant drugs on sitagliptin-mediated improvement in glycemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes 2014; 8:265-270. [PMID: 24530100 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated to clarify factors associated with the efficacy of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitor, for glycemic control including the confounding effect of concomitant drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We included type 2 diabetes patients with HbA1c levels of ≥7% who were not under insulin treatment and were administered sitagliptin (50mg/day for 6 months). Reduction or discontinuation of insulin sensitizers was not permitted during the study period. Outcomes included HbA1c level variations and attaining a target HbA1c level of <7%. Associated factors with each outcome were examined using multivariate analysis. RESULTS Of the 313 patients enrolled in this study, 147 (47.0%) attained HbA1c levels of <7%. High baseline HbA1c levels were associated with HbA1c level variations but inversely associated with attaining the target HbA1c level of <7%. Concomitant use of an insulin sensitizer and a α-glucosidase inhibitor and maintenance of the baseline dose of concomitant drugs were significantly associated with each outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that concomitant sitagliptin administration (50mg/day) will improve glycemic control if treatment is initiated before HbA1c levels deteriorate. Other medication should be continued at initiation of sitagliptin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Hirata
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Kouichi Inukai
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Morimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Social Insurance Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Katayama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishida
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Karagiannis T, Boura P, Tsapas A. Safety of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors: a perspective review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2014; 5:138-46. [PMID: 25083269 DOI: 10.1177/2042098614523031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a relatively new class of oral antihyperglycemic agent that enhance insulin secretion by reducing degradation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide 1. Currently, sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin and alogliptin have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency for use in patients with type 2 diabetes. Their glycemic efficacy has been well documented; however, data regarding their long-term safety are as yet inconclusive. While preclinical studies have indicated a potential cardioprotective effect of DPP-4 inhibitors, current clinical data from cardiovascular safety trials suggest a neutral effect on cardiovascular outcomes. Moreover, postmarketing experience has given rise to concerns about specific adverse events, including pancreatitis and hypersensitivity reactions. This review summarizes available evidence regarding safety of DPP-4 inhibitors. Overall, DPP-4 inhibitors appear to be a safe option for patients with type 2 diabetes. However, close pharmacovigilance is necessary to address the uncertainty regarding pancreas-related adverse events, while their potential impact on cardiovascular outcomes will be further elucidated after completion of more long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panagiota Boura
- Second Medical Department, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolos Tsapas
- Second Medical Department, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece and Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Comparative effectiveness research (CER) is a concept initiated by the Institute of Medicine and financially supported by the federal government. The primary objective of CER is to improve decision making in medicine. This research is intended to evaluate the effectiveness, benefits, and harmful effects of alternative interventions. CER studies are commonly large, simple, observational, and conducted using electronic databases. To date, there is little comparative effectiveness evidence within hand surgery to guide therapeutic decisions. To draw conclusions on effectiveness through electronic health records, databases must contain clinical information and outcomes relevant to hand surgery interventions, such as patient-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shepard P. Johnson
- Resident, Department of Surgery, Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin C. Chung
- Professor of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, Assistant Dean for Faculty Affairs, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Weir DL, McAlister FA, Senthilselvan A, Minhas-Sandhu JK, Eurich DT. Sitagliptin use in patients with diabetes and heart failure: a population-based retrospective cohort study. