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Gupta V, Banyard A, Mullan A, Sriskantharajah S, Southworth T, Singh D. Characterization of the inflammatory response to inhaled lipopolysaccharide in mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 79:767-76. [PMID: 25377849 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhalation causes increased airway and systemic inflammation. We investigated LPS inhalation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a model of bacterial exacerbations. We studied safety, changes in sputum and systemic biomarkers. We have also investigated interleukin (IL)-17 concentrations in this model. METHODS Twelve COPD patients inhaled 5 μg LPS. Safety was monitored over 24 h. Sputum was induced at baseline, 6 and 24 h for cells and IL-8, IL-17, neutrophil elastase, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) in supernatants. Serum was collected at baseline, 4, 8 and 24 h for IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP) and Clara cell protein (CC-16) concentrations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated at baseline and 4 h for systemic IL-17 analysis. RESULTS LPS 5 μg was well tolerated. The greatest FEV1 change was 11.7% (mean) at 1 h (95% CI 5.1-18.2%). There was a large range in maximal fall (2.5-37.7%). Total sputum cell count and neutrophil count significantly increased 6 and 24 h post-LPS. There was no change in sputum supernatant mediators. IL-6, CRP and CC-16 increased post-inhalation, with different temporal patterns. CD4+ and CD8+ cell associated IL-17 significantly increased at 4 h. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled LPS in COPD patients safely causes increased airway and systemic inflammation. This may be a model for studying COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Gupta
- Medicines Evaluation Unit, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Southmoor Rd, Manchester, UK
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van den Bosch T, Boichenko A, Leus NGJ, Ourailidou ME, Wapenaar H, Rotili D, Mai A, Imhof A, Bischoff R, Haisma HJ, Dekker FJ. The histone acetyltransferase p300 inhibitor C646 reduces pro-inflammatory gene expression and inhibits histone deacetylases. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 102:130-140. [PMID: 26718586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylations are reversible posttranslational modifications of histone and non-histone proteins that play important regulatory roles in signal transduction cascades and gene expression. Lysine acetylations are regulated by histone acetyltransferases as writers and histone deacetylases as erasers. Because of their role in signal transduction cascades, these enzymes are important players in inflammation. Therefore, histone acetyltransferase inhibitors could reduce inflammatory responses. Among the few histone acetyltransferase inhibitors described, C646 is one of the most potent (Ki of 0.4μM for histone acetyltransferase p300). C646 was described to affect the NF-κB pathway; an important pathway in inflammatory responses, which is regulated by acetylation. This pathway has been implicated in asthma and COPD. Therefore, we hypothesized that via regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, C646 can inhibit pro-inflammatory gene expression, and have potential for the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases. In line with this, we demonstrate here that C646 reduces pro-inflammatory gene expression in RAW264.7 murine macrophages and murine precision-cut lung slices. To unravel its effects on cellular substrates we applied mass spectrometry and found, counterintuitively, a slight increase in acetylation of histone H3. Based on this finding, and structural features of C646, we presumed inhibitory activity of C646 on histone deacetylases, and indeed found inhibition of histone deacetylases from 7μM and higher concentrations. This indicates that C646 has potential for further development towards applications in the treatment of inflammation, however, its newly discovered lack of selectivity at higher concentrations needs to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea van den Bosch
- Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Boichenko
- Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek G J Leus
- Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria E Ourailidou
- Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Wapenaar
- Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Axel Imhof
- Protein Analysis Unit Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde J Haisma
- Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Haemophilus influenzae induces steroid-resistant inflammatory responses in COPD. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:157. [PMID: 26642881 PMCID: PMC4672509 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disorder partially resistant to glucocorticoids. A reduced histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity has been proposed to explain this resistance. Haemophilus influenzae frequently colonizes the airways of COPD patients, where it enhances inflammation. The effects of Haemophilus influenzae on HDAC activity have not been investigated before. Methods The effects of the presence or absence of Haemophilus influenzae ex-vivo and in vitro were studied. To this end, we determined: (1) cytokine release in alveolar macrophages (AM) from 7 patients with COPD, 5 healthy smokers, 6 healthy non-smokers and (2) HDAC activity, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation in a macrophage-like cell line (PMA-transformed U937 cells) co-cultured with epithelial cells. Experiments were repeated with dexamethasone (1 μM) and/or the HDAC enhancer theophylline (10 μM). Results Haemophilus influenzae induced a steroid-resistant inflammatory response in AM from COPD and controls and decreased HDAC activity, activated NF-κB and induced the secretion of several cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α) (p < 0.001 for all comparisons) in the macrophage-like cell line. Dexamethasone reduced NF-κB activation but it did not modify HDAC activity. The addition of theophylline to dexamethasone increased HDAC activity and suppressed cytokine release completely, without modifying NF-κB activation. Conclusions These results indicate that Haemophilus influenzae reduces HDAC activity and induces a NF-κB mediated inflammatory response that is only partially suppressed by glucocorticoids irrespective of having COPD. Yet, the latter can be fully restored by targeting HDAC activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12890-015-0155-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Shin IS, Ahn KS, Shin NR, Lee HJ, Ryu HW, Kim JW, Sohn KY, Kim HJ, Han YH, Oh SR. Protective effect of EC-18, a synthetic monoacetyldiglyceride on lung inflammation in a murine model induced by cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 30:62-68. [PMID: 26655742 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The antler of Sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck) has been used a natural medicine in Korea, China and Japan, and a monoacetyldiaglyceride (1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetylglycerol, PLAG) was found in the antler of Sika deer as a constituent for immunomodulation. In this study, we investigated protective effects of EC-18 (a synthetic copy of PLAG) on inflammatory responses using a cigarette smoke with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway inflammation model. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 1h per day for 3days. Ten micrograms of LPS dissolved in 50μL of PBS was administered intra nasally 1h after the final cigarette smoke exposure. EC-18 was administered by oral gavage at doses of 30 and 60mg/kg for 3days. EC-18 significantly reduced the number of neutrophils, reactive oxygen species production, cytokines and elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) compared with the cigarette smoke and LPS induced mice. Histologically, EC-18 attenuated airway inflammation with a reduction in myeloperoxidase expression in lung tissue. Additionally, EC-18 inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB and IκB induced by cigarette smoke and LPS exposure. Our results show that EC-18 effectively suppresses neutrophilic inflammation induced by cigarette smoke and LPS exposure. In conclusion, this study suggests that EC-18 has therapeutic potential for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sik Shin
- Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Rae Shin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wha Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 125, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Sohn
- ENZYCHEM Lifesciences, 103-6, KAIST-ICC F741, Munjidong, Daejeon 305-732, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Jae Kim
- ENZYCHEM Lifesciences, 103-6, KAIST-ICC F741, Munjidong, Daejeon 305-732, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hae Han
- ENZYCHEM Lifesciences, 103-6, KAIST-ICC F741, Munjidong, Daejeon 305-732, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
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Barnes PJ. Therapeutic approaches to asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndromes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:531-45. [PMID: 26343937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that there are some patients with features of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has highlighted the need to develop more specific treatments for these clinical phenotypes. Some patients with COPD have predominantly eosinophilic inflammation and might respond to high doses of inhaled corticosteroids and newly developed specific antieosinophil therapies, including blocking antibodies against IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, as well as oral chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells antagonists. Other patients have severe asthma or are asthmatic patients who smoke with features of COPD-induced inflammation and might benefit from treatments targeting neutrophils, including macrolides, CXCR2 antagonists, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, p38 mitogen-activating protein kinase inhibitors, and antibodies against IL-1 and IL-17. Other patients appear to have largely fixed obstruction with little inflammation and might respond to long-acting bronchodilators, including long-acting muscarinic antagonists, to reduce hyperinflation. Highly selected patients with severe asthma might benefit from bronchial thermoplasty. Some patients with overlap syndromes can be conveniently treated with triple fixed-dose combination inhaler therapy with an inhaled corticosteroid, long-acting β2-agonist, and long-acting muscarinic antagonist, several of which are now in development. Corticosteroid resistance is a feature of asthma-COPD overlap syndrome, and understanding the various molecular mechanisms of this resistance has identified novel therapeutic targets and presented the prospect of therapies that can restore corticosteroid responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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D'Ignazio L, Bandarra D, Rocha S. NF-κB and HIF crosstalk in immune responses. FEBS J 2015; 283:413-24. [PMID: 26513405 PMCID: PMC4864946 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia and inflammation have been associated with a number of pathological conditions, in particular inflammatory diseases. While hypoxia is mainly associated with the activation of hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs), inflammation activates the family of transcription factor called nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB). An extensive crosstalk between these two main molecular players involved in hypoxia and inflammation has been demonstrated. This crosstalk includes common activating stimuli, shared regulators and targets. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the role of NF‐κB and HIF in the context of the immune response. We review the crosstalk between HIF and NF‐κB in the control of the immune response in different immune cell types including macrophages, neutrophils and B and T cells. Furthermore the importance of the molecular crosstalk between HIFs and NF‐κB for a variety of medical conditions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D'Ignazio
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Daniel Bandarra
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
