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Jeong JE, Hwang HJ, Park HS, Cha HJ, Lee YS, Ock M. Analysis of German cockroach (Blattella germanica) expressed sequence tags. Genes Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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52
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Sharififard M, Mossadegh MS, Vazirianzadeh B, Latifi SM. Evaluation of Conidia-Dust Formulation of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae to Biocontrol the Brown-Banded Cockroach, Supella longipalpa F. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e10721. [PMID: 25371804 PMCID: PMC4217661 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.10721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The brown-banded cockroach Supella longipalpa (F.) as a mechanical vector of pathogens and source of allergens has recently become widespread in the city of Ahvaz, southwestern Iran. Objectives: This research was done to evaluate the efficacy of a dust-formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae isolate IRAN 437C, as a common entomopathogenous fungus, against S. longipalpa. Materials and Methods: Conidia dust-formulations of M. anisopliae were prepared in proportions of 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50% and 100% with bad wheat flour as the carrier. Cockroaches were exposed to surfaces treated with 1.5 mg/cm2 of the formulations under laboratory and semi-field conditions. Results: Cockroach mortality rates increased and survival times (ST50) decreased with an increased proportion of conidia from 1% to 100% but records taken for mortality and survival time from proportions of 25%, 50% and 100% were not significantly different. The mortality rates reached 100% and 90-100% in adults and nymphs, respectively on the seventh day. The lowest ST50 was related to the proportion of 100% (3 days). Probit analysis indicated LD50 and LD90 values of 1.7 × 106 and 1.7 × 107 conidia/cm2 for adults and these values changed to 4.5 × 106 and 2.9 × 107 for third and fourth instar nymphs at three days post exposure. Proportion of 25% caused mortality rates of 87%, 81% and 73% in adult, adult & nymph and nymph populations, respectively at four days after exposure under room conditions. Conclusions: Conidia dust-formulation of M. anospliae isolate IRAN 437C could present a promising alternative to control the brown-banded cockroach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sharififard
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | | | - Babak Vazirianzadeh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health and Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Babak Vazirianzadeh, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health and Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-916309511, Fax: +98-6113738269, E-mail:
| | - Seyed Mahmood Latifi
- Department of Statics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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Zhou X, Qian K, Tong Y, Zhu JJ, Qiu X, Zeng X. De novo transcriptome of the Hemimetabolous German cockroach (Blattella germanica). PLoS One 2014; 9:e106932. [PMID: 25265537 PMCID: PMC4180286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is an important insect pest that transmits various pathogens mechanically and causes severe allergic diseases. This insect has long served as a model system for studies of insect biology, physiology and ecology. However, the lack of genome or transcriptome information heavily hinder our further understanding about the German cockroach in every aspect at a molecular level and on a genome-wide scale. To explore the transcriptome and identify unique sequences of interest, we subjected the B. germanica transcriptome to massively parallel pyrosequencing and generated the first reference transcriptome for B. germanica. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 1,365,609 raw reads with an average length of 529 bp were generated via pyrosequencing the mixed cDNA library from different life stages of German cockroach including maturing oothecae, nymphs, adult females and males. The raw reads were de novo assembled to 48,800 contigs and 3,961 singletons with high-quality unique sequences. These sequences were annotated and classified functionally in terms of BLAST, GO and KEGG, and the genes putatively coding detoxification enzyme systems, insecticide targets, key components in systematic RNA interference, immunity and chemoreception pathways were identified. A total of 3,601 SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats) loci were also predicted. Conclusions/Significance The whole transcriptome pyrosequencing data from this study provides a usable genetic resource for future identification of potential functional genes involved in various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhou
- Institute of Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Institute of Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tong
- Institute of Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Jerry Zhu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Xinghui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XQ); (XPZ)
| | - Xiaopeng Zeng
- Institute of Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XQ); (XPZ)
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Vargo EL, Crissman JR, Booth W, Santangelo RG, Mukha DV, Schal C. Hierarchical genetic analysis of German cockroach (Blattella germanica) populations from within buildings to across continents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102321. [PMID: 25020136 PMCID: PMC4096728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the population structure of species that disperse primarily by human transport is essential to predicting and controlling human-mediated spread of invasive species. The German cockroach (Blattella germanica) is a widespread urban invader that can actively disperse within buildings but is spread solely by human-mediated dispersal over longer distances; however, its population structure is poorly understood. Using microsatellite markers we investigated population structure at several spatial scales, from populations within single apartment buildings to populations from several cities across the U.S. and Eurasia. Both traditional measures of genetic differentiation and Bayesian clustering methods revealed increasing levels of genetic differentiation at greater geographic scales. Our results are consistent with active dispersal of cockroaches largely limited to movement within a building. Their low levels of genetic differentiation, yet limited active spread between buildings, suggests a greater likelihood of human-mediated dispersal at more local scales (within a city) than at larger spatial scales (within and between continents). About half the populations from across the U.S. clustered together with other U.S. populations, and isolation by distance was evident across the U.S. Levels of genetic differentiation among Eurasian cities were greater than those in the U.S. and greater than those between the U.S. and Eurasia, but no clear pattern of structure at the continent level was detected. MtDNA sequence variation was low and failed to reveal any geographical structure. The weak genetic structure detected here is likely due to a combination of historical admixture among populations and periodic population bottlenecks and founder events, but more extensive studies are needed to determine whether signatures of global movement may be present in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L. Vargo
