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Sollis E, Deriziotis P, Saitsu H, Miyake N, Matsumoto N, Hoffer MJV, Ruivenkamp CAL, Alders M, Okamoto N, Bijlsma EK, Plomp AS, Fisher SE. Equivalent missense variant in the FOXP2 and FOXP1 transcription factors causes distinct neurodevelopmental disorders. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:1542-1554. [PMID: 28741757 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The closely related paralogues FOXP2 and FOXP1 encode transcription factors with shared functions in the development of many tissues, including the brain. However, while mutations in FOXP2 lead to a speech/language disorder characterized by childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), the clinical profile of FOXP1 variants includes a broader neurodevelopmental phenotype with global developmental delay, intellectual disability, and speech/language impairment. Using clinical whole-exome sequencing, we report an identical de novo missense FOXP1 variant identified in three unrelated patients. The variant, p.R514H, is located in the forkhead-box DNA-binding domain and is equivalent to the well-studied p.R553H FOXP2 variant that cosegregates with CAS in a large UK family. We present here for the first time a direct comparison of the molecular and clinical consequences of the same mutation affecting the equivalent residue in FOXP1 and FOXP2. Detailed functional characterization of the two variants in cell model systems revealed very similar molecular consequences, including aberrant subcellular localization, disruption of transcription factor activity, and deleterious effects on protein interactions. Nonetheless, clinical manifestations were broader and more severe in the three cases carrying the p.R514H FOXP1 variant than in individuals with the p.R553H variant related to CAS, highlighting divergent roles of FOXP2 and FOXP1 in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Sollis
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pelagia Deriziotis
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mariëtte J V Hoffer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia A L Ruivenkamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle Alders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emilia K Bijlsma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid S Plomp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Planinsek Rucigaj T, Rijavec M, Miljkovic J, Selb J, Korosec P. A Novel Mutation in the FOXC2 Gene: A Heterozygous Insertion of Adenosine (c.867insA) in a Family with Lymphoedema of Lower Limbs without Distichiasis. Radiol Oncol 2017; 51:363-368. [PMID: 28959174 PMCID: PMC5612002 DOI: 10.1515/raon-2017-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary lymphoedema is a rare genetic disorder characterized by swelling of different parts of the body and highly heterogenic clinical presentation. Mutations in several causative genes characterize specific forms of the disease. FOXC2 mutations are associated with lymphoedema of lower extremities, usually distichiasis and late onset. Patients and methods Subjects from three generations of a family with lymphoedema of lower limbs without distichiasis were searched for mutations in the FOXC2 gene. Results All affected family members with lymphoedema of lower limbs without distichiasis, and still asymptomatic six years old girl from the same family, carried the same previously unreported insertion of adenosine (c.867insA) in FOXC2. Conclusions Identification of a novel mutation in the FOXC2 gene in affected family members of three generations with lymphoedema of lower limbs without distichiasis, highlights the high phenotypic variability caused by FOXC2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Planinsek Rucigaj
- Dermatovenereological Clinic, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Tanja Planinšek Ručigaj, M.D., Dermatovenerological Clinic, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Rijavec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Jovan Miljkovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Julij Selb
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Peter Korosec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
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53
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Tsuji M, Morishima M, Shimizu K, Morikawa S, Heglind M, Enerbäck S, Ezaki T, Tamaoki J. Foxc2influences alveolar epithelial cell differentiation during lung development. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:501-514. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayoko Tsuji
- First Department of Medicine; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masae Morishima
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shimizu
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shunichi Morikawa
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mikael Heglind
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Sven Enerbäck
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Taichi Ezaki
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun Tamaoki
- First Department of Medicine; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
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54
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Jones GE, Richmond AK, Navti O, Mousa HA, Abbs S, Thompson E, Mansour S, Vasudevan PC. Renal anomalies and lymphedema distichiasis syndrome. A rare association? Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2251-2256. [PMID: 28544699 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lymphedema distichiasis syndrome (LDS) is a rare, autosomal dominant genetic condition, characterized by lower limb lymphedema and distichiasis. Other associated features that have been reported include varicose veins, cleft palate, congenital heart defects, and ptosis. We update a previously reported family with a pathogenic variant in FOXC2 (c.412-413insT) where five affected individuals from the youngest generation had congenital renal anomalies detected on prenatal ultrasound scan. These included four fetuses with hydronephrosis and one with bilateral renal agenesis. A further child with LDS had prominence of the left renal pelvis on postnatal renal ultrasound. We also describe a second family in whom the proband and his affected son had congenital renal anomalies; left ectopic kidney, right duplex kidney, and bilateral duplex collecting systems with partial duplex kidney with mild degree of malrotation, respectively. Foxc2 is expressed in the developing kidney and therefore congenital renal anomalies may well be associated, potentially as a low penetrance feature. We propose that all individuals diagnosed with LDS should have a baseline renal ultrasound scan at diagnosis. It would also be important to consider the possibility of renal anomalies during prenatal ultrasound of at risk pregnancies, and that the presence of hydronephrosis may be an indication that the baby is affected with LDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E Jones
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K Richmond
- Department of Fetal and Maternal Medicine, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Osric Navti
- Department of Fetal and Maternal Medicine, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hatem A Mousa
- Department of Fetal and Maternal Medicine, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Abbs
- Genetics Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Thompson
- Genetics Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sahar Mansour
- St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep C Vasudevan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
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55
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Nimir M, Abdelrahim M, Abdelrahim M, Abdalla M, Ahmed WE, Abdullah M, Hamid MMA. In silico analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human FOXC2 gene. F1000Res 2017; 6:243. [PMID: 29511529 PMCID: PMC5814747 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10937.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lymphedema is abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid, due to inefficient uptake and reduced flow, leading to swelling and disability, mostly in the extremities. Hereditary lymphedema usually occurs as an autosomal dominant trait with allelic heterogeneity. Methods: We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FOXC2 gene using dbSNP, analyzed their effect on the resulting protein using VEP and Biomart, modelled the resulting protein using Project HOPE, identified gene - gene interactions using GeneMANIA and predicted miRNAs affected and the resulting effects of SNPs in the 5' and 3' regions using PolymiRTS. Results: We identified 448 SNPs - 429 were nsSNPs and 44 SNPs were in the 5' and 3' UTRs. In total, 2 SNPs have deleterious effects on the resulting protein, and a 3D model confirmed those effects. The gene - gene interaction network showed the involvement of FOXC2 protein in the development of the lymphatic system. hsa-miR-6886-5p, hsa-miRS-6886-5p , hsa-miR-6720-3p, which were affected by the SNPs rs201118690, rs6413505, rs201914560, respectively, were the most important miRNAs affected, due to their high conservation score. Conclusions: rs121909106 and rs121909107 were predicted to have the most harmful effects, while hsa-miR-6886-5p, hsa-miR-6886-5p and hsa-miR-6720-3p were predicted to be the most important miRNAs affected. Computational biology tools have advantages and disadvantages, and the results they provide are predictions that require confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nimir
- Soba Center for Audit and Research, Soba University Hospital, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Mohanad Abdelrahim
- Department of Human Anatomy, Ahfad University for Women, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Mohamed Abdelrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Mahil Abdalla
- Soba Center for Audit and Research, Soba University Hospital, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Wala eldin Ahmed
- Soba Center for Audit and Research, Soba University Hospital, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Muhanned Abdullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
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56