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Ngkelo A, Hoffmann RF, Durham AL, Marwick JA, Brandenburg SM, de Bruin HG, Jonker MR, Rossios C, Tsitsiou E, Caramori G, Contoli M, Casolari P, Monaco F, Andò F, Speciale G, Kilty I, Chung KF, Papi A, Lindsay MA, Ten Hacken NHT, van den Berge M, Timens W, Barnes PJ, van Oosterhout AJ, Adcock IM, Kirkham PA, Heijink IH. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β modulation of glucocorticoid responsiveness in COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1112-23. [PMID: 26320152 PMCID: PMC4652154 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00077.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), oxidative stress regulates the inflammatory response of bronchial epithelium and monocytes/macrophages through kinase modulation and has been linked to glucocorticoid unresponsiveness. Glycogen synthase-3β (GSK3β) inactivation plays a key role in mediating signaling processes upon reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure. We hypothesized that GSK3β is involved in oxidative stress-induced glucocorticoid insensitivity in COPD. We studied levels of phospho-GSK3β-Ser9, a marker of GSK3β inactivation, in lung sections and cultured monocytes and bronchial epithelial cells of COPD patients, control smokers, and nonsmokers. We observed increased levels of phospho-GSK3β-Ser9 in monocytes, alveolar macrophages, and bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients and control smokers compared with nonsmokers. Pharmacological inactivation of GSK3β did not affect CXCL8 or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression but resulted in glucocorticoid insensitivity in vitro in both inflammatory and structural cells. Further mechanistic studies in monocyte and bronchial epithelial cell lines showed that GSK3β inactivation is a common effector of oxidative stress-induced activation of the MEK/ERK-1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways leading to glucocorticoid unresponsiveness. In primary monocytes, the mechanism involved modulation of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity in response to GSK3β inactivation. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that ROS-induced glucocorticoid unresponsiveness in COPD is mediated through GSK3β, acting as a ROS-sensitive hub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anta Ngkelo
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roland F Hoffmann
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew L Durham
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John A Marwick
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simone M Brandenburg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold G de Bruin
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix R Jonker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christos Rossios
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Tsitsiou
- Respiratory Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, and National Institute for Health Research Translational Research Facility in Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Centro per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo Correlate dell'Apparato Respiratorio (formerly termed Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Centro per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo Correlate dell'Apparato Respiratorio (formerly termed Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Casolari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Centro per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo Correlate dell'Apparato Respiratorio (formerly termed Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Monaco
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Filippo Andò
- Pneumology Unit, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Speciale
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Iain Kilty
- Pfizer, Inflammation and Remodeling Research Unit, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kian F Chung
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Papi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Centro per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo Correlate dell'Apparato Respiratorio (formerly termed Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mark A Lindsay
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Nick H T Ten Hacken
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, The Netherlands; and University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, The Netherlands; and University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antoon J van Oosterhout
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;
| | - Paul A Kirkham
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene H Heijink
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, The Netherlands; and University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Schuliga M. NF-kappaB Signaling in Chronic Inflammatory Airway Disease. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1266-83. [PMID: 26131974 PMCID: PMC4598751 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are obstructive airway disorders which differ in their underlying causes and phenotypes but overlap in patterns of pharmacological treatments. In both asthma and COPD, oxidative stress contributes to airway inflammation by inducing inflammatory gene expression. The redox-sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB (NF-κB), is an important participant in a broad spectrum of inflammatory networks that regulate cytokine activity in airway pathology. The anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids (GCs), a mainstay treatment for asthma, involve inhibition of NF-κB induced gene transcription. Ligand bound GC receptors (GRs) bind NF-κB to suppress the transcription of NF-κB responsive genes (i.e., transrepression). However, in severe asthma and COPD, the transrepression of NF-κB by GCs is negated as a consequence of post-translational changes to GR and histones involved in chromatin remodeling. Therapeutics which target NF-κB activation, including inhibitors of IκB kinases (IKKs) are potential treatments for asthma and COPD. Furthermore, reversing GR/histone acetylation shows promise as a strategy to treat steroid refractory airway disease by augmenting NF-κB transrepression. This review examines NF-κB signaling in airway inflammation and its potential as target for treatment of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- Lung Health Research Centre (LHRC), Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Grattan St., Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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Bagdonas E, Raudoniute J, Bruzauskaite I, Aldonyte R. Novel aspects of pathogenesis and regeneration mechanisms in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:995-1013. [PMID: 26082624 PMCID: PMC4459624 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s82518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a major cause of death and morbidity worldwide, is characterized by expiratory airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, deregulated chronic inflammation, and emphysematous destruction of the lungs. Despite the fact that COPD is a steadily growing global healthcare problem, the conventional therapies remain palliative, and regenerative approaches for disease management are not available yet. We aim to provide an overview of key reviews, experimental, and clinical studies addressing lung emphysema development and repair mechanisms published in the past decade. Novel aspects discussed herein include integral revision of the literature focused on lung microflora changes in COPD, autoimmune component of the disease, and environmental risk factors other than cigarette smoke. The time span of studies on COPD, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthmatic bronchitis, covers almost 200 years, and several crucial mechanisms of COPD pathogenesis are described and studied. However, we still lack the holistic understanding of COPD development and the exact picture of the time-course and interplay of the events during stable, exacerbated, corticosteroid-treated COPD states, and transitions in-between. Several generally recognized mechanisms will be discussed shortly herein, ie, unregulated inflammation, proteolysis/antiproteolysis imbalance, and destroyed repair mechanisms, while novel topics such as deviated microbiota, air pollutants-related damage, and autoimmune process within the lung tissue will be discussed more extensively. Considerable influx of new data from the clinic, in vivo and in vitro studies stimulate to search for novel concise explanation and holistic understanding of COPD nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvardas Bagdonas
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jovile Raudoniute
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Bruzauskaite
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ruta Aldonyte
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Vlahos R, Bozinovski S. Preclinical murine models of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:265-71. [PMID: 25818750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major incurable global health burden and is the 4th leading cause of death worldwide. It is believed that an exaggerated inflammatory response to cigarette smoke causes progressive airflow limitation. This inflammation, where macrophages, neutrophils and T lymphocytes are prominent, leads to oxidative stress, emphysema, small airway fibrosis and mucus hypersecretion. Much of the disease burden and health care utilisation in COPD is associated with the management of its comorbidities and infectious (viral and bacterial) exacerbations (AECOPD). Comorbidities, defined as other chronic medical conditions, in particular skeletal muscle wasting and cardiovascular disease markedly impact on disease morbidity, progression and mortality. The mechanisms and mediators underlying COPD and its comorbidities are poorly understood and current COPD therapy is relatively ineffective. Thus, there is an obvious need for new therapies that can prevent the induction and progression of COPD and effectively treat AECOPD and comorbidities of COPD. Given that access to COPD patients can be difficult and that clinical samples often represent a "snapshot" at a particular time in the disease process, many researchers have used animal modelling systems to explore the mechanisms underlying COPD, AECOPD and comorbidities of COPD with the goal of identifying novel therapeutic targets. This review highlights the mouse models used to define the cellular, molecular and pathological consequences of cigarette smoke exposure and the recent advances in modelling infectious exacerbations and comorbidities of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Vlahos
- School of Health Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Heulens N, Korf H, Janssens W. Innate immune modulation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: moving closer toward vitamin D therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:360-8. [PMID: 25755208 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.223032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common respiratory diseases and a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disturbed innate immune processes characterize the pathogenesis of COPD. Vitamin D deficiency is very common in COPD patients and has been associated with disease severity. Interestingly, mechanistic evidence from animal and in vitro studies has demonstrated important innate immunomodulatory functions of vitamin D, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antimicrobial functions. This review discusses in detail how the innate immunomodulatory functions of vitamin D may have therapeutic potential in COPD patients. The remaining challenges associated with vitamin D therapy in COPD patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Heulens
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases (N.H., W.J.) and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (H.K.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannelie Korf
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases (N.H., W.J.) and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (H.K.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Janssens
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases (N.H., W.J.) and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (H.K.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Khorasani N, Baker J, Johnson M, Chung KF, Bhavsar PK. Reversal of corticosteroid insensitivity by p38 MAPK inhibition in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:283-91. [PMID: 25678784 PMCID: PMC4322842 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s72403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticosteroids (CS) have limited efficacy in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is increased in lung macrophages of COPD. We investigated whether p38 MAPK inhibition can modulate CS insensitivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with COPD. METHODS PBMCs from patients with COPD (n=8) or healthy smokers (n=8) were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor (GW856553; 10(-10)-10(-6) M), with dexamethasone (10(-10)-10(-6) M), or with both. Phosphorylated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was measured by Western blot. RESULTS Baseline (P<0.01) and LPS-induced (P<0.05) CXCL8 release was greater in PBMCs from COPD compared to healthy smokers. Inhibition of LPS-induced CXCL8 release by dexamethasone (10(-6) M) was reduced, and baseline and LPS-induced p38 MAPK activation increased in PBMCs of COPD. GW856553 (10(-9) and 10(-10) M) synergistically increased the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone (10(-8) and 10(-6) M) on LPS-induced CXCL8 release in COPD. Similar results were obtained for IL-6 release. GW856553 inhibited dexamethasone- and LPS-activated phosphorylation of serine 211 on GR. CS insensitivity in COPD PBMCs is reversed by inhibition of p38 MAPK activity, partly by preventing phosphorylation of GR at serine 211. CONCLUSION p38 MAPK inhibition may be beneficial in COPD by restoring CS sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Khorasani