- Department of Entomology and W. M. Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan R. Crissman
- Department of Entomology and W. M. Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Warren Booth
- Department of Entomology and W. M. Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Santangelo
- Department of Entomology and W. M. Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dmitry V. Mukha
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and W. M. Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Offermann LR, Chan SL, Osinski T, Tan YW, Chew FT, Sivaraman J, Mok YK, Minor W, Chruszcz M. The major cockroach allergen Bla g 4 binds tyramine and octopamine. Mol Immunol 2014; 60:86-94. [PMID: 24769496 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bla g 4 is a male cockroach specific protein and is one of the major allergens produced by Blattella germanica (German cockroach). This protein belongs to the lipocalin family that comprises a set of proteins that characteristically bind small hydrophobic molecules and play a role in a number of processes such as: retinoid and pheromone transport, prostaglandin synthesis and mammalian immune response. Using NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry we demonstrated that Bla g 4 binds tyramine and octopamine in solution. In addition, crystal structure analysis of the complex revealed details of tyramine binding. As tyramine and octopamine play important roles in invertebrates, and are counterparts to vertebrate adrenergic transmitters, we speculate that these molecules are physiological ligands for Bla g 4. The nature of binding these ligands to Bla g 4 sheds light on the possible biological function of the protein. In addition, we performed a large-scale analysis of Bla g 4 and Per a 4 (an allergen from American cockroach) homologs to get insights into the function of these proteins. This analysis together with a structural comparison of Blag 4 and Per a 4 suggests that these proteins may play different roles and most likely bind different ligands. Accession numbers: The atomic coordinates and the structure factors have been deposited to the Protein Data Band under accession codes: 4N7C for native Bla g 4 and 4N7D for the Se-Met Bla g 4 structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesa R Offermann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Siew Leong Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomasz Osinski
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yih Wan Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Sivaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu-Keung Mok
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Wladek Minor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Sookrung N, Khetsuphan T, Chaisri U, Indrawattana N, Reamtong O, Chaicumpa W, Tungtrongchitr A. Specific B-cell Epitope of Per a 1: A Major Allergen of American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and Anatomical Localization. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014; 6:325-32. [PMID: 24991456 PMCID: PMC4077959 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.4.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cockroach (CR) is a common source of indoor allergens, and Per a 1 is a major American CR (Periplaneta americana) allergen; however, several attributes of this protein remain unknown. This study identifies a novel specific B cell epitope and anatomical locations of Per a 1.0105. Methods Recombinant Per a 1.0105 (rPer a 1.0105) was used as BALB/c mouse immunogen for the production of monoclonal antibodies (MAb). The MAb specific B cell epitope was identified by determining phage mimotopic peptides and pair-wise alignment of the peptides with the rPer a 1.0105 amino acid sequence. Locations of the Per a 1.0105 in P. americana were investigated by immunohistochemical staining. Results The rPer a 1.0105 (~13 kDa) had 100%, 98% and ≥90% identity to Per a 1.0105, Per a 1.0101, and Cr-PII, respectively. The B-cell epitope of the Per a 1.0105 specific-MAb was located at residues99 QDLLLQLRDKGV110 contained in all 5 Per a 1.01 isoforms and Per a 1.02. The epitope was analogous to the Bla g 1.02 epitope; however, this B-cell epitope was not an IgE inducer. Per a 1.0105 was found in the midgut and intestinal content of American CR but not in the other organs. The amount of the Per a 1 was ~544 ℃g per gram of feces. Conclusions The novel Per a 1 B-cell epitope described in this study is a useful target for allergen quantification in samples; however, the specific MAb can be used as an allergen detection reagent. The MAb based-affinity resin can be made for allergen purification, and the so-purified protein can serve as a standard and diagnostic allergen as well as a therapeutic vaccine component. The finding that the Per a 1 is contained in the midgut and feces is useful to increase yield and purity when preparing this allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitat Sookrung
- Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyathon Khetsuphan
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Urai Chaisri
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailandand
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailandand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailandand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tungtrongchitr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Preparation and identification of Per a 5 as a novel American cockroach allergen. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:591468. [PMID: 24707117 PMCID: PMC3953463 DOI: 10.1155/2014/591468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) from various arthropods can elicit allergic reactions. In the present study, Per a 5, a GST, was cloned from American cockroach (CR) and expressed in both baculovirus-infected insect cell (iPer a 5) and E. coli expression (bPer a 5) systems. The secondary structures were predicted to be 45.93 and 8.69% of α-helix β-sheets in iPer a 5 and 42.54 and 8.49% of α-helix and β-sheets in bPer a 5, respectively. It is found that 4 out of 16 (25%) sera from American CR allergy patients reacted to both bPer a 9 and iPer a 9 as assessed by ELISA and Western blotting analysis, confirming that Per a 5 is not a major allergen of American CR. Induction of upregulated expression of CD63 and CCR3 on passively sensitized human basophils (sera from American CR allergy patients) by approximately up to 4.5- and 3.2-fold indicates that iPer a 5 and bPer a 5 are functionally active. Recombinant Per a 5 (rPer a 5) should be a useful tool for studying and understanding the role of Per a 5 in CR allergy.