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Nimir M, Abdelrahim M, Abdelrahim M, Abdalla M, Ahmed WE, Abdullah M, Hamid MMA. In silico analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human FOXC2 gene. F1000Res 2017; 6:243. [PMID: 29511529 PMCID: PMC5814747 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10937.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lymphedema is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid, due to inefficient uptake and reduced flow, leading to swelling and disability, mostly in the extremities. Hereditary lymphedema usually occurs as an autosomal dominant trait with allelic heterogeneity. Methods: We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FOXC2 gene using dbSNP, analyzed their effect on the resulting protein using VEP and Biomart, modelled the resulting protein using Project HOPE, identified gene - gene interactions using GeneMANIA and predicted miRNAs affected and the resulting effects of SNPs in the 5' and 3' regions using PolymiRTS. Results: We identified 473 SNPs - 429 were nsSNPs and 44 SNPs were in the 5' and 3' UTRs. In total, 2 SNPs - rs121909106 and rs121909107 - have deleterious effects on the resulting protein, and a 3D model confirmed those effects. The gene - gene interaction network showed the involvement of FOXC2 protein in the development of the lymphatic system. hsa-miR-6886-5p, hsa-miRS-6886-5p, hsa-miR-6720-3p, which were affected by the SNPs rs201118690, rs6413505, rs201914560, respectively, were the most important miRNAs affected, due to their high conservation score. Conclusions: rs121909106 and rs121909107 were predicted to have the most harmful effects, while hsa-miR-6886-5p, hsa-miR-6886-5p and hsa-miR-6720-3p were predicted to be the most important miRNAs affected. Computational biology tools have advantages and disadvantages, and the results they provide are predictions that require confirmation using methods such as functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nimir
- Soba Center for Audit and Research, Soba University Hospital, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Mohanad Abdelrahim
- Department of Human Anatomy, Ahfad University for Women, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Mohamed Abdelrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Mahil Abdalla
- Soba Center for Audit and Research, Soba University Hospital, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Wala eldin Ahmed
- Soba Center for Audit and Research, Soba University Hospital, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Muhanned Abdullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
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Abstract
Yellow nail syndrome (YNS; OMIM 153300, ORPHA662) is a very rare disorder that almost always occurs after 50 years of age but a juvenile or familial form has also been observed. YNS is diagnosed based on a triad associating yellow nail discoloration, pulmonary manifestations (chronic cough, bronchiectasia, pleural effusion) and lower limb lymphedema. Chronic sinusitis is frequently associated with the triad. YNS etiology remains unknown but a role of lymphatic impairment is usually evoked. YNS is more frequently isolated but may be associated in rare cases with autoimmune diseases, other clinical manifestations implicating lymphatic functions or cancer and, hence, is also considered a paraneoplastic syndrome. YNS management is symptomatic and not codified. YNS can resolve spontaneously. Oral vitamin E alone or even better when associated with triazole antifungals may achieve partial or total disappearance of nail discoloration. Pleural effusion can be treated surgically, with decortication/pleurectomy or pleurodesis. Antibiotic prophylaxis is prescribed for bronchiectasia with chronic sputum production. Lymphedema treatment is based on low-stretch bandages and the wearing of elastic compression garments combined with skin care, exercises and, as needed, manual lymph drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Vignes
- Department of Lymphology, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires Rares (Lymphœdèmes primaires), Hôpital Cognacq-Jay, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Robert Baran
- Nail Disease Centre, 42, rue des Serbes, 06400, Cannes, France
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58
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Betterman KL, Harvey NL. The lymphatic vasculature: development and role in shaping immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:276-92. [PMID: 27088921 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is an integral component of the immune system. Lymphatic vessels are a key highway via which immune cells are trafficked, serving not simply as a passive route of transport, but to actively shape and coordinate immune responses. Reciprocally, immune cells provide signals that impact the growth, development, and activity of the lymphatic vasculature. In addition to immune cell trafficking, lymphatic vessels are crucial for fluid homeostasis and lipid absorption. The field of lymphatic vascular research is rapidly expanding, fuelled by rapidly advancing technology that has enabled the manipulation and imaging of lymphatic vessels, together with an increasing recognition of the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a myriad of human pathologies. In this review we provide an overview of the genetic pathways and cellular processes important for development and maturation of the lymphatic vasculature, discuss recent work revealing important roles for the lymphatic vasculature in directing immune cell traffic and coordinating immune responses and highlight the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a range of pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Betterman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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59
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Determinants of orofacial clefting I: Effects of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine on cellular processes and gene expression during development of the first branchial arch. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 67:85-99. [PMID: 27915011 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identify gene targets and cellular events mediating the teratogenic action(s) of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AzaD), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, on secondary palate development. Exposure of pregnant mice (on gestation day (GD) 9.5) to AzaD for 12h resulted in the complete penetrance of cleft palate (CP) in fetuses. Analysis of cells of the embryonic first branchial arch (1-BA), in fetuses exposed to AzaD, revealed: 1) significant alteration in expression of genes encoding several morphogenetic factors, cell cycle inhibitors and regulators of apoptosis; 2) a decrease in cell proliferation; and, 3) an increase in apoptosis. Pyrosequencing of selected genes, displaying pronounced differential expression in AzaD-exposed 1-BAs, failed to reveal significant alterations in CpG methylation levels in their putative promoters or gene bodies. CpG methylation analysis suggested that the effects of AzaD on gene expression were likely indirect.
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60
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Estruch SB, Graham SA, Chinnappa SM, Deriziotis P, Fisher SE. Functional characterization of rare FOXP2 variants in neurodevelopmental disorder. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:44. [PMID: 27933109 PMCID: PMC5126810 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heterozygous disruption of FOXP2 causes a rare form of speech and language impairment. Screens of the FOXP2 sequence in individuals with speech/language-related disorders have identified several rare protein-altering variants, but their phenotypic relevance is often unclear. FOXP2 encodes a transcription factor with a forkhead box DNA-binding domain, but little is known about the functions of protein regions outside this domain. Methods We performed detailed functional analyses of seven rare FOXP2 variants found in affected cases, including three which have not been previously characterized, testing intracellular localization, transcriptional regulation, dimerization, and interaction with other proteins. To shed further light on molecular functions of FOXP2, we characterized the interaction between this transcription factor and co-repressor proteins of the C-terminal binding protein (CTBP) family. Finally, we analysed the functional significance of the polyglutamine tracts in FOXP2, since tract length variations have been reported in cases of neurodevelopmental disorder. Results We confirmed etiological roles of multiple FOXP2 variants. Of three variants that have been suggested to cause speech/language disorder, but never before been characterized, only one showed functional effects. For the other two, we found no effects on protein function in any assays, suggesting that they are incidental to the phenotype. We identified a CTBP-binding region within the N-terminal portion of FOXP2. This region includes two amino acid substitutions that occurred on the human lineage following the split from chimpanzees. However, we did not observe any effects of these amino acid changes on CTBP binding or other core aspects of FOXP2 function. Finally, we found that FOXP2 variants with reduced polyglutamine tracts did not exhibit altered behaviour in cellular assays, indicating that such tracts are non-essential for core aspects of FOXP2 function, and that tract variation is unlikely to be a highly penetrant cause of speech/language disorder. Conclusions Our findings highlight the importance of functional characterization of novel rare variants in FOXP2 in assessing the contribution of such variants to speech/language disorder and provide further insights into the molecular function of the FOXP2 protein. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s11689-016-9177-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Estruch
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah A Graham
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Swathi M Chinnappa
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Pelagia Deriziotis
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Early Mandibular Distraction to Relieve Robin Severe Airway Obstruction in Two Siblings with Lymphedema-Distichiasis Syndrome. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2016; 15:384-389. [PMID: 27752211 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-015-0774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although micrognathia and cleft palate have been reported in patients with Lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome (LDS), the classic Robin sequence with glossoptosis and airway obstruction has not been previously described in patients with genetically confirmed LDS. Here we report on two female siblings with LDS confirmed by a FOXC2 mutation who presented at birth with severe airway obstruction related to Robin sequence. Respiratory obstruction was successfully managed by early distraction osteogenesis. Our report highlights the unusual occurrence of Robin sequence in LDS patients and advises distraction osteogenesis to resolve breathing problems in LDS patients who present with Robin related severe airway obstruction.