- Experimental Studies, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust Hospital, London, UK
| | - Josephine Baker
- Experimental Studies, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Kian Fan Chung
- Experimental Studies, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pankaj K Bhavsar
- Experimental Studies, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust Hospital, London, UK
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Wang Y, Jin TH, Farhana A, Freeman J, Estell K, Zmijewski JW, Gaggar A, Thannickal VJ, Schwiebert LM, Steyn AJC, Deshane JS. Exposure to cigarette smoke impacts myeloid-derived regulatory cell function and exacerbates airway hyper-responsiveness. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1312-25. [PMID: 25365203 PMCID: PMC4245361 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking enhances oxidative stress and airway inflammation in asthma, the mechanisms of which are largely unknown. Myeloid-derived regulatory cells (MDRC) are free radical producing immature myeloid cells with immunoregulatory properties that have recently been demonstrated as critical regulators of allergic airway inflammation. NO (nitric oxide)-producing immunosuppressive MDRC suppress T-cell proliferation and airway-hyper responsiveness (AHR), while the O2(•-) (superoxide)-producing MDRC are proinflammatory. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke (CS) exposure may impact MDRC function and contribute to exacerbations in asthma. Exposure of bone marrow (BM)-derived NO-producing MDRC to CS reduced the production of NO and its metabolites and inhibited their potential to suppress T-cell proliferation. Production of immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly inhibited, while proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-33 were enhanced in CS-exposed BM-MDRC. Additionally, CS exposure increased NF-κB activation and induced BM-MDRC-mediated production of O2(•-), via NF-κB-dependent pathway. Intratracheal transfer of smoke-exposed MDRC-producing proinflammatory cytokines increased NF-κB activation, reactive oxygen species and mucin production in vivo and exacerbated AHR in C57BL/6 mice, mice deficient in Type I IFNR and MyD88, both with reduced numbers of endogenous MDRC. Thus CS exposure modulates MDRC function and contributes to asthma exacerbation and identifies MDRC as potential targets for asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tong Huan Jin
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Aisha Farhana
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jason Freeman
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kim Estell
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jaroslaw W Zmijewski
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lisa M Schwiebert
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- 1] Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA [2] KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jessy S Deshane
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Vlahos R, Bozinovski S. Recent advances in pre-clinical mouse models of COPD. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:253-65. [PMID: 24144354 PMCID: PMC3878607 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a major incurable global health burden and will become the third largest cause of death in the world by 2020. It is currently believed that an exaggerated inflammatory response to inhaled irritants, in particular cigarette smoke, causes progressive airflow limitation. This inflammation, where macrophages, neutrophils and T-cells are prominent, leads to oxidative stress, emphysema, small airways fibrosis and mucus hypersecretion. The mechanisms and mediators that drive the induction and progression of chronic inflammation, emphysema and altered lung function are poorly understood. Current treatments have limited efficacy in inhibiting chronic inflammation, do not reverse the pathology of disease and fail to modify the factors that initiate and drive the long-term progression of disease. Therefore there is a clear need for new therapies that can prevent the induction and progression of COPD. Animal modelling systems that accurately reflect disease pathophysiology continue to be essential to the development of new therapies. The present review highlights some of the mouse models used to define the cellular, molecular and pathological consequences of cigarette smoke exposure and whether they can be used to predict the efficacy of new therapeutics for COPD.
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Key Words
- acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd)
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd)
- emphysema
- inflammation
- skeletal muscle wasting
- smoking
- aecopd, acute exacerbations of copd
- bal, bronchoalveolar lavage
- balf, bal fluid
- copd, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- gm-csf, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- gold, global initiative on chronic obstructive lung disease
- gpx, glutathione peroxidase
- hdac, histone deacetylation
- il, interleukin
- ltb4, leukotriene b4
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mcp-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase
- ne, neutrophil elastase
- nf-κb, nuclear factor κb
- nrf2, nuclear erythroid-related factor 2
- o2•−, superoxide radical
- onoo−, peroxynitrite
- pde, phosphodiesterase
- pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- rv, rhinovirus
- slpi, secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor
- sod, superoxide dismutase
- tgf-β, transforming growth factor-β
- timp, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- tnf-α, tumour necrosis factor-α
- v/q, ventilation/perfusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Vlahos
- *Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- *Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with chronic inflammation affecting predominantly lung parenchyma and peripheral airways and results in largely irreversible and progressive airflow limitation. This inflammation is characterized by increased numbers of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes, which are recruited from the circulation. Oxidative stress plays a key role in driving this inflammation. The pulmonary inflammation may enhance the development and growth of lung cancer. The peripheral inflammation extends into the circulation, resulting in systemic inflammation with the same inflammatory proteins. Systemic inflammation may worsen comorbidities. Treatment of pulmonary inflammation may therefore have beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK.
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Price LC, Caramori G, Perros F, Meng C, Gambaryan N, Dorfmuller P, Montani D, Casolari P, Zhu J, Dimopoulos K, Shao D, Girerd B, Mumby S, Proudfoot A, Griffiths M, Papi A, Humbert M, Adcock IM, Wort SJ. Nuclear factor κ-B is activated in the pulmonary vessels of patients with end-stage idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75415. [PMID: 24124488 PMCID: PMC3790752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess activation of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-kappa B (NF-κB) in human idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). BACKGROUND Idiopathic PAH is a severe progressive disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and excessive proliferation of vascular cells. Increasing evidence indicates that inflammation is important in disease pathophysiology. METHODS NF-κB-p65 and CD68, CD20 and CD45 were measured by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy on lung specimens from patients with idiopathic PAH (n = 12) and controls undergoing lung surgery (n = 14). Clinical data were recorded for all patients including invasive pulmonary hemodynamics for the PAH patients. Immunohistochemical images were analyzed by blinded observers to include standard pulmonary vascular morphometry; absolute macrophage counts/mm(2) and p65-positivity (p65+) using composite images and image-analysis software; and cytoplasmic:nuclear p65+ of individual pulmonary arterial endothelial and smooth muscle cells (PASMC) in 10-20 pulmonary arteries or arterioles per subject. The expression of ET-1 and CCL5 (RANTES) in whole lung was determined by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Macrophage numbers were increased in idiopathic PAH versus controls (49.0±4.5 vs. 7.95±1.9 macrophages/100 mm(2), p<0.0001): these macrophages demonstrated more nuclear p65+ than in macrophages from controls (16.9±2.49 vs. 3.5±1.25%, p<0.001). An increase in p65+ was also seen in perivascular lymphocytes in patients with PAH. Furthermore, NF-κB activation was increased in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (62.3±2.9 vs. 14.4±3.8, p<0.0001) and PASMC (22.6±2.3 vs. 11.2±2.0, p<0.001) in patients with PAH versus controls, with similar findings in arterioles. Gene expression of both ET-1 mRNA ((0.213±0.069 vs. 1.06±0.23, p<0.01) and CCL5 (RANTES) (0.16±0.045 vs. 0.26±0.039, p<0.05) was increased in whole lung homogenates from patients with PAH. CONCLUSIONS NF-κB is activated in pulmonary macrophages, lymphocytes, endothelial and PASMC in patients with end-stage idiopathic PAH. Future research should determine whether NF-κB activation is a driver or bystander of pulmonary vascular inflammation and if the former, its potential role as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Price
- Unit of Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Section of Respiratory Diseases, Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Frederic Perros
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - Chao Meng
- Unit of Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Gambaryan
- Unit of Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Dorfmuller
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
- Pathology Department, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - David Montani
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
- Assistance publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Paolo Casolari
- Section of Respiratory Diseases, Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jie Zhu
- Lung Pathology, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Dimopoulos
- Unit of Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dongmin Shao
- Unit of Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Girerd
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
- Assistance publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sharon Mumby
- Unit of Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Proudfoot
- Unit of Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Griffiths
- Unit of Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Papi
- Section of Respiratory Diseases, Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marc Humbert
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
- Assistance publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S. John Wort
- Unit of Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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The role of macrophages in obstructive airways disease: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Cytokine 2013; 64:613-25. [PMID: 24084332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are a major cellular component of the innate immune system, and play an important role in the recognition of microbes, particulates, and immunogens and to the regulation of inflammatory responses. In the lung, macrophages react with soluble proteins that bind microbial products in order to remove pathogens and particles and to maintain the sterility of the airway tract. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma are both obstructive airway diseases that involve chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract which contributes to disease progression. In the case of COPD, there is increasing evidence that lung macrophages orchestrate inflammation through the release of chemokines that attract neutrophils, monocytes and T cells and the release of several proteases. On the other hand, in asthma, it seems that alveolar macrophages are inappropriately activated and are implicated in the development and progression of the disease. In this review we summarize the current basic and clinical research studies which highlight the role of macrophages in asthma and COPD.
