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Yamada A, Shimura C, Shinkai Y. Biochemical validation of EHMT1 missense mutations in Kleefstra syndrome. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:555-562. [PMID: 29459631 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kleefstra syndrome (KS) (9q34 deletion syndrome) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by intellectual disability, frequently coupled with a spectrum of complex physical and clinical manifestations. As the euchromatic histone methyltransferase-1 gene (EHMT1, GLP, or KMT1D) within the 9q34 region is deleted or mutated in most of the individuals with KS, its absence or defect in one allele is speculated to cause the major symptoms of the syndrome. Most of the EHMT1 mutations are frameshift or nonsense mutations, but two individuals with KS were reported to possess EHMT1 missense mutations. These two mutations have been predicted to cause a defective enzymatic function, but precise biochemical validation was not conducted. Therefore, we validated these two mutations by performing in vitro histone methyltransferase (HMT) activity assay and found that C1073Y and R1197W mutations severely affected the HMT activity. Additionally, the same amino-acid substitutions in mouse GLP induced impairment of in vivo GLP function. Furthermore, these two EHMT1 mutants showed defective heterocomplex formation with G9a (partner HMT) which is essential for their in vivo HMT function. Conclusively, our biochemical characterization clearly demonstrates that the previously reported two missense mutations of EHMT1 deteriorate HMT activity and GLP function, which presumably cause KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Yamada
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chikako Shimura
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shinkai
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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52
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Thurm A, Powell EM, Neul JL, Wagner A, Zwaigenbaum L. Loss of skills and onset patterns in neurodevelopmental disorders: Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms. Autism Res 2018; 11:212-222. [PMID: 29226600 PMCID: PMC5825269 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of onset in Autism Spectrum Disorder, including a pattern that includes loss of previously acquired skills, have been identified since the first reports of the disorder. However, attempts to study such "regression" have been limited to clinical studies, that until recently mostly involved retrospective reports. The current report reflects discussion that occurred at an NIMH convened meeting in 2016 with the purpose of bridging clinical autism research with basic and translational work in this area. This summary describes the state of the field with respect to clinical studies, describing gaps in knowledge based on limited methods and prospective data collected. Biological mechanisms that have been shown to account for regression early in development in specific conditions are discussed, as well as potential mechanisms that have not yet been explored. Suggestions include use of model systems during the developmental period and cutting-edge methods, including non-invasive imaging that may afford opportunities for a better understanding of the neurobiological pathways that result in loss of previously-attained skills. Autism Res 2018, 11: 212-222. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY Loss of previously acquired skills, or regression, has been reported in Autism Spectrum Disorder since Kanner's reports in the 1950's. The current report reflects discussion from an NIMH convened meeting in 2016 with the purpose of bridging clinical autism research with basic and translational work in this area. This summary describes the state of the field regarding clinical studies and suggests use of model systems during the developmental period and cutting-edge methods, for a better understanding of the neurobiological pathways that result in loss of previously-attained skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Thurm
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Powell
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Neul
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ann Wagner
- Division of Translational Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Autism Research Center, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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53
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de Boer A, Vermeulen K, Egger JIM, Janzing JGE, de Leeuw N, Veenstra-Knol HE, den Hollander NS, van Bokhoven H, Staal W, Kleefstra T. EHMT1 mosaicism in apparently unaffected parents is associated with autism spectrum disorder and neurocognitive dysfunction. Mol Autism 2018; 9:5. [PMID: 29416845 PMCID: PMC5784506 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic mosaicism is only detected occasionally when there are no obvious health or developmental issues. Most cases concern healthy parents in whom mosaicism is identified upon targeted testing of a genetic defect that was initially detected in their children. A germline genetic defect affecting the euchromatin histone methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) gene causes Kleefstra syndrome, which is associated with the typical triad of distinct facial appearance, (childhood) hypotonia, and intellectual disability. A high degree of psychopathology is associated with this syndrome. A few parents with a mosaic EHMT1 mutation have been detected upon testing after a child was diagnosed with a germline EHMT1 defect. At first glance, carriers of a mosaic EHMT1 mutation appeared to function normally. However, recent studies have shown that de novo, postzygotic mutations in important developmental genes significantly contribute to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Therefore, we hypothesized that EHMT1 mosaicism could cause neuropsychiatric defects. To investigate this, we performed a detailed investigation of cognitive neuropsychiatric parameters in parents identified with EHMT1 mosaicism. Methods Three adults (two males, one female) with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of EHMT1 mosaicism were examined by means of a battery of tests and observational instruments covering both neurocognitive and psychiatric features. The battery included the following instruments: the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), the mini Psychiatric Assessment Schedules for Adults with Developmental Disabilities (mini PAS-ADD), the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS), and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). These measures were compared with our previously reported data from Kleefstra syndrome patients with confirmed (germline) EHMT1 defects. Results All three subjects achieved maximum total scores on the VABS, indicative of adequate (adaptive) functioning. In all, scores above cutoff were found on the ADOS for ASD and on the mini PAS-ADD for major depressive disorder (lifetime). Finally, results on the CANTAB showed impaired cognitive flexibility in all subjects. Conclusion Individuals with EHMT1 mosaicism seem to have increased vulnerability for developing severe psychopathology, especially ASD and mood disorders. Although at first glance they appear to be well-adapted in their daily functioning, they may experience significant psychiatric symptoms and show reduced cognitive flexibility in comparison to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke de Boer
- 1Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,3Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Karlijn Vermeulen
- 1Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,3Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jos I M Egger
- 4Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands.,5Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,6Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost G E Janzing
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole de Leeuw
- 7Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hermine E Veenstra-Knol
- 8Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hans van Bokhoven
- 2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,7Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Staal
- 1Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,3Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,10Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,11Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- 2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,7Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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54
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Epigenetic Etiology of Intellectual Disability. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10773-10782. [PMID: 29118205 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1840-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a prevailing neurodevelopmental condition associated with impaired cognitive and adaptive behaviors. Many chromatin-modifying enzymes and other epigenetic regulators have been genetically associated with ID disorders (IDDs). Here we review how alterations in the function of histone modifiers, chromatin remodelers, and methyl-DNA binding proteins contribute to neurodevelopmental defects and altered brain plasticity. We also discuss how progress in human genetics has led to the generation of mouse models that unveil the molecular etiology of ID, and outline the direction in which this field is moving to identify therapeutic strategies for IDDs. Importantly, because the chromatin regulators linked to IDDs often target common downstream genes and cellular processes, the impact of research in individual syndromes goes well beyond each syndrome and can also contribute to the understanding and therapy of other IDDs. Furthermore, the investigation of these disorders helps us to understand the role of chromatin regulators in brain development, plasticity, and gene expression, thereby answering fundamental questions in neurobiology.
