51
|
Parimon T, Yao C, Stripp BR, Noble PW, Chen P. Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells as Drivers of Lung Fibrosis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2269. [PMID: 32218238 PMCID: PMC7177323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: Alveolar epithelial type II cells (AT2) are a heterogeneous population that have critical secretory and regenerative roles in the alveolus to maintain lung homeostasis. However, impairment to their normal functional capacity and development of a pro-fibrotic phenotype has been demonstrated to contribute to the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). A number of factors contribute to AT2 death and dysfunction. As a mucosal surface, AT2 cells are exposed to environmental stresses that can have lasting effects that contribute to fibrogenesis. Genetical risks have also been identified that can cause AT2 impairment and the development of lung fibrosis. Furthermore, aging is a final factor that adds to the pathogenic changes in AT2 cells. Here, we will discuss the homeostatic role of AT2 cells and the studies that have recently defined the heterogeneity of this population of cells. Furthermore, we will review the mechanisms of AT2 death and dysfunction in the context of lung fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanyalak Parimon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Paul W Noble
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Peter Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Rana T, Jiang C, Liu G, Miyata T, Antony V, Thannickal VJ, Liu RM. PAI-1 Regulation of TGF-β1-induced Alveolar Type II Cell Senescence, SASP Secretion, and SASP-mediated Activation of Alveolar Macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:319-330. [PMID: 31513752 PMCID: PMC7055702 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0071oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence of alveolar type II (ATII) cells, progenitors of the alveolar epithelium, is a pathological feature and contributes importantly to the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Despite recognition of the importance of ATII cell senescence in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis, how ATII cell senescence is regulated and how senescent ATII cells contribute to lung fibrogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we show that TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1), a most ubiquitous and potent profibrotic cytokine, induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a cell senescence and fibrosis mediator, and p16 as well as senescence, but not apoptosis, in primary mouse ATII cells. We also found that senescent ATII cells secrete various cytokines and chemokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, which stimulate the expression of genes associated with a profibrotic phenotype in alveolar macrophages. Similar responses were also observed in TGF-β1-treated rat ATII (L2) and rat macrophage NR8383 cells. Deletion of PAI-1 or inhibition of PAI-1 activity with a small molecule PAI-1 inhibitor, however, blocks TGF-β1-induced senescence as well as a senescence-associated secretory phenotype in ATII and L2 cells and, consequently, the stimulatory effects of the conditioned medium from senescent ATII/L2 cells on macrophages. Moreover, we show that silencing p16 ameliorates PAI-1 protein-induced ATII cell senescence and secretion of profibrotic mediators. Our data suggest that PAI-1 mediates TGF-β1-induced ATII cell senescence and secretion of profibrotic mediators through inducing p16, and they also suggest that senescent ATII cells contribute to lung fibrogenesis in part by activating alveolar macrophages through secreting profibrotic and proinflammatory mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapasi Rana
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Chunsun Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Gang Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Toshio Miyata
- United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University, Tohoku, Japan
| | - Veena Antony
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Glisinski KM, Schlobohm AJ, Paramore SV, Birukova A, Moseley MA, Foster MW, Barkauskas CE. Interleukin-13 disrupts type 2 pneumocyte stem cell activity. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131232. [PMID: 31941839 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The T helper 2 (Th2) inflammatory cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13) has been associated with both obstructive and fibrotic lung diseases; however, its specific effect on the epithelial stem cells in the gas exchange compartment of the lung (alveolar space) has not been explored. Here, we used in vivo lung models of homeostasis and repair, ex vivo organoid platforms, and potentially novel quantitative proteomic techniques to show that IL-13 disrupts the self-renewal and differentiation of both murine and human type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2s). Significantly, we find that IL-13 promotes ectopic expression of markers typically associated with bronchiolar airway cells and commonly seen in the alveolar region of lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we identify a number of proteins that are differentially secreted by AEC2s in response to IL-13 and may provide biomarkers to identify subsets of patients with pulmonary disease driven by "Th2-high" biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Glisinski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Adam J Schlobohm
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Sarah V Paramore
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Anastasiya Birukova
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew W Foster
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wu H, Yu Y, Huang H, Hu Y, Fu S, Wang Z, Shi M, Zhao X, Yuan J, Li J, Yang X, Bin E, Wei D, Zhang H, Zhang J, Yang C, Cai T, Dai H, Chen J, Tang N. Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis Is Caused by Elevated Mechanical Tension on Alveolar Stem Cells. Cell 2020; 180:107-121.e17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