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62
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Scallan JP, Zawieja SD, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Davis MJ. Lymphatic pumping: mechanics, mechanisms and malfunction. J Physiol 2016; 594:5749-5768. [PMID: 27219461 PMCID: PMC5063934 DOI: 10.1113/jp272088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of extrinsic (passive) and intrinsic (active) forces move lymph against a hydrostatic pressure gradient in most regions of the body. The effectiveness of the lymph pump system impacts not only interstitial fluid balance but other aspects of overall homeostasis. This review focuses on the mechanisms that regulate the intrinsic, active contractions of collecting lymphatic vessels in relation to their ability to actively transport lymph. Lymph propulsion requires not only robust contractions of lymphatic muscle cells, but contraction waves that are synchronized over the length of a lymphangion as well as properly functioning intraluminal valves. Normal lymphatic pump function is determined by the intrinsic properties of lymphatic muscle and the regulation of pumping by lymphatic preload, afterload, spontaneous contraction rate, contractility and neural influences. Lymphatic contractile dysfunction, barrier dysfunction and valve defects are common themes among pathologies that directly involve the lymphatic system, such as inherited and acquired forms of lymphoedema, and pathologies that indirectly involve the lymphatic system, such as inflammation, obesity and metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Sabine A, Saygili Demir C, Petrova TV. Endothelial Cell Responses to Biomechanical Forces in Lymphatic Vessels. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:451-65. [PMID: 27099026 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Lymphatic vessels are important components of the cardiovascular and immune systems. They contribute both to the maintenance of normal homeostasis and to many pathological conditions, such as cancer and inflammation. The lymphatic vasculature is subjected to a variety of biomechanical forces, including fluid shear stress and vessel circumferential stretch. RECENT ADVANCES This review will discuss recent advances in our understanding of biomechanical forces in lymphatic vessels and their role in mammalian lymphatic vascular development and function. CRITICAL ISSUES We will highlight the importance of fluid shear stress generated by lymph flow in organizing the lymphatic vascular network. We will also describe how mutations in mechanosensitive genes lead to lymphatic vascular dysfunction. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Better understanding of how biomechanical and biochemical stimuli are perceived and interpreted by lymphatic endothelial cells is important for targeting regulation of lymphatic function in health and disease. Important remaining critical issues and future directions in the field will be discussed in this review. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 451-465.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Sabine
- 1 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne Branch & Department of Fundamental Oncology, CHUV and University of Lausanne , Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Cansaran Saygili Demir
- 1 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne Branch & Department of Fundamental Oncology, CHUV and University of Lausanne , Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- 1 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne Branch & Department of Fundamental Oncology, CHUV and University of Lausanne , Epalinges, Switzerland .,2 Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology , CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland .,3 Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research , EPFL, Switzerland
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64
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Spitalieri P, Talarico RV, Botta A, Murdocca M, D'Apice MR, Orlandi A, Giardina E, Santoro M, Brancati F, Novelli G, Sangiuolo F. Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Extraembryonic Tissues of Fetuses Affected by Monogenic Diseases. Cell Reprogram 2016; 17:275-87. [PMID: 26474030 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2015.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from an autologous extraembryonic fetal source is an innovative personalized regenerative technology that can transform own-self cells into embryonic stem-like ones. These cells are regarded as a promising candidate for cell-based therapy, as well as an ideal target for disease modeling and drug discovery. Thus, hiPSCs enable researchers to undertake studies for treating diseases or for future applications of in utero therapy. We used a polycistronic lentiviral vector (hSTEMCCA-loxP) encoding OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and cMYC genes and containing loxP sites, excisible by Cre recombinase, to reprogram patient-specific fetal cells derived from prenatal diagnosis for several genetic disorders, such as myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), β-thalassemia (β-Thal), lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome (LDS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), cystic fibrosis (CF), as well as from wild-type (WT) fetal cells. Because cell types tested to create hiPSCs influence both the reprogramming process efficiency and the kinetics, we used chorionic villus (CV) and amniotic fluid (AF) cells, demonstrating how they represent an ideal cell resource for a more efficient generation of hiPSCs. The successful reprogramming of both CV and AF cells into hiPSCs was confirmed by specific morphological, molecular, and immunocytochemical markers and also by their teratogenic potential when inoculated in vivo. We further demonstrated the stability of reprogrammed cells over 10 and more passages and their capability to differentiate into the three embryonic germ layers, as well as into neural cells. These data suggest that hiPSCs-CV/AF can be considered a valid cellular model to accomplish pathogenesis studies and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Spitalieri
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Rosa V Talarico
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Annalisa Botta
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Michela Murdocca
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome, 00133, Italy
| | | | - Augusto Orlandi
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Emiliano Giardina
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome, 00133, Italy .,3 Molecular Genetics Laboratory UILDM , Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, 00142, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Brancati
- 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Policlinic of Tor Vergata , Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome, 00133, Italy .,2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Policlinic of Tor Vergata , Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Federica Sangiuolo
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome, 00133, Italy .,2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Policlinic of Tor Vergata , Rome, 00133, Italy
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65
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Zhang L, He J, Han B, Lu L, Fan J, Zhang H, Ge S, Zhou Y, Jia R, Fan X. Novel FOXC2 Mutation in Hereditary Distichiasis Impairs DNA-Binding Activity and Transcriptional Activation. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1114-20. [PMID: 27570485 PMCID: PMC4997055 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Distichiasis presents as double rows of eyelashes arising from aberrant differentiation of the meibomian glands of the eyelids, and it may be sporadic or hereditary. FOXC2 gene mutations in hereditary distichiasis are rarely reported. Here, we examined two generations of a Chinese family with hereditary distichiasis but without lymphedema or other features of LD syndrome. The FOXC2 gene was amplified and sequenced in all family members. Subcellular localization and luciferase assays were performed to assess the activity of the mutant FOXC2 protein. Clinical examinations showed distichiasis, lower eyelid ectropion, congenital ptosis and photophobia in all affected individuals. Sequence analysis revealed a novel frameshift mutation, c.964_965insG, in the coding region of the FOXC2 gene. This mutation caused protein truncation due to the presence of a premature stop codon. A fluorescence assay showed that this mutation did not change the nuclear localization of the protein. However, it impaired DNA-binding activity and decreased transcriptional activation. This is the first report of a FOXC2 mutation in hereditary distichiasis in the Chinese population. The findings of our study expand the FOXC2 mutation spectrum and contribute to the understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlation of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of endocrinology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linna Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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66
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Martin-Almedina S, Martinez-Corral I, Holdhus R, Vicente A, Fotiou E, Lin S, Petersen K, Simpson MA, Hoischen A, Gilissen C, Jeffery H, Atton G, Karapouliou C, Brice G, Gordon K, Wiseman JW, Wedin M, Rockson SG, Jeffery S, Mortimer PS, Snyder MP, Berland S, Mansour S, Makinen T, Ostergaard P. EPHB4 kinase-inactivating mutations cause autosomal dominant lymphatic-related hydrops fetalis. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3080-8. [PMID: 27400125 PMCID: PMC4966301 DOI: 10.1172/jci85794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrops fetalis describes fluid accumulation in at least 2 fetal compartments, including abdominal cavities, pleura, and pericardium, or in body tissue. The majority of hydrops fetalis cases are nonimmune conditions that present with generalized edema of the fetus, and approximately 15% of these nonimmune cases result from a lymphatic abnormality. Here, we have identified an autosomal dominant, inherited form of lymphatic-related (nonimmune) hydrops fetalis (LRHF). Independent exome sequencing projects on 2 families with a history of in utero and neonatal deaths associated with nonimmune hydrops fetalis uncovered 2 heterozygous missense variants in the gene encoding Eph receptor B4 (EPHB4). Biochemical analysis determined that the mutant EPHB4 proteins are devoid of tyrosine kinase activity, indicating that loss of EPHB4 signaling contributes to LRHF pathogenesis. Further, inactivation of Ephb4 in lymphatic endothelial cells of developing mouse embryos led to defective lymphovenous valve formation and consequent subcutaneous edema. Together, these findings identify EPHB4 as a critical regulator of early lymphatic vascular development and demonstrate that mutations in the gene can cause an autosomal dominant form of LRHF that is associated with a high mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin-Almedina
- Lymphovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Ines Martinez-Corral