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Hubner-Campos RF, Leles RN, Rodrigues J, Luz C. Efficacy of entomopathogenic hypocrealean fungi against Periplaneta americana. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:517-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Portnoy J, Chew GL, Phipatanakul W, Williams PB, Grimes C, Kennedy K, Matsui EC, Miller JD, Bernstein D, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan D, Lang D, Nicklas R, Oppenheimer J, Randolph C, Schuller D, Spector S, Tilles SA, Wallace D, Seltzer J, Sublett J. Environmental assessment and exposure reduction of cockroaches: a practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:802-8.e1-25. [PMID: 23938214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This parameter was developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI); and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. The AAAAI and the ACAAI have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing "Environmental assessment and remediation: a practice parameter." This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single person, including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion. The findings and conclusions in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
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Mueller GA, Pedersen LC, Lih FB, Glesner J, Moon AF, Chapman MD, Tomer KB, London RE, Pomés A. The novel structure of the cockroach allergen Bla g 1 has implications for allergenicity and exposure assessment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:1420-6. [PMID: 23915714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitization to cockroach allergens is a major risk factor for asthma. The cockroach allergen Bla g 1 has multiple repeats of approximately 100 amino acids, but the fold of the protein and its biological function are unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the structure of Bla g 1, investigate the implications for allergic disease, and standardize cockroach exposure assays. METHODS nBla g 1 and recombinant constructs were compared by using ELISA with specific murine IgG and human IgE. The structure of Bla g 1 was determined by x-ray crystallography. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to examine the ligand-binding properties of the allergen. RESULTS The structure of an rBla g 1 construct with comparable IgE and IgG reactivity to the natural allergen was solved by x-ray crystallography. The Bla g 1 repeat forms a novel fold with 6 helices. Two repeats encapsulate a large and nearly spherical hydrophobic cavity, defining the basic structural unit. Lipids in the cavity varied depending on the allergen origin. Palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids were associated with nBla g 1 from cockroach frass. One unit of Bla g 1 was equivalent to 104 ng of allergen. CONCLUSIONS Bla g 1 has a novel fold with a capacity to bind various lipids, which suggests a digestive function associated with nonspecific transport of lipid molecules in cockroaches. Defining the basic structural unit of Bla g 1 facilitates the standardization of assays in absolute units for the assessment of environmental allergen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Mueller
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC.