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55
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Clinical application of SNP array analysis in fetuses with ventricular septal defects and normal karyotypes. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017; 296:929-940. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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56
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Yi X, Jiang X, Li X, Jiang DS. Histone lysine methylation and congenital heart disease: From bench to bedside (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:953-964. [PMID: 28902362 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications (PTM) as one of the key epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that plays critical role in various biological processes, including regulating chromatin structure dynamics and gene expression. Histone lysine methyltransferase contributes to the establishment and maintenance of differential histone methylation status, which can recognize histone methylated sites and build an association between these modifications and their downstream processes. Recently, it was found that abnormalities in the histone lysine methylation level or pattern may lead to the occurrence of many types of cardiovascular diseases, such as congenital heart disease (CHD). In order to provide new theoretical basis and targets for the treatment of CHD from the view of developmental biology and genetics, this review discusses and elaborates on the association between histone lysine methylation modifications and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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57
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Sokpor G, Xie Y, Rosenbusch J, Tuoc T. Chromatin Remodeling BAF (SWI/SNF) Complexes in Neural Development and Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:243. [PMID: 28824374 PMCID: PMC5540894 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-dependent BRG1/BRM associated factor (BAF) chromatin remodeling complexes are crucial in regulating gene expression by controlling chromatin dynamics. Over the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that during neural development in mammals, distinct ontogenetic stage-specific BAF complexes derived from combinatorial assembly of their subunits are formed in neural progenitors and post-mitotic neural cells. Proper functioning of the BAF complexes plays critical roles in neural development, including the establishment and maintenance of neural fates and functionality. Indeed, recent human exome sequencing and genome-wide association studies have revealed that mutations in BAF complex subunits are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as Coffin-Siris syndrome, Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome, Kleefstra's syndrome spectrum, Hirschsprung's disease, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia. In this review, we focus on the latest insights into the functions of BAF complexes during neural development and the plausible mechanistic basis of how mutations in known BAF subunits are associated with certain neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
| | - Yuanbin Xie
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University GoettingenGoettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the BrainGoettingen, Germany
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58
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Pettersson M, Viljakainen H, Loid P, Mustila T, Pekkinen M, Armenio M, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Mäkitie O, Lindstrand A. Copy Number Variants Are Enriched in Individuals With Early-Onset Obesity and Highlight Novel Pathogenic Pathways. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3029-3039. [PMID: 28605459 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Only a few genetic causes for childhood obesity have been identified to date. Copy number variants (CNVs) are known to contribute to obesity, both syndromic (15q11.2 deletions, Prader-Willi syndrome) and nonsyndromic (16p11.2 deletions) obesity. OBJECTIVE To study the contribution of CNVs to early-onset obesity and evaluate the expression of candidate genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue. DESIGN AND SETTING A case-control study in a tertiary academic center. PARTICIPANTS CNV analysis was performed on 90 subjects with early-onset obesity and 67 normal-weight controls. Subcutaneous adipose tissue from body mass index-discordant siblings was used for the gene expression analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We used custom high-density array comparative genomic hybridization with exon resolution in 1989 genes, including all known obesity loci. The expression of candidate genes was assessed using microarray analysis of messenger RNA from subcutaneous adipose tissue. RESULTS We identified rare CNVs in 17 subjects (19%) with obesity and 2 controls (3%). In three cases (3%), the identified variant involved a known syndromic lesion (22q11.21 duplication, 1q21.1 deletion, and 16p11.2 deletion, respectively), although the others were not known. Seven CNVs in 10 families were inherited and segregated with obesity. Expression analysis of 37 candidate genes showed discordant expression for 10 genes (PCM1, EFEMP1, MAMLD1, ACP6, BAZ2B, SORBS1, KLF15, MACROD2, ATR, and MBD5). CONCLUSIONS Rare CNVs contribute possibly pathogenic alleles to a substantial fraction of children with early-onset obesity. The involved genes might provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms and involved cellular pathways. These findings highlight the importance of CNV screening in children with early-onset obesity.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Acid Phosphatase/genetics
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins/genetics
- Autistic Disorder/genetics
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Disorders/genetics
- Chromosome Duplication/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Comparative Genomic Hybridization
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- DNA Repair Enzymes/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DiGeorge Syndrome/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Hydrolases/genetics
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Male
- Megalencephaly/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Pediatric Obesity/genetics
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Siblings
- Subcutaneous Fat/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors, General
- Transcriptome
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pettersson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Heli Viljakainen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00029, Finland
| | - Petra Loid
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00029, Finland
| | - Taina Mustila
- Department of Pediatrics, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki FI-60100, Finland
| | - Minna Pekkinen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Miriam Armenio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Johanna C Andersson-Assarsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00029, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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59
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Nagy J, Kobolák J, Berzsenyi S, Ábrahám Z, Avci HX, Bock I, Bekes Z, Hodoscsek B, Chandrasekaran A, Téglási A, Dezső P, Koványi B, Vörös ET, Fodor L, Szél T, Németh K, Balázs A, Dinnyés A, Lendvai B, Lévay G, Román V. Altered neurite morphology and cholinergic function of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from a patient with Kleefstra syndrome and autism. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1179. [PMID: 28742076 PMCID: PMC5538124 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish an in vitro Kleefstra syndrome (KS) disease model using the human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology. Previously, an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patient with Kleefstra syndrome (KS-ASD) carrying a deleterious premature termination codon mutation in the EHMT1 gene was identified. Patient specific hiPSCs generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the KS-ASD patient were differentiated into post-mitotic cortical neurons. Lower levels of EHMT1 mRNA as well as protein expression were confirmed in these cells. Morphological analysis on neuronal cells differentiated from the KS-ASD patient-derived hiPSC clones showed significantly shorter neurites and reduced arborization compared to cells generated from healthy controls. Moreover, density of dendritic protrusions of neuronal cells derived from KS-ASD hiPSCs was lower than that of control cells. Synaptic connections and spontaneous neuronal activity measured by live cell calcium imaging could be detected after 5 weeks of differentiation, when KS-ASD cells exhibited higher sensitivity of calcium responses to acetylcholine stimulation indicating a lower nicotinic cholinergic tone at baseline condition in KS-ASD cells. In addition, gene expression profiling of differentiated neuronal cells from the KS-ASD patient revealed higher expression of proliferation-related genes and lower mRNA levels of genes involved in neuronal maturation and migration. Our data demonstrate anomalous neuronal morphology, functional activity and gene expression in KS-ASD patient-specific hiPSC-derived neuronal cultures, which offers an in vitro system that contributes to a better understanding of KS and potentially other neurodevelopmental disorders including ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nagy
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Gedeon Richter Plc. Gyömrői út 19-21., Budapest 1103, Hungary. E-mail:
| | | | - S Berzsenyi
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Ábrahám
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - H X Avci
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - I Bock
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Z Bekes
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Hodoscsek
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - P Dezső
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Koványi
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - E T Vörös
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Fodor
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Szél
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Németh
- Autism Foundation, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Balázs
- Autism Foundation, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - B Lendvai
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Lévay
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - V Román
- Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
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60
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Simioni M, Artiguenave F, Meyer V, Sgardioli IC, Viguetti-Campos NL, Lopes Monlleó I, Maciel-Guerra AT, Steiner CE, Gil-da-Silva-Lopes VL. Genomic Investigation of Balanced Chromosomal Rearrangements in Patients with Abnormal Phenotypes. Mol Syndromol 2017; 8:187-194. [PMID: 28690484 DOI: 10.1159/000477084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Balanced chromosomal rearrangements (BCR) are associated with abnormal phenotypes in approximately 6% of balanced translocations and 9.4% of balanced inversions. Abnormal phenotypes can be caused by disruption of genes at the breakpoints, deletions, or positional effects. Conventional cytogenetic techniques have a limited resolution and do not enable a thorough genetic investigation. Molecular techniques applied to BCR carriers can contribute to the characterization of this type of chromosomal rearrangement and to the phenotype-genotype correlation. Fifteen individuals among 35 with abnormal phenotypes and BCR were selected for further investigation by molecular techniques. Chromosomal rearrangements involved 11 reciprocal translocations, 3 inversions, and 1 balanced insertion. Array genomic hybridization (AGH) was performed and genomic imbalances were detected in 20% of the cases, 1 at a rearrangement breakpoint and 2 further breakpoints in other chromosomes. Alterations were further confirmed by FISH and associated with the phenotype of the carriers. In the analyzed cases not showing genomic imbalances by AGH, next-generation sequencing (NGS), using whole genome libraries, prepared following the Illumina TruSeq DNA PCR-Free protocol (Illumina®) and then sequenced on an Illumina HiSEQ 2000 as 150-bp paired-end reads, was done. The NGS results suggested breakpoints in 7 cases that were similar or near those estimated by karyotyping. The genes overlapping 6 breakpoint regions were analyzed. Follow-up of BCR carriers would improve the knowledge about these chromosomal rearrangements and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Simioni
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ilária C Sgardioli
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nilma L Viguetti-Campos
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isabella Lopes Monlleó
- Clinical Genetics Service, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil
| | - Andréa T Maciel-Guerra
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Steiner
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Vera L Gil-da-Silva-Lopes
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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61
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Abstract
![]()
Post-translational
modifications of histones by protein methyltransferases
(PMTs) and histone demethylases (KDMs) play an important role in the