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Mallia P, Message SD, Contoli M, Gray K, Telcian A, Laza-Stanca V, Papi A, Stanciu LA, Elkin S, Kon OM, Johnson M, Johnston SL. Lymphocyte subsets in experimental rhinovirus infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2013; 108:78-85. [PMID: 24099891 PMCID: PMC3969590 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background COPD is associated with increased numbers of T cells in the lungs, particularly CD8+ T cells. The mechanisms of increased T cells are unknown but may be related to repeated virus infections in COPD patients. We analysed lymphocyte subsets in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage in smokers and COPD subjects during experimental rhinovirus infections. Methods Lymphocytes were isolated from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage from COPD subjects and non-obstructed smokers prior to, and following experimental rhinovirus infection. Lymphocyte surface markers and intracellular cytokines were analysed using flow cytometry. Results Following rhinovirus infection CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers in the COPD subjects were significantly reduced in blood and CD3+ and CD8+ T cells increased in bronchoalveolar lavage compared to baseline. T cells did not increase in BAL in the control subjects. CD3+ T cells correlated with virus load. Conclusions Following rhinovirus infection T cells move from the circulation to the lung. Repeated virus infections may contribute to T cell accumulation in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mallia
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D Message
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Contoli
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katrina Gray
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurica Telcian
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Vasile Laza-Stanca
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Papi
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luminita A Stanciu
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Elkin
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Onn M Kon
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Johnson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB11 1BT, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Neutrophils are central to the pathogenesis of COPD, releasing a range of pro-inflammatory and tissue destructive mediators. Sputum neutrophil numbers are elevated in COPD patients compared to healthy controls. We critically appraise the potential of sputum neutrophils as a biomarker in COPD. We show that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of this biomarker to define a phenotype of patients with more severe disease characteristics or a different prognosis. However, sputum neutrophil measurements can be used to measure the effects of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Gupta
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, University Hospital Of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, M23 9QZ, UK.
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Barnes PJ. New anti-inflammatory targets for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:543-59. [PMID: 23977698 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with chronic inflammation of the peripheral airways and lung parenchyma, which leads to progressive obstruction of the airways. Current management with long-acting bronchodilators does not reduce disease progression, and there are no treatments that effectively suppress chronic inflammation in COPD. An increased understanding of the inflammatory processes that are involved in the pathophysiology of COPD has identified several new therapeutic targets. This Review discusses some of the most promising of these targets, including new antioxidants, kinase inhibitors and drugs that target cellular senescence, microbial colonization, epigenetic regulation of inflammatory gene expression and corticosteroid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK.
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To M, Takagi D, Akashi K, Kano I, Haruki K, Barnes PJ, Ito K. Sputum Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Elevation by Oxidative Stress-Dependent Nuclear Factor-κB Activation in COPD. Chest 2013; 144:515-521. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Rhinovirus infection causes steroid resistance in airway epithelium through nuclear factor κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:1075-1085.e6. [PMID: 23871663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although inhaled glucocorticoids are the mainstays of asthma treatment, they are poorly effective at treating and preventing virus-induced asthma exacerbations. The major viruses precipitating asthma exacerbations are rhinoviruses. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate whether rhinovirus infection interferes with the mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids. METHODS Cultured primary human bronchial or transformed (A549) respiratory epithelial cells were infected with rhinovirus 16 (RV-16) before dexamethasone exposure. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) α nuclear translocation, glucocorticoid response element (GRE) binding, and transactivation/transrepression functional readouts were evaluated by using immunocytochemistry, Western blotting, DNA binding assays, real-time quantitative PCR, coimmunoprecipitation, and ELISA techniques. Specific inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and of IκB kinase (IKK) were used to investigate the involvement of intracellular signaling pathways. RESULTS RV-16 infection impaired dexamethasone-dependent (1) inhibition of IL-1β-induced CXCL8 release, (2) induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 gene expression, and (3) binding of GR to GREs in airway epithelial cells. This was associated with impaired GRα nuclear translocation, as assessed by means of both immunochemistry (54.0% ± 6.8% vs 24.7% ± 3.8% GR-positive nuclei after 10 nmol/L dexamethasone treatment in sham- or RV-16-infected cells, respectively; P < .01) and Western blotting. RV-16 infection induced nuclear factor κB activation and GRα phosphorylation, which were prevented by inhibitors of IKK2 and JNK, respectively. In rhinovirus-infected cells the combination of JNK and IKK2 inhibitors totally restored dexamethasone suppression of CXCL8 release, induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 gene expression, and GRα nuclear translocation. CONCLUSION RV-16 infection of human airway epithelium induces glucocorticoid resistance. Inhibition of RV-16-induced JNK and nuclear factor κB activation fully reversed rhinovirus impairment of both GRα nuclear translocation and the transactivation/transrepression activities of glucocorticoids.
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Inflammation and immune response in COPD: where do we stand? Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:413735. [PMID: 23956502 PMCID: PMC3728539 DOI: 10.1155/2013/413735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammatory and immune responses play key roles in the development and progression of COPD. Recent data provide evidence for a role in the NLRP3 inflammasome in the airway inflammation observed in COPD. Cigarette smoke activates innate immune cells by triggering pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to release “danger signal”. These signals act as ligands to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), triggering the production of cytokines and inducing innate inflammation. In smokers who develop COPD there appears to be a specific pattern of inflammation in the airways and parenchyma as a result of both innate and adaptive immune responses, with the predominance of CD8+ and CD4+ cells, and in the more severe disease, with the presence of lymphoid follicles containing B lymphocytes and T cells. Furthermore, viral and bacterial infections interfere with the chronic inflammation seen in stable COPD and exacerbations via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Finally, autoimmunity is another novel aspect that may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of COPD. This review is un update of the currently discussed roles of inflammatory and immune responses in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Aul R, Armstrong J, Duvoix A, Lomas D, Hayes B, Miller BE, Jagger C, Singh D. Inhaled LPS challenges in smokers: a study of pulmonary and systemic effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 74:1023-32. [PMID: 22469312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a TLR4 agonist which activates NFκB dependent cytokine production. We investigated LPS inhalation in healthy smokers as a model of COPD bacterial exacerbations. We studied safety, reproducibility, the translocation of the NFκB subunit p65 in sputum cells and changes in systemic biomarkers of inflammation. METHODS Twelve smokers inhaled 5 and 30 µg LPS and safety was monitored over 24 h. IL-6, CRP, CCl-18, SP-D, CC-16 and β-defensin 2 were measured in serum samples collected at baseline, 4, 8 and 24 h. Sputum was induced at baseline, 6 and 24 h for cell counts and p65 expression. Repeated challenges were performed after a 2 week interval in 10 smokers. RESULTS LPS inhalation was well tolerated. Significant increases occurred in sputum neutrophil counts with both doses, with a maximum increase of 21.5% at 6 h after 30 µg which was reproducible, r(i ) (intraclass correlation coefficient) = 0.88. LPS increased sputum cell nuclear p65 translocation and phospho-p65 expression. All of the serum biomarkers increased following challenge but with different temporal patterns. DISCUSSION Inhaled LPS challenge in smokers causes pulmonary and systemic inflammation that involves NFκB activation. This appears to be a suitable model for studying bacterial exacerbations of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raminder Aul
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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75
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Caramori G, Casolari P, Adcock I. Role of transcription factors in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:21-40. [PMID: 23472830 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.775257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a central feature of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite recent advances in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD, much more research on the molecular mechanisms of asthma and COPD are needed to aid the logical development of new therapies for these common and important diseases, particularly in COPD where no effective treatments currently exist. In the future the role of the activation/repression of different transcription factors and the genetic regulation of their expression in asthma and COPD may be an increasingly important aspect of research, as this may be one of the critical mechanisms regulating the expression of different clinical phenotypes and their responsiveness to therapy, particularly to anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Caramori
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate CEMICEF; formerly named Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO, Sezione di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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76
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Rastrick JMD, Stevenson CS, Eltom S, Grace M, Davies M, Kilty I, Evans SM, Pasparakis M, Catley MC, Lawrence T, Adcock IM, Belvisi MG, Birrell MA. Cigarette smoke induced airway inflammation is independent of NF-κB signalling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54128. [PMID: 23349803 PMCID: PMC3551940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE COPD is an inflammatory lung disease largely associated with exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). The mechanism by which CS leads to the pathogenesis of COPD is currently unclear; it is known however that many of the inflammatory mediators present in the COPD lung can be produced via the actions of the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and its upstream signalling kinase, Inhibitor of κB kinase-2 (IKK-2). Therefore the NF-κB/IKK-2 signalling pathway may represent a therapeutic target to attenuate the inflammation associated with COPD. AIM To use a range of assays, genetically modified animals and pharmacological tools to determine the role of NF-κB in CS-induced airway inflammation. METHODS NF-κB pathway activation was measured in pre-clinical models of CS-induced airway inflammation and in human lung tissue from COPD patients. This data was complemented by employing mice missing a functional NF-κB pathway in specific cell types (epithelial and myeloid cells) and with systemic inhibitors of IKK-2. RESULTS We showed in an airway inflammation model known to be NF-κB-dependent that the NF-κB pathway activity assays and modulators were functional in the mouse lung. Then, using the same methods, we demonstrated that the NF-κB pathway appears not to play an important role in the inflammation observed after exposure to CS. Furthermore, assaying human lung tissue revealed that in the clinical samples there was also no increase in NF-κB pathway activation in the COPD lung, suggesting that our pre-clinical data is translational to human disease. CONCLUSIONS In this study we present compelling evidence that the IKK-2/NF-κB signalling pathway does not play a prominent role in the inflammatory response to CS exposure and that this pathway may not be important in COPD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. D. Rastrick
