51
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Brown S, Kuberan B. Production of size-defined heparosan, heparan sulfate, and heparin oligosaccharides by enzymatic depolymerization. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1229:21-29. [PMID: 25325940 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1714-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are most commonly isolated as large polymers from various animal origins, the functional units of which are oligosaccharides, which bind their target proteins to induce conformational changes, compete with other ligands, or facilitate the formation of signaling complexes. One example, the extensively studied heparin pentasaccharide sequence-which binds antithrombin-III, inducing a conformational change that increases its serpin protease activity by 1,000-fold-is unique in that no other specific GAG-protein structure-function relations have been described to the same degree. Thus, production of heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides is critical for obtaining specific structural information regarding the binding interactions of GAG and their ligands (typically proteins). Purely synthetic methods of oligosaccharide synthesis are possible, but the cost, time requirement, and difficulty of their preparation prohibit library synthesis in significant amounts. Herein, the use of bacterial heparin lyases for the production of HS oligosaccharides via enzymatic depolymerization of HS polymers is discussed. The separation and purification of these oligosaccharides by liquid chromatography are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Brown
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Skaggs #307, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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52
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Li G, Steppich J, Wang Z, Sun Y, Xue C, Linhardt RJ, Li L. Bottom-up low molecular weight heparin analysis using liquid chromatography-Fourier transform mass spectrometry for extensive characterization. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6626-32. [PMID: 24905078 PMCID: PMC4082394 DOI: 10.1021/ac501301v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are heterogeneous, polydisperse, and highly negatively charged mixtures of glycosaminoglycan chains prescribed as anticoagulants. The detailed characterization of LMWH is important for the drug quality assurance and for new drug research and development. In this study, online hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) was applied to analyze the oligosaccharide fragments of LMWHs generated by heparin lyase II digestion. More than 40 oligosaccharide fragments of LMWH were quantified and used to compare LMWHs prepared by three different manufacturers. The quantified fragment structures included unsaturated disaccharides/oligosaccharides arising from the prominent repeating units of these LMWHs, 3-O-sulfo containing tetrasaccharides arising from their antithrombin III binding sites, 1,6-anhydro ring-containing oligosaccharides formed during their manufacture, saturated uronic acid oligosaccharides coming from some chain nonreducing ends, and oxidized linkage region oligosaccharides coming from some chain reducing ends. This bottom-up approach provides rich detailed structural analysis and quantitative information with high accuracy and reproducibility. When combined with the top-down approach, HILIC LC-FTMS based analysis should be suitable for the advanced quality control and quality assurance in LMWH production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyun Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Department of Biology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and
Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United
States
| | - Julia Steppich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Department of Biology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and
Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United
States
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Celsus Laboratories, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45241-1569 United States
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Department of Biology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and
Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United
States
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Department of Biology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and
Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United
States
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Department of Biology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and
Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United
States
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53
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Sheynis T, Friediger A, Xue WF, Hellewell AL, Tipping KW, Hewitt EW, Radford SE, Jelinek R. Aggregation modulators interfere with membrane interactions of β2-microglobulin fibrils. Biophys J 2014; 105:745-55. [PMID: 23931322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid fibril accumulation is a pathological hallmark of several devastating disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, type II diabetes, and others. Although the molecular factors responsible for amyloid pathologies have not been deciphered, interactions of misfolded proteins with cell membranes appear to play important roles in these disorders. Despite increasing evidence for the involvement of membranes in amyloid-mediated cytotoxicity, the pursuit for therapeutic strategies has focused on preventing self-assembly of the proteins comprising the amyloid plaques. Here we present an investigation of the impact of fibrillation modulators upon membrane interactions of β2-microglobulin (β2m) fibrils. The experiments reveal that polyphenols (epigallocatechin gallate, bromophenol blue, and resveratrol) and glycosaminoglycans (heparin and heparin disaccharide) differentially affect membrane interactions of β2m fibrils measured by dye-release experiments, fluorescence anisotropy of labeled lipid, and confocal and cryo-electron microscopies. Interestingly, whereas epigallocatechin gallate and heparin prevent membrane damage as judged by these assays, the other compounds tested had little, or no, effect. The results suggest a new dimension to the biological impact of fibrillation modulators that involves interference with membrane interactions of amyloid species, adding to contemporary strategies for combating amyloid diseases that focus on disruption or remodeling of amyloid aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Sheynis
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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54