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rita Holdhus
- Genomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andres Vicente
- Lymphatic Development Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Elisavet Fotiou
- Lymphovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Shin Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kjell Petersen
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael A. Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Genomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Heather Jeffery
- Lymphovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Giles Atton
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Unit, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Christina Karapouliou
- Lymphovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Glen Brice
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Unit, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Kristiana Gordon
- Department of Dermatology, St. George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John W. Wiseman
- Discovery Sciences, RAD-Transgenics, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marianne Wedin
- Discovery Sciences, RAD-Transgenics, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Steve Jeffery
- Lymphovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Peter S. Mortimer
- Lymphovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Siren Berland
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sahar Mansour
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Unit, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Taija Makinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Lymphovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom (UK)
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Abstract
Chronic venous disease is highly prevalent in the Western world, with varicose veins being the most common form of clinical manifestation. With recent developments in sequencing technology, clinicians and geneticists alike are embarking on a journey to identify and unravel the genetic candidates of chronic venous disease. There is now currently substantial evidence to suggest the presence of genetic influences in the aetiology and pathology of venous disease. Despite this, the precise nature and profile of the genes involved in chronic venous disease remain a poorly understood entity. Moreover, it is strikingly apparent that the majority of venous genetic studies conducted over the past decade do not adhere to fundamental research principles. The emergence of high-throughput genotyping platforms permits a more systematic search for inherited components of venous disease. Pursuing a genome-wide frontier has the potential to reveal novel critical metabolic pathways and explain the genetic susceptibility of chronic venous disease. An expedited knowledge of the genetic factors in the aetiology of venous disease may translate into better prevention or treatment, which would benefit patients suffering from its clinical sequelae. Researchers should be urged to foster collaborative links and design a genome-wide case-control association study as an international consortium to provide a statistically robust paradigm in the field of chronic venous disease genetics. This will carry promise for clinically relevant progress and represent a first step towards better understanding of the genetics of chronic venous disease aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Grant
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sarah Onida
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alun Davies
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
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68
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Fatima A, Wang Y, Uchida Y, Norden P, Liu T, Culver A, Dietz WH, Culver F, Millay M, Mukouyama YS, Kume T. Foxc1 and Foxc2 deletion causes abnormal lymphangiogenesis and correlates with ERK hyperactivation. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2437-51. [PMID: 27214551 PMCID: PMC4922698 DOI: 10.1172/jci80465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is essential for maintaining interstitial fluid homeostasis, and dysfunctional lymphangiogenesis contributes to various pathological processes, including inflammatory disease and tumor metastasis. Mutations in FOXC2 are dominantly associated with late-onset lymphedema; however, the precise role of FOXC2 and a closely related factor, FOXC1, in the lymphatic system remains largely unknown. Here we identified a molecular cascade by which FOXC1 and FOXC2 regulate ERK signaling in lymphatic vessel growth. In mice, lymphatic endothelial cell-specific (LEC-specific) deletion of Foxc1, Foxc2, or both resulted in increased LEC proliferation, enlarged lymphatic vessels, and abnormal lymphatic vessel morphogenesis. Compared with LECs from control animals, LECs from mice lacking both Foxc1 and Foxc2 exhibited aberrant expression of Ras regulators, and embryos with LEC-specific deletion of Foxc1 and Foxc2, alone or in combination, exhibited ERK hyperactivation. Pharmacological ERK inhibition in utero abolished the abnormally enlarged lymphatic vessels in FOXC-deficient embryos. Together, these results identify FOXC1 and FOXC2 as essential regulators of lymphangiogenesis and indicate a new potential mechanistic basis for lymphatic-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Fatima
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yutaka Uchida
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pieter Norden
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Austin Culver
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - William H. Dietz
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ford Culver
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Meredith Millay
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yoh-suke Mukouyama
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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69
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Jacquinet A, Millar D, Lehman A. Etiologies of uterine malformations. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2141-72. [PMID: 27273803 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ranging from aplastic uterus (including Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome) to incomplete septate uterus, uterine malformations as a group are relatively frequent in the general population. Specific causes remain largely unknown. Although most occurrences ostensibly seem sporadic, familial recurrences have been observed, which strongly implicate genetic factors. Through the study of animal models, human syndromes, and structural chromosomal variation, several candidate genes have been proposed and subsequently tested with targeted methods in series of individuals with isolated, non-isolated, or syndromic uterine malformations. To date, a few genes have garnered strong evidence of causality, mainly in syndromic presentations (HNF1B, WNT4, WNT7A, HOXA13). Sequencing of candidate genes in series of individuals with isolated uterine abnormalities has been able to suggest an association for several genes, but confirmation of a strong causative effect is still lacking for the majority of them. We review the current state of knowledge about the developmental origins of uterine malformations, with a focus on the genetic variants that have been implicated or associated with these conditions in humans, and we discuss potential reasons for the high rate of negative results. The evidence for various environmental and epigenetic factors is also reviewed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Jacquinet
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire and University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Debra Millar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anna Lehman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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70
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Marques NS, Miranda A, Barros S, Parreira S. Lymphoedema-distichiasis syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016:bcr-2015-213651. [PMID: 26759405 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-213651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Miranda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Garcia de Orta Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Barros
- Department of Ophthalmology, Garcia de Orta Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sónia Parreira
- Department of Ophthalmology, Garcia de Orta Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal Department of Ophthalmology, Garcia de Orta Hospital, Almada, Portugal
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71
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Sollis E, Graham SA, Vino A, Froehlich H, Vreeburg M, Dimitropoulou D, Gilissen C, Pfundt R, Rappold GA, Brunner HG, Deriziotis P, Fisher SE. Identification and functional characterization of de novo FOXP1 variants provides novel insights into the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorder. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:546-57. [PMID: 26647308 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo disruptions of the neural transcription factor FOXP1 are a recently discovered, rare cause of sporadic intellectual disability (ID). We report three new cases of FOXP1-related disorder identified through clinical whole-exome sequencing. Detailed phenotypic assessment confirmed that global developmental delay, autistic features, speech/language deficits, hypotonia and mild dysmorphic features are core features of the disorder. We expand the phenotypic spectrum to include sensory integration disorder and hypertelorism. Notably, the etiological variants in these cases include two missense variants within the DNA-binding domain of FOXP1. Only one such variant has been reported previously. The third patient carries a stop-gain variant. We performed functional characterization of the three missense variants alongside our stop-gain and two previously described truncating/frameshift variants. All variants severely disrupted multiple aspects of protein function. Strikingly, the missense variants had similarly severe effects on protein function as the truncating/frameshift variants. Our findings indicate that a loss of transcriptional repression activity of FOXP1 underlies the neurodevelopmental phenotype in FOXP1-related disorder. Interestingly, the three novel variants retained the ability to interact with wild-type FOXP1, suggesting these variants could exert a dominant-negative effect by interfering with the normal FOXP1 protein. These variants also retained the ability to interact with FOXP2, a paralogous transcription factor disrupted in rare cases of speech and language disorder. Thus, speech/language deficits in these individuals might be worsened through deleterious effects on FOXP2 function. Our findings highlight that de novo FOXP1 variants are a cause of sporadic ID and emphasize the importance of this transcription factor in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Sollis
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah A Graham
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Arianna Vino