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Goel C, Govindaraj D, Singh BP, Farooque A, Kalra N, Arora N. Serine protease Per a 10 from Periplaneta americana bias dendritic cells towards type 2 by upregulating CD86 and low IL-12 secretions. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:412-22. [PMID: 22356142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease activity of Per a 10 from Periplaneta americana induces airway inflammation and systemic Th2 response towards self and bystander allergen. OBJECTIVE In the present study the effect of proteolytic activity of Per a 10 allergen on dendritic cells (DCs) polarization and consequent T cell response was investigated. METHODS Non-atopic subjects with no family history of asthma/allergy were recruited for the study. CD14(+) peripheral blood monocytes were purified, differentiated to immature DCs and stimulated with proteolytically active/inactivated native or recombinant Per a 10. DCs phenotype was analysed with flow cytometry and antigen presenting function assessed by co-culturing with autologous CD4(+) T cells. Cytokine levels were determined using ELISA. RESULTS Immature DCs differentiated into mature CD14(-)CD83(+)HLA-DR(+) cells after incubating with proteolytically active/inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. Proteolytically active Per a 10 induced significant CD86 up-regulation on DCs compared to inactivated or recombinant Per a 10 lacking enzymatic activity. Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 showed dose-dependent effect on expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, CD1a and HLA-DR. However, no significant differences were observed phenotypically in active or inactive forms except for CD86. Active Per a 10 stimulated DCs secreted significantly low IL-12 (P < 0.01) and high IL-6, compared to inactive forms of Per a 10. Naive CD4(+) T cells primed with active Per a 10 pulsed DCs also secreted significantly less IL-12 (P < 0.01) and high IL-4, IL-5 plus IL-6 (P < 0.01); in contrast to DCs pulsed with inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 modulates DCs towards type 2 by CD86 up-regulation, high IL-6 and reduced IL-12 secretions. Proteolytically inactive Per a 10 can be further explored for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goel
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi, India
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Santiago HC, LeeVan E, Bennuru S, Ribeiro-Gomes F, Mueller E, Wilson M, Wynn T, Garboczi D, Urban J, Mitre E, Nutman TB. Molecular mimicry between cockroach and helminth glutathione S-transferases promotes cross-reactivity and cross-sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:248-56.e9. [PMID: 22541242 PMCID: PMC3387355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extensive similarities between helminth proteins and allergens are thought to contribute to helminth-driven allergic sensitization. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the cross-reactivity between a major glutathione-S transferase allergen of cockroach (Bla g 5) and the glutathione-S transferase of Wuchereria bancrofti (WbGST), a major lymphatic filarial pathogen of humans. METHODS We compared the molecular and structural similarities between Bla g 5 and WbGST by in silico analysis and by linear epitope mapping. The levels of IgE, IgG, and IgG(4) antibodies were measured in filarial-infected and filarial-uninfected patients. Mice were infected with Heligmosomoides bakeri, and their skin was tested for cross-reactive allergic responses. RESULTS These 2 proteins are 30% identical at the amino acid level with remarkable similarity in the N-terminal region and overall structural conservation based on predicted 3-dimensional models. Filarial infection was associated with IgE, IgG, and IgG(4) anti-Bla g 5 antibody production, with a significant correlation between antibodies (irrespective of isotype) to Bla g 5 and WbGST (P< .0003). Preincubation of sera from cockroach-allergic subjects with WbGST partially depleted (by 50%-70%) anti-Bla g 5 IgE, IgG, and IgG(4) antibodies. IgE epitope mapping of Bla g 5 revealed that 2 linear N-terminal epitopes are highly conserved in WbGST corresponding to Bla g 5 peptides partially involved in the inhibition of WbGST binding. Finally, mice infected with H bakeri developed anti-HbGST IgE and showed immediate-type skin test reactivity to Bla g 5. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that helminth glutathione-S transferase and the aeroallergen Bla g 5 share epitopes that can induce allergic cross-sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helton C Santiago
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Eisenhauer ER, Mosher EC, Lamson KS, Wolf HA, Schwartz DG. Health education for Somali Bantu refugees via home visits. Health Info Libr J 2012; 29:152-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-1842.2012.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tee HS, Saad AR, Lee CY. Evaluation of Aprostocetus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for the control of American cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) in sewers and crevices around buildings. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:2031-2038. [PMID: 22299367 DOI: 10.1603/ec11221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Aprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) to control American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae), in sewer manholes and in crevices around buildings. Parasitoids were released weekly for 12 wk from laboratory parasitized heat-killed oothecae, and parasitism monitored using sentinel oothecae of American cockroaches. In addition, preference of A. hagenowii for 1- to 4-wk-old oothecae was evaluated in the laboratory. A. hagenowii females showed no preference for any ootheca age. Twenty of the 30 tested females parasitized one ootheca, whereas the other 10 parasitized two oothecae. The total progeny (males, females, and total) that emerged from a single ootheca parasitized by a female was not significantly different to the total progeny that emerged from two oothecae parasitized by a female. The number of males, females, and total progeny that emerged from the second parasitized ootheca was significantly less than the number that emerged from the first parasitized ootheca. The weekly mean sentinel oothecal parasitism rate in wall crevices was 18.1 +/- 3.2% and in sewer manholes was 13.3 +/- 2.0%. The mean number of released A. hagenowii females per number of parasitized sentinel oothecae recorded in crevices was 189 +/- 18, whereas it was 428 +/- 50 in sewers. A. hagenowii females were more effective at parasitizing sentinel oothecae placed at high and middle levels in manholes than at a low level when releases were made at the midpoint of the manhole shaft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Siang Tee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Tee HS, Saad AR, Lee CY. Population ecology and movement of the American cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) in sewers. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 48:797-805. [PMID: 21845938 DOI: 10.1603/me10255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The population size, age-class structure, and movement of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae), were studied in three sewers in Penang, Malaysia, from September 2008 to October 2009. Eighteen to 20 glass-jar traps (two per manhole) were deployed for a 24-h period during each sampling occasion at each sewer. Adults and nymphs were active throughout the study period, with an average monthly trap catch of 57-97 adults and 79-99 nymphs. The mean proportions of adults and nymphs at the three sewers ranged from 0.47 to 0.57. Of the 2177 male and 2717 female cockroaches marked and released over the three sewers, recapture rates were 29.4-45.8 and 30.8-47.0%, respectively. The proportion of marked males and females did not differ significantly from the proportion of recaptured marked males and females. However, the mean number of times a marked female was recaptured was significantly greater than that of males. Of the 783 males and 1,030 females that were marked and recaptured, 19.4 and 24.7%, respectively, had moved between manholes, and significantly more females than males moved between manholes. Of the 406 recaptured marked adults that moved between manholes, 90.4% moved a distance of 2-20 m from their initial release site; one male moved 192 m, the longest distance recorded. Trap catch on each sampling occasion was positively correlated with daily mean temperature. The number of cockroach movements between manholes also was correlated with the mean daily minimum temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Siang Tee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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66
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Erban T, Hubert J. Longterm persistence of proteolytic activities in frass of Blattella germanica increases its allergenic potential. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 25:209-216. [PMID: 21198710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chromogenic microplate assays in 96 wells were used to determine the stability of enzyme activity in frass of Blattella germanica (Blattodea: Blattellidae). Frass samples were exposed to controlled conditions [temperature 15-35 °C and/or 53-100% relative humidity (RH)] and to household conditions (apartment). Exposure times were 0 (control), 90, 183 and 276 days. Starch digestion and cellulolytic activities decreased during exposure. Non-specific proteolytic activities were affected by changes in selective proteolytic activities. Activities towards AAPpNA and SA(3) pNA strongly increased at 100% RH, indicating the possible influence of microorganisms growing on frass. Activities towards BApNA and ArgpNA decreased with increasing decomposition time, whereas activity towards ZRRpNA was not influenced by exposure time. The largest decrease in activities towards ArgpNA and BApNA occurred at temperatures of 15 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C and at 100% RH. Activities towards BApNA and ZRRpNA were very stable under different temperature and RH conditions; this was confirmed by findings showing that these activities were stable in the experimental apartment. In comparison with the control, activities towards ZRRpNA and BApNA after 276 days decreased by 1% and 19%, respectively. The longterm persistence of proteolytic activities in cockroach frass increases their allergenic hazard potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Erban
- Department of Stored Product Pest and Food Safety, Crop Research Institute, Ruzyne, Czech Republic
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67
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Booth W, Santangelo RG, Vargo EL, Mukha DV, Schal C. Population Genetic Structure in German Cockroaches (Blattella Germanica): Differentiated Islands in an Agricultural Landscape. J Hered 2010; 102:175-83. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esq108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Crissman JR, Booth W, Santangelo RG, Mukha DV, Vargo EL, Schal C. Population genetic structure of the German cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae) in apartment buildings. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 47:553-564. [PMID: 20695270 PMCID: PMC7027314 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/47.4.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae), is a major residential pest with the potential to vector various pathogens and produce and disseminate household allergens. Understanding population genetic structure and differentiation of this important pest is critical to efforts to eradicate infestations, yet little is known in this regard. Using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers, we investigated patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation within and among 18 apartments from six apartment complexes located in Raleigh, NC. No departure from panmixia was found between rooms within apartments, indicating that active dispersal resulting in gene flow may occur among rooms within apartment units. Alternatively, aggregations within apartments may exist in relative isolation under a metapopulation framework, derived from a recent, common source. Thus, in the event of population control practices leading to incomplete cockroach eradication within an apartment, recolonization of shelters and rooms is likely to occur from a genetically similar aggregation. A pattern of isolation-by-distance across the six apartment complexes indicated that dispersal was more common within complexes than among them, and F statistics suggested greater genetic similarity between apartments in a single building than between separate buildings of an apartment complex. Similarly, neighbor-joining tree and Bayesian clustering analyses were able to cluster only those apartments that were within a single building, indicating higher dispersal with associated gene flow within buildings than between them. The lack of any broader connectivity, as indicated by significant F(ST) and G-tests suggests that human-mediated dispersal of B. germanica between buildings of an apartment complex or between complexes occurs infrequently enough to have negligible effects on gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Crissman