55
|
Sugimoto N, Suzukawa M, Nagase H, Koizumi Y, Ro S, Kobayashi K, Yoshihara H, Kojima Y, Kamiyama-Hara A, Hebisawa A, Ohta K. IL-9 Blockade Suppresses Silica-induced Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:232-243. [PMID: 30240278 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0287oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recapitulative animal models of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and related diseases are lacking, which inhibits our ability to fully clarify the pathogenesis of these diseases. Although lung fibrosis in mouse models is often induced by bleomycin, silica-induced lung fibrosis is more sustainable and more progressive. Therefore, in this study, we sought to elucidate the mediator(s) responsible for the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis, through the use of a mouse model of silica-induced lung fibrosis. With a single nasal administration of 16 mg of silica, lung inflammation (assessed by elevated cellular components in the BAL fluids [BALFs]) and lung fibrosis (assessed by lung histology and lung hydroxyproline levels) were induced and sustained for as long as 24 weeks. Of the mediators measured in the BALFs, IL-9 was characteristically elevated gradually, and peaked at 24 weeks after silica administration. Treatment of silica-challenged mice with anti-IL-9-neutralizing antibody inhibited lung fibrosis, as assessed by lung hydroxyproline level, and suppressed the levels of major mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, CCL2, CXCL1, and TNF-α in BALFs. Moreover, human lung specimens from patients with IPF have shown high expression of IL-9 in alveolar macrophages, CD4-positive cells, and receptors for IL-9 in airway epithelial cells. Collectively, these data suggest that IL-9 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis in diseases such as IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Sugimoto
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Maho Suzukawa
- 2 National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagase
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yuta Koizumi
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Shoki Ro
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Konomi Kobayashi
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Hisanao Yoshihara
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yasuhiro Kojima
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Asae Kamiyama-Hara
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Akira Hebisawa
- 2 National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Ohta
- 2 National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Li RS, Xu GH, Cao J, Liu B, Xie HF, Ishii Y, Zhang CF. Alpha-Mangostin Ameliorates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice Partly Through Activating Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1305. [PMID: 31798444 PMCID: PMC6863977 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a devastating interstitial lung disease and characterized by an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Nintedanib (NDN) and pirfenidone are two approved therapies for PF, but their potential side-effects have been reported. Recently, the use of natural supplements for PF is attracting attention. Alpha-mangostin (α-MG) is an active xanthone-type compound isolated from the nutritious fruit mangosteen. Purpose: In the present study, the potential effect and underlying mechanism of α-MG were evaluated in bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF and activated primary lung fibroblasts (PLFs). Methods: Histopathological changes and collagen deposition were analyzed via hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining, the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-4 (NOX4) involved in oxidative stress in lung tissues was analyzed by immunochemistry staining. The expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I (Col I), p-adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/AMPK, and NOX4 were detected by Western blot, immunofluorescence or RT-PCR, and effects of α-MG on cell viability were detected using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. Results:In vivo results demonstrated that α-MG treatment (10 mg/kg/day) significantly ameliorated BLM-induced deposition of ECM in lung tissues. Moreover, α-MG could inhibit protein expressions of α-SMA and Col I as well as its mRNA levels. In addition, α-MG also significantly inhibited transforming growth factor-β1/Smad2/3 pathway and regulated the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in lung tissues. In vitro results demonstrated that α-MG significantly increased p-AMPK/AMPK but reduced the protein expression level of α-SMA and Col I as well as NOX4 in activated PLFs. Further study demonstrated that these improvement effects were significantly blocked by compound C. Conclusion: α-MG treatment significantly decreased oxidative stress in lungs partly by activating AMPK mediated signaling pathway in BLM-induced PF and activated PLFs and decreased the deposition of ECM. The present study provides pharmacological evidence to support therapeutic application of α-MG in the treatment of PF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Shi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gong-Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Feng Xie