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Froehlich
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Maaike Vreeburg
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology & Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht UMC, Maastricht 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Danai Dimitropoulou
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Gudrun A Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany, Interdisciplinary Center of Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany and
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology & Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht UMC, Maastricht 6202 AZ, The Netherlands, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Pelagia Deriziotis
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands,
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands
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72
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Personalized Therapy for Generalized Lymphatic Anomaly/Gorham-Stout Disease With a Combination of Sunitinib and Taxol. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015; 37:e481-5. [PMID: 26458155 PMCID: PMC4617281 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The recently revised ISSVA classification approved in Melbourne in April 2014 recognizes generalized lymphatic anomaly and lymphatic malformation in Gorham-Stout disease. The 2 entities can overlap in presentation, as both are characterized by destructive lymphatic vessel invasion of the axial skeleton and surrounding soft tissues. At least at present, no standard therapeutic options exist, and due to the rarity of the disease, no clinical trials are available. We present 2 patients, 1 with generalized lymphatic anomaly and 1 with lymphatic malformation in Gorham-Stout disease, with severe exacerbation during puberty. The first child presented in florid pulmonary failure and pleural effusion, the other with severe pain due to bone destruction of the pelvis and inability to walk. Both were treated using individualized protocols. The manuscript describes the rationale for choosing sunitinib in combination with low-dose (metronomic) taxol. Both patients experienced clinical and radiologic response without major toxicities, suggesting that patients with rare conditions may benefit from individualized, molecularly based therapies.
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73
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Shadrina AS, Smetanina MA, Sokolova EA, Sevost'ianova KS, Shevela AI, Demekhova MY, Shonov OA, Ilyukhin EA, Voronina EN, Zolotukhin IA, Kirienko AI, Filipenko ML. Association of polymorphisms near the FOXC2 gene with the risk of varicose veins in ethnic Russians. Phlebology 2015; 31:640-8. [PMID: 26420053 DOI: 10.1177/0268355515607404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of polymorphisms located near the FOXC2 gene with the risk of varicose veins in ethnic Russians. METHODS Allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies were determined in the sample of 474 patients with primary varicose veins and in the control group of 478 individuals without a history of chronic venous disease. RESULTS Polymorphisms rs7189489, rs4633732, and rs1035550 showed the association with the increased risk of varicose veins, but none of the observed associations remained significant after correction for multiple testing. Haplotype analysis revealed the association of haplotype rs7189489 C-rs4633732 T-rs34221221 C-rs1035550 C-rs34152738 T-rs12711457 G with the increased risk of varicose veins (OR = 2.67, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that the studied polymorphisms do not play a major role in susceptibility to varicose veins development in the Russian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Shadrina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mariya A Smetanina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Sokolova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Andrey I Shevela
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Oleg A Shonov
- Private Surgery Center "Medalp", Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Elena N Voronina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor A Zolotukhin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maxim L Filipenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
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74
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A novel FOXC2 mutation in spinal extradural arachnoid cyst. Hum Genome Var 2015; 2:15032. [PMID: 27081541 PMCID: PMC4785541 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2015.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal extradural arachnoid cyst (SEDAC) is a cyst in the spinal canal, which causes spinal cord compression and subsequent neurological damage. We previously identified two FOXC2 mutations in two SEDAC families. The FOXC2 mutations have been shown to be responsible for lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome (LDS), which includes SEDAC as an occasionally associated phenotype. We encountered a non-familial patient with SEDAC associated with LDS, and identified a novel nonsense mutation in FOXC2, c.349C>T (p.Q117*).
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75
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Kazenwadel J, Harvey NL. Morphogenesis of the lymphatic vasculature: A focus on new progenitors and cellular mechanisms important for constructing lymphatic vessels. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:209-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kazenwadel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
| | - Natasha L. Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
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GUPTA M, POONAWALA T, FAROOQUI M, ERICSON ME, GUPTA K. Topical fentanyl stimulates healing of ischemic wounds in diabetic rats. J Diabetes 2015; 7:573-583. [PMID: 25266258 PMCID: PMC4844062 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topically applied opioids promote angiogenesis and healing of ischemic wounds in rats. We examined if topical fentanyl stimulates wound healing in diabetic rats by stimulating growth-promoting signaling, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and nerve regeneration. METHODS We used Zucker diabetic fatty rats that develop obesity and diabetes on a high fat diet due to a mutation in the Leptin receptor. Fentanyl blended with hydrocream was applied topically on ischemic wounds twice daily, and wound closure was analyzed regularly. Wound histology was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, nerve fibers and phospho-platelet derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β) were visualized by CD31-, lymphatic vessel endothelium-1, protein gene product 9.5- and anti-phospho PDGFR-β-immunoreactivity, respectively. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and PDGFR-β signaling were analyzed using Western immunoblotting. RESULTS Fentanyl significantly promoted wound closure as compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Histology scores were significantly higher in fentanyl-treated wounds, indicative of increased granulation tissue formation, reduced edema and inflammation, and increased matrix deposition. Fentanyl treatment resulted in increased wound angiogenesis, lymphatic vasculature, nerve fibers, nitric oxide, NOS and PDGFR-β signaling as compared to PBS. Phospho-PDGFR-β co-localized with CD31 co-staining for vasculature. CONCLUSIONS Topically applied fentanyl promotes closure of ischemic wounds in diabetic rats. Increased angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, peripheral nerve regeneration, NO and PDGFR-β signaling are associated with fentanyl-induced tissue remodeling and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir GUPTA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Tasneem POONAWALA
- Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Mariya FAROOQUI
- Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marna E ERICSON
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kalpna GUPTA
- Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Corresponding Author: Kalpna Gupta, Ph.D., Vascular Biology Center, Medicine - Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 480; 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA, Phone: 612-625-7648, Fax: 612-625-6919,
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Sheik Y, Qureshi SF, Mohhammed B, Nallari P. FOXC2andFLT4Gene Variants in Lymphatic Filariasis. Lymphat Res Biol 2015; 13:112-9. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2014.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Sheik
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | | | - Pratibha Nallari
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Schlögel MJ, Mendola A, Fastré E, Vasudevan P, Devriendt K, de Ravel TJL, Van Esch H, Casteels I, Arroyo Carrera I, Cristofoli F, Fieggen K, Jones K, Lipson M, Balikova I, Singer A, Soller M, Mercedes Villanueva M, Revencu N, Boon LM, Brouillard P, Vikkula M. No evidence of locus heterogeneity in familial microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or mental retardation syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:52. [PMID: 25934493 PMCID: PMC4464120 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or mental retardation syndrome (MCLMR) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with variable expressivity. It is characterized by mild-to-severe microcephaly, often associated with intellectual disability, ocular defects and lymphedema. It can be sporadic or inherited. Eighty-seven patients have been described to carry a mutation in KIF11, which encodes a homotetrameric motor kinesin, EG5. METHODS We tested 23 unreported MCLMR index patients for KIF11. We also reviewed the clinical phenotypes of all our patients as well as of those described in previously published studies. RESULTS We identified 14 mutations, 12 of which are novel. We detected mutations in 12 affected individuals, from 6 out of 6 familial cases, and in 8 out of 17 sporadic patients. Phenotypic evaluation of patients (our 26 + 61 earlier published = 87) revealed microcephaly in 91%, eye anomalies in 72%, intellectual disability in 67% and lymphedema in 47% of the patients. Unaffected carriers were rare (4 out of 87: 5%). Family history is not a requisite for diagnosis; 31% (16 out of 52) were de novo cases. CONCLUSIONS All inherited cases, and 50% of sporadic cases of MCLMR are due to germline KIF11 mutations. It is possible that mosaic KIF11 mutations cause the remainder of sporadic cases, which the methods employed here were not designed to detect. On the other hand, some of them might have another mimicking disorder and genetic defect, as microcephaly is highly heterogeneous. In aggregate, KIF11 mutations likely cause the majority, if not all, of MCLMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu J Schlögel
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Antonella Mendola
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Elodie Fastré
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pradeep Vasudevan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK.