regulation of gene expression and transcription and are implicated
in cancer and many other diseases. Many of these enzymes also target
various nonhistone proteins impacting numerous crucial biological
pathways. Given their key biological functions and implications in
human diseases, there has been a growing interest in assessing these
enzymes as potential therapeutic targets. Consequently, discovering
and developing inhibitors of these enzymes has become a very active
and fast-growing research area over the past decade. In this review,
we cover the discovery, characterization, and biological application
of inhibitors of PMTs and KDMs with emphasis on key advancements in
the field. We also discuss challenges, opportunities, and future directions
in this emerging, exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Michael L Martini
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
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Mastrototaro G, Zaghi M, Sessa A. Epigenetic Mistakes in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 61:590-602. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Blackburn PR, Williams M, Cousin MA, Boczek NJ, Beek GJ, Lomberk GA, Urrutia RA, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Klee EW. A novel de novo frameshift deletion in EHMT1 in a patient with Kleefstra Syndrome results in decreased H3K9 dimethylation. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2017; 5:141-146. [PMID: 28361100 PMCID: PMC5370226 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kleefstra Syndrome (KS) (MIM# 610253) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by haploinsufficiency of euchromatic histone methyltransferase‐1 (EHMT1, GLP). EHMT1 (MIM# 607001) encodes a histone methyltransferase that heterodimerizes with EHMT2 (also known as G9a, MIM# 604599), which together are responsible for mono‐ and dimethylation of H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me1 and ‐me2), resulting in transcriptional repression of target genes. Methods This report describes an 18‐year‐old woman with intellectual disability, severely limited speech, hypotonia, microcephaly, and facial dysmorphisms, who was found to have a novel de novo single‐base frameshift deletion in EHMT1. Results Functional studies using patient fibroblasts showed decreased H3K9me2 compared to wild‐type control cells, thus providing a rapid confirmatory test that complements molecular studies. Conclusion Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel frameshift deletion in EHMT1 after a lengthy diagnostic odyssey in this patient. Functional testing using this patient's fibroblasts provides proof‐of‐concept for the analysis of variants of uncertain significance that are predicted to impact EHMT1 enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Blackburn
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFlorida32224; Department of Health Science ResearchMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFlorida32224
| | - Monique Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota 55901
| | - Margot A Cousin
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901; Department of Health Science ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901
| | - Nicole J Boczek
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901; Department of Health Science ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901
| | - Geoffrey J Beek
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901; Department of Clinical GenomicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901
| | - Gwen A Lomberk
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin DynamicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901; Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901
| | - Raul A Urrutia
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin DynamicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901; Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901
| | - Dusica Babovic-Vuksanovic
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901; Department of Clinical GenomicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901; Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901
| | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901; Department of Health Science ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901; Department of Clinical GenomicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901; Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota55901
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Blackburn PR, Tischer A, Zimmermann MT, Kemppainen JL, Sastry S, Knight Johnson AE, Cousin MA, Boczek NJ, Oliver G, Misra VK, Gavrilova RH, Lomberk G, Auton M, Urrutia R, Klee EW. A Novel Kleefstra Syndrome-associated Variant That Affects the Conserved TPL X Motif within the Ankyrin Repeat of EHMT1 Leads to Abnormal Protein Folding. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3866-3876. [PMID: 28057753 PMCID: PMC5339767 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kleefstra syndrome (KS) (Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) no. 610253), also known as 9q34 deletion syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by haploinsufficiency of euchromatic histone methyltransferase-1 (EHMT1). The clinical phenotype of KS includes moderate to severe intellectual disability with absent speech, hypotonia, brachycephaly, congenital heart defects, and dysmorphic facial features with hypertelorism, synophrys, macroglossia, protruding tongue, and prognathism. Only a few cases of de novo missense mutations in EHMT1 giving rise to KS have been described. However, some EHMT1 variants have been described in individuals presenting with autism spectrum disorder or mild intellectual disability, suggesting that the phenotypic spectrum resulting from EHMT1 alterations may be quite broad. In this report, we describe two unrelated patients with complex medical histories consistent with KS in whom next generation sequencing identified the same novel c.2426C>T (p.P809L) missense variant in EHMT1. To examine the functional significance of this novel variant, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of the wild type and p.P809L variant, which predicted that the latter would have a propensity to misfold, leading to abnormal histone mark binding. Recombinant EHMT1 p.P809L was also studied using far UV circular dichroism spectroscopy and intrinsic protein fluorescence. These functional studies confirmed the model-based hypotheses and provided evidence for protein misfolding and aberrant target recognition as the underlying pathogenic mechanism for this novel KS-associated variant. This is the first report to suggest that missense variants in EHMT1 that lead to protein misfolding and disrupted histone mark binding can lead to KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Blackburn
- From the Center for Individualized Medicine and.,the Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Alexander Tischer
- the Division of Hematology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- the Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics
| | | | - Sujatha Sastry
- the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolic Disorders, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, and
| | - Amy E Knight Johnson
- the Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Margot A Cousin
- the Center for Individualized Medicine.,the Department of Health Science Research
| | - Nicole J Boczek
- the Center for Individualized Medicine.,the Department of Health Science Research
| | | | - Vinod K Misra
- the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolic Disorders, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, and
| | | | - Gwen Lomberk
- the Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Epigenomics Translational Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Matthew Auton
- the Division of Hematology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Raul Urrutia
- the Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Epigenomics Translational Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,
| | - Eric W Klee
- the Department of Clinical Genomics, .,the Center for Individualized Medicine.,the Department of Health Science Research
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65
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Wang JC, Mahon LW, Ross LP, Anguiano A, Owen R, Boyar FZ. Enrichment of small pathogenic deletions at chromosome 9p24.3 and 9q34.3 involving DOCK8, KANK1, EHMT1 genes identified by using high-resolution oligonucleotide-single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:82. [PMID: 27891178 PMCID: PMC5111223 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-resolution oligo-SNP array allowed the identification of extremely small pathogenic deletions at numerous clinically relevant regions. In our clinical practice, we found that small pathogenic deletions were frequently encountered at chromosome 9p and 9q terminal regions. Results A review of 531 cases with reportable copy number changes on chromosome 9 revealed142 pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs): 104 losses, 31 gains, 7 complex chromosomal rearrangements. Of 104 pathogenic losses, 57 were less than 1 Mb in size, enriched at 9p24.3 and 9q34.3 regions, involving the DOCK8, KANK1, EHMT1 genes. The remaining 47 cases were due to interstitial or terminal deletions larger than 1 Mb or unbalanced translocations. The small pathogenic deletions of DOCK8, KANK1 and EHMT1 genes were more prevalent than small pathogenic deletions of NRXN1, DMD, SHANK3 genes and were only second to the 16p11.2 deletion syndrome, 593-kb (OMIM #611913). Conclusions This study corroborated comprehensive genotype-phenotype large scale studies at 9p24.3 and 9q24.3 regions for a better understanding of the pathogenicity caused by haploinsufficiency of the DOCK8, KANK1 and EHMT1 genes. Trial registration number None; it is not a clinical trial, and the cases were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13039-016-0291-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chi Wang
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, 33608 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690 USA
| | - Loretta W Mahon
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, 33608 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690 USA
| | - Leslie P Ross
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, 33608 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690 USA
| | - Arturo Anguiano
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, 33608 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690 USA
| | - Renius Owen
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, 33608 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690 USA
| | - Fatih Z Boyar
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, 33608 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690 USA
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66
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Yin J, Schaaf CP. Autism genetics - an overview. Prenat Diagn 2016; 37:14-30. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Yin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital; Houston TX USA
| | - Christian P. Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital; Houston TX USA
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van de Leemput J, Hess JL, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT. Genetics of Schizophrenia: Historical Insights and Prevailing Evidence. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 96:99-141. [PMID: 27968732 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia's (SZ's) heritability and familial transmission have been known for several decades; however, despite the clear evidence for a genetic component, it has been very difficult to pinpoint specific causative genes. Even so genetic studies have taught us a lot, even in the pregenomic era, about the molecular underpinnings and disease-relevant pathways. Recurring themes emerged revealing the involvement of neurodevelopmental processes, glutamate regulation, and immune system differential activation in SZ etiology. The recent emergence of epigenetic studies aimed at shedding light on the biological mechanisms underlying SZ has provided another layer of information in the investigation of gene and environment interactions. However, this epigenetic insight also brings forth another layer of complexity to the (epi)genomic landscape such as interactions between genetic variants, epigenetic marks-including cross-talk between DNA methylation and histone modification processes-, gene expression regulation, and environmental influences. In this review, we seek to synthesize perspectives, including limitations and obstacles yet to overcome, from genetic and epigenetic literature on SZ through a qualitative review of risk factors and prevailing hypotheses. Encouraged by the findings of both genetic and epigenetic studies to date, as well as the continued development of new technologies to collect and interpret large-scale studies, we are left with a positive outlook for the future of elucidating the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying SZ and other complex neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van de Leemput
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - J L Hess
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - S J Glatt
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - M T Tsuang
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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68
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Uliana
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Percesepe
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, Italy.
