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Zancarini A, Mougel C, Voisin AS, Prudent M, Salon C, Munier-Jolain N. Soil nitrogen availability and plant genotype modify the nutrition strategies of M. truncatula and the associated rhizosphere microbial communities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47096. [PMID: 23077550 PMCID: PMC3471967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant and soil types are usually considered as the two main drivers of the rhizosphere microbial communities. The aim of this work was to study the effect of both N availability and plant genotype on the plant associated rhizosphere microbial communities, in relation to the nutritional strategies of the plant-microbe interactions, for six contrasted Medicago truncatula genotypes. The plants were provided with two different nutrient solutions varying in their nitrate concentrations (0 mM and 10 mM). First, the influence of both nitrogen availability and Medicago truncatula genotype on the genetic structure of the soil bacterial and fungal communities was determined by DNA fingerprint using Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA). Secondly, the different nutritional strategies of the plant-microbe interactions were evaluated using an ecophysiological framework. We observed that nitrogen availability affected rhizosphere bacterial communities only in presence of the plant. Furthermore, we showed that the influence of nitrogen availability on rhizosphere bacterial communities was dependent on the different genotypes of Medicago truncatula. Finally, the nutritional strategies of the plant varied greatly in response to a modification of nitrogen availability. A new conceptual framework was thus developed to study plant-microbe interactions. This framework led to the identification of three contrasted structural and functional adaptive responses of plant-microbe interactions to nitrogen availability.
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Giovannetti M, Balestrini R, Volpe V, Guether M, Straub D, Costa A, Ludewig U, Bonfante P. Two putative-aquaporin genes are differentially expressed during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:186. [PMID: 23046713 PMCID: PMC3533510 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are widespread symbioses that provide great advantages to the plant, improving its nutritional status and allowing the fungus to complete its life cycle. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of AM symbiosis are not yet fully deciphered. Here, we have focused on two putative aquaporin genes, LjNIP1 and LjXIP1, which resulted to be upregulated in a transcriptomic analysis performed on mycorrhizal roots of Lotus japonicus. RESULTS A phylogenetic analysis has shown that the two putative aquaporins belong to different functional families: NIPs and XIPs. Transcriptomic experiments have shown the independence of their expression from their nutritional status but also a close correlation with mycorrhizal and rhizobial interaction. Further transcript quantification has revealed a good correlation between the expression of one of them, LjNIP1, and LjPT4, the phosphate transporter which is considered a marker gene for mycorrhizal functionality. By using laser microdissection, we have demonstrated that one of the two genes, LjNIP1, is expressed exclusively in arbuscule-containing cells. LjNIP1, in agreement with its putative role as an aquaporin, is capable of transferring water when expressed in yeast protoplasts. Confocal analysis have demonstrated that eGFP-LjNIP1, under its endogenous promoter, accumulates in the inner membrane system of arbusculated cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results have shown different functionality and expression specificity of two mycorrhiza-inducible aquaporins in L. japonicus. One of them, LjNIP1 can be considered a novel molecular marker of mycorrhizal status at different developmental stages of the arbuscule. At the same time, LjXIP1 results to be the first XIP family aquaporin to be transcriptionally regulated during symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino and IPP-CNR, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino and IPP-CNR, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino and IPP-CNR, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Mike Guether
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino and IPP-CNR, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe, D-76187, Germany
| | - Daniel Straub
- Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 20, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 20, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino and IPP-CNR, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
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An active factor from tomato root exudates plays an important role in efficient establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43385. [PMID: 22927963 PMCID: PMC3424123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Root exudates play an important role in the early signal exchange between host plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. M161, a pre-mycorrhizal infection (pmi) mutant of the tomoto (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar Micro-Tom, fails to establish normal arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses, and produces exudates that are unable to stimulate hyphal growth and branching of Glomus intraradices. Here, we report the identification of a purified active factor (AF) that is present in the root exudates of wild-type tomato, but absent in those of M161. A complementation assay using the dual root organ culture system showed that the AF could induce fungal growth and branching at the pre-infection stage and, subsequently, the formation of viable new spores in the M161 background. Since the AF-mediated stimulation of hyphal growth and branching requires the presence of the M161 root, our data suggest that the AF is essential but not sufficient for hyphal growth and branching. We propose that the AF, which remains to be chemically determined, represents a plant signal molecule that plays an important role in the efficient establishment of mycorrhizal symbioses.
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Czaja LF, Hogekamp C, Lamm P, Maillet F, Martinez EA, Samain E, Dénarié J, Küster H, Hohnjec N. Transcriptional responses toward diffusible signals from symbiotic microbes reveal MtNFP- and MtDMI3-dependent reprogramming of host gene expression by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal lipochitooligosaccharides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1671-85. [PMID: 22652128 PMCID: PMC3425205 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation of root nodules and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) roots is controlled by a common signaling pathway including the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase Doesn't Make Infection3 (DMI3). While nodule initiation by lipochitooligosaccharide (LCO) Nod factors is well characterized, diffusible AM fungal signals were only recently identified as sulfated and nonsulfated LCOs. Irrespective of different outcomes, the perception of symbiotic LCOs in Medicago truncatula is mediated by the LysM receptor kinase M. truncatula Nod factor perception (MtNFP). To shed light on transcriptional responses toward symbiotic LCOs and their dependence on MtNFP and Ca(2+) signaling, we performed genome-wide expression studies of wild-type, Nod-factor-perception mutant1, and dmi3 mutant roots challenged with Myc- and Nod-LCOs. We show that Myc-LCOs lead to transient, quick responses in the wild type, whereas Nod-LCOs require prolonged incubation for maximal expression activation. While Nod-LCOs are most efficient for an induction of persistent transcriptional changes, sulfated Myc-LCOs are less active, and nonsulfated Myc-LCOs display the lowest capacity to activate and sustain expression. Although all symbiotic LCOs up-regulated a common set of genes, discrete subsets were induced by individual LCOs, suggesting common and specific functions for these in presymbiotic signaling. Surprisingly, even sulfated fungal Myc-LCOs and Sinorhizobium meliloti Nod-LCOs, having very similar structures, each elicited discrete subsets of genes, while a mixture of both Myc-LCOs activated responses deviating from those induced by single treatments. Focusing on the precontact phase, we identified signaling-related and transcription factor genes specifically up-regulated by Myc-LCOs. Comparative gene expression studies in symbiotic mutants demonstrated that transcriptional reprogramming by AM fungal LCOs strictly depends on MtNFP and largely requires MtDMI3.