- Department of Entomology, Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
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Suazo A, Gore C, Schal C. RNA interference-mediated knock-down of Bla g 1 in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica L., implicates this allergen-encoding gene in digestion and nutrient absorption. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:727-736. [PMID: 19758414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We used RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the expression of a gene encoding Bla g 1, a human allergen produced by the German cockroach, Blattella germanica L., to study its function in cockroach physiology. Females injected with 1 microg of double-stranded RNA contained 64% less Bla g 1 protein and Bla g 1 mRNA abundance was reduced by 91.4% compared to sham-injected females. Bla g 1 knockdown slowed the pace of weight gain, midgut growth, and colleterial gland and basal oocyte maturation, resulting in delayed egg case formation and lower fecundity. Exogenous juvenile hormone treatments rescued reproduction in RNAi-treated females, suggesting that Bla g 1 silencing lowered endogenous juvenile hormone, probably by reducing food intake and nutrient absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suazo
- Department of Entomology and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
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Székely JI, Pataki A. Recent findings on the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Part II. The role of hormonal predisposition, environmental influences and conditioning leading to bronchial asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 96:289-305. [PMID: 19706372 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.96.2009.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this second part of the review on the pathogenesis of asthma the hormonal factors and adverse external events are shortly reviewed which skew the balance of Th1 vs. Th2 CD4+ lymphocytes towards the latter ones and this way increase the probability of atopic diseases. Among other the role of transplacental priming, insulin, insulin-like and other growth factors, lack of the usual microbial infections in the early childhood (the so-called hygiene hypothesis), gender, diminished testosterone production, gastroesophageal reflux, adverse effects during pregnancy are discussed. A separate chapter deals with the role of central nervous system in the etiology and finally the most common allergizing and airway tissue damaging agents are listed in tabulated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Iván Székely
- Human Physiology Department, Semmelweis University, Tuzoltó u. 37-47, Budapest, Hungary
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71
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Srivastava D, Singh BP, Arora N, Gaur SN. Clinico-immunologic study on immunotherapy with mixed and single insect allergens. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:665-73. [PMID: 19533313 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy (IT) is practiced mainly with mixed and single allergen vaccines. But studies are rare with mixed allergen preparations. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to study mix and single insect allergen IT in patients of allergic rhinitis and asthma. METHODS We performed a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of mix and single allergen IT for 1 year in 99 patients of asthma or rhinitis or both. There were two groups, (1) active allergen IT (n = 61) with three subgroups single insect extract (cockroach, housefly, or mosquito) and mix allergen IT (two or three insect extracts) and (2) placebo (n = 38). Clinical (skin reactivity, airway reactivity, and symptom score) and immunological (IgE/IgG4 and IgG1/IgG4 ratio) parameters were assessed at baseline and after 1 year of IT. RESULTS Eighty-five patients completed 1 year of IT. The active allergen IT group patients showed a significant improvement compared to baseline values (p < 0.05) and placebo group patients (p < 0.05) with regard to symptom scores, FEV1 values, and immunological parameters (IgG4). No significant difference was found between mixed and single IT group patients for changes in clinical and immunological parameters. Positive correlation was observed between increase in IgG4 and clinical improvement. The changes in above parameters in placebo group were nonsignificant after 1 year of treatment. CONCLUSION IT with two to three mix extract from the same allergen group is effective for insect hypersensitivity.
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Sudha VT, Arora N, Singh BP. Serine protease activity of Per a 10 augments allergen-induced airway inflammation in a mouse model. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39:507-16. [PMID: 19397689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported an immunodominant serine protease allergen (Per a 10) from Periplaneta americana. This study investigates the role of its proteolytic activity in driving the immune responses towards self and other allergens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Groups of Balb/c mice were sensitized intraperitoneally and subcutaneously with proteolytically active Per a 10 or inactivated Per a 10 (using aminoethyl benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride) or whole body P. americana extract and subsequently challenged intranasally with the respective antigens. Mice were also sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) alone or co-administered with active or inactive Per a 10. The immune-inflammatory responses were measured by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and cellular infiltration of lungs i.e. eosinophil counts, eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity, myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), lung histopathology, serum levels of specific-antibodies and levels of Th1/Th2 interleukins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and in spleen cells culture supernatant. RESULTS Mice challenged with active Per a 10/P. americana extract showed a significant airway inflammation demonstrated by enhanced AHR and increased cellular infiltration of lungs as evidenced by high eosinophil counts, EPO activity, IL-4 and IL-5 in BALF. Active Per a 10 also induced a significant proliferation of spleen cells, increased secretion of IL-4 and IL-5 in the spleen cells culture supernatant and systemic production of specific-IgE and IgG1. However, exposure with inactive Per a 10 elicited a low cellular infiltration and systemic antibody production. Exposure to OVA with active Per a 10 demonstrated a significantly high cellular infiltration and production of OVA-specific IgE and IgG1, than exposure to OVA alone or with inactive Per a 10. CONCLUSIONS Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 plays an important role in driving the allergic immune response by providing an adjuvant effect, towards self and other potential allergens present in the same microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Sudha