- Research and Development Department, Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chao-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Ruan H, Lv Z, Liu S, Zhang L, Huang K, Gao S, Gan W, Liu X, Zhang S, Helian K, Li X, Zhou H, Yang C. Anlotinib attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via the TGF-β1 signalling pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 72:44-55. [PMID: 31659758 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anlotinib hydrochloride (AL3818) is a novel multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor which has the same targets as nintedanib, an effective drug has been approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we examined whether anlotinib could also attenuate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice and explored the antifibrosis mechanism. METHODS We have evaluated the effect of anlotinib on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Inflammatory cytokines in alveolar lavage fluid including IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α were determined by ELISA. Biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured by corresponding kit. Histopathologic examination was analysed by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, we investigated whether anlotinib inhibited TGFβ/Smad3 and non-Smad pathways by luciferase assay or Western blotting. We also evaluated whether anlotinib inhibited TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promoted myofibroblast apoptosis in order to explore the possible molecular mechanism. KEY FINDINGS The results indicated that anlotinib treatment remarkably attenuated inflammation, oxidative stress and pulmonary fibrosis in mouse lungs. Anlotinib could inhibit the TGF-β1 signalling pathway. Additionally, anlotinib not only profoundly inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT in alveolar epithelial cells, but also simultaneously reduced the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis in fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results suggest that anlotinib-mediated suppression of pulmonary fibrosis is related to the inhibition of TGF-β1 signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ruan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziwei Lv
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuaishuai Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tian Jin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoyan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhua Gan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaiyue Helian
- College of Health and Medicine and College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xiaohe Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Honggang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Dobie R, Henderson NC. Unravelling fibrosis using single-cell transcriptomics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 49:71-75. [PMID: 31670054 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis, the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, is a major global healthcare burden. Despite major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating fibrosis, treatment options for patients with fibrosis remain very limited. However, recent developments in the rapidly evolving field of single-cell transcriptomics are enabling the interrogation of individual pathogenic cell populations in the context of fibrosis at unprecedented resolution. In this review, we will discuss how single-cell transcriptomics is driving this step change in our understanding of fibrotic disease pathogenesis, and how these cutting-edge approaches should accelerate the precise identification of novel, relevant and potentially druggable therapeutic targets to treat patients with fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Dobie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Bitterman P. Fibroblast-Matrix Cross-Talk in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Cross-Links at the Crossroads. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 58:547-548. [PMID: 29714627 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0402ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bitterman
- 1 Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Ligresti G, Caporarello N, Meridew JA, Jones DL, Tan Q, Choi KM, Haak AJ, Aravamudhan A, Roden AC, Prakash YS, Lomberk G, Urrutia RA, Tschumperlin DJ. CBX5/G9a/H3K9me-mediated gene repression is essential to fibroblast activation during lung fibrosis. JCI Insight 2019; 5:127111. [PMID: 31095524 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating disease characterized by accumulation of activated fibroblasts and scarring in the lung. While fibroblast activation in physiological wound repair reverses spontaneously, fibroblast activation in fibrosis is aberrantly sustained. Here we identified histone 3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9me) as a critical epigenetic modification that sustains fibroblast activation by repressing the transcription of genes essential to returning lung fibroblasts to an inactive state. We show that the histone methyltransferase G9a (EHMT2) and chromobox homolog 5 (CBX5, also known as HP1α), which deposit H3K9me marks and assemble an associated repressor complex respectively, are essential to initiation and maintenance of fibroblast activation specifically through epigenetic repression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha gene (PPARGC1A, encoding PGC1α). Both TGFβ and increased matrix stiffness potently inhibit PGC1α expression in lung fibroblasts through engagement of the CBX5/G9a pathway. Inhibition of CBX5/G9a pathway in fibroblasts elevates PGC1α, attenuates TGFβ- and matrix stiffness-promoted H3K9 methylation, and reduces collagen accumulation in the lungs following bleomycin injury. Our results demonstrate that epigenetic silencing mediated by H3K9 methylation is essential for both biochemical and biomechanical fibroblast activation, and that targeting this epigenetic pathway may provide therapeutic benefit by returning lung fibroblasts to quiescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qi Tan
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering
| | | | | | | | | | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gwen Lomberk
- Division of Research,Department of Surgery and Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Raul A Urrutia