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55
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Jung SC, Martinez-Medina A, Lopez-Raez JA, Pozo MJ. Mycorrhiza-induced resistance and priming of plant defenses. J Chem Ecol 2012. [PMID: 22623151 DOI: 10.1007/s10886‐012‐0134‐6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Symbioses between plants and beneficial soil microorganisms like arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to promote plant growth and help plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. Profound physiological changes take place in the host plant upon root colonization by AMF affecting the interactions with a wide range of organisms below- and above-ground. Protective effects of the symbiosis against pathogens, pests, and parasitic plants have been described for many plant species, including agriculturally important crop varieties. Besides mechanisms such as improved plant nutrition and competition, experimental evidence supports a major role of plant defenses in the observed protection. During mycorrhiza establishment, modulation of plant defense responses occurs thus achieving a functional symbiosis. As a consequence of this modulation, a mild, but effective activation of the plant immune responses seems to occur, not only locally but also systemically. This activation leads to a primed state of the plant that allows a more efficient activation of defense mechanisms in response to attack by potential enemies. Here, we give an overview of the impact on interactions between mycorrhizal plants and pathogens, herbivores, and parasitic plants, and we summarize the current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. We focus on the priming of jasmonate-regulated plant defense mechanisms that play a central role in the induction of resistance by arbuscular mycorrhizas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine C Jung
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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56
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Jung SC, Martinez-Medina A, Lopez-Raez JA, Pozo MJ. Mycorrhiza-induced resistance and priming of plant defenses. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:651-64. [PMID: 22623151 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Symbioses between plants and beneficial soil microorganisms like arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to promote plant growth and help plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. Profound physiological changes take place in the host plant upon root colonization by AMF affecting the interactions with a wide range of organisms below- and above-ground. Protective effects of the symbiosis against pathogens, pests, and parasitic plants have been described for many plant species, including agriculturally important crop varieties. Besides mechanisms such as improved plant nutrition and competition, experimental evidence supports a major role of plant defenses in the observed protection. During mycorrhiza establishment, modulation of plant defense responses occurs thus achieving a functional symbiosis. As a consequence of this modulation, a mild, but effective activation of the plant immune responses seems to occur, not only locally but also systemically. This activation leads to a primed state of the plant that allows a more efficient activation of defense mechanisms in response to attack by potential enemies. Here, we give an overview of the impact on interactions between mycorrhizal plants and pathogens, herbivores, and parasitic plants, and we summarize the current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. We focus on the priming of jasmonate-regulated plant defense mechanisms that play a central role in the induction of resistance by arbuscular mycorrhizas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine C Jung
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Pelin A, Pombert JF, Salvioli A, Bonen L, Bonfante P, Corradi N. The mitochondrial genome of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita reveals two unsuspected trans-splicing events of group I introns. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:836-845. [PMID: 22320438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
• Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous organisms that benefit ecosystems through the establishment of an association with the roots of most plants: the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Despite their ecological importance, however, these fungi have been poorly studied at the genome level. • In this study, total DNA from the AMF Gigaspora margarita was subjected to a combination of 454 and Illumina sequencing, and the resulting reads were used to assemble its mitochondrial genome de novo. This genome was annotated and compared with those of other relatives to better comprehend the evolution of the AMF lineage. • The mitochondrial genome of G. margarita is unique in many ways, exhibiting a large size (97 kbp) and elevated GC content (45%). This genome also harbors molecular events that were previously unknown to occur in fungal mitochondrial genomes, including trans-splicing of group I introns from two different genes coding for the first subunit of the cytochrome oxidase and for the small subunit of the rRNA. • This study reports the second published genome from an AMF organelle, resulting in relevant DNA sequence information from this poorly studied fungal group, and providing new insights into the frequency, origin and evolution of trans-spliced group I introns found across the mitochondrial genomes of distantly related organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pelin
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-François Pombert
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Alessandra Salvioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Torino, I-10125, Italy
| | - Linda Bonen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, ON, Canada
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Torino, I-10125, Italy
| | - Nicolas Corradi
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, ON, Canada
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Kiirika LM, Bergmann HF, Schikowsky C, Wimmer D, Korte J, Schmitz U, Niehaus K, Colditz F. Silencing of the Rac1 GTPase MtROP9 in Medicago truncatula stimulates early mycorrhizal and oomycete root colonizations but negatively affects rhizobial infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:501-16. [PMID: 22399646 PMCID: PMC3375982 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.193706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
RAC/ROP proteins (ρ-related GTPases of plants) are plant-specific small G proteins that function as molecular switches within elementary signal transduction pathways, including the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation during early microbial infection via the activation of NADPH oxidase homologs of plants termed RBOH (for respiratory burst oxidase homolog). We investigated the role of Medicago truncatula Jemalong A17 small GTPase MtROP9, orthologous to Medicago sativa Rac1, via an RNA interference silencing approach. Composite M. truncatula plants (MtROP9i) whose roots have been transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes carrying the RNA interference vector were generated and infected with the symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus Glomus intraradices and the rhizobial bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti as well as with the pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches. MtROP9i transgenic lines showed a clear growth-reduced phenotype and revealed neither ROS generation nor MtROP9 and MtRBOH gene expression after microbial infection. Coincidently, antioxidative compounds were not induced in infected MtROP9i roots, as documented by differential proteomics (two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis). Furthermore, MtROP9 knockdown clearly promoted mycorrhizal and A. euteiches early hyphal root colonization, while rhizobial infection was clearly impaired. Infected MtROP9i roots showed, in part, extremely swollen noninfected root hairs and reduced numbers of deformed nodules. S. meliloti nodulation factor treatments of MtROP9i led to deformed root hairs showing progressed swelling of its upper regions or even of the entire root hair and spontaneous constrictions but reduced branching effects occurring only at swollen root hairs. These results suggest a key role of Rac1 GTPase MtROP9 in ROS-mediated early infection signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank Colditz
- Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute for Plant Genetics, Department III, Plant Molecular Biology, D–30419 Hannover, Germany (L.M.K., C.S., D.W., J.K., U.S., F.C.); University of Bielefeld, Department 7, Proteome and Metabolome Research, D–33615 Bielefeld, Germany (H.F.B., K.N.)
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59
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Al-Asbahi AA. Arbuscular mycorrhizal protein mRNA over-expression in bread wheat seedlings by Trichoderma harzianum Raifi (KRL-AG2) elicitation. Gene X 2012; 494:209-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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60
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Plant Root Secretions and Their Interactions with Neighbors. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23047-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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61
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Cheng Y, Ma W, Li X, Miao W, Zheng L, Cheng B. Polyamines stimulate hyphal branching and infection in the early stage of Glomus etunicatum colonization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:1615-21. [PMID: 22805943 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are known to strongly stimulate hyphal growth in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The effect of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine on spore germination, hyphal elongation and branching by the AM fungus Glomus etunicatum was investigated in this study. The effect of spermine on infection and the development of the host and of daughter spores was further investigated using the dual monoaxenic culture system comprised of Gl. etunicatum fungal cultures in Ri T-DNA transformed carrot hairy roots. Spermidine and spermine showed positive effects on germination and all three polyamines significantly promoted hyphal growth. Hyphal branching was also strongly stimulated by treatment with polyamines, such as an increase in the number of branches. Infection during the early stages of the in vitro co-culture life cycle was enhanced in the presence of spermine, and daughter spores appeared at earlier timepoints compared to the control. Our results demonstrate that polyamines stimulate germination and hyphal branching in the early stage of AM fungal colonization. Moreover, results from the investigations conducted in the fungus-root co-culture suggest that polyamines may be involved in establishing the symbiotic relationship between root and fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Hogekamp C, Arndt D, Pereira PA, Becker JD, Hohnjec N, Küster H. Laser microdissection unravels cell-type-specific transcription in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots, including CAAT-box transcription factor gene expression correlating with fungal contact and spread. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:2023-43. [PMID: 22034628 PMCID: PMC3327204 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.186635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are the most widespread symbioses on Earth, promoting nutrient supply of most terrestrial plant species. To unravel gene expression in defined stages of Medicago truncatula root colonization by AM fungi, we here combined genome-wide transcriptome profiling based on whole mycorrhizal roots with real-time reverse transcription-PCR experiments that relied on characteristic cell types obtained via laser microdissection. Our genome-wide approach delivered a core set of 512 genes significantly activated by the two mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices and Glomus mossae. Focusing on 62 of these genes being related to membrane transport, signaling, and transcriptional regulation, we distinguished whether they are activated in arbuscule-containing or the neighboring cortical cells harboring fungal hyphae. In addition, cortical cells from nonmycorrhizal roots served as a reference for gene expression under noncolonized conditions. Our analysis identified 25 novel arbuscule-specific genes and 37 genes expressed both in the arbuscule-containing and the adjacent cortical cells colonized by fungal hyphae. Among the AM-induced genes specifying transcriptional regulators were two members encoding CAAT-box binding transcription factors (CBFs), designated MtCbf1 and MtCbf2. Promoter analyses demonstrated that both genes were already activated by the first physical contact between the symbionts. Subsequently, and corresponding to our cell-type expression patterns, they were progressively up-regulated in those cortical areas colonized by fungal hyphae, including the arbuscule-containing cells. The encoded CBFs thus represent excellent candidates for regulators that mediate a sequential reprogramming of root tissues during the establishment of an AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Helge Küster
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D–30419 Hannover, Germany (C.H., D.A., N.H., H.K.); Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780–156 Oeiras, Portugal (P.A.P., J.D.B.)