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2014; 2:573-82. [PMID: 24998080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study objective was to evaluate the effects of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND There is uncertainty in the literature about whether dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors cause harm in patients with HF and T2D. METHODS We analyzed data from a national commercially insured U.S. claims database. Patients with incident HF were identified from individuals with T2D initially treated with metformin or sulfonylurea and followed over time. Subjects subsequently using sitagliptin were compared with those not using sitagliptin in the 90 days before our primary outcome of all-cause hospital admission or death using a nested case-control analysis after adjustment for demographics and clinical and laboratory data. HF-specific hospital admission or death also was assessed. RESULTS A total of 7,620 patients with diabetes and incident HF met our inclusion criteria. Mean (SD) age was 54 years (9), and 58% (3,180) were male. Overall, 887 patients (12%) were exposed to sitagliptin therapy (521 patient years of exposure) after incident HF. Our primary composite endpoint occurred in 4,137 patients (54%). After adjustment, sitagliptin users were not at an increased risk for the primary endpoint (7.1% vs. 9.2%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69 to 1.03) or each component (hospital admission 7.5% vs. 9.2%, aOR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.76 to 1.14; death 6.9% vs. 9.3%, aOR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.68 to 1.97). However, sitagliptin use was associated with an increased risk of HF hospitalizations (12.5% vs. 9.0%, aOR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.92). CONCLUSIONS Sitagliptin use was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause hospitalizations or death, but was associated with an increased risk of HF-related hospitalizations among patients with T2D with pre-existing HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniala L Weir
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; ACHORD, 2-040 Li Ka Shing Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Finlay A McAlister
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Dean T Eurich
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; ACHORD, 2-040 Li Ka Shing Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Padwal R, Lin M, Etminan M, Eurich DT. Comparative Effectiveness of Olmesartan and Other Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in Diabetes Mellitus. Hypertension 2014; 63:977-83. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Olmesartan has been linked with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and sprue-like enteropathy. We compared outcomes between olmesartan and other angiotensin receptor blockers in a large clinical registry of patients with diabetes mellitus. A retrospective cohort analysis using nationwide US-integrated insurance and laboratory claims was performed in 45 185 incident diabetic angiotensin receptor blocker users, including 10 370 (23%) olmesartan users. Hazard ratios were computed using time-dependant Cox models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, laboratory data, drug use, healthcare utilization, and the propensity to receive olmesartan. Blood pressure data were unavailable. Subjects were followed up for 116 721 patient-years. The primary end point was all-cause hospitalization or all-cause mortality and occurred in 10 915 (24%) patients. Average age was 54.3±9.6 years, 52% were men, 17% had cardiovascular disease, and 10% chronic kidney disease. Compared with other angiotensin receptor blockers, the adjusted hazard for olmesartan was 0.99 (95% confidence interval, 0.94–1.05) for all-cause hospitalization and mortality; 0.90 (0.62–1.30) for all-cause mortality; 0.99 (0.94–1.05) for all-cause hospital admission; 0.88 (0.78–1.00) for cardiovascular disease–related admission, and 1.09 (0.98–1.20) for gastrointestinal disease–related hospitalization in the overall cohort. Olmesartan use was associated with an adjusted hazard for the primary outcome of 1.11 (0.99–1.24) in subjects with history of cardiovascular disease and 1.21 (1.04–1.41) in subjects with chronic kidney disease. In conclusion, there is no robust signal for harm with olmesartan use. Risk may be increased in kidney disease; thus, given the widespread availability of alternate agents, olmesartan should be used with caution in this subgroup pending further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Padwal
- From the Department of Medicine (R.P.), Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health (M.L., D.T.E.), and Alliance for Canadian Health Outcomes Research in Diabetes (D.T.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Diabetes Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.P., M.L., D.T.E.); and Therapeutic Evaluation Unit, Provincial Health Services Authority of BC, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.P., M.E.)
| | - Mu Lin
- From the Department of Medicine (R.P.), Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health (M.L., D.T.E.), and Alliance for Canadian Health Outcomes Research in Diabetes (D.T.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Diabetes Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.P., M.L., D.T.E.); and Therapeutic Evaluation Unit, Provincial Health Services Authority of BC, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.P., M.E.)
| | - Mahyar Etminan
- From the Department of Medicine (R.P.), Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health (M.L., D.T.E.), and Alliance for Canadian Health Outcomes Research in Diabetes (D.T.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Diabetes Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.P., M.L., D.T.E.); and Therapeutic Evaluation Unit, Provincial Health Services Authority of BC, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.P., M.E.)
| | - Dean T. Eurich
- From the Department of Medicine (R.P.), Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health (M.L., D.T.E.), and Alliance for Canadian Health Outcomes Research in Diabetes (D.T.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Diabetes Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.P., M.L., D.T.E.); and Therapeutic Evaluation Unit, Provincial Health Services Authority of BC, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.P., M.E.)