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Beecher CN, Young RP, Langeslay DJ, Mueller LJ, Larive CK. Hydroxyl-proton hydrogen bonding in the heparin oligosaccharide Arixtra in aqueous solution. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:482-91. [PMID: 24354321 DOI: 10.1021/jp410540d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is best known for its anticoagulant activity, which is mediated by the binding of a specific pentasaccharide sequence to the protease inhibitor antithrombin-III (AT-III). Although heparin oligosaccharides are thought to be flexible in aqueous solution, the recent discovery of a hydrogen bond between the sulfamate (NHSO3(-)) proton and the adjacent 3-O-sulfo group of the 3,6-O-sulfated N-sulfoglucosamine residue of the Arixtra (fondaparinux sodium) pentasaccharide demonstrates that definable elements of local structure are accessed. Molecular dynamics simulations of Arixtra suggest the presence of additional hydrogen bonds involving the C3-OH groups of the glucuronic acid and 2-O-sulfo-iduronic acid residues. NMR measurements of temperature coefficients, chemical shift differences, and solvent exchange rate constants provide experimental confirmation of these hydrogen bonds. We note that the extraction of rate constants from cross-peak buildup curves in 2D exchange spectroscopy is complicated by the presence of radiation damping in aqueous solution. A straightforward model is presented that explicitly takes into account the effects of radiation damping on the water proton relaxation and is sufficiently robust to provide an accurate measure of the proton exchange rate between the analyte hydroxyl protons and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo N Beecher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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55
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Kailemia MJ, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB, Amster IJ. Oligosaccharide analysis by mass spectrometry: a review of recent developments. Anal Chem 2014; 86:196-212. [PMID: 24313268 PMCID: PMC3924431 DOI: 10.1021/ac403969n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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56
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Mazák K, Beecher CN, Kraszni M, Larive CK. The interaction of enoxaparin and fondaparinux with calcium. Carbohydr Res 2013; 384:13-9. [PMID: 24334236 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The main sites of calcium binding were determined for the low molecular weight heparin drug enoxaparin and the synthetic pentasaccharide Arixtra (fondaparinux). [(1)H,(13)C] HSQC pH titrations were carried out to characterize the acid-base properties of these samples both in the presence and absence of calcium. The differences in the titration curves were used to determine the structural components of enoxaparin and fondaparinux responsible for Ca(2+) binding. In enoxaparin both unsubstituted and 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues are important in calcium binding and the presence of the 2-O-sulfo group does not seem to influence the Ca(2+) binding capability of the iduronate ring. In fondaparinux changes in chemical shifts upon Ca(2+) binding were smaller than observed for enoxaparin, and were observed for both the glucuronic acid and 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues. In enoxaparin significant perturbations of the chemical shift of the N-sulfoglucosamine anomeric carbon in residues connected to 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid were detected on Ca(2+) binding, however it was not possible to determine whether these changes reflect direct involvement in calcium complexation or result from through space interactions or conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Mazák
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes E. u. 9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Consuelo N Beecher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Márta Kraszni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes E. u. 9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cynthia K Larive
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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57
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H. Pomin
- Program of
Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry,
and University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913,
Brazil
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58
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Nemes P, Hoover WJ, Keire DA. High-throughput differentiation of heparin from other glycosaminoglycans by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7405-12. [PMID: 23841449 DOI: 10.1021/ac401318q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensors with high chemical specificity and enhanced sample throughput are vital to screening food products and medical devices for chemical or biochemical contaminants that may pose a threat to public health. For example, the rapid detection of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in heparin could prevent reoccurrence of heparin adulteration that caused hundreds of severe adverse events including deaths worldwide in 2007-2008. Here, rapid pyrolysis is integrated with direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry to rapidly screen major glycosaminoglycans, including heparin, chondroitin sulfate A, dermatan sulfate, and OSCS. The results demonstrate that, compared to traditional liquid chromatography-based analyses, pyrolysis mass spectrometry achieved at least 250-fold higher sample throughput and was compatible with samples volume-limited to about 300 nL. Pyrolysis yielded an abundance of fragment ions (e.g., 150 different m/z species), many of which were specific to the parent compound. Using multivariate and statistical data analysis models, these data enabled facile differentiation of the glycosaminoglycans with high throughput. After method development was completed, authentically contaminated samples obtained during the heparin crisis by the FDA were analyzed in a blinded manner for OSCS contamination. The lower limit of differentiation and detection were 0.1% (w/w) OSCS in heparin and 100 ng/μL (20 ng) OSCS in water, respectively. For quantitative purposes the linear dynamic range spanned approximately 3 orders of magnitude. Moreover, this chemical readout was successfully employed to find clues in the manufacturing history of the heparin samples that can be used for surveillance purposes. The presented technology and data analysis protocols are anticipated to be readily adaptable to other chemical and biochemical agents and volume-limited samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nemes
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), United States.