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69
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Benevento M, Iacono G, Selten M, Ba W, Oudakker A, Frega M, Keller J, Mancini R, Lewerissa E, Kleefstra T, Stunnenberg HG, Zhou H, van Bokhoven H, Nadif Kasri N. Histone Methylation by the Kleefstra Syndrome Protein EHMT1 Mediates Homeostatic Synaptic Scaling. Neuron 2016; 91:341-55. [PMID: 27373831 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Homeostatic plasticity, a form of synaptic plasticity, maintains the fine balance between overall excitation and inhibition in developing and mature neuronal networks. Although the synaptic mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity are well characterized, the associated transcriptional program remains poorly understood. We show that the Kleefstra-syndrome-associated protein EHMT1 plays a critical and cell-autonomous role in synaptic scaling by responding to attenuated neuronal firing or sensory drive. Chronic activity deprivation increased the amount of neuronal dimethylated H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2), the catalytic product of EHMT1 and an epigenetic marker for gene repression. Genetic knockdown and pharmacological blockade of EHMT1 or EHMT2 prevented the increase of H3K9me2 and synaptic scaling up. Furthermore, BDNF repression was preceded by EHMT1/2-mediated H3K9me2 deposition at the Bdnf promoter during synaptic scaling up, both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that H3K9me2-mediated changes in chromatin structure govern a repressive program that controls synaptic scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Benevento
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Iacono
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Selten
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Ba
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Oudakker
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Monica Frega
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jason Keller
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Mancini
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Elly Lewerissa
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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70
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Multiple Coronary Artery Microfistulas in a Girl with Kleefstra Syndrome. Case Rep Genet 2016; 2016:3056053. [PMID: 27239352 PMCID: PMC4867054 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3056053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kleefstra syndrome is characterized by hypotonia, developmental delay, dysmorphic features, congenital heart defects, and so forth. It is caused by 9q34.3 microdeletions or EHMT1 mutations. Herein a 20-month-old girl with Kleefstra syndrome, due to a de novo subterminal deletion, is described. She exhibits a rare and complex cardiopathy, encompassing multiple coronary artery microfistulas, VSD/ASD, and PFO.
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71
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Lillico R, Stesco N, Khorshid Amhad T, Cortes C, Namaka MP, Lakowski TM. Inhibitors of enzymes catalyzing modifications to histone lysine residues: structure, function and activity. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:879-97. [PMID: 27173004 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression is partly controlled by epigenetic mechanisms including histone-modifying enzymes. Some diseases are caused by changes in gene expression that can be mitigated by inhibiting histone-modifying enzymes. This review covers the enzyme inhibitors targeting histone lysine modifications. We summarize the enzymatic mechanisms of histone lysine acetylation, deacetylation, methylation and demethylation and discuss the biochemical roles of these modifications in gene expression and in disease. We discuss inhibitors of lysine acetylation, deacetylation, methylation and demethylation defining their structure-activity relationships and their potential mechanisms. We show that there are potentially indiscriminant off-target effects on gene expression even with the use of selective epigenetic enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Lillico
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nicholas Stesco
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tina Khorshid Amhad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry Between Shantou University Medical College and College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health Sciences Centre (HSC), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Claudia Cortes
- Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry Between Shantou University Medical College and College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health Sciences Centre (HSC), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mike P Namaka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry Between Shantou University Medical College and College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health Sciences Centre (HSC), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ted M Lakowski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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72
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Azamian M, Lalani SR. Cytogenomic Aberrations in Congenital Cardiovascular Malformations. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:51-61. [PMID: 27385961 DOI: 10.1159/000445788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital cardiovascular malformations are the most common birth defects, with a complex multifactorial etiology. Genetic factors play an important role, illuminated by numerous cytogenetically visible abnormalities, as well as submicroscopic genomic imbalances affecting critical genomic regions in the affected individuals. Study of rare families with Mendelian forms, as well as emerging next-generation sequencing technologies have uncovered a multitude of genes relevant for human congenital cardiac diseases. It is clear that the complex embryology of human cardiac development, with an orchestrated interplay of transcription factors, chromatin regulators, and signal transduction pathway molecules can be easily perturbed by genomic imbalances affecting dosage-sensitive regions. This review focuses on chromosomal abnormalities contributing to congenital heart diseases and underscores several genomic disorders linked to human cardiac malformations in the last few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Azamian
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex., USA
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73
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Fry AE, Rees E, Thompson R, Mantripragada K, Blake P, Jones G, Morgan S, Jose S, Mugalaasi H, Archer H, McCann E, Clarke A, Taylor C, Davies S, Gibbon F, Te Water Naude J, Hartley L, Thomas G, White C, Natarajan J, Thomas RH, Drew C, Chung SK, Rees MI, Holmans P, Owen MJ, Kirov G, Pilz DT, Kerr MP. Pathogenic copy number variants and SCN1A mutations in patients with intellectual disability and childhood-onset epilepsy. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 17:34. [PMID: 27113213 PMCID: PMC4845474 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Copy number variants (CNVs) have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability (ID), autism, epilepsy and psychiatric disease. There are few studies of CNVs in patients with both ID and epilepsy. Methods We evaluated the range of rare CNVs found in 80 Welsh patients with ID or developmental delay (DD), and childhood-onset epilepsy. We performed molecular cytogenetic testing by single nucleotide polymorphism array or microarray-based comparative genome hybridisation. Results 8.8 % (7/80) of the patients had at least one rare CNVs that was considered to be pathogenic or likely pathogenic. The CNVs involved known disease genes (EHMT1, MBD5 and SCN1A) and imbalances in genomic regions associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (16p11.2, 16p13.11 and 2q13). Prompted by the observation of two deletions disrupting SCN1A we undertook further testing of this gene in selected patients. This led to the identification of four pathogenic SCN1A mutations in our cohort. Conclusions We identified five rare de novo deletions and confirmed the clinical utility of array analysis in patients with ID/DD and childhood-onset epilepsy. This report adds to our clinical understanding of these rare genomic disorders and highlights SCN1A mutations as a cause of ID and epilepsy, which can easily be overlooked in adults. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-016-0294-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Fry
- Institute of Medial Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK. .,Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Rose Thompson
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Kiran Mantripragada
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Penny Blake
- Llwyneryr Unit, Learning Disability Services, Clasemont Road, Morriston, Swansea, SA6 6AH, UK
| | - Glyn Jones
- Learning Disabilities Directorate, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University NHS Trust, Treseder Way, Caerau, Cardiff, CF5 5WF, UK
| | - Sian Morgan
- Institute of Medial Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Sian Jose
- Institute of Medial Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Hood Mugalaasi
- Institute of Medial Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Hayley Archer
- Institute of Medial Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Emma McCann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - Angus Clarke
- Institute of Medial Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK.,Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Clare Taylor
- Institute of Medial Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Sally Davies
- Institute of Medial Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Frances Gibbon
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Johann Te Water Naude
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Louise Hartley
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Gareth Thomas
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Morriston Hospital, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Catharine White
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Morriston Hospital, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Jaya Natarajan
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Pontyclun, Mid Glamorgan, CF72 8XR, UK
| | - Rhys H Thomas
- Welsh Epilepsy Centre, Neurosciences Directorate, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Cheney Drew
- Neurology and Molecular Neuroscience Research, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Seo-Kyung Chung
- Neurology and Molecular Neuroscience Research, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Mark I Rees
- Neurology and Molecular Neuroscience Research, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Daniela T Pilz
- Institute of Medial Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Michael P Kerr
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.,Learning Disabilities Directorate, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University NHS Trust, Treseder Way, Caerau, Cardiff, CF5 5WF, UK
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He X, Caluseriu O, Srivastava R, Denny AM, Bolduc FV. Reversible white matter lesions associated with mutant EHMT1 and Kleefstra syndrome. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2016; 2:e58. [PMID: 27123477 PMCID: PMC4830196 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu He
- Department of Pediatrics (X.H., R.S., A.M.D., F.V.B.), Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (F.V.B.), and Department of Medical Genetics (O.C., F.V.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Pediatrics (X.H., R.S., A.M.D., F.V.B.), Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (F.V.B.), and Department of Medical Genetics (O.C., F.V.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ratika Srivastava
- Department of Pediatrics (X.H., R.S., A.M.D., F.V.B.), Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (F.V.B.), and Department of Medical Genetics (O.C., F.V.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anne Marie Denny
- Department of Pediatrics (X.H., R.S., A.M.D., F.V.B.), Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (F.V.B.), and Department of Medical Genetics (O.C., F.V.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Francois V Bolduc
- Department of Pediatrics (X.H., R.S., A.M.D., F.V.B.), Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (F.V.B.), and Department of Medical Genetics (O.C., F.V.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Singh T, Kurki MI, Curtis D, Purcell SM, Crooks L, McRae J, Suvisaari J, Chheda H, Blackwood D, Breen G, Pietiläinen O, Gerety SS, Ayub M, Blyth M, Cole T, Collier D, Coomber EL, Craddock N, Daly MJ, Danesh J, DiForti M, Foster A, Freimer NB, Geschwind D, Johnstone M, Joss S, Kirov G, Körkkö J, Kuismin O, Holmans P, Hultman CM, Iyegbe C, Lönnqvist J, Männikkö M, McCarroll SA, McGuffin P, McIntosh AM, McQuillin A, Moilanen JS, Moore C, Murray RM, Newbury-Ecob R, Ouwehand W, Paunio T, Prigmore E, Rees E, Roberts D, Sambrook J, Sklar P, St Clair D, Veijola J, Walters JTR, Williams H, Sullivan PF, Hurles ME, O'Donovan MC, Palotie A, Owen MJ, Barrett JC. Rare loss-of-function variants in SETD1A are associated with schizophrenia and developmental disorders. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:571-7. [PMID: 26974950 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