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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Nalyanya G, Gore JC, Linker HM, Schal C. German cockroach allergen levels in North Carolina schools: comparison of integrated pest management and conventional cockroach control. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:420-427. [PMID: 19496408 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cockroach suppression is fundamental to cockroach allergen mitigation in infested homes. The effects of various cockroach control strategies on cockroach populations and allergen concentration have not been examined in schools. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of integrated pest management (IPM) and conventional pest control in controlling German cockroach (Blattella germanica L.) infestations and concentrations of the cockroach allergen Bla g 1 in public school buildings. Two school districts included six schools that used conventional pest control and one district included seven schools that used IPM to control pests. Cockroach traps were deployed to assess the level of infestation, settled dust samples were collected in food service areas, classrooms, and other school areas, and the Bla g 1 allergen was quantified by ELISA. Both cockroach counts and Bla g 1 concentrations were dependent on the pest control approach, with highly significant differences between IPM-treated schools and conventionally treated schools in both the cockroach mean trap counts (0 versus 82.6 +/- 17.3 cockroaches/trap/wk, respectively) and in the amount of Bla g 1 in dust samples (2.8 +/- 0.3 versus 30.6 +/- 3.4 U/g dust). Cockroaches and Bla g 1 were primarily associated with food preparation and food service areas and much less with classrooms and offices. Our data extend recent findings from studies in homes, showing that cockroach allergens can be reduced by cockroach elimination alone or by integrating several tactics including education, cleaning, and pest control. IPM is not only effective at controlling cockroaches but also can lead to long-term reductions in cockroach allergen concentrations, resulting in a healthier environment for students and school personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Nalyanya
- Department of Entomology, Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
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Mouchtouri VA, Anagnostopoulou R, Samanidou-Voyadjoglou A, Theodoridou K, Hatzoglou C, Kremastinou J, Hadjichristodoulou C. Surveillance study of vector species on board passenger ships, risk factors related to infestations. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:100. [PMID: 18371217 PMCID: PMC2359741 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Passenger ships provide conditions suitable for the survival and growth of pest populations. Arthropods and rodents can gain access directly from the ships' open spaces, can be carried in shiploads, or can be found on humans or animals as ectoparasites. Vectors on board ships may contaminate stored foods, transmit illness on board, or, introduce diseases in new areas. Pest species, ship areas facilitating infestations, and different risk factors related to infestations were identified in 21 ferries. Methods 486 traps for insects and rodents were placed in 21 ferries. Archives of Public Health Authorities were reviewed to identify complaints regarding the presence of pest species on board ferries from 1994 to 2004. A detail questionnaire was used to collect data on ship characteristics and pest control practices. Results Eighteen ferries were infested with flies (85.7%), 11 with cockroaches (52.3%), three with bedbugs, and one with fleas. Other species had been found on board were ants, spiders, butterflies, beetles, and a lizard. A total of 431 Blattella germanica species were captured in 28 (9.96%) traps, and 84.2% of them were nymphs. One ship was highly infested. Cockroach infestation was negatively associated with ferries in which Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system was applied to ensure food safety on board (Relative Risk, RR = 0.23, p = 0.03), and positively associated with ferries in which cockroaches were observed by crew (RR = 4.09, p = 0.007), no cockroach monitoring log was kept (RR = 5.00, p = 0.02), and pesticide sprays for domestic use were applied by crew (RR = 4.00, p = 0.05). Cockroach infested ships had higher age (p = 0.03). Neither rats nor mice were found on any ship, but three ferries had been infested with a rodent in the past. Conclusion Integrated pest control programs should include continuing monitoring for a variety of pest species in different ship locations; pest control measures should be more persistent in older ships. HACCP system aids in the prevention of cockroach infestations on board.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara A Mouchtouri
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
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Fox K, Castanha E, Fox A, Feigley C, Salzberg D. Human K10 epithelial keratin is the most abundant protein in airborne dust of both occupied and unoccupied school rooms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 10:55-9. [PMID: 18175017 DOI: 10.1039/b714802j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously it was demonstrated that the levels of large particles (>2 micron) and associated bacterial cell envelope markers increase greatly on occupation in schools; it was hypothesized that the source of both was shed human skin. In the current work to test this hypothesis, room air cleaners were used to collect airborne dust (>50-100 mg) from occupied and unoccupied school rooms which was then subjected to proteomic analysis. Proteins were extracted from the dust and separated using two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D GE). In situ digestion of protein spots with trypsin released peptides, which were subsequently analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption/deionization, time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS-MS). In Coomassie blue stained gels, a single spot generally dominated the 2D gels; this protein was identified by tandem mass spectrometry as K10 epithelial keratin. The results experimentally confirm previous anecdotal reports that human skin is readily shed into air and suggest that increased levels of microbial markers and large particles observed in occupied rooms are also derived from skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Fox