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59
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Ye H, Toby TK, Sommers CD, Ghasriani H, Trehy ML, Ye W, Kolinski RE, Buhse LF, Al-Hakim A, Keire DA. Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: key tests for LMWH quality assurance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 85:99-107. [PMID: 23917037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During the 2007-2008 heparin crisis it was found that the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) testing monograph for heparin sodium or low molecular weight heparins did not detect the presence of the contaminant, oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS). In response to this concern, new tests and specifications were developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and USP and put in place to detect not only the contaminant OSCS, but also to improve assurance of quality and purity of these drug products. The USP monographs for the low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) approved for use in the United States (dalteparin, tinzaparin and enoxaparin) are also undergoing revision to include many of the same tests used for heparin sodium, including; one-dimensional (1D) 500 MHz (1)H NMR, SAX-HPLC, percent galactosamine in total hexosamine and anticoagulation time assays with purified Factor IIa or Factor Xa. These tests represent orthogonal approaches for heparin identification, measurement of bioactivity and for detection of process impurities or contaminants in these drug products. Here we describe results from a survey of multiple lots from three types of LMWHs in the US market which were collected after the 2009 heparin sodium monograph revision. In addition, innovator and generic versions of formulated enoxaparin products purchased in 2011 are compared using these tests and found to be highly similar within the discriminating power of the assays applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Ye
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, MO 63101, USA
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60
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Reversed-phase ion-pair ultra-high-performance-liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for fingerprinting low-molecular-weight heparins. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:201-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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61
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Kailemia MJ, Li L, Xu Y, Liu J, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Structurally informative tandem mass spectrometry of highly sulfated natural and chemoenzymatically synthesized heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:979-90. [PMID: 23429520 PMCID: PMC3617343 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.026880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides derived from heparin and heparan sulfate have been a highly intractable class of molecules to analyze by tandem mass spectrometry. Under the many methods of ion activation, this class of molecules generally exhibits SO3 loss as the most significant fragmentation pathway, interfering with the assignment of the location of sulfo groups in glycosaminoglycan chains. We report here a method that stabilizes sulfo groups and facilitates the complete structural analysis of densely sulfated (two or more sulfo groups per disaccharide repeat unit) heparin and heparan sulfate oligomers. This is achieved by complete removal of all ionizable protons, either by charging during electrospray ionization or by Na(+)/H(+) exchange. The addition of millimolar levels of NaOH to the sample solution facilitates the production of precursor ions that meet this criterion. This approach is found to work for a variety of heparin sulfate oligosaccharides derived from natural sources or produced by chemoenzymatic synthesis, with up to 12 saccharide subunits and up to 11 sulfo groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchena J. Kailemia
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Lingyun Li
- the §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and
| | - Yongmei Xu
- the ¶Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jian Liu
- the ¶Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- the §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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62
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Zhang Q, Chen X, Zhu Z, Zhan X, Wu Y, Song L, Kang J. Structural Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Heparin by Ultraperformance Size Exclusion Chromatography/Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1819-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303185w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lingling Road 345, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Waters Corporation, Block
13, Jinhai Road 1000 , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201206,
China
| | - Zhijia Zhu
- College of Chemistry,
Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xueqiang Zhan
- College of Chemistry,
Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanfang Wu
- College of Chemistry,
Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lankun Song
- Waters Corporation, Block
13, Jinhai Road 1000 , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201206,
China
| | - Jingwu Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lingling Road 345, Shanghai 200032, China
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63