By analyzing the whole-exome sequences of 4,264 schizophrenia cases, 9,343 controls and 1,077 trios, we identified a genome-wide significant association between rare loss-of-function (LoF) variants in SETD1A and risk for schizophrenia (P = 3.3 × 10(-9)). We found only two heterozygous LoF variants in 45,376 exomes from individuals without a neuropsychiatric diagnosis, indicating that SETD1A is substantially depleted of LoF variants in the general population. Seven of the ten individuals with schizophrenia carrying SETD1A LoF variants also had learning difficulties. We further identified four SETD1A LoF carriers among 4,281 children with severe developmental disorders and two more carriers in an independent sample of 5,720 Finnish exomes, both with notable neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Together, our observations indicate that LoF variants in SETD1A cause a range of neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia. Combining these data with previous common variant evidence, we suggest that epigenetic dysregulation, specifically in the histone H3K4 methylation pathway, is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarjinder Singh
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Curtis
- University College London Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shaun M Purcell
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lucy Crooks
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Sheffield Diagnostic Genetics Service, Sheffield Childrens' NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jeremy McRae
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Himanshu Chheda
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Douglas Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK.,NIHR BRC for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry and SLaM NHS Trust, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sebastian S Gerety
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Division of Developmental Disabilities, Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moira Blyth
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, UK
| | - Trevor Cole
- Birmingham Women's Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Collier
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.,Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly &Co. Ltd., Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Eve L Coomber
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick Craddock
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics &Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine &Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark J Daly
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,INTERVAL Coordinating Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marta DiForti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Foster
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mandy Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Genetics Service, South Glasgow University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK
| | - Georg Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics &Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine &Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jarmo Körkkö
- Center for Intellectual Disability Care, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Outi Kuismin
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics &Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine &Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Conrad Iyegbe
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Steve A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter McGuffin
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- University College London, Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Jukka S Moilanen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Carmel Moore
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,INTERVAL Coordinating Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK.,NIHR BRC for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry and SLaM NHS Trust, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth Newbury-Ecob
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, St Michael's Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Willem Ouwehand
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Haemotology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tiina Paunio
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,University of Helsinki, Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elena Prigmore
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics &Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine &Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Roberts
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Sambrook
- INTERVAL Coordinating Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Haemotology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Juha Veijola
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics &Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine &Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hywel Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics &Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine &Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew E Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics &Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine &Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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76
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Hadzsiev K, Komlosi K, Czako M, Duga B, Szalai R, Szabo A, Postyeni E, Szabo T, Kosztolanyi G, Melegh B. Kleefstra syndrome in Hungarian patients: additional symptoms besides the classic phenotype. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:22. [PMID: 26918030 PMCID: PMC4766673 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kleefstra syndrome is a rare genetic disorder, with core phenotypic features encompassing developmental delay/intellectual disability, characteristic facial features – brachy(micro)cephaly, unusual shaped eyebrows, flat face with hypertelorism, short nose with anteverted nostrils, thickened lower lip, carpmouth with macroglossia - and childhood hypotonia. Some additional symptoms are observed in different percentage of the patients. Epilepsy is common symptom as well. The underlying cause of the syndrome is a submicroscopic deletion in the chromosomal region 9q34.3 or disruption of the euchromatin histone methyl transferase 1. Case presentation We describe two Hungarian Kleefstra syndrome patients, one with the classic phenotype of the syndrome, the diagnosis was confirmed by subtelomeric FISH. Meanwhile in our second patient beside the classic phenotype a new symptom – abnormal antiepileptic drug metabolic response – could be observed. Subtelomere FISH confirmed the 9q34.3 terminal deletion. Because of the abnormal drug metabolism in our second patient, we performed array CGH analysis as well searching for other rearrangements. Array CGH analysis indicated a large – 1.211 Mb -, deletion only in the 9q subtelomeric region with breakpoints ch9:139,641,471-140,852,911. Conclusions This is the first report on Kleefstra syndrome in patients describing a classical and a complex phenotype involving altered drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Hadzsiev
- Department of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Komlosi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Marta Czako
- Department of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Duga
- Department of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Renata Szalai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andras Szabo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Etelka Postyeni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Titanilla Szabo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Kosztolanyi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Bela Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
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77
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Martín-De Saro MD, Valdés-Miranda JM, Plaza-Benhumea L, Pérez-Cabrera A, Gonzalez-Huerta LM, Guevara-Yañez R, Cuevas-Covarrubias SA. Characterization of a Complex Chromosomal Rearrangement Involving a de novo Duplication of 9p and 9q and a Deletion of 9q. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 147:124-9. [PMID: 26900692 DOI: 10.1159/000444138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements of the distal region of 9p are important chromosome imbalances in human beings. Trisomy 9p is the fourth most frequent chromosome anomaly and is a clinically recognizable syndrome. Kleefstra syndrome, previously named 9q subtelomeric deletion syndrome, is either caused by a submicroscopic deletion in 9q34.3 or an intragenic mutation of EHMT1. We report a Mexican male patient with abnormal development, dysmorphism, systemic anomalies and a complex chromosomal rearrangement (CCR). GTG-banding revealed a 46,XY,add(9)(q34.3) karyotype, whereas array analysis resulted in arr[hg19] 9p24.3p23(203,861-11,842,172)×3, 9q34.3(138,959,881-139,753,294)×3, 9q34.3(139,784,913-141,020,389)×1. Array and karyotype analyses were normal in both parents. Partial duplication of 9p is one of the most commonly detected autosomal structural abnormalities in liveborn infants. A microdeletion in 9q34.3 corresponds to Kleefstra syndrome, whereas a microduplication in 9q34.3 shows a great clinical variability. Here, we present a CCR in a patient with multiple congenital anomalies who represents the first case with partial 9p trisomy, partial 9q trisomy and partial 9q monosomy.
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78
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Samango-Sprouse C, Lawson P, Sprouse C, Stapleton E, Sadeghin T, Gropman A. Expanding the phenotypic profile of Kleefstra syndrome: A female with low-average intelligence and childhood apraxia of speech. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170A:1312-6. [PMID: 26833960 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kleefstra syndrome (KS) is a rare neurogenetic disorder most commonly caused by deletion in the 9q34.3 chromosomal region and is associated with intellectual disabilities, severe speech delay, and motor planning deficits. To our knowledge, this is the first patient (PQ, a 6-year-old female) with a 9q34.3 deletion who has near normal intelligence, and developmental dyspraxia with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). At 6, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Intelligence testing (WPPSI-III) revealed a Verbal IQ of 81 and Performance IQ of 79. The Beery Buktenica Test of Visual Motor Integration, 5th Edition (VMI) indicated severe visual motor deficits: VMI = 51; Visual Perception = 48; Motor Coordination < 45. On the Receptive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test-R (ROWPVT-R), she had standard scores of 96 and 99 in contrast to an Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary-R (EOWPVT-R) standard scores of 73 and 82, revealing a discrepancy in vocabulary domains on both evaluations. Preschool Language Scale-4 (PLS-4) on PQ's first evaluation reveals a significant difference between auditory comprehension and expressive communication with standard scores of 78 and 57, respectively, further supporting the presence of CAS. This patient's near normal intelligence expands the phenotypic profile as well as the prognosis associated with KS. The identification of CAS in this patient provides a novel explanation for the previously reported speech delay and expressive language disorder. Further research is warranted on the impact of CAS on intelligence and behavioral outcome in KS. Therapeutic and prognostic implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Samango-Sprouse
- Neurodevelopmental Diagnostic Center for Young Children, Crofton, Maryland.,The Focus Foundation, Davidsonville, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Courtney Sprouse
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Teresa Sadeghin
- Neurodevelopmental Diagnostic Center for Young Children, Crofton, Maryland.,The Focus Foundation, Davidsonville, Maryland
| | - Andrea Gropman
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia.,George Washington University of the Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
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79
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Schmidt S, Nag HE, Hunn BS, Houge G, Hoxmark LB. A structured assessment of motor function and behavior in patients with Kleefstra syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:240-8. [PMID: 26808425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to further our understanding of Kleefstra syndrome, especially regarding motor function and behavioral characteristics. In total, four males and four females between two and 27 years of age with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of Kleefstra syndrome and their parents participated in this study. Four patients had 9q34.3 deletions that caused Euchromatin Histone Methyl Transferase 1 (EHMT1) haplo-insufficiency, and four patients harbored EHMT1 mutations. The motor function was evaluated via systematic observation. Standardized assessments such as the Vineland Adapted Behavior Scales II (VABS II), the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and the Child or Adult Behavior Checklist (CBCL, ABCL) were used for the behavioral assessment. All patients showed a delayed developmental status. Muscular hypotonia and its manifestations were present in all patients, regardless of their age. The mean values for all VABS II domains (communication, socialization, daily living skills, and motor skills) were significantly lower than the mean of the reference population (p < 0.001), but similar to other rare intellectual disabilities such as Smith-Magenis syndrome and Angelman syndrome. The results from the SCQ indicated that all patient values exceeded the cut-off value, suggesting the possibility of autism spectrum disorder. The behavioral and emotional problems assessed by CBCL and ABCL were less frequent. In conclusion, patients with Kleefstra syndrome present with a broad range of clinical problems in all age groups and are therefore in need of a multidisciplinary follow-up also after their transition into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi E Nag
- Frambu Resource Centre for Rare Disorders, Siggerud, Norway
| | - Bente S Hunn
- Frambu Resource Centre for Rare Disorders, Siggerud, Norway
| | - Gunnar Houge
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lise B Hoxmark
- Frambu Resource Centre for Rare Disorders, Siggerud, Norway.