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Thomy J L de Ravel
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ingele Casteels
- Department of Ophthalmology, St Rafael University Hospitals, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Francesca Cristofoli
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Karen Fieggen
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Katheryn Jones
- Medical Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, Sacramento, CA, 95815, USA.
| | - Mark Lipson
- Medical Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, Sacramento, CA, 95815, USA.
| | - Irina Balikova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital (HUDERF), 1020, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ami Singer
- Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Barzilai Medical Center, 78306, Ashkelon, Israel.
| | - Maria Soller
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
| | - María Mercedes Villanueva
- General Hospital of Florencio Varela, Children's Hospital Dr. Pedro Elizalde and Foundation for Neurological Diseases of Childhood (FLENI), C1270AAN, Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina.
| | - Nicole Revencu
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laurence M Boon
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Center for Vascular Anomalies, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Brouillard
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Center for Vascular Anomalies, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Gordon CT, Attanasio C, Bhatia S, Benko S, Ansari M, Tan TY, Munnich A, Pennacchio LA, Abadie V, Temple IK, Goldenberg A, van Heyningen V, Amiel J, FitzPatrick D, Kleinjan DA, Visel A, Lyonnet S. Identification of novel craniofacial regulatory domains located far upstream of SOX9 and disrupted in Pierre Robin sequence. Hum Mutat 2015; 35:1011-20. [PMID: 24934569 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the coding sequence of SOX9 cause campomelic dysplasia (CD), a disorder of skeletal development associated with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSDs). Translocations, deletions, and duplications within a ∼2 Mb region upstream of SOX9 can recapitulate the CD-DSD phenotype fully or partially, suggesting the existence of an unusually large cis-regulatory control region. Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a craniofacial disorder that is frequently an endophenotype of CD and a locus for isolated PRS at ∼1.2-1.5 Mb upstream of SOX9 has been previously reported. The craniofacial regulatory potential within this locus, and within the greater genomic domain surrounding SOX9, remains poorly defined. We report two novel deletions upstream of SOX9 in families with PRS, allowing refinement of the regions harboring candidate craniofacial regulatory elements. In parallel, ChIP-Seq for p300 binding sites in mouse craniofacial tissue led to the identification of several novel craniofacial enhancers at the SOX9 locus, which were validated in transgenic reporter mice and zebrafish. Notably, some of the functionally validated elements fall within the PRS deletions. These studies suggest that multiple noncoding elements contribute to the craniofacial regulation of SOX9 expression, and that their disruption results in PRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Gordon
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
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Chakraborty S, Davis MJ, Muthuchamy M. Emerging trends in the pathophysiology of lymphatic contractile function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 38:55-66. [PMID: 25617600 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic contractile dysfunction is central to a number of pathologies that affect millions of people worldwide. Due to its critical role in the process of inflammation, a dysfunctional lymphatic system also compromises the immune response, further exacerbating a number of inflammation related diseases. Despite the critical physiological functions accomplished by the transport of lymph, a complete understanding of the contractile machinery of the lymphatic system lags far behind that of the blood vasculature. However, there has been a surge of recent research focusing on different mechanisms that underlie both physiological and pathophysiological aspects of lymphatic contractile function. This review summarizes those emerging paradigms that shed some novel insights into the contractile physiology of the lymphatics in normal as well as different disease states. In addition, this review emphasizes the recent progress made in our understanding of various contractile parameters and regulatory elements that contribute to the normal functioning of the lymphatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Division of Lymphatic Biology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, United States
| | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Mariappan Muthuchamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Division of Lymphatic Biology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, United States.
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81
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Phillips D, Deipolyi AR, Hesketh RL, Midia M, Oklu R. Pelvic congestion syndrome: etiology of pain, diagnosis, and clinical management. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2014; 25:725-33. [PMID: 24745902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pelvic congestion syndrome is associated with pelvic varicosities that result in chronic pelvic pain, especially in the setting of prolonged standing, coitus, menstruation, and pregnancy. Although the underlying pathophysiology of pelvic congestion syndrome is unclear, it probably results from a combination of dysfunctional venous valves, retrograde blood flow, venous hypertension, and dilatation. Asymptomatic women may also have pelvic varicosities, making pelvic congestion syndrome difficult to diagnose. This article explores the etiologies of pain, use of imaging techniques, and clinical management of pelvic congestion syndrome. Possible explanations for the spectrum of pain among women with pelvic varicosities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci Phillips
- Harvard Medical School, and Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, 290 Gray/Bigelow, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Amy R Deipolyi
- Harvard Medical School, and Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, 290 Gray/Bigelow, Boston, MA 02114; Division of Interventional Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, 290 Gray/Bigelow, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | - Mehran Midia
- Division of Interventional Radiology, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Harvard Medical School, and Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, 290 Gray/Bigelow, Boston, MA 02114; Division of Interventional Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, 290 Gray/Bigelow, Boston, MA 02114.
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Kucharczyk M, Kochański A, Jezela-Stanek A, Kugaudo M, Sielska-Rotblum D, Gutkowska A, Krajewska-Walasek M. The first case of a patient with de novo partial distal 16q tetrasomy and a data's review. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2541-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Kucharczyk
- Department of Medical Genetics; The Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Andrzej Kochański
- Department of Medical Genetics; The Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
- Neuromuscular Unit; Mossakowski Medical Research Centre; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Monika Kugaudo
- Department of Medical Genetics; The Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Anna Gutkowska
- Department of Medical Genetics; The Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
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Functionally significant, rare transcription factor variants in tetralogy of Fallot. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95453. [PMID: 25093829 PMCID: PMC4122343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Rare variants in certain transcription factors involved in cardiac development cause Mendelian forms of congenital heart disease. The purpose of this study was to systematically assess the frequency of rare transcription factor variants in sporadic patients with the cardiac outflow tract malformation tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Methods and Results We sequenced the coding, 5′UTR, and 3′UTR regions of twelve transcription factor genes implicated in cardiac outflow tract development (NKX2.5, GATA4, ISL1, TBX20, MEF2C, BOP/SMYD1, HAND2, FOXC1, FOXC2, FOXH, FOXA2 and TBX1) in 93 non-syndromic, non-Mendelian TOF cases. We also analysed Illumina Human 660W-Quad SNP Array data for copy number variants in these genes; none were detected. Four of the rare variants detected have previously been shown to affect transactivation in in vitro reporter assays: FOXC1 p.P297S, FOXC2 p.Q444R, FOXH1 p.S113T and TBX1 p.P43_G61del PPPPRYDPCAAAAPGAPGP. Two further rare variants, HAND2 p.A25_A26insAA and FOXC1 p.G378_G380delGGG, A488_491delAAAA, affected transactivation in in vitro reporter assays. Each of these six functionally significant variants was present in a single patient in the heterozygous state; each of the four for which parental samples were available were maternally inherited. Thus in the 93 TOF cases we identified six functionally significant mutations in the secondary heart field transcriptional network. Significance This study indicates that rare genetic variants in the secondary heart field transcriptional network with functional effects on protein function occur in 3–13% of patients with TOF. This is the first report of a functionally significant HAND2 mutation in a patient with congenital heart disease.