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Abstract
Several cysteine and serine protease allergens have been cloned from house dust mites, including Der p 1, Der p 3, Der p 6, and Der p 9. A significant body of evidence suggests that these allergens mimic helper T (Th) 2 cell adjuvants. Der p 1 cleaves CD23 from activated B cells and CD25 from T cells. Der p 1 proteolytically degrades tight junctions in lung epithelium and causes release of proinflammatory cytokines from bronchial epithelial cells, mast cells, and basophils. These synergistic effects of mite enzyme allergens may promote IgE synthesis and have direct inflammatory effects on lung epithelium, which could explain why mite allergens are associated with asthma. The crystal structures of the proenzyme and mature forms of Der p 1 have been determined, as have the structures of other indoor allergens that are not enzymes (eg, Der p 2, Fel d 1, and Bla g 2). Cockroach allergens are strongly associated with asthma in US inner cities, yet none of the cockroach allergens that have been cloned are proteolytic enzymes. Thus although mite proteases allergens may act as Th2 adjuvants, a paradoxical effect is that other allergens may elicit strong Th2 responses in the absence of enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Chapman
- INDOOR Biotechnologies, Inc., 1216 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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Sever ML, Arbes SJ, Gore JC, Santangelo RG, Vaughn B, Mitchell H, Schal C, Zeldin DC. Cockroach allergen reduction by cockroach control alone in low-income urban homes: a randomized control trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:849-55. [PMID: 17825893 PMCID: PMC2804464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported significant reductions in cockroach allergen concentrations in urban homes by reducing cockroach infestations. OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of pest control performed by professional entomologists, compared with commercial companies, in reducing cockroach allergen. METHODS This 3-arm randomized controlled trial enrolled 60 cockroach-infested homes in North Carolina. Homes were randomly assigned to a control group or 1 of 2 treatment groups. Treatment 1 had insecticide baits placed by entomologists from North Carolina State University. Treatment 2 received pest control from a randomly assigned commercial company. Vacuumed dust sampling and cockroach trapping were conducted at 0, 6, and 12 months. Dust samples were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS In treatment 1 homes, there were significant reductions in geometric mean trap counts compared with control and treatment 2 homes at 12 months. Relative to control, significant 12-month reductions in Bla g 1 were evident in treatment 1 homes at all sampled sites, except bedroom floor. From baseline to month 12, geometric mean Bla g 1 concentrations (U/g) decreased from 64.2 to 5.6 in kitchen, 10.6 to 1.1 in living room, 10.7 to 1.9 on bedroom floor, and 3.6 to 2.3 in bed. Treatment 2 homes showed no significant 12-month allergen reductions versus control. CONCLUSION Reductions in Bla g 1 in cockroach-infested homes can be achieved by reducing infestations; however, the magnitude of allergen reduction is dependent on the thoroughness and effectiveness of cockroach eradication efforts. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Elimination of cockroaches is an effective method for reducing exposure to cockroach allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Sever
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Samuel J. Arbes
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - J. Chad Gore
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | | | | | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
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Jeong KY, Lee H, Shin KH, Yi MH, Jeong KJ, Hong CS, Yong TS. Sequence polymorphisms of major German cockroach allergens Bla g 1, Bla g 2, Bla g 4, and Bla g 5. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 145:1-8. [PMID: 17703094 DOI: 10.1159/000107460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The allergenicity of allergens could be influenced by amino acid substitutions in B- or T-cell epitope regions. The German cockroach is known to produce potent allergens inducing strong IgE-mediated allergic reactions. This study was performed to investigate sequence variations in major allergens of the German cockroach. METHODS Reverse transcriptase PCR was used to amplify the cDNA sequences encoding major allergens of the German cockroach (Bla g 1, Bla g 2, Bla g 4, and Bla g 5). RESULTS The deduced amino acid sequences revealed 38 Bla g 1 variants with 1-7 amino acid substitutions (98.6-99.8% identity), 28 Bla g 2 variants with 1-3 substitutions (99.1-99.7%), 27 Bla g 4 variants with 0-32 substitutions (82.4-100%), and 8 Bla g 5 variants with 1-2 substitutions (99.0-99.5%), respectively. Bla g 1 and Bla g 2 showed sporadic amino acid substitutions despite the divergence in their sequences. Bla g 4 exhibited frequent variations, with clusters of substitutions in residues 29-38, 52-80, and 132-155. Sequence variations in Bla g 4 imply the presence of multiple isoforms and isoallergens, which may in turn have various effects on the IgE-binding capacity and T-cell responsiveness. Only 8 variants were found in Bla g 5, with infrequent amino acid changes of one or two residues. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of T-cell and IgE-binding epitope regions would clarify the effect of sequence polymorphisms on allergenicity, which in turn will aid in the design of allergen formulations for diagnosis and immunotherapy for cockroach allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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