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher S. Stevenson
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Roche, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Suffwan Eltom
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Grace
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meirion Davies
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Kilty
- Pfizer, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Evans
- Pfizer, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Toby Lawrence
- Centre d'Immunologie Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Airway Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria G. Belvisi
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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77
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Sinden NJ, Stockley RA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an update of treatment related to frequently associated comorbidities. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2012; 1:43-57. [PMID: 23251728 DOI: 10.1177/2040622310370631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a pulmonary inflammatory response to inhaled substances, and individuals with COPD often have raised levels of several circulating inflammatory markers indicating the presence of systemic inflammation. Recently, there has been increasing interest in comorbidities associated with COPD such as skeletal muscle dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, diabetes and lung cancer. These conditions are associated with a similar inflammation-based patho-physiology to COPD, and may represent a lung inflammatory 'overspill' to distant organs. Cardiovascular disease is a significant cause of mortality in COPD, and the concepts of an inflammatory link raise the possibility that treatment for one organ may show benefits to comorbidities in other organs. When considering treatment of COPD and its comorbidities, one approach is to target the pulmonary inflammation and hence reduce any 'overspill' effect of inflammatory mediators systemically as suggested by response to inhaled corticosteroids. Alternatively, treatment targeted towards comorbid organs may alter features of pulmonary disease as statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists may have beneficial effects on COPD by reducing exacerbations and mortality. Newer anti-inflammatory treatments, such as phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), nuclear factor(NF)-kB, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, are given systemically and may confer benefits to both COPD and its comorbidities. With common inflammatory pathways it might be expected that successful anti-inflammatory therapy in one organ may also influence others. In this review we explore the concepts of systemic inflammation in COPD and current evidence for treatment of its related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Sinden
- Nicola J. Sinden, MBChB(Honours), MRCP (UK) University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust - Respiratory Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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78
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Francis SMS, Tan ME, Fung PR, Shaw JG, Semmler AB, Nataatmadja M, Bowman RV, Fong KM, Yang IA. Peripheral compartment innate immune response to Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Innate Immun 2012; 19:428-37. [PMID: 23212542 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912466926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in innate immunity that predispose to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are poorly understood. We examined innate immunity gene expression in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and monocytes stimulated by Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Thirty COPD patients (15 rapid and 15 non-rapid lung function decliners) and 15 smokers without COPD were studied. Protein expression of IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ (especially monocytes) increased with bacterial challenge. In monocytes stimulated with S. pneumoniae, TNF-α protein expression was higher in COPD (non-rapid decliners) than in smokers. In co-cultures of monocytes and PMN, mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and MYD88 was up-regulated, and CD14, TLR2 and IFN-γ down-regulated with H. influenzae challenge. TNF-α mRNA expression was increased with H. influenzae challenge in COPD. Cytokine responses were similar between rapid and non-rapid decliners. TNF-α expression was up-regulated in non-rapid decliners in response to H. influenzae (monocytes) and S. pneumoniae (co-culture of monocytes and PMN). Exposure to bacterial pathogens causes characteristic innate immune responses in peripheral blood monocytes and PMN in COPD. Bacterial exposure significantly alters the expression of TNF-α in COPD patients, although not consistently. There did not appear to be major differences in innate immune responses between rapid and non-rapid decliners.
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79
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Kikuchi T, Sugiura H, Koarai A, Ichikawa T, Minakata Y, Matsunaga K, Nakanishi M, Hirano T, Akamatsu K, Yanagisawa S, Furukawa K, Kawabata H, Ichinose M. Increase of 27-hydroxycholesterol in the airways of patients with COPD: possible role of 27-hydroxycholesterol in tissue fibrosis. Chest 2012; 142:329-337. [PMID: 22281802 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is produced from cholesterol by sterol 27-hydroxylase as an intermediate in the biosynthesis pathway of bile acid. Recently, 27-OHC was reported to cause inflammation and apoptosis in various types of cells. The aim of this study was to assess the production of 27-OHC in the airways of patients with COPD and to elucidate the possible role of 27-OHC in the tissue fibrosis of COPD. METHODS Lung tissues were obtained from six control subjects and six patients with COPD, and sputum samples were obtained from 11 healthy subjects and 15 patients with COPD. The expression of sterol 27-hydroxylase in the lung was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The amounts of 27-OHC in the sputum were quantified by the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Because peribronchial fibrosis in peripheral airways is involved in the airflow limitation of COPD, we investigated the profibrotic effects of 27-OHC in vitro. RESULTS The expression of sterol 27-hydroxylase was significantly enhanced in the lung tissues of patients with COPD compared with control subjects. The amounts of 27-OHC in the sputum were significantly increased in the patients with COPD (P < .01), and the degree of 27-OHC production was negatively correlated with lung function (P < .01). 27-OHC augmented the differentiation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and the production of extracellular matrix protein through activation of nuclear factor-κB and subsequent transforming growth factor-β(1) upregulation. CONCLUSIONS 27-OHC production is enhanced in the airways of patients with COPD and might be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kikuchi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Sugiura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Akira Koarai
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ichikawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Minakata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuto Matsunaga
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakanishi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tsunahiko Hirano
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Keiichirou Akamatsu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Yanagisawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kanako Furukawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawabata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ichinose
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
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Rahman I, Kinnula VL, Gorbunova V, Yao H. SIRT1 as a therapeutic target in inflammaging of the pulmonary disease. Prev Med 2012; 54 Suppl:S20-8. [PMID: 22178470 PMCID: PMC3311735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic inflammation and cellular senescence are intertwined in the pathogenesis of premature aging, which is considered as an important contributing factor in driving chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent protein/histone deacetylase, regulates inflammation, senescence/aging, stress resistance, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage repair via deacetylating intracellular signaling molecules and chromatin histones. The present review describes the mechanism and regulation of SIRT1 by environmental agents/oxidants/reactive aldehydes and pro-inflammatory stimuli in lung inflammation and aging. The role of dietary polyphenols in regulation of SIRT1 in inflammaging is also discussed. METHODS Analysis of current research findings on the mechanism of inflammation and senescence/aging (i.e., inflammaging) and their regulation by SIRT1 in premature aging of the lung. RESULTS COPD is a disease of the lung inflammaging, which is associated with the DNA damage response, transcription activation and chromatin modifications. SIRT1 regulates inflammaging via regulating forkhead box class O 3, p53, nuclear factor kappa B, histones and various proteins involved in DNA damage and repair. Polyphenols and its analogs have been shown to activate SIRT1 although they have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. CONCLUSIONS Targeting lung inflammation and cellular senescence as well as premature lung aging using pharmacological SIRT1 activators or polyphenols would be a promising therapeutic intervention for COPD/emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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81
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Langen RCJ, Haegens A, Vernooy JHJ, Wouters EFM, de Winther MPJ, Carlsen H, Steele C, Shoelson SE, Schols AMWJ. NF-κB activation is required for the transition of pulmonary inflammation to muscle atrophy. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:288-97. [PMID: 22538866 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0119oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease exacerbations and muscle wasting comprise negative prognostic factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Transient systemic inflammation and malnutrition have been implicated in skeletal muscle wasting after acute exacerbations of COPD. However, the interactions between systemic inflammation and malnutrition in their contributions to muscle atrophy, as well as the molecular basis underlying the transition of systemic inflammation to muscle atrophy, remain unresolved. Pulmonary inflammation was induced in mice by an intratracheal instillation of LPS to model acute disease exacerbation. Systemic inflammation, nutritional intake, and body and muscle weights were determined. Muscle inflammatory signaling and atrophy signaling were examined, and the effect of the muscle-specific inactivation of NF-κB on muscle atrophy was assessed in genetically modified mice. The intratracheal LPS instillation was followed by markedly elevated circulating cytokine concentrations and NF-κB activation in extrapulmonary tissues, including skeletal muscle. The administration of intratracheal LPS increased the expression of muscle E3 ubiquitin ligases, which govern muscle proteolysis, in particular MuRF1, and caused a rapid loss of muscle mass. Reduced food intake only partly accounted for the observed muscle atrophy, and did not activate NF-κB in muscle. Rather, plasma transfer experiments revealed the presence of NF-κB-signaling and atrophy-signaling properties in the circulation of intratracheal LPS-treated mice. The genetic inhibition of muscle NF-κB activity suppressed intratracheal LPS-induced MuRF1 expression and resulted in a significant sparing of muscle tissue. Systemic inflammation and malnutrition contribute to the muscle wasting induced by acute pulmonary inflammation via distinct mechanisms, and muscle NF-κB activation is required for the transition from inflammatory to muscle atrophy signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon C J Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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82