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Langeslay DJ, Beecher CN, Naggi A, Guerrini M, Torri G, Larive CK. Characterizing the microstructure of heparin and heparan sulfate using N-sulfoglucosamine 1H and 15N NMR chemical shift analysis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1247-55. [PMID: 23240897 PMCID: PMC3974173 DOI: 10.1021/ac3032788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are members of a biologically important group of highly anionic linear polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Because of their structural complexity, the molecular-level characterization of heparin and HS continues to be a challenge. The work presented herein describes an emerging approach for the analysis of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins, as well as porcine and human-derived HS. This approach utilizes the untapped potential of (15)N NMR to characterize these preparations through detection of the NH resonances of N-sulfo-glucosamine residues. The sulfamate group (1)H and (15)N chemical shifts of six GAG microenvironments were assigned based on the critical comparison of selectively modified heparin derivatives, NMR measurements for a library of heparin-derived oligosaccharide standards, and an in-depth NMR analysis of the low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin through systematic investigation of the chemical exchange properties of NH resonances and residue-specific assignments using the [(1)H,(15)N] HSQC-TOCSY experiment. The sulfamate microenvironments characterized in this study include GlcNS(6S)-UA(2S), ΔUA(2S)-GlcNS(6S), GlcNS(3S)(6S)-UA(2S), GlcNS-UA, GlcNS(6S)-red(α), and 1,6-anhydro GlcNS demonstrating the utility of [(1)H,(15)N] HSQC NMR spectra to provide a spectroscopic fingerprint reflecting the composition of intact GAGs and low molecular weight heparin preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Langeslay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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64
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Malá Z, Gebauer P, Boček P. Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:19-28. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Petr Boček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
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65
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Li L, Zhang F, Zaia J, Linhardt RJ. Top-down approach for the direct characterization of low molecular weight heparins using LC-FT-MS. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8822-9. [PMID: 22985071 DOI: 10.1021/ac302232c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular heparins (LMWHs) are structurally complex, heterogeneous, polydisperse, and highly negatively charged mixtures of polysaccharides. The direct characterization of LMWH is a major challenge for currently available analytical technologies. Electrospray ionization (ESI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a powerful tool for the characterization complex biological samples in the fields of proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics. LC-MS has been applied to the analysis of heparin oligosaccharides, separated by size exclusion, reversed phase ion-pairing chromatography, and chip-based amide hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). However, there have been limited applications of ESI-LC-MS for the direct characterization of intact LMWHs (top-down analysis) due to their structural complexity, low ionization efficiency, and sulfate loss. Here we present a simple and reliable HILIC-Fourier transform (FT)-ESI-MS platform to characterize and compare two currently marketed LMWH products using the top-down approach requiring no special sample preparation steps. This HILIC system relies on cross-linked diol rather than amide chemistry, affording highly resolved chromatographic separations using a relatively high percentage of acetonitrile in the mobile phase, resulting in stable and high efficiency ionization. Bioinformatics software (GlycReSoft 1.0) was used to automatically assign structures within 5-ppm mass accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590, United States
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66
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Capillary electrophoresis of heparin and other glycosaminoglycans using a polyamine running electrolyte. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 753:90-6. [PMID: 23107141 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study involves the use of polyamines as potential resolving agents for the capillary electrophoresis (CE) of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), specifically heparin, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS), and hyaluronan. All of the compounds can be separated from each other with the exception of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. Using optimization software, the final run conditions are found to be 200 mM ethylenediamine and 45.5 mM phosphate as the electrolyte with -14 V applied across a 50 μm ID×24.5 cm fused silica capillary at 15°C. The ion migration order, with OSCS as the last instead of the first peak, is in contrast to previous reports using either a high molarity TRIS or lithium phosphate run buffer with narrower bore capillaries. Total analysis time is 12. 5 min and the relative standard deviation of the heparin migration time is about 2.5% (n=5). The interaction mechanism between selected polyamines and heparin is explored using conductivity measurements in addition to CE experiments to show that an ion-pairing mechanism is likely.