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80
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The role of chromatin repressive marks in cognition and disease: A focus on the repressive complex GLP/G9a. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 124:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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81
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Weckselblatt B, Rudd MK. Human Structural Variation: Mechanisms of Chromosome Rearrangements. Trends Genet 2015; 31:587-599. [PMID: 26209074 PMCID: PMC4600437 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome structural variation (SV) is a normal part of variation in the human genome, but some classes of SV can cause neurodevelopmental disorders. Analysis of the DNA sequence at SV breakpoints can reveal mutational mechanisms and risk factors for chromosome rearrangement. Large-scale SV breakpoint studies have become possible recently owing to advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) including whole-genome sequencing (WGS). These findings have shed light on complex forms of SV such as triplications, inverted duplications, insertional translocations, and chromothripsis. Sequence-level breakpoint data resolve SV structure and determine how genes are disrupted, fused, and/or misregulated by breakpoints. Recent improvements in breakpoint sequencing have also revealed non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) between paralogous long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) or human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) repeats as a cause of deletions, duplications, and translocations. This review covers the genomic organization of simple and complex constitutional SVs, as well as the molecular mechanisms of their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Weckselblatt
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - M Katharine Rudd
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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82
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Chen CP, Lin SP, Li HB, Chen YN, Wang W. Pregnancy with de novo 9q34.3 microdeletion and Kleefstra syndrome in the fetus may be associated with an abnormal maternal serum screening result. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 54:450-1. [PMID: 26384070 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Bo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ni Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hervé B, Roume J, Cognard S, Fauvert D, Molina-Gomes D, Vialard F. Low-level mosaicism of a de novo derivative chromosome 9 from a t(5;9)(q35.1;q34.3) has a major phenotypic impact. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:346-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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84
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Mozzetta C, Pontis J, Ait-Si-Ali S. Functional Crosstalk Between Lysine Methyltransferases on Histone Substrates: The Case of G9A/GLP and Polycomb Repressive Complex 2. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1365-81. [PMID: 25365549 PMCID: PMC4432786 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Methylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 and 27 (H3K9 and H3K27) are two epigenetic modifications that have been linked to several crucial biological processes, among which are transcriptional silencing and cell differentiation. RECENT ADVANCES Deposition of these marks is catalyzed by H3K9 lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and polycomb repressive complex 2, respectively. Increasing evidence is emerging in favor of a functional crosstalk between these two major KMT families. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we review the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action and function of these enzymes, with particular emphasis on their interplay in the regulation of chromatin states and biological processes. We outline their crucial roles played in tissue homeostasis, by controlling the fate of embryonic and tissue-specific stem cells, highlighting how their deregulation is often linked to the emergence of a number of malignancies and neurological disorders. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Histone methyltransferases are starting to be tested as drug targets. A new generation of highly selective chemical inhibitors is starting to emerge. These hold great promise for a rapid translation of targeting epigenetic drugs into clinical practice for a number of aggressive cancers and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mozzetta
- Laboratoire Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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85
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Iyer J, Girirajan S. Gene discovery and functional assessment of rare copy-number variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. Brief Funct Genomics 2015; 14:315-28. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Penacho V, Galán F, Martín-Bayón TA, Mayo S, Manchón I, Carrasco A, Martínez-Castellano F, Alcaraz LA. Prenatal Diagnosis of a Female Fetus with Ring Chromosome 9, 46,XX,r(9)(p24q34), and a de novo Interstitial 9p Deletion. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 144:275-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000370256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
![]()
Growing
evidence suggests that histone methyltransferases (HMTs,
also known as protein methyltransferases (PMTs)) play an important
role in diverse biological processes and human diseases by regulating
gene expression and the chromatin state. Therefore, HMTs have been
increasingly recognized by the biomedical community as a class of
potential therapeutic targets. High quality chemical probes of HMTs,
as tools for deciphering their physiological functions and roles in
human diseases and testing therapeutic hypotheses, are critical for
advancing this promising field. In this review, we focus on the discovery,
characterization, and biological applications of chemical probes for
HMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ümit Kaniskan
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, ‡Department of Oncological Sciences, §Department of Pharmacology
and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, ‡Department of Oncological Sciences, §Department of Pharmacology
and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
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88
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Tan WH, Bird LM, Thibert RL, Williams CA. If not Angelman, what is it? A review of Angelman-like syndromes. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:975-92. [PMID: 24779060 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is caused by a lack of expression of the maternally inherited UBE3A gene in the brain. However, about 10% of individuals with a clinical diagnosis of AS do not have an identifiable molecular defect. It is likely that most of those individuals have an AS-like syndrome that is clinically and molecularly distinct from AS. These AS-like syndromes can be broadly classified into chromosomal microdeletion and microduplication syndromes, and single-gene disorders. The microdeletion/microduplication syndromes are now easily identified by chromosomal microarray analysis and include Phelan–McDermid syndrome (chromosome 22q13.3 deletion), MBD5 haploinsufficiency syndrome (chromosome 2q23.1 deletion), and KANSL1 haploinsufficiency syndrome (chromosome 17q21.31 deletion). The single-gene disorders include Pitt–Hopkins syndrome (TCF4), Christianson syndrome (SLC9A6), Mowat–Wilson syndrome (ZEB2), Kleefstra syndrome (EHMT1), and Rett (MECP2) syndrome. They also include disorders due to mutations in HERC2, adenylosuccinase lyase (ADSL), CDKL5, FOXG1, MECP2 (duplications), MEF2C, and ATRX. Although many of these single-gene disorders can be caused by chromosomal microdeletions resulting in haploinsufficiency of the critical gene, the individual disorders are often caused by intragenic mutations that cannot be detected by chromosomal microarray analysis. We provide an overview of the clinical features of these syndromes, comparing and contrasting them with AS, in the hope that it will help guide clinicians in the diagnostic work-up of individuals with AS-like syndromes.