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Cangahuala-Inocente GC, Da Silva MF, Johnson JM, Manga A, van Tuinen D, Henry C, Lovato PE, Dumas-Gaudot E. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis elicits proteome responses opposite of P-starvation in SO4 grapevine rootstock upon root colonisation with two Glomus species. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:473-493. [PMID: 21210159 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although plant biotisation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a promising strategy for improving plant health, a better knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms involved is required. In this context, we sought to analyse the root proteome of grapevine rootstock Selection Oppenheim 4 (SO4) upon colonisation with two AMF. As expected, AMF colonisation stimulates plant biomass. At the proteome level, changes in protein amounts due to AMF colonisation resulted in 39 differentially accumulated two-dimensional electrophoresis spots in AMF roots relative to control. Out of them, 25 were co-identified in SO4 roots upon colonisation by Glomus irregulare and Glomus mosseae supporting the existence of conserved plant responses to AM symbiosis in a woody perennial species. Among the 18 proteins whose amount was reduced in AMF-colonised roots were proteins involved in glycolysis, protein synthesis and fate, defence and cell rescue, ethylene biosynthesis and purine and pyrimidine salvage degradation. The six co-identified proteins whose amount was increased had functions in energy production, signalling, protein synthesis and fate including proteases. Altogether these data confirmed that a part of the accommodation program of AMF previously characterized in annual plants is maintained within roots of the SO4 rootstock cuttings. Nonetheless, particular responses also occurred involving proteins of carbon metabolism, development and root architecture, defence and cell rescue, anthocyanin biosynthesis and P remobilization, previously reported as induced upon P-starvation. This suggests the occurrence of P reprioritization upon AMF colonization in a woody perennial plant species with agronomical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Claudia Cangahuala-Inocente
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, Caixa Postal 476, CEP 88034-001, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Maguida Fabiana Da Silva
- Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal do Amapá, Code Postal 10, CEP 68902-280, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Jean-Martial Johnson
- UMR INRA 1088, CNRS 5184, U. Bourgogne, PME, INRA, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Anicet Manga
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies des Champignons, Département de Biologie Végétale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, BP 5005, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- UMR INRA 1088, CNRS 5184, U. Bourgogne, PME, INRA, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | | | - Paulo Emílio Lovato
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, Caixa Postal 476, CEP 88034-001, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Eliane Dumas-Gaudot
- UMR INRA 1088, CNRS 5184, U. Bourgogne, PME, INRA, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
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64
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Rolfe BG, Mathesius U, Djordjevic M, Weinman J, Hocart C, Weiller G, Bauer WD. Proteomic analysis of legume-microbe interactions. Comp Funct Genomics 2011; 4:225-8. [PMID: 18629116 PMCID: PMC2447403 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Rolfe
- Genomic Interactions Group The Australian National University GPO Box 475 ACT Canberra 2601 Australia
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Rosenberg E, Zilber-Rosenberg I. Symbiosis and development: the hologenome concept. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 93:56-66. [PMID: 21425442 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
All animals and plants establish symbiotic relationships with microorganisms; often the combined genetic information of the diverse microbiota exceeds that of the host. How the genetic wealth of the microbiota affects all aspects of the holobiont's (host plus all of its associated microorganisms) fitness (adaptation, survival, development, growth and reproduction) and evolution is reviewed, using selected coral, insect, squid, plant, and human/mouse published experimental results. The data are discussed within the framework of the hologenome theory of evolution, which demonstrates that changes in environmental parameters, for example, diet, can cause rapid changes in the diverse microbiota, which not only can benefit the holobiont in the short term but also can be transmitted to offspring and lead to long lasting cooperations. As acquired characteristics (microbes) are heritable, consideration of the holobiont as a unit of selection in evolution leads to neo-Lamarckian principles within a Darwinian framework. The potential application of these principles can be seen in the growing fields of prebiotics and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Rosenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Givat Shmuel, Israel.
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Aloui A, Recorbet G, Robert F, Schoefs B, Bertrand M, Henry C, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Dumas-Gaudot E, Aschi-Smiti S. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis elicits shoot proteome changes that are modified during cadmium stress alleviation in Medicago truncatula. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:75. [PMID: 21545723 PMCID: PMC3112074 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which engage a mutualistic symbiosis with the roots of most plant species, have received much attention for their ability to alleviate heavy metal stress in plants, including cadmium (Cd). While the molecular bases of Cd tolerance displayed by mycorrhizal plants have been extensively analysed in roots, very little is known regarding the mechanisms by which legume aboveground organs can escape metal toxicity upon AM symbiosis. As a model system to address this question, we used Glomus irregulare-colonised Medicago truncatula plants, which were previously shown to accumulate and tolerate heavy metal in their shoots when grown in a substrate spiked with 2 mg Cd kg(-1). RESULTS The measurement of three indicators for metal phytoextraction showed that shoots of mycorrhizal M. truncatula plants have a capacity for extracting Cd that is not related to an increase in root-to-shoot translocation rate, but to a high level of allocation plasticity. When analysing the photosynthetic performance in metal-treated mycorrhizal plants relative to those only Cd-supplied, it turned out that the presence of G. irregulare partially alleviated the negative effects of Cd on photosynthesis. To test the mechanisms by which shoots of Cd-treated mycorrhizal plants avoid metal toxicity, we performed a 2-DE/MALDI/TOF-based comparative proteomic analysis of the M. truncatula shoot responses upon mycorrhization and Cd exposure. Whereas the metal-responsive shoot proteins currently identified in non-mycorrhizal M. truncatula indicated that Cd impaired CO2 assimilation, the mycorrhiza-responsive shoot proteome was characterised by an increase in photosynthesis-related proteins coupled to a reduction in glugoneogenesis/glycolysis and antioxidant processes. By contrast, Cd was found to trigger the opposite response coupled the up-accumulation of molecular chaperones in shoot of mycorrhizal plants relative to those metal-free. CONCLUSION Besides drawing a first picture of shoot proteome modifications upon AM symbiosis and/or heavy metal stress in legume plants, the current work argues for allocation plasticity as the main driving force for Cd extraction in aboveground tissues of M. truncatula upon mycorrhization. Additionally, according to the retrieved proteomic data, we propose that shoots of mycorrhizal legume plants escape Cd toxicity through a metabolic shift implying the glycolysis-mediated mobilization of defence mechanisms at the expense of the photosynthesis-dependent symbiotic sucrose sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achref Aloui
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/UB. Plante-Microbe-Environnement. INRA-CMSE. BP 86510. 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus universitaire, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ghislaine Recorbet
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/UB. Plante-Microbe-Environnement. INRA-CMSE. BP 86510. 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Franck Robert
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/UB. Plante-Microbe-Environnement. INRA-CMSE. BP 86510. 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/UB. Plante-Microbe-Environnement. INRA-CMSE. BP 86510. 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Martine Bertrand
- Microorganismes, Metaux et Toxicité, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, BP 324, 50103 Cherbourg-Octeville Cedex, France
| | - Céline Henry
- Unité de Biochimie Bactérienne, PAPPSO, batiment 526, Domaine de Vilvert 78352, Jouy en Josas Cedex, France
| | | | - Eliane Dumas-Gaudot
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/UB. Plante-Microbe-Environnement. INRA-CMSE. BP 86510. 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Samira Aschi-Smiti
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus universitaire, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia
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Masunaka A, Hyakumachi M, Takenaka S. Plant growth-promoting fungus, Trichoderma koningi suppresses isoflavonoid phytoalexin vestitol production for colonization on/in the roots of Lotus japonicus. Microbes Environ 2011; 26:128-34. [PMID: 21502738 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me10176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the colonization of Lotus japonicus by plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) and biosynthesis of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin vestitol, a major defensive response of leguminous plants, was analyzed. When PGPF including Trichoderma koningi, Fusarium equiseti, and Penicillium simplicissimum were inoculated onto L. japonicus roots, only T. koningi colonized the roots long-term and increased plant dry weight (126%). Microscopic observations of transverse sections of roots colonized by T. koningi demonstrated intercellular hyphal growth and the formation of yeast-like cells. The induction of plant defenses by fungal infections was examined by Northern analysis of genes involved in vestitol biosynthesis and HPLC of vestitol production in L. japonicus. Inoculation with symbiotic Mesorhizobium loti did not induce any accumulation of the transcripts. T. koningi immediately suppressed transcript levels to those induced by M. loti. The vestitol transuded from roots by T. koningi was detected at a level equivalent to that transuded by M. loti. Other PGPF and Calonectoria ilicola pathogenic to soybean but not to L. japonicus, stimulated continuous expression of genes and exudation of vestitol. These PGPF resembled mycorrhizal fungi in the establishment of symbiotic associations rather than fungal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Masunaka
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kereszt
- Institute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Bay Zoltan Foundation for Applied Research, Szeged, Hungary.