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67
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Kailemia MJ, Li L, Ly M, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Complete mass spectral characterization of a synthetic ultralow-molecular-weight heparin using collision-induced dissociation. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5475-8. [PMID: 22715938 PMCID: PMC4477280 DOI: 10.1021/ac3015824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of biologically important molecules, and their structural analysis is the target of considerable research effort. Advances in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) have recently enabled the structural characterization of several classes of GAGs; however, the highly sulfated GAGs, such as heparins, have remained a relatively intractable class due their tendency to lose SO(3) during MS/MS, producing few sequence-informative fragment ions. The present work demonstrates for the first time the complete structural characterization of the highly sulfated heparin-based drug Arixtra. This was achieved by Na(+)/H(+) exchange to create a more ionized species that was stable against SO(3) loss, and that produced complete sets of both glycosidic and cross-ring fragment ions. MS/MS enables the complete structural determination of Arixtra, including the stereochemistry of its uronic acid residues, and suggests an approach for solving the structure of more complex, highly sulfated heparin-based drugs.
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68
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Kuo CY, Wang SH, Lin C, Liao SKS, Hung WT, Fang JM, Yang WB. Application of 2,3-naphthalenediamine in labeling natural carbohydrates for capillary electrophoresis. Molecules 2012; 17:7387-400. [PMID: 22706370 PMCID: PMC6269047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17067387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral and acidic monosaccharide components in Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide are readily labeled with 2,3-naphthalenediamine, and the resulting saccharide-naphthimidazole (NAIM) derivatives are quantified by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in borate buffer. Using sulfated-α-cyclodextrin as the chiral selector, enantiomers of monosaccharide-NAIMs are resolved on CE in phosphate buffer, allowing a simultaneous determination of the absolute configuration and sugar composition in the mucilage polysaccharide of a medicinal herb Dendrobiumhuoshanense. Together with the specific enzymatic reactions of various glycoside hydrolases on the NAIM derivatives of glycans, the structures of natural glycans can be deduced from the digestion products identified by CE analysis. Though heparin dissachrides could be successfully derived with the NAIM-labeling method, the heparin derivatives with the same degree of sulfation could not be separated by CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yuan Kuo
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Huey Wang
- Core Facility Center, Office of Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chunchi Lin
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sylvain Kuo-Shiang Liao
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Hung
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (J.-M.F.); (W.-B.Y.); Tel.: +886-2-3366-1663 (J.-M.F.); Fax: +886-2-2363-7812 (J.-M.F.); Tel.: +886-2-2787-1264 (W.-B.Y.); Fax: +886-2-2789-8771 (W.-B.Y.)
| | - Wen-Bin Yang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (J.-M.F.); (W.-B.Y.); Tel.: +886-2-3366-1663 (J.-M.F.); Fax: +886-2-2363-7812 (J.-M.F.); Tel.: +886-2-2787-1264 (W.-B.Y.); Fax: +886-2-2789-8771 (W.-B.Y.)