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Faillie JL, Azoulay L, Patenaude V, Hillaire-Buys D, Suissa S. Incretin based drugs and risk of acute pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes: cohort study. BMJ 2014; 348:g2780. [PMID: 24764569 PMCID: PMC4002758 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the use of incretin based drugs, compared with sulfonylureas, is associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis. DESIGN Population based cohort study. SETTING 680 general practices in the United Kingdom contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. PARTICIPANTS From 1 January 2007 to 31 March 2012, 20 748 new users of incretin based drugs were compared with 51 712 users of sulfonylureas and followed up until 31 March 2013. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for acute pancreatitis in users of incretin based drugs compared with users of sulfonylureas. Models were adjusted for tenths of high dimensional propensity score (hdPS). RESULTS The crude incidence rate for acute pancreatitis was 1.45 per 1000 patients per year (95% confidence interval 0.99 to 2.11) for incretin based drug users and 1.47 (1.23 to 1.76) for sulfonylurea users. The rate of acute pancreatitis associated with the use of incretin based drugs was not increased (hdPS adjusted hazard ratio: 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.59 to 1.70) relative to sulfonylurea use. CONCLUSIONS Compared with use of sulfonylureas, the use of incretin based drugs is not associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis. While this study is reassuring, it does not preclude a modest increased risk, and thus additional studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Faillie
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Myat A, Redwood SR, Gersh BJ, Yellon DM, Marber MS. Diabetes, incretin hormones and cardioprotection. Heart 2014; 100:1550-61. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Hao S, Sun J, Tian X, Sun X, Zhang Z, Gao Y. Lansoprazole enhances the antidiabetic effect of sitagliptin in mice with diet-induced obesity and healthy human subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:1133-9. [PMID: 24628303 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Proton pump inhibitors as adjunctive therapy would improve diabetes control and could enhance the hypoglycaemic activity of DPP-4 inhibitors. The aim of the study was to investigate the short-term effects of lansoprazole (LPZ), sitagliptin (SITA) and their combination therapy on glucose regulation and gut peptide secretion. METHODS Glucose and gut peptide were determined and compared after short-term administration of LPZ or SITA, or in combination to mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and to healthy human subjects (n = 16) in a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) by a crossover design. KEY FINDINGS In DIO mice, LPZ significantly improve glucose metabolism, increase plasma C-peptide and insulin compared with vehicle treatment. Furthermore, the combination of LPZ and SITA improved glucose tolerance additively, with higher plasma insulin and C-peptide levels compared with SITA-treated mice. Similarly, in human in the OGTT, the combination showed significant improvement in glucose-lowering and insulin increase vs SITA-treated group. However, no significant differences in area under curve (AUC) of insulin, glucose and C-peptide between the LPZ-treated group and baseline, except that mean AUCgastrin was significantly increased by LPZ. CONCLUSIONS LPZ and SITA combination therapy appears to have complementary mechanisms of action and additive antidiabetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShaoJun Hao
- Department of Pharmacy and Equipment, No. 371 Hospital of PLA, Xin'xiang, China
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Scheller NM, Mogensen UM, Andersson C, Vaag A, Torp-Pedersen C. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular effects associated with the DPP-IV inhibitor sitagliptin compared with metformin, a retrospective cohort study on the Danish population. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:231-6. [PMID: 24020750 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM We performed a retrospective cohort study, investigating the clinical outcomes including mortality and cardiovascular disease of sitagliptin compared with metformin monotherapies. METHODS All patients receiving monotherapy with the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors (DPP-IV) inhibitor sitagliptin between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2011 were identified. All-cause mortality and a composite endpoint of stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and all-cause mortality associated with sitagliptin monotherapy were compared with metformin monotherapy. In addition, as an indicator of efficacy we analysed the hazard ratio of changing treatment. RESULTS A total of 84 756 patients were included in the analysis, 1228 (1.4%) received sitagliptin monotherapy whereas the remaining 83 528 (98.6%) patients received metformin monotherapy. Patients using metformin were younger than patients using sitagliptin (59.0 ± 15.2 vs. 62.5 ± 13.1) were less often male (51.6 vs. 54.2%) and had longer treatment duration with monotherapy (1.8 ± 1.3 vs. 0.9 ± 1.1 years). Compared with patients receiving metformin, patients using sitagliptin showed no statistically significant excess risks of all-cause mortality [hazard ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.92-1.71; p = 0.153] or the composite endpoint (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.92-1.61; p = 0.164). However, the use of sitagliptin monotherapy was associated with an increased likelihood of changing treatment (hazard ratio, 4.88; 95% CI, 4.46-5.35; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In a retrospective analysis, sitagliptin monotherapy compared with metformin monotherapy was not associated with any statistical significant increased risk of all-cause mortality or the composite endpoint, but was associated with an increased likelihood of changing glucose-lowering treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Scheller
- Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Faillie JL, Babai S, Crépin S, Bres V, Laroche ML, Le Louet H, Petit P, Montastruc JL, Hillaire-Buys D. Pancreatitis associated with the use of GLP-1 analogs and DPP-4 inhibitors: a case/non-case study from the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51:491-7. [PMID: 24352344 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-013-0544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the recent past, concerns have raised regarding the potential risk of acute pancreatitis among type 2 diabetic patients using incretin-based drugs such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between exposure to incretin-based drugs and the occurrence of pancreatitis reported in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. The case/non-case method was performed from serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs) involving antihyperglycemic agents (except insulin alone) reported to the French pharmacovigilance system between March 2008 (first marketing of an incretin-based drug in France) and March 2013. Cases were defined as reports of pancreatitis, and all other serious ADRs were considered non-cases. Disproportionality was assessed by calculating reporting odds ratios (ROR) adjusted for age, gender, history of pancreatitis, other antihyperglycemic drugs and other drugs associated with a higher risk of pancreatitis. Among 3,109 serious ADRs, 147 (4.7 %) reports of pancreatitis were identified as cases and 2,962 reports (95.3 %) of other ADRs as non-cases. Among the cases, 122 (83.0 %) involved incretin-based drugs. Disproportionality was found for all incretin-based drugs (adjusted ROR: 15.7 [95 % CI 9.8-24.9]), all GLP-1 analogs (29.4 [16.0-53.8]), exenatide (28.3 [12.8-62.3]), liraglutide (30.4 [15.4-60.0]), all DPP-4 inhibitors (12.1 [7.3-20.0]), sitagliptin (12.4 [7.3-21.0]), saxagliptin (15.1 [4.3-52.7]), and vildagliptin (7.4 [3.1-17.6]). Temporal analysis found disproportionality for incretin-based drugs since their first year of marketing in France. Compared with other antihyperglycemic agents, use of incretin-based drugs is associated with an increased risk of reported pancreatitis in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Faillie
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacovigilance Regional Center, CHRU Montpellier, 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295, Montpellier, France,
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Ryder REJ. The potential risks of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer with GLP-1-based therapies are far outweighed by the proven and potential (cardiovascular) benefits. Diabet Med 2013; 30:1148-55. [PMID: 24073725 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent suggestions that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies could cause pancreatitis, and even pancreatic cancer, are based on: ANIMAL STUDIES The worrying histological changes are not reproduced in all studies and are unexpectedly variable with different GLP-1-based therapies. AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Singh's findings that pancreatitis is doubled with GLP-1-based therapies could relate to their use in obese patients who are prone to pancreatitis risk factors--gallstones and hypertriglyceridaemia. The other observational studies do not find an association between GLP-1-based therapies and pancreatitis. US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION ADVERSE EVENT REPORTING SYSTEM The increased reports of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer are likely to be attributable to 'notoriety bias'. A STUDY OF ORGAN DONOR PANCREASES Butler's findings for those on GLP-1-based therapies vs. those not, could have other explanations. Meanwhile: META ANALYSIS: Randomized control trials with GLP-1-based therapies do not find increased pancreatitis risk. Meta-analysis of 53 randomized controlled trials including 20 212 dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor-treated patients found a significantly reduced risk of major adverse cardiovascular events [odds ratio 0.689 (0.528-0.899), P = 0.006] for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors compared with control subjects. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK The evidence suggests that there is more than a possibility that some of the GLP-1 receptor agonists, and possibly also some dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, may be associated with reduced cardiovascular events. Eight ongoing long-term cardiovascular randomized controlled trials will report from September 2013 onwards. These trials should resolve the issue of pancreatitis risk and substantiate the extent of benefit. CONCLUSION Whilst we should remain vigilant, currently the balance of evidence is strongly in support of GLP-1-based therapy, with benefits far outweighing potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E J Ryder
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Eligar VS, Bain SC. A review of sitagliptin with special emphasis on its use in moderate to severe renal impairment. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 7:893-903. [PMID: 24039399 PMCID: PMC3770622 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s32331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sitagliptin is the first dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitor to be used in the management of type 2 diabetes. It is widely used as an add-on therapy to ongoing management or as monotherapy where it is deemed necessary. It has been found to be beneficial in improving β-cell function and glycemic control, and also is used in special circumstances like chronic kidney disease, with appropriate dose reductions. Overall, cardiovascular outcomes are no different from other oral hypoglycemic agents. In this review article we have summarized all the previous studies relevant to sitagliptin use in clinical practice and emphasized its use in various stages of chronic kidney disease.
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