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84
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Tissue-engineered lymphatic graft for the treatment of lymphedema. J Surg Res 2014; 192:544-54. [PMID: 25248852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphedema is a chronic debilitating condition and curative treatment is yet to be found. Tissue engineering approach, which combines cellular components, scaffold, and molecular signals hold great potential in the treatment of secondary lymphedema with the advent of lymphatic graft to reconstruct damaged collecting lymphatic vessel. This review highlights the ideal characteristics of lymphatic graft, the limitation and challenges faced, and the approaches in developing tissue-engineered lymphatic graft. METHODS Literature on tissue engineering of lymphatic system and lymphatic tissue biology was reviewed. RESULTS The prime challenge in the design and manufacturing of this graft is producing endothelialized conduit with intraluminal valves. Suitable scaffold material is needed to ensure stability and functionality of the construct. Endothelialization of the construct can be enhanced via biofunctionalization and nanotopography, which mimics extracellular matrix. Nanocomposite polymers with improved performance over existing biomaterials are likely to benefit the development of lymphatic graft. CONCLUSIONS With the in-depth understanding of tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and improved knowledge on the biology of lymphatic regeneration, the aspiration to develop successful lymphatic graft is well achievable.
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85
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Zhu LL, Lv YN, Chen HD, Gao XH. A Chinese pedigree of lymphoedema-distichiasis syndrome with a novel mutation in the FOXC2 gene. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39:731-3. [PMID: 24984567 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoedema-distichiasis syndrome (LDS) is a syndromic form of primary lymphoedema associated with double rows of eyelashes (distichiasis). Mutations in the FOXC2 gene were reported to be associated with this syndrome. In this study, we identified in a Chinese LDS pedigree a novel FOXC2 gene mutation, C.370C>T, leading to p.Leu124Phe. The novel mutation is not a common polymorphism, but is co-inherited with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-L Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, China; Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, China
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Surendran S, Girijamma A, Nair R, Ramegowda KS, Nair DH, Thulaseedharan JV, Lakkappa RB, Kamalapurkar G, Kartha CC. Forkhead box C2 promoter variant c.-512C>T is associated with increased susceptibility to chronic venous diseases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90682. [PMID: 24608096 PMCID: PMC3946558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic venous disease (CVD) is one of the most prevalent yet underrated disorders worldwide. High heritability estimates of CVD indicate prominent genetic components in its etiology and pathology. Mutations in human forkhead box C2 (FoxC2) gene are strongly associated with valve failure in saphenous and deep veins of lower extremities. We explored the association of genetic variants of FoxC2 as well as FoxC2 mRNA and protein expression levels with CVD of lower limbs. We systematically sequenced the single coding exon, 5' and 3' flanking regions of FoxC2 gene in 754 study subjects which includes 382 patients with CVD and 372 healthy subjects. Four novel and three reported polymorphisms were identified in our cohort. Three variants in 5' flanking region and one in 3' flanking region of FoxC2 gene were significantly associated with CVD risk. FoxC2 mRNA in vein tissues from 22 patients was 4±1.42 fold increased compared to saphenous veins from 20 normal subjects (p<0.01). FoxC2 protein was also significantly upregulated in varicose veins compared to control samples. The c.-512C>T (rs34221221: C>T) variant which is located in the FoxC2 putative promoter region was further analyzed. Functional analysis of c.-512C>T revealed increased mRNA and protein expression in patients with homozygous TT genotype compared to heterozygous CT and wild CC genotypes. Luciferase assay indicated higher transcriptional activity of mutant compared to wild genotype of this variant. These findings suggested that c.-512C>T variant of FoxC2 was strongly associated with susceptibility to CVD and also that this variant resulted in FoxC2 overexpression. To obtain a mechanistic insight into the role of upregulated FoxC2 in varicosities, we overexpressed FoxC2 in venous endothelial cells and observed elevated expression of arterial markers Dll4 and Hey2 and downregulation of venous marker COUP-TFII. Our study indicates altered FoxC2-Notch signaling in saphenous vein wall remodeling in patients with varicose veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Surendran
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Athira Girijamma
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Nair
- St. Thomas Institute of Research on Venous Diseases, Changanassery, Kerala, India
| | | | - Divya H. Nair
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Jissa V. Thulaseedharan
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Abstract
The two vascular systems of our body are the blood and lymphatic vasculature. Our understanding of the cellular and molecular processes controlling the development of the lymphatic vasculature has progressed significantly in the last decade. In mammals, this is a stepwise process that starts in the embryonic veins, where lymphatic EC (LEC) progenitors are initially specified. The differentiation and maturation of these progenitors continues as they bud from the veins to produce scattered primitive lymph sacs, from which most of the lymphatic vasculature is derived. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the key steps leading to the formation of a functional lymphatic vasculature.
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Abstract
The lymphatic system is fundamentally important to cardiovascular disease, infection and immunity, cancer, and probably obesity--the four major challenges in healthcare in the 21st century. This Review will consider the manner in which new knowledge of lymphatic genes and molecular mechanisms has demonstrated that lymphatic dysfunction should no longer be considered a passive bystander in disease but rather an active player in many pathological processes and, therefore, a genuine target for future therapeutic developments. The specific roles of the lymphatic system in edema, genetic aspects of primary lymphedema, infection (cellulitis/erysipelas), Crohn's disease, obesity, cancer, and cancer-related lymphedema are highlighted.
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90
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Transcriptional control of lymphatic endothelial cell type specification. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2014; 214:5-22. [PMID: 24276883 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1646-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is the "sewer system" of our body as it plays an important role in transporting tissue fluids and extravasated plasma proteins back to the blood circulation and absorbs lipids from the intestinal tract. Malfunction of the lymphatic vasculature can result in lymphedema and obesity. The lymphatic system is also important for the immune response and is one of the main routes for the spreading of metastatic tumor cells. The development of the mammalian lymphatic vasculature is a stepwise process that requires the specification of lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) progenitors in the embryonic veins, and the subsequent budding of those LEC progenitors from the embryonic veins to give rise to the primitive lymph sacs from which the entire lymphatic vasculature will eventually be derived. This process was first proposed by Florence Sabin over a century ago and was recently confirmed by several studies using lineage tracing and gene manipulation. Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in understanding the transcriptional control of lymphatic endothelial cell type differentiation. Here we summarize our current knowledge about the key transcription factors that are necessary to regulate several aspects of lymphatic endothelial specification and differentiation.