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69
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Sanders IR, Croll D. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza: The Challenge to Understand the Genetics of the Fungal Partner. Annu Rev Genet 2010; 44:271-92. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Daniel Croll
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;
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70
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Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:917-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Henckel K, Küster H, Stutz LJ, Goesmann A. MediPlEx - a tool to combine in silico & experimental gene expression profiles of the model legume Medicago truncatula. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:262. [PMID: 20958970 PMCID: PMC2972298 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) are in general used to gain a first insight into gene activities from a species of interest. Subsequently, and typically based on a combination of EST and genome sequences, microarray-based expression analyses are performed for a variety of conditions. In some cases, a multitude of EST and microarray experiments are conducted for one species, covering different tissues, cell states, and cell types. Under these circumstances, the challenge arises to combine results derived from the different expression profiling strategies, with the goal to uncover novel information on the basis of the integrated datasets. FINDINGS Using our new analysis tool, MediPlEx (MEDIcago truncatula multiPLe EXpression analysis), expression data from EST experiments, oligonucleotide microarrays and Affymetrix GeneChips® can be combined and analyzed, leading to a novel approach to integrated transcriptome analysis. We have validated our tool via the identification of a set of well-characterized AM-specific and AM-induced marker genes, identified by MediPlEx on the basis of in silico and experimental gene expression profiles from roots colonized with AM fungi. CONCLUSIONS MediPlEx offers an integrated analysis pipeline for different sets of expression data generated for the model legume Medicago truncatula. As expected, in silico and experimental gene expression data that cover the same biological condition correlate well. The collection of differentially expressed genes identified via MediPlEx provides a starting point for functional studies in plant mutants. MediPlEx can freely be used at http://www.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de/mediplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolja Henckel
- Bioinformatics of Signaling Networks, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Helge Küster
- Unit IV - Plant Genomics, Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonhard J Stutz
- Computational Genomics, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Germany
- Technical Faculty, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Computational Genomics, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Germany
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Branscheid A, Sieh D, Pant BD, May P, Devers EA, Elkrog A, Schauser L, Scheible WR, Krajinski F. Expression pattern suggests a role of MiR399 in the regulation of the cellular response to local Pi increase during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:915-26. [PMID: 20521954 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-7-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Many plants improve their phosphate (Pi) availability by forming mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Pi-repleted plants are much less colonized by AM fungi than Pi-depleted plants. This indicates a link between plant Pi signaling and AM development. MicroRNAs (miR) of the 399 family are systemic Pi-starvation signals important for maintenance of Pi homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana and might also qualify as signals regulating AM development in response to Pi availability. MiR399 could either represent the systemic low-Pi signal promoting or required for AM formation or they could act as counter players of systemic Pi-availability signals that suppress AM symbiosis. To test either of these assumptions, we analyzed the miR399 family in the AM-capable plant model Medicago truncatula and could experimentally confirm 10 novel MIR399 genes in this species. Pi-depleted plants showed increased expression of mature miR399 and multiple pri-miR399, and unexpectedly, levels of five of the 15 pri-miR399 species were higher in leaves of mycorrhizal plants than in leaves of nonmycorrhizal plants. Compared with nonmycorrhizal Pi-depleted roots, mycorrhizal roots of Pi-depleted M. truncatula and tobacco plants had increased Pi contents due to symbiotic Pi uptake but displayed higher mature miR399 levels. Expression levels of MtPho2 remained low and PHO2-dependent Pi-stress marker transcript levels remained high in these mycorrhizal roots. Hence, an AM symbiosis-related signal appears to increase miR399 expression and decrease PHO2 activity. MiR399 overexpression in tobacco suggested that miR399 alone is not sufficient to improve mycorrhizal colonization supporting the assumption that, in mycorrhizal roots, increased miR399 are necessary to keep the MtPho2 expression and activity low, which would otherwise increase in response to symbiotic Pi uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Branscheid
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
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74
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Gómez MR, Villate AR. Señales de reconocimiento entre plantas y hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.21930/rcta.vol11_num1_art:195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
La asociación entre Hongo formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HFMA) y las plantas ha permitido la adaptación de éstas a ecosistemas terrestres, presentándose en más del 80% de las plantas. El hospedero suministra carbohidratos al hongo y éste transporta los nutrientes que la planta requiere. El establecimiento de la simbiosis requiere procesos armónicos a nivel espacio-temporal, que dependen de señales específicas, para reconocimiento, colonización e intercambio de nutrientes. Las plantas presentan respuestas de defensa frente a la posible invasión de microorganismos, sin embargo, en la simbiosis éstas son débiles, localizadas y no impiden la colonización del hongo. Estas señales se observan en todas las etapas de la simbiosis, siendo la primera señal enviada por la planta en exudados de la raíz, especialmente en condiciones de bajo fósforo. Posteriormente los HFMA activan la expresión de genes que favorecen cambios a nivel celular para la formación del apresorio, del aparato de pre-penetración y en células de la corteza, del arbúsculo y la membrana periarbuscular, para el intercambio de nutrientes. Un aspecto de interés está relacionado con los mecanismos de atenuación de las respuestas de defensa de la planta. Se han planteado diversas hipótesis para entender este fenómeno y aunque el control de la simbiosis está regulado principalmente por la planta, aún se desconoce si los HFMA generan señales que facilitan el debilitamiento de las respuestas de defensa del hospedero. Este documento está orientado a hacer una revisión de las señales de reconocimiento HFMA - plantas para cada fase de la simbiosis, así como de algunos mecanismos de regulación de las respuestas de defensa de la planta para el establecimiento de la simbiosis.