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Li L, Bao H, Wu J, Duan X, Liu B, Sun J, Gong W, Lv Y, Zhang H, Luo Q, Wu X, Dong J. Baicalin is anti-inflammatory in cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory models in vivo and in vitro: A possible role for HDAC2 activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:15-22. [PMID: 22421405 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway obstruction and progressive lung inflammation, which is insensitive to corticosteroids therapies. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the attenuation of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced respiratory inflammation by baicalin, a flavonoid compound isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, mice were exposed to smoke of 15 cigarettes for 1 h/day, 6 days/week for 3 months and dosed with baicalin (25, 50 and 100mg/kg) or dexamethasone (1mg/kg). In vitro, A549 cells were incubated with baicalin (10, 50 and 100 μM) or dexamethasone (10(-12), 10(-10), 10(-8) and 10(-6)M) followed by treatments with cigarette smoke extract (CSE, 2.5 and 5%), or TNF-α (10 ng/ml), or trichostatin A (TSA, 100 ng/ml). We found that baicalin significantly protected pulmonary function and attenuated CS-induced inflammatory response by decreasing inflammatory cells and production of TNF-α, IL-8 and MMP-9. This result was not found in the group treated with dexamethasone. Baicalin also showed efficacy in enhancing histone deacetylase (HDAC)2 activity and protein expression, however, it did not affect HDAC2 mRNA. Further studies revealed that baicalin inhibited HDAC2 phosphorylation, suggesting that it may directly affect the protein structure and effect by modification at post-translational level. Together these results suggest that baicalin has anti-inflammatory effects in cigarette smoke induced inflammatory models in mice and A549 cells, possibly achieved by modulating HDAC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
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83
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Karabela SP, Psallidas I, Sherrill TP, Kairi CA, Zaynagetdinov R, Cheng DS, Vassiliou S, McMahon F, Gleaves LA, Han W, Stathopoulos I, Zakynthinos SG, Yull FE, Roussos C, Kalomenidis I, Blackwell TS, Stathopoulos GT. Opposing effects of bortezomib-induced nuclear factor-κB inhibition on chemical lung carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:859-67. [PMID: 22287559 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since recent evidence indicates a requirement for epithelial nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling in lung tumorigenesis, we investigated the impact of the NF-κB inhibitor bortezomib on lung tumor promotion and growth. We used an experimental model in which wild-type mice or mice expressing an NF-κB reporter received intraperitoneal urethane (1 g/kg) followed by twice weekly bortezomib (1 mg/kg) during distinct periods of tumor initiation/progression. Mice were serially assessed for lung NF-κB activation, inflammation and carcinogenesis. Short-term proteasome inhibition with bortezomib did not impact tumor formation but retarded the growth of established lung tumors in mice via effects on cell proliferation. In contrast, long-term treatment with bortezomib resulted in significantly increased lung tumor number and size. This tumor-promoting effect of prolonged bortezomib treatment was associated with perpetuation of urethane-induced inflammation and chronic upregulation of interleukin-1β and proinflammatory C-X-C motif chemokine ligands (CXCL) 1 and 2 in the lungs. In addition to airway epithelium, bortezomib inhibited NF-κB in pulmonary macrophages in vivo, presenting a possible mechanism of tumor amplification. In this regard, RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to bortezomib showed increased expression of interleukin-1β, CXCL1 and CXCL2. In conclusion, although short-term bortezomib may exert some beneficial effects, prolonged NF-κB inhibition accelerates chemical lung carcinogenesis by perpetuating carcinogen-induced inflammation. Inhibition of NF-κB in pulmonary macrophages appears to play an important role in this adverse process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia P Karabela
- Applied Biomedical Research and Training Center Marianthi Simou, Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, General Hospital Evangelismos, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10675 Athens, Greece
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84
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Langereis JD, Schweizer RC, Lammers JWJ, Koenderman L, Ulfman LH. A unique protein profile of peripheral neutrophils from COPD patients does not reflect cytokine-induced protein profiles of neutrophils in vitro. BMC Pulm Med 2011; 11:44. [PMID: 21896197 PMCID: PMC3176249 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-11-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation, both local and systemic, is a hallmark of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inflammatory mediators such as TNFα and GM-CSF are secreted by lung epithelium, alveolar macrophages and other inflammatory cells and are thought to be important contributors in the pathogenesis of COPD. Indeed, neutrophils are activated by these cytokines and these cells are one of the major inflammatory cell types recruited to the pulmonary compartment of COPD patients. Furthermore, these inflammatory mediators are found in the peripheral blood of COPD patients and, therefore, we hypothesized that TNFα/GM-CSF-induced protein profiles can be found in peripheral neutrophils of COPD patients. Methods Using fluorescence 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis we investigated differentially regulated proteins in peripheral neutrophils from COPD patients and healthy age-matched control subjects. Furthermore, protein profiles from COPD patients were compared with those of neutrophils of healthy age-matched controls that were stimulated with TNFα and/or GM-CSF in vitro. Protein gels were compared using DeCyder 7.0 software. Results We identified 7 significantly regulated protein spots between peripheral neutrophils from COPD patients and age-matched healthy control subjects. Stimulation of peripheral neutrophils with TNFα, GM-CSF or TNFα + GM-CSF in vitro resulted in 13, 20 and 22 regulated protein spots, respectively. However, these cytokine-induced protein differences did not correspond with the protein differences found in neutrophils from COPD patients. Conclusion These results show that neutrophils from COPD patients have a unique protein profile compared to neutrophils from healthy age-matched controls. Furthermore, the neutrophil profiles of COPD patients do not reflect putative dominant signals induced by TNFα, GM-CSF or their combination. Our results indicate that systemic neutrophil responses in COPD patients are caused by a unique but subtle interplay between multiple inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen D Langereis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
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85
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Sundar IK, Rahman I. Vitamin d and susceptibility of chronic lung diseases: role of epigenetics. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:50. [PMID: 21941510 PMCID: PMC3171063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is linked to accelerated decline in lung function, increased inflammation, and reduced immunity in chronic lung diseases. Epidemiological studies have suggested that vitamin D insufficiency is associated with low lung function in susceptible subjects who are exposed to higher levels of environmental agents (airborne particulates). Recent studies have highlighted the role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in regulation of several genes that are involved in inflammation, immunity, cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Vitamin D has also been implicated in reversal of steroid resistance and airway remodeling, which are the hallmarks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and severe asthma. VDR protein level is decreased in lungs of patients with COPD. VDR deficient mice develop an abnormal lung phenotype with characteristics of COPD, such as airspace enlargement and decline in lung function associated with increased lung inflammatory cellular influx, and immune-lymphoid aggregates formation. Dietary vitamin D may regulate epigenetic events, in particular on genes which are responsible for COPD susceptibility. Active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 plays an essential role in cellular metabolism and differentiation via its nuclear receptor (VDR) that cooperates with several other chromatin modification enzymes (histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases), thereby mediating complex epigenetic events in vitamin D signaling and metabolism. This review provides an update on the current knowledge and understanding on vitamin D, and susceptibility of chronic lung diseases in relation to the possible role of epigenetics in its molecular action. Understanding the molecular epigenetic mechanism of vitamin D/VDR would provide rationale for dietary vitamin D-mediated intervention in prevention and management of chronic lung diseases linked with vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K Sundar
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY, USA
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86
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Kersul AL, Iglesias A, Ríos Á, Noguera A, Forteza A, Serra E, Agustí A, Cosío BG. Molecular mechanisms of inflammation during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Bronconeumol 2011; 47:176-83. [PMID: 21454005 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are characterised by an inflammatory and systemic response that persists for some time after their clinical resolution. The mechanisms of this inflammatory process are not well known. OBJECTIVES To explore the inflammatory changes and possible mechanisms during COPD exacerbation. METHODS We determined the inflammatory cell concentrations in blood and sputum, nitric oxide in exhaled air (FeNO), C-reactive protein (CRP) in plasma, cytokines (IL-6, 8, 1β, 10, 12, TNF-α) and SLPI (leukocyte protease inhibitor) and total antioxidant status (TAS) in blood and sputum, the activity of nuclear kappa B factor (NF-κ B) and of the histone deacetylase enzyme (HDAC) in 17 patients during COPD exacerbation and in stable phase, as well as in 17 smoker and 11 non-smoker controls. RESULTS COPD exacerbations are characterised by high levels of FeNO (p<0.05), plasma CRP (p<0.001) and IL-8, IL-1B, IL-10 in sputum (p<0.05) greater activation of NF-κ appaB in sputum macrophages compared with stable COPD and controls. During the stable phase, there continue to be high levels of oxidative stress, SLPI, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-alfa, with no observed changes in either HDAC activity or in the amount of neutrophils in sputum, despite presenting a significant improvement (p<0.05) in lung function. CONCLUSIONS Changes were observed in different pulmonary and systemic inflammatory markers during COPD exacerbation, which did not completely resolve during stable phase. However, current treatment does not allow for HDAC activity to be modified, which limits its anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Kersul
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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87
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Role of Nrf2 in host defense against influenza virus in cigarette smoke-exposed mice. J Virol 2011; 85:4679-90. [PMID: 21367886 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02456-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is a common respiratory tract viral infection. Although influenza can be fatal in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. The Nrf2-mediated antioxidant system is essential to protect the lungs from oxidative injury and inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the role of Nrf2 in protection against influenza virus-induced pulmonary inflammation after cigarette smoke exposure with both in vitro and in vivo approaches. For in vitro analyses, peritoneal macrophages isolated from wild-type and Nrf2-deficient mice were treated with poly(I:C) and/or cigarette smoke extract. For in vivo analysis, these mice were infected with influenza A virus with or without exposure to cigarette smoke. In Nrf2-deficient macrophages, NF-κB activation and the induction of its target inflammatory genes were enhanced after costimulation with cigarette smoke extract and poly(I:C) compared with wild-type macrophages. The induction of antioxidant genes was observed for the lungs of wild-type mice but not those of Nrf2-deficient mice after cigarette smoke exposure. Cigarette smoke-exposed Nrf2-deficient mice showed higher rates of mortality than did wild-type mice after influenza virus infection, with enhanced peribronchial inflammation, lung permeability damage, and mucus hypersecretion. Lung oxidant levels and NF-κB-mediated inflammatory gene expression in the lungs were also enhanced in Nrf2-deficient mice. Our data indicate that the antioxidant pathway controlled by Nrf2 is pivotal for protection against the development of influenza virus-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury under oxidative conditions.