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Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that protein methyltransferases (PMTs), which catalyze methylation of histone and nonhistone proteins, play a crucial role in diverse biological processes and human diseases. In particular, PMTs have been recognized as major players in regulating gene expression and chromatin state. PMTs are divided into two categories: protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). There has been a steadily growing interest in these enzymes as potential therapeutic targets and therefore discovery of PMT inhibitors has also been pursued increasingly over the past decade. Here, we present a perspective on selective, small-molecule inhibitors of PMTs with an emphasis on their discovery, characterization, and applicability as chemical tools for deciphering the target PMTs' physiological functions and involvement in human diseases. We highlight the current state of PMT inhibitors and discuss future directions and opportunities for PMT inhibitor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, ‡Department of Oncological Sciences, §Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
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Campbell CL, Collins RT, Zarate YA. Severe neonatal presentation of Kleefstra syndrome in a patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 9q34.3 microdeletion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:985-90. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Candace L. Campbell
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Department of Pediatrics; Little Rock Arkansas
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Division of Cardiology; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - R. Thomas Collins
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Department of Pediatrics; Little Rock Arkansas
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Division of Cardiology; Little Rock Arkansas
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Department of Internal Medicine; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Yuri A. Zarate
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Department of Pediatrics; Little Rock Arkansas
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Division of Genetics; Little Rock Arkansas
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91
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D'Angelo CS, Varela MC, de Castro CI, Kim CA, Bertola DR, Lourenço CM, Perez ABA, Koiffmann CP. Investigation of selected genomic deletions and duplications in a cohort of 338 patients presenting with syndromic obesity by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification using synthetic probes. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:75. [PMID: 25411582 PMCID: PMC4236449 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-014-0075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Certain rare syndromes with developmental delay or intellectual disability caused by genomic copy number variants (CNVs), either deletions or duplications, are associated with higher rates of obesity. Current strategies to diagnose these syndromes typically rely on phenotype-driven investigation. However, the strong phenotypic overlap between syndromic forms of obesity poses challenges to accurate diagnosis, and many different individual cytogenetic and molecular approaches may be required. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) enables the simultaneous analysis of multiple targeted loci in a single test, and serves as an important screening tool for large cohorts of patients in whom deletions and duplications involving specific loci are suspected. Our aim was to design a synthetic probe set for MLPA analysis to investigate in a cohort of 338 patients with syndromic obesity deletions and duplications in genomic regions that can cause this phenotype. Results We identified 18 patients harboring copy number imbalances; 18 deletions and 5 duplications. The alterations in ten patients were delineated by chromosomal microarrays, and in the remaining cases by additional MLPA probes incorporated into commercial kits. Nine patients showed deletions in regions of known microdeletion syndromes with obesity as a clinical feature: in 2q37 (4 cases), 9q34 (1 case) and 17p11.2 (4 cases). Four patients harbored CNVs in the DiGeorge syndrome locus at 22q11.2. Two other patients had deletions within the 22q11.2 ‘distal’ locus associated with a variable clinical phenotype and obesity in some individuals. The other three patients had a recurrent CNV of one of three susceptibility loci: at 1q21.1 ‘distal’, 16p11.2 ‘distal’, and 16p11.2 ‘proximal’. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the utility of an MLPA-based first line screening test to the evaluation of obese patients presenting with syndromic features. The overall detection rate with the synthetic MLPA probe set was about 5.3% (18 out of 338). Our experience leads us to suggest that MLPA could serve as an effective alternative first line screening test to chromosomal microarrays for diagnosis of syndromic obesity, allowing for a number of loci (e.g., 1p36, 2p25, 2q37, 6q16, 9q34, 11p14, 16p11.2, 17p11.2), known to be clinically relevant for this patient population, to be interrogated simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S D'Angelo
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica C Varela
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ie de Castro
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chong A Kim
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Children Institute, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora R Bertola
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Children Institute, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles M Lourenço
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz A Perez
- Department of Morphology, Medical Genetics Center, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celia P Koiffmann
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Schwaibold EMC, Smogavec M, Hobbiebrunken E, Winter L, Zoll B, Burfeind P, Brockmann K, Pauli S. Intragenic duplication of EHMT1 gene results in Kleefstra syndrome. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:74. [PMID: 25349628 PMCID: PMC4209064 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-014-0074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kleefstra syndrome is characterized by intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia in childhood and typical facial features. It results from either a microdeletion of or a deleterious sequence variant in the gene euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) on chromosome 9q34. RESULTS We report on a 3-year-old girl with characteristic symptoms of Kleefstra syndrome. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis revealed a 145 kilobases duplication spanning exons 2 to 10 of EHMT1. Sequence analysis characterized it as an intragenic tandem duplication leading to a frame shift with a premature stop codon in EHMT1. CONCLUSIONS This is the first description of an intragenic duplication of EHMT1 resulting in Kleefstra syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateja Smogavec
- Institute of Human Genetics, Georg August University, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elke Hobbiebrunken
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lorenz Winter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Georg August University, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Zoll
- Institute of Human Genetics, Georg August University, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Burfeind
- Institute of Human Genetics, Georg August University, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Knut Brockmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Pauli
- Institute of Human Genetics, Georg August University, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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93
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Balan S, Iwayama Y, Maekawa M, Toyota T, Ohnishi T, Toyoshima M, Shimamoto C, Esaki K, Yamada K, Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Ide M, Ota M, Fukuchi S, Tsujii M, Mori N, Shinkai Y, Yoshikawa T. Exon resequencing of H3K9 methyltransferase complex genes, EHMT1, EHTM2 and WIZ, in Japanese autism subjects. Mol Autism 2014; 5:49. [PMID: 25400900 PMCID: PMC4233047 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histone H3 methylation at lysine 9 (H3K9) is a conserved epigenetic signal, mediating heterochromatin formation by trimethylation, and transcriptional silencing by dimethylation. Defective GLP (Ehmt1) and G9a (Ehmt2) histone lysine methyltransferases, involved in mono and dimethylation of H3K9, confer autistic phenotypes and behavioral abnormalities in animal models. Moreover, EHMT1 loss of function results in Kleefstra syndrome, characterized by severe intellectual disability, developmental delays and psychiatric disorders. We examined the possible role of histone methyltransferases in the etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and suggest that rare functional variants in these genes that regulate H3K9 methylation may be associated with ASD. Methods Since G9a-GLP-Wiz forms a heteromeric methyltransferase complex, all the protein-coding regions and exon/intron boundaries of EHMT1, EHMT2 and WIZ were sequenced in Japanese ASD subjects. The detected variants were prioritized based on novelty and functionality. The expression levels of these genes were tested in blood cells and postmortem brain samples from ASD and control subjects. Expression of EHMT1 and EHMT2 isoforms were determined by digital PCR. Results We identified six nonsynonymous variants: three in EHMT1, two in EHMT2 and one in WIZ. Two variants, the EHMT1 ankyrin repeat domain (Lys968Arg) and EHMT2 SET domain (Thr961Ile) variants were present exclusively in cases, but showed no statistically significant association with ASD. The EHMT2 transcript expression was significantly elevated in the peripheral blood cells of ASD when compared with control samples; but not for EHMT1 and WIZ. Gene expression levels of EHMT1, EHMT2 and WIZ in Brodmann area (BA) 9, BA21, BA40 and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DoRN) regions from postmortem brain samples showed no significant changes between ASD and control subjects. Nor did expression levels of EHMT1 and EHMT2 isoforms in the prefrontal cortex differ significantly between ASD and control groups. Conclusions We identified two novel rare missense variants in the EHMT1 and EHMT2 genes of ASD patients. We surmise that these variants alone may not be sufficient to exert a significant effect on ASD pathogenesis. The elevated expression of EHMT2 in the peripheral blood cells may support the notion of a restrictive chromatin state in ASD, similar to schizophrenia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2040-2392-5-49) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabeesh Balan
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Motoko Maekawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohnishi
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Manabu Toyoshima
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Chie Shimamoto
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kayoko Esaki
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ide
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Motonori Ota
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuchi
- Faculty of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tsujii
- Faculty of Sociology, Chukyo University, Chukyo, Aichi, Japan ; Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan ; Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shinkai
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan ; CREST (Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan ; CREST (Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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Abstract
Epigenetic control of gene expression programs is essential for normal organismal development and cellular function. Abrogation of epigenetic regulation is seen in many human diseases, including cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders, where it can affect disease etiology and progression. Abnormal epigenetic profiles can serve as biomarkers of disease states and predictors of disease outcomes. Therefore, epigenetics is a key area of clinical investigation in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. In this review, we give an overarching view of epigenetic mechanisms of human disease. Genetic mutations in genes that encode chromatin regulators can cause monogenic disease or are incriminated in polygenic, multifactorial diseases. Environmental stresses can also impact directly on chromatin regulation, and these changes can increase the risk of, or directly cause, disease. Finally, emerging evidence suggests that exposure to environmental stresses in older generations may predispose subsequent generations to disease in a manner that involves the transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Brookes
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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95