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Seddas-Dozolme PMA, Arnould C, Tollot M, Kuznetsova E, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Expression profiling of fungal genes during arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis establishment using direct fluorescent in situ RT-PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 638:137-52. [PMID: 20238266 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-611-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Expression profiling of fungal genes in the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis has been based on studies of RNA extracted from fungal tissue or mycorrhizal roots, giving only a general picture of overall transcript levels in the targeted tissues. Information about the spatial distribution of transcripts within AM fungal structures during different developmental stages is essential to a better understanding of fungal activity in symbiotic interactions with host roots and to determine molecular events involved in establishment and functioning of the AM symbiosis. The obligate biotrophic nature of AM fungi is a challenge for developing new molecular methods to identify and localize their activity in situ. The direct fluorescent in situ (DIFIS) RT-PCR procedure described here represents a novel tool for spatial mapping of AM fungal gene expression simultaneously prior to root penetration, within fungal tissues in the host root and in the extraradical stage of fungal development.In order to enhance detection sensitivity of the in situ RT-PCR technique and enable localization of low abundance mRNA, we have adopted direct fluorescent labeling of primers for the amplification step to overcome the problem of low detection associated with digoxigenin or biotin-labeled primers and to avoid the multiplicity of steps associated with immunological detection. Signal detection has also been greatly improved by eliminating autofluorescence of AM fungal and root tissues using confocal microscopy.
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76
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Moche M, Stremlau S, Hecht L, Göbel C, Feussner I, Stöhr C. Effect of nitrate supply and mycorrhizal inoculation on characteristics of tobacco root plasma membrane vesicles. PLANTA 2010; 231:425-36. [PMID: 19937342 PMCID: PMC2799628 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane (pm) vesicles from mycorrhizal tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) roots were isolated with negligible fungal contamination by the aqueous two-phase partitioning technique as proven by fatty acid analysis. Palmitvaccenic acid became apparent as an appropriate indicator for fungal membranes in root pm preparations. The pm vesicles had a low specific activity of the vanadate-sensitive ATPase and probably originated from non-infected root cells. In a phosphate-limited tobacco culture system, root colonisation by the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae, is inhibited by external nitrate in a dose-dependent way. However, detrimental high concentrations of 25 mM nitrate lead to the highest colonisation rate observed, indicating that the defence system of the plant is impaired. Nitric oxide formation by the pm-bound nitrite:NO reductase increased in parallel with external nitrate supply in mycorrhizal roots in comparison to the control plants, but decreased under excess nitrate. Mycorrhizal pm vesicles had roughly a twofold higher specific activity as the non-infected control plants when supplied with 10-15 mM nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Moche
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefanie Stremlau
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars Hecht
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cornelia Göbel
- Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stöhr
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) were originally isolated from plant root exudates as germination stimulants for root parasitic plants of the family Orobanchaceae, including witchweeds (Striga spp.), broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.), and Alectra spp., and so were regarded as detrimental to the producing plants. Their role as indispensable chemical signals for root colonization by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was subsequently unveiled, and SLs then became recognized as beneficial plant metabolites. In addition to these functions in the rhizosphere, it has been recently shown that SLs or their metabolites are a novel class of plant hormones that inhibit shoot branching. Furthermore, SLs are suggested to have other biological functions in rhizosphere communications and in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Xie
- Weed Science Center, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan.
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78
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He J, Benedito VA, Wang M, Murray JD, Zhao PX, Tang Y, Udvardi MK. The Medicago truncatula gene expression atlas web server. BMC Bioinformatics 2009. [PMID: 20028527 DOI: 10.1186/1471‐2105‐10‐441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legumes (Leguminosae or Fabaceae) play a major role in agriculture. Transcriptomics studies in the model legume species, Medicago truncatula, are instrumental in helping to formulate hypotheses about the role of legume genes. With the rapid growth of publically available Affymetrix GeneChip Medicago Genome Array GeneChip data from a great range of tissues, cell types, growth conditions, and stress treatments, the legume research community desires an effective bioinformatics system to aid efforts to interpret the Medicago genome through functional genomics. We developed the Medicago truncatula Gene Expression Atlas (MtGEA) web server for this purpose. DESCRIPTION The Medicago truncatula Gene Expression Atlas (MtGEA) web server is a centralized platform for analyzing the Medicago transcriptome. Currently, the web server hosts gene expression data from 156 Affymetrix GeneChip(R) Medicago genome arrays in 64 different experiments, covering a broad range of developmental and environmental conditions. The server enables flexible, multifaceted analyses of transcript data and provides a range of additional information about genes, including different types of annotation and links to the genome sequence, which help users formulate hypotheses about gene function. Transcript data can be accessed using Affymetrix probe identification number, DNA sequence, gene name, functional description in natural language, GO and KEGG annotation terms, and InterPro domain number. Transcripts can also be discovered through co-expression or differential expression analysis. Flexible tools to select a subset of experiments and to visualize and compare expression profiles of multiple genes have been implemented. Data can be downloaded, in part or full, in a tabular form compatible with common analytical and visualization software. The web server will be updated on a regular basis to incorporate new gene expression data and genome annotation, and is accessible at: http://bioinfo.noble.org/gene-atlas/. CONCLUSIONS The MtGEA web server has a well managed rich data set, and offers data retrieval and analysis tools provided in the web platform. It's proven to be a powerful resource for plant biologists to effectively and efficiently identify Medicago transcripts of interest from a multitude of aspects, formulate hypothesis about gene function, and overall interpret the Medicago genome from a systematic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji He
- Plant Biology Division, the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA.
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79
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He J, Benedito VA, Wang M, Murray JD, Zhao PX, Tang Y, Udvardi MK. The Medicago truncatula gene expression atlas web server. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10:441. [PMID: 20028527 PMCID: PMC2804685 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Legumes (Leguminosae or Fabaceae) play a major role in agriculture. Transcriptomics studies in the model legume species, Medicago truncatula, are instrumental in helping to formulate hypotheses about the role of legume genes. With the rapid growth of publically available Affymetrix GeneChip Medicago Genome Array GeneChip data from a great range of tissues, cell types, growth conditions, and stress treatments, the legume research community desires an effective bioinformatics system to aid efforts to interpret the Medicago genome through functional genomics. We developed the Medicago truncatula Gene Expression Atlas (MtGEA) web server for this purpose. Description The Medicago truncatula Gene Expression Atlas (MtGEA) web server is a centralized platform for analyzing the Medicago transcriptome. Currently, the web server hosts gene expression data from 156 Affymetrix GeneChip® Medicago genome arrays in 64 different experiments, covering a broad range of developmental and environmental conditions. The server enables flexible, multifaceted analyses of transcript data and provides a range of additional information about genes, including different types of annotation and links to the genome sequence, which help users formulate hypotheses about gene function. Transcript data can be accessed using Affymetrix probe identification number, DNA sequence, gene name, functional description in natural language, GO and KEGG annotation terms, and InterPro domain number. Transcripts can also be discovered through co-expression or differential expression analysis. Flexible tools to select a subset of experiments and to visualize and compare expression profiles of multiple genes have been implemented. Data can be downloaded, in part or full, in a tabular form compatible with common analytical and visualization software. The web server will be updated on a regular basis to incorporate new gene expression data and genome annotation, and is accessible at: http://bioinfo.noble.org/gene-atlas/. Conclusions The MtGEA web server has a well managed rich data set, and offers data retrieval and analysis tools provided in the web platform. It's proven to be a powerful resource for plant biologists to effectively and efficiently identify Medicago transcripts of interest from a multitude of aspects, formulate hypothesis about gene function, and overall interpret the Medicago genome from a systematic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji He
- Plant Biology Division, the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA.