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88
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Isajevs S, Taivans I, Svirina D, Strazda G, Kopeika U. Patterns of Inflammatory Responses in Large and Small Airways in Smokers with and without Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Respiration 2011; 81:362-71. [DOI: 10.1159/000322560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Singh D, Edwards L, Tal-Singer R, Rennard S. Sputum neutrophils as a biomarker in COPD: findings from the ECLIPSE study. Respir Res 2010; 11:77. [PMID: 20550701 PMCID: PMC2904285 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The percentage of neutrophils in sputum are increased in COPD patients, and may therefore be a biomarker of airway inflammation. We studied the relationships between sputum neutrophils and FEV1, health status, exacerbation rates, systemic inflammation and emphysema, and long term variability at 1 year. METHODS Sputum samples were obtained from 488 COPD patients within the ECLIPSE cohort. 359 samples were obtained at baseline, and 297 after 1 year. 168 subjects provided samples at both visits. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, surfactant protein D and C-reactive protein levels were measured by immunoassays. Low-dose CT scans evaluated emphysema. RESULTS Sputum neutrophil % increased with GOLD stage. There was a weak association between % sputum neutrophils and FEV1 % predicted (univariate r2 = 0.025 and 0.094 at baseline and year 1 respectively, p < 0.05 after multivariate regression). Similar weak but significant associations were observed between neutrophil % and health status measured using the St Georges Respiratory Questionairre. There were no associations between neutrophils and exacerbation rates or emphysema. Associations between sputum neutrophils and systemic biomarkers were non-significant or similarly weak. The mean change over 1 year in neutrophil % was an increase of 3.5%. CONCLUSIONS Sputum neutrophil measurements in COPD are associated weakly with FEV1 % predicted and health status. Sputum neutrophil measurements were dissociated from exacerbation rates, emphysema and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Singh
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, South Manchester University Hospitals Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9QZ, UK.
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90
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Murugan V, Peck MJ. Signal transduction pathways linking the activation of alveolar macrophages with the recruitment of neutrophils to lungs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp Lung Res 2010; 35:439-85. [PMID: 19842832 DOI: 10.1080/01902140902759290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major and increasing global health problem. It is predicted by the World Health Organization to become the third most common cause of death and the fifth most common cause of disability in the world by 2020. COPD is a complex inflammatory disease involving several types of inflammatory cells and multiple inflammatory mediators. Although abnormal numbers of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes have been documented in COPD, the relationship between these cell types and the sequence of their appearance and persistence is largely unknown. Alveolar macrophages have been identified as one of the major cell types that plays a key role in orchestrating the inflammatory events associated with the pathophysiology of COPD. One of the major functions of macrophages is the secretion of chemotactic factors and this function is markedly increased on exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). This enhanced release of chemoattractants results in increased lung neutrophil infiltration, which is thought to be a key event in the development of COPD. The molecular basis for this amplified inflammatory response is not very clear, but it could be due to an alteration in signal transduction pathways within the macrophage. Based on existing literature, an attempt has been made to create a comprehensive review of the signal transduction pathways that link the activation of macrophages with the increased recruitment of neutrophils into the airways. Some of the major stimuli that activate macrophages and cause them to secrete chemotactic factors have been identified as CS, wood smoke, ozone, bacterial endotoxin, and proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. These stimuli seem to activate mainly redox-sensitive transcription factors such as nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B and activator protein (AP)-1, both of which play a major role in the synthesis and secretion of chemotactic factors such as IL-8 and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)). The pathways involved in the synthesis and secretion of other factors such as macrophage chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and growth-related oncogene-alpha (Gro-alpha) have also been reviewed.
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Rajendrasozhan S, Hwang JW, Yao H, Kishore N, Rahman I. Anti-inflammatory effect of a selective IkappaB kinase-beta inhibitor in rat lung in response to LPS and cigarette smoke. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 23:172-81. [PMID: 20080200 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE IkappaB kinase (IKK) activates NF-kappaB which plays a pivotal role in pro-inflammatory response in the lung. NF-kappaB has been shown to be activated in alveolar macrophages and peripheral lungs of smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of a highly selective and novel IKKbeta/IKK2 inhibitor, PHA-408 [8-(5-chloro-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)isonicotinamido)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-benzo[gamma]indazole-3-carboxamide], in lungs of rat in vivo. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were administered orally with PHA-408 (15 and 45 mg/kg) daily for 3 days and exposed to LPS aerosol (once on day 3, 2 h post-last PHA-408 administration) or cigarette smoke (CS; 2h after PHA-408 administration for 3 days). Animals were sacrificed at 1, 4 and 24 h after the last exposure, and lung inflammatory response and NF-kappaB activation were measured. RESULTS Oral administration of IKKbeta/IKK2 inhibitor PHA-408 significantly inhibited LPS- and CS-mediated neutrophil influx in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of rats. The levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in BAL fluid (CINC-1) and lungs (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and GM-CSF) were also reduced by PHA-408 administration in response to LPS or CS exposures. The reduced pro-inflammatory response in PHA-408-administered rats was associated with decreased nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB in response to LPS or CS. CONCLUSION These results suggest that IKKbeta/IKK2 inhibitor PHA-408 is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent against LPS- and CS-mediated lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Rajendrasozhan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Anderson D, Macnee W. Targeted treatment in COPD: a multi-system approach for a multi-system disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2009; 4:321-35. [PMID: 19750192 PMCID: PMC2740954 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a varied condition when examined from a number of different perspectives including factors which influence disease development, pathological process and clinical features. There may be a complex interaction between the degree by which each of these processes influences the development of COPD and the subsequent clinical phenotype with which the patient presents. The varied host response and subsequent clinical phenotype has generated much interest in recent years. It is possible that failure of treatment to impact on mortality and reverse the disease process is because of the heterogeneous nature of the condition. Identification and targeted treatment of clinical and pathological phenotypes within the broad spectrum of COPD may therefore improve outcome. This article will review previous work which has attempted to phenotype COPD and identify if specific treatment for these phenotypes has been shown to be of benefit. It will examine the work on pathological processes and clinical manifestations, both pulmonary and systemic, and will focus on pharmacological therapies.