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Clinical disorders of primary malfunctioning of the lymphatic system. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2014; 214:187-204. [PMID: 24276895 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1646-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary lymphedema is defined as lymphedema caused by dysplasia of the lymph vessels. This complex group of diseases is discussed in detail from a clinical perspective. A review of the epidemiology and classification of lymphedema on the backdrop of its clinical presentation reveals weaknesses of the present classification system, which, however, is the basis for the choice of optimal patient care. Non-syndrome and syndrome types of primary lymphedema are presented in detail and related molecular findings are summarized.
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Ogura Y, Yabuki S, Iida A, Kou I, Nakajima M, Kano H, Shiina M, Kikuchi S, Toyama Y, Ogata K, Nakamura M, Matsumoto M, Ikegawa S. FOXC2 mutations in familial and sporadic spinal extradural arachnoid cyst. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80548. [PMID: 24278289 PMCID: PMC3838418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal extradural arachnoid cyst (SEDAC) is a cyst in the spinal canal that protrudes into the epidural space from a defect in the dura mater. Most cases are sporadic; however, three familial SEDAC cases have been reported, suggesting genetic etiological factors. All familial cases are associated with lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome (LDS), whose causal gene is FOXC2. However, FOXC2 mutation analysis has been performed in only 1 family, and no mutation analysis has been performed on sporadic (non-familial) SEDACs. We recruited 17 SEDAC subjects consisting of 2 familial and 7 sporadic cases and examined FOXC2 mutations by Sanger sequencing and structural abnormalities by TaqMan copy number assay. We identified 2 novel FOXC2 mutations in 2 familial cases. Incomplete LDS penetrance was noted in both families. Four subjects presented with SEDACs only. Thus, SEDAC caused by the heterozygous FOXC2 loss-of-function mutation should be considered a feature of LDS, although it often manifests as the sole symptom. Seven sporadic SEDAC subjects had no FOXC2 mutations, no symptoms of LDS, and showed differing clinical characteristics from those who had FOXC2 mutations, suggesting that other gene(s) besides FOXC2 are likely to be involved in SEDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Ogura
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Yabuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Aritoshi Iida
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Kou
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kano
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shiina
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kikuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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93
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Lymphœdème-distichiasis. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2013; 140:663-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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94
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95
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Phosphorylation regulates FOXC2-mediated transcription in lymphatic endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3749-61. [PMID: 23878394 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01387-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key mechanisms linking cell signaling and control of gene expression is reversible phosphorylation of transcription factors. FOXC2 is a forkhead transcription factor that is mutated in the human vascular disease lymphedema-distichiasis and plays an essential role in lymphatic vascular development. However, the mechanisms regulating FOXC2 transcriptional activity are not well understood. We report here that FOXC2 is phosphorylated on eight evolutionarily conserved proline-directed serine/threonine residues. Loss of phosphorylation at these sites triggers substantial changes in the FOXC2 transcriptional program. Through genome-wide location analysis in lymphatic endothelial cells, we demonstrate that the changes are due to selective inhibition of FOXC2 recruitment to chromatin. The extent of the inhibition varied between individual binding sites, suggesting a novel rheostat-like mechanism by which expression of specific genes can be differentially regulated by FOXC2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, unlike the wild-type protein, the phosphorylation-deficient mutant of FOXC2 failed to induce vascular remodeling in vivo. Collectively, our results point to the pivotal role of phosphorylation in the regulation of FOXC2-mediated transcription in lymphatic endothelial cells and underscore the importance of FOXC2 phosphorylation in vascular development.
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96
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Connell FC, Gordon K, Brice G, Keeley V, Jeffery S, Mortimer PS, Mansour S, Ostergaard P. The classification and diagnostic algorithm for primary lymphatic dysplasia: an update from 2010 to include molecular findings. Clin Genet 2013; 84:303-14. [PMID: 23621851 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Historically, primary lymphoedema was classified into just three categories depending on the age of onset of swelling; congenital, praecox and tarda. Developments in clinical phenotyping and identification of the genetic cause of some of these conditions have demonstrated that primary lymphoedema is highly heterogenous. In 2010, we introduced a new classification and diagnostic pathway as a clinical and research tool. This algorithm has been used to delineate specific primary lymphoedema phenotypes, facilitating the discovery of new causative genes. This article reviews the latest molecular findings and provides an updated version of the classification and diagnostic pathway based on this new knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Connell
- Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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97
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Koltowska K, Betterman KL, Harvey NL, Hogan BM. Getting out and about: the emergence and morphogenesis of the vertebrate lymphatic vasculature. Development 2013; 140:1857-70. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.089565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system develops from the pre-existing blood vasculature of the vertebrate embryo. New insights into lymphatic vascular development have recently been achieved with the use of alternative model systems, new molecular tools, novel imaging technologies and growing interest in the role of lymphatic vessels in human disorders. The signals and cellular mechanisms that facilitate the emergence of lymphatic endothelial cells from veins, guide migration through the embryonic environment, mediate interactions with neighbouring tissues and control vessel maturation are beginning to emerge. Here, we review the most recent advances in lymphatic vascular development, with a major focus on mouse and zebrafish model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Koltowska
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kelly L. Betterman
- Division of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Natasha L. Harvey
- Division of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Benjamin M. Hogan
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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98
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Choi I, Lee S, Hong YK. The new era of the lymphatic system: no longer secondary to the blood vascular system. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a006445. [PMID: 22474611 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The blood and lymphatic systems are the two major circulatory systems in our body. Although the blood system has been studied extensively, the lymphatic system has received much less scientific and medical attention because of its elusive morphology and mysterious pathophysiology. However, a series of landmark discoveries made in the past decade has begun to change the previous misconception of the lymphatic system to be secondary to the more essential blood vascular system. In this article, we review the current understanding of the development and pathology of the lymphatic system. We hope to convince readers that the lymphatic system is no less essential than the blood circulatory system for human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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99
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Anwar MA, Georgiadis KA, Shalhoub J, Lim CS, Gohel MS, Davies AH. A review of familial, genetic, and congenital aspects of primary varicose vein disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5:460-6. [PMID: 22896013 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.112.963439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffar A Anwar
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery and the Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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100
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Kucukguven A, Khalil RA. Matrix metalloproteinases as potential targets in the venous dilation associated with varicose veins. Curr Drug Targets 2013; 14:287-324. [PMID: 23316963 PMCID: PMC3584231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Varicose veins (VVs) are a common venous disease of the lower extremity characterized by incompetent valves, venous reflux, and dilated and tortuous veins. If untreated, VVs could lead to venous thrombosis, thrombophlebitis and chronic venous leg ulcers. Various genetic, hormonal and environmental factors may lead to structural changes in the vein valves and make them incompetent, leading to venous reflux, increased venous pressure and vein wall dilation. Prolonged increases in venous pressure and vein wall tension are thought to increase the expression/activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Members of the MMPs family include collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane- type MMPs and others. MMPs are known to degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs may also affect the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle, causing changes in the vein relaxation and contraction mechanisms. Endothelial cell injury also triggers leukocyte infiltration, activation and inflammation, which lead to further vein wall damage. The vein wall dilation and valve dysfunction, and the MMP activation and superimposed inflammation and fibrosis would lead to progressive venous dilation and VVs formation. Surgical ablation is an effective treatment for VVs, but may be associated with high recurrence rate, and other less invasive approaches that target the cause of the disease are needed. MMP inhibitors including endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) and pharmacological inhibitors such as zinc chelators, doxycycline, batimastat and marimastat, have been used as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in cancer, autoimmune and cardiovascular disease. However, MMP inhibitors may have side effects especially on the musculoskeletal system. With the advent of new genetic and pharmacological tools, specific MMP inhibitors with fewer undesirable effects could be useful to retard the progression and prevent the recurrence of VVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arda Kucukguven
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratory, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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