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80
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Piriformospora indica, a cultivable root endophyte with multiple biotechnological applications. Symbiosis 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-009-0009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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81
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Pumplin N, Harrison MJ. Live-cell imaging reveals periarbuscular membrane domains and organelle location in Medicago truncatula roots during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:809-19. [PMID: 19692536 PMCID: PMC2754618 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.141879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, the fungal symbiont colonizes root cortical cells, where it establishes differentiated hyphae called arbuscules. As each arbuscule develops, the cortical cell undergoes a transient reorganization and envelops the arbuscule in a novel symbiosis-specific membrane, called the periarbuscular membrane. The periarbuscular membrane, which is continuous with the plant plasma membrane of the cortical cell, is a key interface in the symbiosis; however, relatively little is known of its composition or the mechanisms of its development. Here, we used fluorescent protein fusions to obtain both spatial and temporal information about the protein composition of the periarbuscular membrane. The data indicate that the periarbuscular membrane is composed of at least two distinct domains, an "arbuscule branch domain" that contains the symbiosis-specific phosphate transporter, MtPT4, and an "arbuscule trunk domain" that contains MtBcp1. This suggests a developmental transition from plasma membrane to periarbuscular membrane, with biogenesis of a novel membrane domain associated with the repeated dichotomous branching of the hyphae. Additionally, we took advantage of available organelle-specific fluorescent marker proteins to further evaluate cells during arbuscule development and degeneration. The three-dimensional data provide new insights into relocation of Golgi and peroxisomes and also illustrate that cells with arbuscules can retain a large continuous vacuolar system throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Pumplin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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82
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Hause B, Schaarschmidt S. The role of jasmonates in mutualistic symbioses between plants and soil-born microorganisms. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1589-99. [PMID: 19700177 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many plants are able to develop mutualistic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and/or nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Whereas the former is widely distributed among most of the land plants, the latter is restricted to species of ten plant families, including the legumes. The establishment of both associations is based on mutual recognition and a high degree of coordination at the morphological and physiological level. This requires the activity of a number of signals, including jasmonates. Here, recent knowledge on the putative roles of jasmonates in both mutualistic symbioses will be reviewed. Firstly, the action of jasmonates will be discussed in terms of the initial signal exchange between symbionts and in the resulting plant signaling cascade common for nodulation and mycorrhization. Secondly, the putative role of jasmonates in the autoregulation of the endosymbioses will be outlined. Finally, aspects of function of jasmonates in the fully established symbioses will be presented. Various processes will be discussed that are possibly mediated by jasmonates, including the redox status of nodules and the carbohydrate partitioning of mycorrhizal roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hause
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Department of Secondary Metabolism, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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83
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Winther JL, Friedman WE. Phylogenetic affinity of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts in Psilotum nudum. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2009; 122:485-496. [PMID: 19513803 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-009-0234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many lineages of land plants (from lycopsids to angiosperms) have non-photosynthetic life cycle phases that involve obligate mycoheterotrophic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations where the plant host gains organic carbon through glomalean symbionts. Our goal was to isolate and phylogenetically identify the AM fungi associated with both the autotrophic and underground mycoheterotrophic life cycle phases of Psilotum nudum. Phylogenetic analyses recovered 11 fungal phylotypes in four diverse clades of Glomus A that form AM associations with P. nudum mycoheterotrophic gametophytes and autotrophic sporophytes, and angiosperm roots found in the same greenhouse pots. The correspondence of identities of AM symbionts in P. nudum sporophytes, gametophytes and neighboring angiosperms provides compelling evidence that photosynthetic heterospecific and conspecific plants can serve as the ultimate sources of fixed carbon for mycoheterotrophic gametophytes of P. nudum, and that the transfer of carbon occurs via shared fungal networks. Moreover, broader phylogenetic analyses suggest greenhouse Psilotum populations, like field-surveyed populations of mycoheterotrophic plants, form AM associations with restricted clades of Glomus A. The phylogenetic affinities and distribution of Glomus A symbionts indicate that P. nudum greenhouse populations have the potential to be exploited as an experimental system to further study the physiology, ecology and evolution of mycoheterotrophic AM associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Winther
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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84
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Lee K, Pan JJ, May G. Endophytic Fusarium verticillioides reduces disease severity caused by Ustilago maydis on maize. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 299:31-7. [PMID: 19694816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi represent diverse taxa that inhabit plant hosts without causing disease symptoms. We used endophytic isolates of Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg to understand how endophytic fungi interact with pathogens, in this case, the corn smut pathogen, Ustilago maydis DC (Corda). Endophytic F. verticillioides strains were inoculated onto maize seedlings before, simultaneously, or after inoculation with U. maydis, and the effects on smut disease severity and on plant growth were assessed. When F. verticillioides is simultaneously coinoculated with U. maydis, smut disease severity is significantly decreased and plant growth is increased, compared with other treatments. Controls show that F. verticillioides by itself does not have measurable effects on plant growth. Together, our results suggest that a commonly occurring fungal endophyte on maize, F. verticillioides, ameliorates the effects of a host-specific pathogen, U. maydis, by interfering with the early infection process and limiting disease development, resulting in increased plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunsub Lee
- Plant Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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85
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Torto-Alalibo T, Meng S, Dean RA. Infection strategies of filamentous microbes described with the Gene Ontology. Trends Microbiol 2009; 17:320-7. [PMID: 19577927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous microbes that form highly developed symbiotic associations (ranging from pathogenesis to mutualism) with their hosts include fungi, oomycetes and actinomycete bacteria. These organisms share many common features in growth, development and infection and have evolved similar strategies for neutralizing host defense responses to establish symbioses. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have led to a remarkable increase in the number of sequenced genomes of filamentous organisms. Analysis of the available genomes has provided useful information about genes that might be important for host infection and colonization. However, because many functional similarities among these organisms have arisen by convergent evolution, sequence-based genomic comparisons will miss many genes that are functionally analogous. In the absence of sequence similarity, annotating genes with standardized terms from the Gene Ontology (GO) can facilitate functional comparisons. Here, we review common strategies employed by filamentous organisms during colonization of their hosts, with reference to GO terms that best describe the processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy Torto-Alalibo
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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86
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Mrosk C, Forner S, Hause G, Küster H, Kopka J, Hause B. Composite Medicago truncatula plants harbouring Agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed roots reveal normal mycorrhization by Glomus intraradices. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3797-807. [PMID: 19574251 PMCID: PMC2736893 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Composite plants consisting of a wild-type shoot and a transgenic root are frequently used for functional genomics in legume research. Although transformation of roots using Agrobacterium rhizogenes leads to morphologically normal roots, the question arises as to whether such roots interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the same way as wild-type roots. To address this question, roots transformed with a vector containing the fluorescence marker DsRed were used to analyse AM in terms of mycorrhization rate, morphology of fungal and plant subcellular structures, as well as transcript and secondary metabolite accumulations. Mycorrhization rate, appearance, and developmental stages of arbuscules were identical in both types of roots. Using Mt16kOLI1Plus microarrays, transcript profiling of mycorrhizal roots showed that 222 and 73 genes exhibited at least a 2-fold induction and less than half of the expression, respectively, most of them described as AM regulated in the same direction in wild-type roots. To verify this, typical AM marker genes were analysed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and revealed equal transcript accumulation in transgenic and wild-type roots. Regarding secondary metabolites, several isoflavonoids and apocarotenoids, all known to accumulate in mycorrhizal wild-type roots, have been found to be up-regulated in mycorrhizal in comparison with non-mycorrhizal transgenic roots. This set of data revealed a substantial similarity in mycorrhization of transgenic and wild-type roots of Medicago truncatula, validating the use of composite plants for studying AM-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Mrosk