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Li YT, He B, Wang YZ, Wang J. Effects of intratracheal administration of nuclear factor-kappaB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides on long-term cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation and pathology in mice. Respir Res 2009; 10:79. [PMID: 19706153 PMCID: PMC2751757 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation may be a key factor in lung inflammation and respiratory dysfunction, we investigated whether NF-kappaB can be blocked by intratracheal administration of NF-kappaB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), and whether decoy ODN-mediated NF-kappaB inhibition can prevent smoke-induced lung inflammation, respiratory dysfunction, and improve pathological alteration in the small airways and lung parenchyma in the long-term smoke-induced mouse model system. We also detected changes in transcriptional factors. In vivo, the transfection efficiency of NF-kappaB decoy ODNs to alveolar macrophages in BALF was measured by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled NF-kappaB decoy ODNs and flow cytometry post intratracheal ODN administration. Pulmonary function was measured by pressure sensors, and pathological changes were assessed using histology and the pathological Mias software. NF-kappaB and activator protein 1(AP-1) activity was detected by the electrophoretic motility shift assay (EMSA). Mouse cytokine and chemokine pulmonary expression profiles were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue homogenates, respectively, after repeated exposure to cigarette smoke. After 24 h, the percentage of transfected alveolar macrophages was 30.00 +/- 3.30%. Analysis of respiratory function indicated that transfection of NF-kappaB decoy ODNs significantly impacted peak expiratory flow (PEF), and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology displayed evidence of decreased macrophage infiltration in airways compared to normal saline-treated or scramble NF-kappaB decoy ODNs smoke exposed mice. NF-kappaB decoy ODNs inhibited significantly level of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1) in lung homogenates compared to normal saline-treated smoke exposed mice. In contrast, these NF-kappaB decoy ODNs-treated mice showed significant increase in the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha) and pro-MMP-9(pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9) in mice BALF. Further measurement revealed administration of NF-kappaB decoy ODNs did not prevent pathological changes. These findings indicate that NF-kappaB activation play an important role on the recruitment of macrophages and pulmonary dysfunction in smoke-induced chronic lung inflammation, and with the exception of NF-kappaB pathway, there might be complex mechanism governing molecular dynamics of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and structural changes in small airways and pulmonary parenchyma in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tao Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital of, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bei He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital of, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhu Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital of, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital of, Beijing, PR China
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Sommers CD, Thompson JM, Guzova JA, Bonar SL, Rader RK, Mathialagan S, Venkatraman N, Holway VW, Kahn LE, Hu G, Garner DS, Huang HC, Chiang PC, Schindler JF, Hu Y, Meyer DM, Kishore NN. Novel tight-binding inhibitory factor-kappaB kinase (IKK-2) inhibitors demonstrate target-specific anti-inflammatory activities in cellular assays and following oral and local delivery in an in vivo model of airway inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:377-88. [PMID: 19478133 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.147538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is one of the major families of transcription factors activated during the inflammatory response in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inhibitory factor-kappaB kinase 2 (IKK-2) has been shown to play a pivotal role in cytokine-induced NF-kappaB activation in airway epithelium and in disease-relevant cells. Nevertheless, the potential toxicity of specific IKK-2 inhibitors may be unacceptable for oral delivery in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therefore, local delivery to the lungs is an attractive alternative that warrants further exploration. Here, we describe potent and selective small-molecule IKK-2 inhibitors [8-(5-chloro-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)isonicotinamido)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-benzo[g]indazole-3-carboxamide (PHA-408) and 8-(2-(3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-chloroisonicotinamido)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-benzo-[g]indazole-3-carboxamide (PF-184)] that are competitive for ATP have slow off-rates from IKK-2 and display broad in vitro anti-inflammatory activities resulting from NF-kappaB pathway inhibition. Notably, PF-184 has been designed to have high systemic clearance, which limits systemic exposure and maximizes the effects locally in the airways. We used an inhaled lipopolysaccharide-induced rat model of neutrophilia to address whether inhibiting NF-kappaB activation locally within the airways would show anti-inflammatory effects in the absence of systemic exposure. PHA-408, a low-clearance compound previously shown to be efficacious orally in a rodent model of arthritis, dose-dependently attenuated inhaled lipopolysaccharide-induced cell infiltration and cytokine production. Interestingly, PF-184 produced comparable dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity by intratracheal administration and was as efficacious as intratracheally administered fluticasone propionate (fluticasone). Together, these results support the potential therapeutic utility of IKK-2 inhibition in inflammatory pulmonary diseases and demonstrate anti-inflammatory efficacy of an inhaled IKK-2 inhibitor in a rat airway model of neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D Sommers
- Department of Inflammation, Pfizer St Louis Laboratories, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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Brown V, Elborn JS, Bradley J, Ennis M. Dysregulated apoptosis and NFkappaB expression in COPD subjects. Respir Res 2009; 10:24. [PMID: 19296848 PMCID: PMC2667166 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abnormal regulation of neutrophil apoptosis may contribute to the ineffective resolution of inflammation in chronic lung diseases. Multiple signalling pathways are implicated in regulating granulocyte apoptosis, in particular, NFkappaB (nuclear factor-kappa B) signalling which delays constitutive neutrophil apoptosis. Although some studies have suggested a dysregulation in the apoptosis of airway cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), no studies to date have directly investigated if NFkappaB is associated with apoptosis of airway neutrophils from COPD patients. The objectives of this study were to examine spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis in stable COPD subjects (n = 13), healthy smoking controls (n = 9) and non-smoking controls (n = 9) and to investigate whether the neutrophil apoptotic process in inflammatory conditions is associated with NFkappaB activation. METHODS Analysis of apoptosis in induced sputum was carried out by 3 methods; light microscopy, Annexin V/Propidium iodide and the terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method. Activation of NFkappaB was assessed using a flow cytometric method and the phosphorylation state of IkappaBalpha was carried out using the Bio-Rad Bio-Plex phosphoprotein IkappaBalpha assay. RESULTS Flow cytometric analysis showed a significant reduction in the percentage of sputum neutrophils undergoing spontaneous apoptosis in healthy smokers and subjects with COPD compared to non-smokers (p < 0.001). Similar findings were demonstrated using the Tunel assay and in the morphological identification of apoptotic neutrophils. A significant increase was observed in the expression of both the p50 (p = 0.006) and p65 (p = 0.006) subunits of NFkappaB in neutrophils from COPD subjects compared to non-smokers. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that apoptosis is reduced in the sputum of COPD subjects and in healthy control smokers and may be regulated by an associated activation of NFkappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Brown
- Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - J Stuart Elborn
- Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Judy Bradley
- Institute of Rehabilitation Studies, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Madeleine Ennis
- Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom;
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress is intimately associated with the progression and exacerbation of COPD and therefore targeting oxidative stress with antioxidants or boosting the endogenous levels of antioxidants is likely to have beneficial outcome in the treatment of COPD. Among the various antioxidants tried so far, thiol antioxidants and mucolytic agents, such as glutathione, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, N-acystelyn, erdosteine, fudosteine and carbocysteine; Nrf2 activators; and dietary polyphenols (curcumin, resveratrol, and green tea catechins/quercetin) have been reported to increase intracellular thiol status along with induction of GSH biosynthesis. Such an elevation in the thiol status in turn leads to detoxification of free radicals and oxidants as well as inhibition of ongoing inflammatory responses. In addition, specific spin traps, such as alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone, a catalytic antioxidant (ECSOD mimetic), porphyrins (AEOL 10150 and AEOL 10113), and a SOD mimetic M40419 have also been reported to inhibit cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory responses in vivo in the lung. Since a variety of oxidants, free radicals and aldehydes are implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD, it is possible that therapeutic administration of multiple antioxidants and mucolytics will be effective in management of COPD. However, a successful outcome will critically depend upon the choice of antioxidant therapy for a particular clinical phenotype of COPD, whose pathophysiology should be first properly understood. This article will review the various approaches adopted to enhance lung antioxidant levels, antioxidant therapeutic advances and recent past clinical trials of antioxidant compounds in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Targeting the NF-kappaB pathway in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:1-13. [PMID: 18950657 PMCID: PMC7172981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are inflammatory lung disorders responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the importance of allergic responses in asthma is well known, respiratory viral and bacterial infections and pollutants especially cigarette smoke are important factors in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Corticosteroid treatment remains the first preference of treatment in either disease, however these therapies are not always completely effective, and are associated with side effects and steroid resistance. Due to such limitations, development of new treatments represents a major goal for both the pharmaceutical industry and academic researchers. There are now excellent reasons to promote NF-kappaB signalling intermediates and Rel family proteins as potential therapeutic targets for both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This notion is supported by the fact that much of the underlying inflammation of both diseases independent of stimuli, is mediated at least in part, by NF-kappaB mediated signalling events in several cell types. Also, a range of inhibitors of NF-kappaB signalling intermediates are now available, including DNA oligonucleotides and DNA-peptide molecules that act as NF-kappaB decoy sequences, small molecule inhibitors such as IKK-beta inhibitors, and proteasome inhibitors affecting NF-kappaB signalling, that have either shown promise in animal models or have begun clinical trials in other disorders. This review will focus on the role of NF-kappaB in both diseases, will discuss its suitability as a target, and will highlight recent key studies that support the potential of NF-kappaB as a therapeutic target in these two important inflammatory lung diseases.
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Sarir H, Henricks PAJ, van Houwelingen AH, Nijkamp FP, Folkerts G. Cells, mediators and Toll-like receptors in COPD. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:346-53. [PMID: 18410916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem. Being a progressive disease characterized by inflammation, it deteriorates pulmonary functioning. Research has focused on airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and remodelling of the airways. Macrophages, neutrophils and T cells are thought to be important key players. A number of new research topics received special attention in the last years. The combined use of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists produces better control of symptoms and lung function than that of the use of either compound alone. Furthermore, collagen breakdown products might be involved in the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells by which the process of airway remodelling becomes self-sustaining. Also, TLR (Toll-like receptor)-based signalling pathways seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. These new findings may lead to new therapeutic strategies to stop the process of inflammation and self-destruction in the airways of COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Sarir
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both obstructive airway diseases that involve chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract, but the type of inflammation is markedly different between these diseases, with different patterns of inflammatory cells and mediators being involved. As described in this Review, these inflammatory profiles are largely determined by the involvement of different immune cells, which orchestrate the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells that drive the distinct patterns of structural changes in these diseases. However, it is now becoming clear that the distinction between these diseases becomes blurred in patients with severe asthma, in asthmatic subjects who smoke and during acute exacerbations. This has important implications for the development of new therapies.
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