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Subbanna S, Basavarajappa BS. Pre-administration of G9a/GLP inhibitor during synaptogenesis prevents postnatal ethanol-induced LTP deficits and neurobehavioral abnormalities in adult mice. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:34-43. [PMID: 25017367 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that deficits in neuronal plasticity underlie the cognitive abnormalities observed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Exposure of rodents to acute ethanol on postnatal day 7 (P7), which is equivalent to the third trimester of fetal development in human, induces long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory deficits in adult animals. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these deficits are not well understood. Recently, we found that histone H3 dimethylation (H3K9me2), which is mediated by G9a (lysine dimethyltransferase), is responsible for the neurodegeneration caused by ethanol exposure in P7 mice. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of G9a prior to ethanol treatment at P7 normalized H3K9me2 proteins to basal levels and prevented neurodegeneration in neonatal mice. Here, we tested the hypothesis that pre-administration of G9a/GLP inhibitor (Bix-01294, Bix) in conditions in which ethanol induces neurodegeneration would be neuroprotective against P7 ethanol-induced deficits in LTP, memory and social recognition behavior in adult mice. Ethanol treatment at P7 induces deficits in LTP, memory and social recognition in adult mice and these deficits were prevented by Bix pretreatment at P7. Together, these findings provide physiological and behavioral evidence that the long-term harmful consequences on brain function after ethanol exposure with a third trimester equivalent have an epigenetic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumar Subbanna
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Balapal S Basavarajappa
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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96
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van den Berg I, Fritz S, Rodriguez S, Rocha D, Boussaha M, Lund MS, Boichard D. Concordance analysis for QTL detection in dairy cattle: a case study of leg morphology. Genet Sel Evol 2014; 46:31. [PMID: 24884971 PMCID: PMC4046048 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-46-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present availability of sequence data gives new opportunities to narrow down from QTL (quantitative trait locus) regions to causative mutations. Our objective was to decrease the number of candidate causative mutations in a QTL region. For this, a concordance analysis was applied for a leg conformation trait in dairy cattle. Several QTL were detected for which the QTL status (homozygous or heterozygous for the QTL) was inferred for each individual. Subsequently, the inferred QTL status was used in a concordance analysis to reduce the number of candidate mutations. METHODS Twenty QTL for rear leg set side view were mapped using Bayes C. Marker effects estimated during QTL mapping were used to infer the QTL status for each individual. Subsequently, polymorphisms present in the QTL regions were extracted from the whole-genome sequences of 71 Holstein bulls. Only polymorphisms for which the status was concordant with the QTL status were kept as candidate causative mutations. RESULTS QTL status could be inferred for 15 of the 20 QTL. The number of concordant polymorphisms differed between QTL and depended on the number of QTL statuses that could be inferred and the linkage disequilibrium in the QTL region. For some QTL, the concordance analysis was efficient and narrowed down to a limited number of candidate mutations located in one or two genes, while for other QTL a large number of genes contained concordant polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS For regions for which the concordance analysis could be performed, we were able to reduce the number of candidate mutations. For part of the QTL, the concordant analyses narrowed QTL regions down to a limited number of genes, of which some are known for their role in limb or skeletal development in humans and mice. Mutations in these genes are good candidates for QTN (quantitative trait nucleotides) influencing rear leg set side view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene van den Berg
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Strom SP, Lozano R, Lee H, Dorrani N, Mann J, O'Lague PF, Mans N, Deignan JL, Vilain E, Nelson SF, Grody WW, Quintero-Rivera F. De Novo variants in the KMT2A (MLL) gene causing atypical Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome in two unrelated individuals identified by clinical exome sequencing. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:49. [PMID: 24886118 PMCID: PMC4072606 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Wiedemann-Steiner Syndrome (WSS) is characterized by short stature, a variety of dysmorphic facial and skeletal features, characteristic hypertrichosis cubiti (excessive hair on the elbows), mild-to-moderate developmental delay and intellectual disability. [MIM#: 605130]. Here we report two unrelated children for whom clinical exome sequencing of parent-proband trios was performed at UCLA, resulting in a molecular diagnosis of WSS and atypical clinical presentation. Case presentation For patient 1, clinical features at 9 years of age included developmental delay, craniofacial abnormalities, and multiple minor anomalies. Patient 2 presented at 1 year of age with developmental delay, microphthalmia, partial 3–4 left hand syndactyly, and craniofacial abnormalities. A de novo missense c.4342T>C variant and a de novo splice site c.4086+G>A variant were identified in the KMT2A gene in patients 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusions Based on the clinical and molecular findings, both patients appear to have novel presentations of WSS. As the hallmark hypertrichosis cubiti was not initially appreciated in either case, this syndrome was not suspected during the clinical evaluation. This report expands the phenotypic spectrum of the clinical phenotypes and KMT2A variants associated with WSS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabiola Quintero-Rivera
- Clinical Genomics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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98
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Drosophila models of early onset cognitive disorders and their clinical applications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 2:326-42. [PMID: 24661984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The number of genes known to cause human monogenic diseases is increasing rapidly. For the extremely large, genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of intellectual disability (ID) disorders, more than 600 causative genes have been identified to date. However, knowledge about the molecular mechanisms and networks disrupted by these genetic aberrations is lagging behind. The fruit fly Drosophila has emerged as a powerful model organism to close this knowledge gap. This review summarizes recent achievements that have been made in this model and envisions its future contribution to our understanding of ID genetics and neuropathology. The available resources and efficiency of Drosophila place it in a position to tackle the main challenges in the field: mapping functional modules of ID genes to provide conceptually novel insights into the genetic control of cognition, tailored functional studies to improve 'next-generation' diagnostics, and identification of reversible ID phenotypes and medication. Drosophila's behavioral repertoire and powerful genetics also open up perspectives for modeling genetically complex forms of ID and neuropsychiatric disorders, which overlap in their genetic etiologies. In conclusion, Drosophila provides many opportunities to advance future medical genomics of early onset cognitive disorders.
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99
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Hodge JC, Mitchell E, Pillalamarri V, Toler TL, Bartel F, Kearney HM, Zou YS, Tan WH, Hanscom C, Kirmani S, Hanson RR, Skinner SA, Rogers C, Everman DB, Boyd E, Mullegama SV, Keelean-Fuller D, Powell CM, Elsea SH, Morton CC, Gusella JF, DuPont B, Chaubey A, Lin AE, Talkowski ME, Talkowski ME. Disruption of MBD5 contributes to a spectrum of psychopathology and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:368-79. [PMID: 23587880 PMCID: PMC4756476 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microdeletions of chromosomal region 2q23.1 that disrupt MBD5 (methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 5) contribute to a spectrum of neurodevelopmental phenotypes; however, the impact of this locus on human psychopathology has not been fully explored. To characterize the structural variation landscape of MBD5 disruptions and the associated human psychopathology, 22 individuals with genomic disruption of MBD5 (translocation, point mutation and deletion) were identified through whole-genome sequencing or cytogenomic microarray at 11 molecular diagnostic centers. The genomic impact ranged from a single base pair to 5.4 Mb. Parents were available for 11 cases, all of which confirmed that the rearrangement arose de novo. Phenotypes were largely indistinguishable between patients with full-segment 2q23.1 deletions and those with intragenic MBD5 rearrangements, including alterations confined entirely to the 5'-untranslated region, confirming the critical impact of non-coding sequence at this locus. We identified heterogeneous, multisystem pathogenic effects of MBD5 disruption and characterized the associated spectrum of psychopathology, including the novel finding of anxiety and bipolar disorder in multiple patients. Importantly, one of the unique features of the oldest known patient was behavioral regression. Analyses also revealed phenotypes that distinguish MBD5 disruptions from seven well-established syndromes with significant diagnostic overlap. This study demonstrates that haploinsufficiency of MBD5 causes diverse phenotypes, yields insight into the spectrum of resulting neurodevelopmental and behavioral psychopathology and provides clinical context for interpretation of MBD5 structural variations. Empirical evidence also indicates that disruption of non-coding MBD5 regulatory regions is sufficient for clinical manifestation, highlighting the limitations of exon-focused assessments. These results suggest an ongoing perturbation of neurological function throughout the lifespan, including risks for neurobehavioral regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennelle C. Hodge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905, USA
| | - Elyse Mitchell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vamsee Pillalamarri
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomi L. Toler
- Medical Genetics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ying S. Zou
- Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory, Pathology Associates Medical Laboratories, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Wen-Hann Tan
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carrie Hanscom
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Salman Kirmani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905, USA
| | - Rae R. Hanson
- Child Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ellen Boyd
- Fullerton Genetic Center, Mission Health, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Sureni V. Mullegama
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Debra Keelean-Fuller
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Powell
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah H. Elsea
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cynthia C. Morton
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology and of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James F. Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA,Departments of Genetics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Angela E. Lin
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Medical Genetics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael E. Talkowski
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA,Departments of Genetics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M E Talkowski
- 1] Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA [3] Departments of Genetics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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100
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Chechi K, Nedergaard J, Richard D. Brown adipose tissue as an anti-obesity tissue in humans. Obes Rev 2014; 15:92-106. [PMID: 24165204 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the 11th Stock Conference held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, world-leading experts came together to present and discuss recent developments made in the field of brown adipose tissue biology. Owing to the vast capacity of brown adipose tissue for burning food energy in the process of thermogenesis, and due to demonstrations of its presence in adult humans, there is tremendous interest in targeting brown adipose tissue as an anti-obesity tissue in humans. However, the future of such therapeutic approaches relies on our understanding of the origin, development, recruitment, activation and regulation of brown adipose tissue in humans. As reviewed here, the 11th Stock Conference was organized around these themes to discuss the recent progress made in each aspect, to identify gaps in our current understanding and to further provide a common groundwork that could support collaborative efforts aimed at a future therapy for obesity, based on brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chechi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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