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Susanne Forner
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biozentrum, Universität Halle, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Helge Küster
- Abteilung IV-Pflanzengenomforschung, Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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87
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Mathesius U. Comparative proteomic studies of root–microbe interactions. J Proteomics 2009; 72:353-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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88
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89
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Benedito VA, Torres-Jerez I, Murray JD, Andriankaja A, Allen S, Kakar K, Wandrey M, Verdier J, Zuber H, Ott T, Moreau S, Niebel A, Frickey T, Weiller G, He J, Dai X, Zhao PX, Tang Y, Udvardi MK. A gene expression atlas of the model legume Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 55:504-13. [PMID: 18410479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Legumes played central roles in the development of agriculture and civilization, and today account for approximately one-third of the world's primary crop production. Unfortunately, most cultivated legumes are poor model systems for genomic research. Therefore, Medicago truncatula, which has a relatively small diploid genome, has been adopted as a model species for legume genomics. To enhance its value as a model, we have generated a gene expression atlas that provides a global view of gene expression in all major organ systems of this species, with special emphasis on nodule and seed development. The atlas reveals massive differences in gene expression between organs that are accompanied by changes in the expression of key regulatory genes, such as transcription factor genes, which presumably orchestrate genetic reprogramming during development and differentiation. Interestingly, many legume-specific genes are preferentially expressed in nitrogen-fixing nodules, indicating that evolution endowed them with special roles in this unique and important organ. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Medicago versus Arabidopsis revealed significant divergence in developmental expression profiles of orthologous genes, which indicates that phylogenetic analysis alone is insufficient to predict the function of orthologs in different species. The data presented here represent an unparalleled resource for legume functional genomics, which will accelerate discoveries in legume biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner A Benedito
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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90
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Füzy A, Biró B, Tóth T, Hildebrandt U, Bothe H. Drought, but not salinity, determines the apparent effectiveness of halophytes colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:1181-92. [PMID: 18155803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The halophytes Plantago maritima, Aster tripolium, Artemisia santonicum, Puccinellia limosa, Festuca pseudovina and Lepidium crassifolium from two different saline soils of the Hungarian steppe were examined for colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The salt aster (A. tripolium) and the sea plantain (P. maritima) were examined more thoroughly by recording root colonization parameters, the salt content in the soil and monthly precipitations in 2001 and 2002. Mycorrhizal colonization was maximal in late spring to early summer and had a second peak later in the autumn. Arbuscule formation and overall mycorrhizal colonization appeared to be inversely correlated with the intensity of rainfall at the investigated sites. The results suggest that, in addition to seasonality, drought may play an important role in governing mycorrhizal activity in saline habitats. In greenhouse experiments, conditions in which AMF could overcome the inhibitory effects of sodium chloride on establishing plant-mycorrhizal symbiosis were not met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Füzy
- Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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91
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Zhao S, Qi X. Signaling in plant disease resistance and symbiosis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:799-807. [PMID: 18713390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and microbes result in plant disease and symbiosis. The former causes considerable economic damage in modern agriculture, while the latter has produced great beneficial effects to our agriculture system. Comparison of the two interactions has revealed that a common panel of signaling pathways might participate in the establishment of the equilibrium between plant and microbes or its break-up. Plants appear to detect both pathogenic and symbiotic microbes by a similar set of genes. All symbiotic microbes seem to produce effectors to overcome plant basal defenses and it is speculated that symbiotic effectors have functions similar to pathogenic ones. Signaling molecules, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET), are involved in both plant defense and symbiosis. Switching off signals contributing to deterioration of disease symptom would establish a new equilibrium between plant and pathogenic microbes. This would facilitate the development of strategies for durable disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songzi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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92
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Valot B, Negroni L, Zivy M, Gianinazzi S, Dumas-Gaudot E. A mass spectrometric approach to identify arbuscular mycorrhiza-related proteins in root plasma membrane fractions. Proteomics 2008; 6 Suppl 1:S145-55. [PMID: 16511816 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important morphological changes occurring in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) roots takes place when the plant plasma membrane (PM) invaginates around the fungal arbuscular structures resulting in the periarbuscular membrane formation. To investigate whether AM symbiosis-specific proteins accumulate at this stage, two complementary MS approaches targeting the root PM from the model legume Medicago truncatula were designed. Membrane extracts were first enriched in PM using a discontinuous sucrose gradient method. The resulting PM fractions were further analysed with (i) an automated 2-D LC-MS/MS using a strong cation exchange and RP chromatography, and (ii) SDS-PAGE combined with a systematic LC-MS/MS analysis. Seventy-eight proteins, including hydrophobic ones, were reproducibly identified in the PM fraction from non-inoculated roots, representing the first survey of the M. truncatula root PM proteome. Comparison between non-inoculated and Glomus intraradices-inoculated roots revealed two proteins that differed in the mycorrhizal root PM fraction. They corresponded to an H(+)-ATPase (Mtha1) and a predicted glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored blue copper-binding protein (MtBcp1), both potentially located on the periarbuscular membrane. The exact role of MtBcp1 in AM symbiosis remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Valot
- UMR 1088 INRA/CNRS 5184/UB Plante-Microbe-Environnement, Dijon, France
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93
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Seddas PMA, Arnould C, Tollot M, Arias CM, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Spatial monitoring of gene activity in extraradical and intraradical developmental stages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by direct fluorescent in situ RT-PCR. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1155-65. [PMID: 18585067 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling based on tissue extracts gives only limited information about genes associated with complex developmental processes such as those implicated in fungal interactions with plant roots during arbuscular mycorrhiza development and function. To overcome this drawback, a direct fluorescent in situ RT-PCR methodology was developed for spatial mapping of gene expression in different presymbiotic and symbiotic structures of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Transcript detection was optimized by targeting the LSU rRNA gene of Glomus intraradices and monitoring expression of a stearoyl-CoA-desaturase gene that is consistently expressed at high levels in spores, hyphae, arbuscules and vesicles. This method was further validated by localizing expression of fungal peptidylprolyl isomerase and superoxide dismutase genes, which are expressed to different extents in fungal structures. Direct fluorescent in situ RT-PCR offers new perspectives for the sensitive analysis of fungal developmental processes that occur during functional differentiation in symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhiza interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale M A Seddas
- UMR 1088 INRA/5184 CNRS/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
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94
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Pant BD, Buhtz A, Kehr J, Scheible WR. MicroRNA399 is a long-distance signal for the regulation of plant phosphate homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 53:731-8. [PMID: 17988220 PMCID: PMC2268993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microRNA species in plant phloem sap suggests potential signaling roles by long-distance regulation of gene expression. Proof for such a role for a phloem-mobile microRNA is lacking. Here we show that phosphate (Pi) starvation-induced microRNA399 (miR399) is present in the phloem sap of two diverse plant species, rapeseed and pumpkin, and levels are strongly and specifically increased in phloem sap during Pi deprivation. By performing micro-grafting experiments using Arabidopsis, we further show that chimeric plants constitutively over-expressing miR399 in the shoot accumulate mature miR399 species to very high levels in their wild-type roots, while corresponding primary transcripts are virtually absent in roots, demonstrating shoot-to-root transport. The chimeric plants exhibit (i) down-regulation of the miR399 target transcript (PHO2), which encodes a critical component for maintenance of Pi homeostasis, in the wild-type root, and (ii) Pi accumulation in the shoot, which is the phenotype of pho2 mutants, miR399 over-expressers or chimeric plants with a genetic knock-out of PHO2 in the root. Hence the transported miR399 molecules retain biological activity. This is a demonstration of systemic control of a biological process, i.e. maintenance of plant Pi homeostasis, by a phloem-mobile microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Datt Pant
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyScience Park Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anja Buhtz