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69
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Seo Y, Andaya A, Leary JA. Preparation, separation, and conformational analysis of differentially sulfated heparin octasaccharide isomers using ion mobility mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2416-23. [PMID: 22283665 PMCID: PMC3296823 DOI: 10.1021/ac203190k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a linear sulfated polysaccharide widely used in medicine because of its anticoagulant properties. The various sulfation and/or acetylation patterns on heparin impart different degrees of conformational change around the glycosidic bonds and subsequently alter its function as an anticoagulant, anticancer, or antiviral drug. Characterization of these structures is important for eventual elucidation of its function but presents itself as an analytical challenge due to the inherent heterogeneity of the carbohydrates. Heparin octasaccharide structural isomers of various sulfation patterns were investigated using ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMMS). In addition to distinguishing the isomers, we report the preparation and tandem mass spectrometry analysis for multiple sulfated or acetylated oligosaccharides. Herein, our data indicate that heparin octasaccharide isomers were separated on the basis of their structural conformations in the ion mobility cell. Subsequent to this separation, isomers were further distinguished using product ions resulting from tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, IMMS analysis was used to successfully characterize and separate individual isomers and subsequently measure their conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Seo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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70
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Langeslay DJ, Beni S, Larive CK. A closer look at the nitrogen next door: 1H-15N NMR methods for glycosaminoglycan structural characterization. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 216:169-174. [PMID: 22364674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, experimental conditions were presented for the detection of the N-sulfoglucosamine (GlcNS) NHSO(3)(-) or sulfamate (1)H and (15)N NMR resonances of the pharmaceutically and biologically important glycosaminoglycan (GAG) heparin in aqueous solution. In the present work, we explore further the applicability of nitrogen-bound proton detection to provide structural information for GAGs. Compared to the detection of (15)N chemical shifts of aminosugars through long-range couplings using the IMPACT-HNMBC pulse sequence, the more sensitive two-dimensional (1)H-(15)N HSQC-TOCSY experiments provided additional structural data. The IMPACT-HNMBC experiment remains a powerful tool as demonstrated by the spectrum measured for the unsubstituted amine of 3-O-sulfoglucosamine (GlcN(3S)), which cannot be observed with the (1)H-(15)N HSQC-TOCSY experiment due to the fast exchange of the amino group protons with solvent. The (1)H-(15)N HSQC-TOCSY NMR spectrum reported for the mixture of model compounds GlcNS and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) demonstrate the broad utility of this approach. Measurements for the synthetic pentasaccharide drug Arixtra® (Fondaparinux sodium) in aqueous solution illustrate the power of this NMR pulse sequence for structural characterization of highly similar N-sulfoglucosamine residues in GAG-derived oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Langeslay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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71
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Yang B, Chang Y, Weyers AM, Sterner E, Linhardt RJ. Disaccharide analysis of glycosaminoglycan mixtures by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1225:91-8. [PMID: 22236563 PMCID: PMC3268819 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are a family of polysaccharides widely distributed in all eukaryotic cells. These polyanionic, linear chain polysaccharides are composed of repeating disaccharide units that are often differentially substituted with sulfo groups. The diversity of glycosaminoglycan structures in cells, tissues and among different organisms reflect their functional an evolutionary importance. Glycosaminoglycan composition and structure also changes in development, aging and in disease progression, making their accurate and reliable analysis a critical, albeit, challenging endeavor. Quantitative disaccharide compositional analysis is one of the primary ways to characterize glycosaminoglycan composition and structure and has a direct relationship with glycosaminoglycan biological functions. In this study, glycosaminoglycan disaccharides, prepared from heparan sulfate/heparin, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate and neutral hyaluronic acid using multiple polysaccharide lyases, were fluorescently labeled with 2-aminoacridone, fractionated into 17 well-resolved components by reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography, and analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. This analysis was successfully applied to cell, tissue, and biological fluid samples for the picomole level detection of glycosaminoglycan composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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72
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73
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The efficient structure elucidation of minor components in heparin digests using microcoil NMR. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2244-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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74
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Langeslay DJ, Beni S, Larive CK. Detection of the 1H and 15N NMR Resonances of Sulfamate Groups in Aqueous Solution: A New Tool for Heparin and Heparan Sulfate Characterization. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8006-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202144m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek J. Langeslay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California−Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Szabolcs Beni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California−Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hőgyes Endre u. 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cynthia K. Larive
- Department of Chemistry, University of California−Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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75
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Jones CJ, Larive CK. Could smaller really be better? Current and future trends in high-resolution microcoil NMR spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:61-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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