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyScience Park Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julia Kehr
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyScience Park Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolf-Rüdiger Scheible
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyScience Park Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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95
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Onaga S, Taira T. A new type of plant chitinase containing LysM domains from a fern (Pteris ryukyuensis): roles of LysM domains in chitin binding and antifungal activity. Glycobiology 2008; 18:414-23. [PMID: 18310304 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase-A (PrChi-A), of molecular mass 42 kDa, was purified from the leaves of a fern (P. ryukyuensis) using several column chromatographies. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of PrChi-A was similar to the lysin motif (LysM). A cDNA encoding PrChi-A was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and polymerase chain reaction. It consisted of 1459 nucleotides and encoded an open-reading frame of 423-amino-acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated that PrChi-A is composed of two N-terminal LysM domains and a C-terminal catalytic domain, belonging to the group of plant class IIIb chitinases, linked by proline, serine, and threonine-rich regions. Wild-type PrChi-A had chitin-binding and antifungal activities, but a mutant without LysM domains had lost both activities. These results suggest that the LysM domains contribute significantly to the antifungal activity of PrChi-A through their binding activity to chitin in the cell wall of fungi. This is the first report of the presence in plants of a family-18 chitinase containing LysM domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Onaga
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukyu University, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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96
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Farag MA, Huhman DV, Dixon RA, Sumner LW. Metabolomics reveals novel pathways and differential mechanistic and elicitor-specific responses in phenylpropanoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula cell cultures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:387-402. [PMID: 18055588 PMCID: PMC2245840 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet photodiode array detection and ion-trap mass spectrometry was used to analyze the intra- and extracellular secondary product metabolome of Medicago truncatula cell suspension cultures responding to yeast elicitor (YE) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Data analysis revealed three phases of intracellular response to YE: a transient response in mainly (iso)flavonoid metabolites such as formononetin and biochanin-A that peaked at 12 to 18 h following elicitation and then declined; a sustained response through 48 h for compounds such as medicarpin and daidzin; and a lesser delayed and protracted response starting at 24 h postelicitation, e.g. genistein diglucoside. In contrast, most compounds excreted to the culture medium reached maximum levels at 6 to 12 h postelicitation and returned to basal levels by 24 h. The response to MeJA differed significantly from that to YE. Although both resulted in accumulation of the phytoalexin medicarpin, coordinated increases in isoflavonoid precursors were only observed for YE and not MeJA-treated cells. However, MeJA treatment resulted in a correlated decline in isoflavone glucosides, and did not induce the secretion of metabolites into the culture medium. Three novel methylated isoflavones, 7-hydroxy-6,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone (afrormosin), 6-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone (alfalone), and 5,7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxy isoflavone (irisolidone), were induced by YE, and labeling studies indicated that the first two were derived from formononetin. Our results highlight the metabolic flexibility within the isoflavonoid pathway, suggest new pathways for complex isoflavonoid metabolism, and indicate differential mechanisms for medicarpin biosynthesis depending on the nature of elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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97
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Feddermann N, Boller T, Salzer P, Elfstrand S, Wiemken A, Elfstrand M. Medicago truncatula shows distinct patterns of mycorrhiza-related gene expression after inoculation with three different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. PLANTA 2008; 227:671-680. [PMID: 17965878 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alter growth and nutrition of a given plant differently. Plant gene expression patterns in response to fungal colonization show a certain overlap when colonized by fungi of the Glomeraceae. However, little is known of plant responses to fungi of different fungal taxa, e.g. the Gigasporaceae. We therefore compared the impact of colonization by three taxonomically different AMF species (Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae and Scutellospora castanea) on Medicago truncatula at the physiological and transcriptional level using quantitative-PCR. Each AMF developed a species-typical colonization pattern, with a colonization degree of 60% for G. intraradices and 30% for G. mosseae. Both species developed appressoria, intraradical hyphae, arbuscules and vesicles. S. castanea showed a colonization degree of 10% and developed appressoria, intraradical hyphae, arbuscules and arbusculate coils. All AMF enhanced the plant biomass accumulation and nutritional status although not in correlation with the colonization degree. The expression of 10 mycorrhiza-specific or mycorrhiza-associated plant genes could be separated into two clusters. The first cluster, containing arbuscule-induced genes, was highly induced in interactions with G. intraradices and G. mosseae but also slightly induced by S. castanea. The second cluster of genes contained genes that were induced primarily by S. castanea. In conclusion, genes that respond to colonization by fungi of the genus Glomus also respond to Scutellospora. However, there is also a group of genes that is significantly induced only by Scutellospora and not by Glomus species in this study. Our data indicate that genes may be differentially regulated in response to the different AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Feddermann
- Botanical Institute of Basel University, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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98
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Kuga Y, Saito K, Nayuki K, Peterson RL, Saito M. Ultrastructure of rapidly frozen and freeze-substituted germ tubes of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and localization of polyphosphate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:189-200. [PMID: 18194149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM), the supply of phosphorus from the fungi is one of the most important benefits to the host plant. Here we describe for the first time the ultrastructure and polyphosphate (poly P) distribution in rapidly frozen and freeze-substituted germ tubes of the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita. At the ultrastructural level, phosphorus distribution was analysed using energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy, and poly P was detected using an enzyme-affinity method. Semithin sections and live cells were also stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, which is not specific but fluoresces yellow when viewed under UV irradiation by binding with poly P. The cryotechnique method showed that extensive elongate ellipsoid vacuoles containing a uniform electron-opaque material occupied most of the cell volume. Combining the results of multiple methods revealed that poly P was localized in a dispersed form in vacuoles and in the outer fungal cell wall. These results show the significant potential of AM fungi for phosphorus storage based on its localization in the extensive complement of vacuoles in thick hyphae. The mechanism of translocation of poly P in tubular vacuoles, and the role of poly P in the cell wall, need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Kuga
- Department of Food Production Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Department of Food Production Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Nayuki
- Department of Food Production Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - R Larry Peterson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Masanori Saito
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
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99
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100
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Ramos AC, Façanha AR, Feijó JA. Proton (H+) flux signature for the presymbiotic development of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:177-188. [PMID: 18208473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ion dynamics are important for cell nutrition and growth in fungi and plants. Here, the focus is on the relationship between the hyphal H(+) fluxes and the control of presymbiotic growth and host recognition by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Fluxes of H(+) around azygopores and along lateral hyphae of Gigaspora margarita during presymbiotic growth, and their regulation by phosphate (P) and sucrose (Suc), were analyzed with an H(+)-specific vibrating probe. Changes in hyphal H(+) fluxes were followed after induction by root exudates (RE) or by the presence Trifolium repens roots. Differential sensitivity to P-type ATPase inhibitors (orthovanadate or erythrosin B) suggests an asymmetric distribution or activation of H(+)-pump isoforms along the hyphae of the AM fungi. Concentration of P and Suc affected the hyphal H(+) fluxes and growth rate. However, further increases in H+ efflux and growth rate were observed when the fungus was growing close to clover roots or pretreated with RE. The H(+) flux data correlate with those from polarized hyphal growth analyses, suggesting that spatial and temporal alterations of the hyphal H(+)fluxes are regulated by nutrient availability and might underlie a pH signaling elicitation by host RE during the early events of the AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro C Ramos
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia and Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, 28015-620, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, PT-2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Arnoldo R Façanha
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia and Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, 28015-620, Brazil
| | - José A Feijó
- Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, PT-2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Campo Grande, Ed.C2. PT-1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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