- Division of Research,Department of Surgery and Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Yuan T, Volckaert T, Redente EF, Hopkins S, Klinkhammer K, Wasnick R, Chao CM, Yuan J, Zhang JS, Yao C, Majka S, Stripp BR, Günther A, Riches DWH, Bellusci S, Thannickal VJ, De Langhe SP. FGF10-FGFR2B Signaling Generates Basal Cells and Drives Alveolar Epithelial Regeneration by Bronchial Epithelial Stem Cells after Lung Injury. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1041-1055. [PMID: 31056475 PMCID: PMC6524168 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a common form of interstitial lung disease resulting in alveolar remodeling and progressive loss of pulmonary function because of chronic alveolar injury and failure to regenerate the respiratory epithelium. Histologically, fibrotic lesions and honeycomb structures expressing atypical proximal airway epithelial markers replace alveolar structures, the latter normally lined by alveolar type 1 (AT1) and AT2 cells. Bronchial epithelial stem cells (BESCs) can give rise to AT2 and AT1 cells or honeycomb cysts following bleomycin-mediated lung injury. However, little is known about what controls this binary decision or whether this decision can be reversed. Here we report that inactivation of Fgfr2b in BESCs impairs their contribution to both alveolar epithelial regeneration and honeycomb cysts after bleomycin injury. By contrast overexpression of Fgf10 in BESCs enhances fibrosis resolution by favoring the more desirable outcome of alveolar epithelial regeneration over the development of pathologic honeycomb cysts. Bronchial epithelial stem cells are required for alveolar epithelial regeneration Fgf10-Fgfr2b signaling is required for alveolar type 2 stem cell maintenance Fgfr2b signaling drives alveolar epithelial regeneration by BESCs Fgf10-Fgfr2b promotes basal cell to alveolar type 2 cell differentiation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, 35294-2182 AL, USA
| | - Thomas Volckaert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, 35294-2182 AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth F Redente
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Denver Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Seantel Hopkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, 35294-2182 AL, USA
| | - Kylie Klinkhammer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, 35294-2182 AL, USA
| | - Roxana Wasnick
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Cho-Ming Chao
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, 35294-2182 AL, USA
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Changfu Yao
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Susan Majka
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Andreas Günther
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - David W H Riches
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Denver Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, 35294-2182 AL, USA
| | - Stijn P De Langhe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, THT 422, 1720 2nd Avenue S., Birmingham, 35294-2182 AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Mohammed AA, Allen JT, Rogan MT. Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid enhances epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Parasite Immunol 2019; 40:e12533. [PMID: 29719047 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is characterized by fluid-filled hydatid cysts in the liver and lungs. The cysts are surrounded by a host fibrous layer (the pericyst) which acts to isolate the parasite from surrounding tissues. Previous studies in liver cysts have indicated that the parasite may be a stimulating fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) could influence the potential for fibrosis to occur in lung tissue by stimulating epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a human lung epithelial cell line. An adenocarcinoma-derived alveolar basal epithelial cell line (A549) was used as a model for human alveolar epithelial cells (AEC II). These were cultured in vitro with HCF (UK sheep origin). Assays to investigate cell proliferation, cell migration and expression of cytoskeletal markers showed that HCF could stimulate changes indicative of EMT, including enhanced cell proliferation and migration; increased expression of mesenchymal cytoskeletal markers (fibronectin and vimentin) accompanied by a down-regulation of an epithelial marker (E-cadherin). Molecules within hydatid cyst fluid are capable of inducing phenotypic changes in A549 cells indicating that the parasite has the potential to modify lung epithelial cells which could contribute to fibrotic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Mohammed
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - J T Allen
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - M T Rogan
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Salton F, Volpe MC, Confalonieri M. Epithelial⁻Mesenchymal Transition in the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55040083. [PMID: 30925805 PMCID: PMC6524028 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a serious disease of the lung, which leads to extensive parenchymal scarring and death from respiratory failure. The most accepted hypothesis for IPF pathogenesis relies on the inability of the alveolar epithelium to regenerate after injury. Alveolar epithelial cells become apoptotic and rare, fibroblasts/myofibroblasts accumulate and extracellular matrix (ECM) is deposited in response to the aberrant activation of several pathways that are physiologically implicated in alveologenesis and repair but also favor the creation of excessive fibrosis via different mechanisms, including epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a pathophysiological process in which epithelial cells lose part of their characteristics and markers, while gaining mesenchymal ones. A role for EMT in the pathogenesis of IPF has been widely hypothesized and indirectly demonstrated; however, precise definition of its mechanisms and relevance has been hindered by the lack of a reliable animal model and needs further studies. The overall available evidence conceptualizes EMT as an alternative cell and tissue normal regeneration, which could open the way to novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as to more effective treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Salton
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | | | - Marco Confalonieri
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Riemondy KA, Jansing NL, Jiang P, Redente EF, Gillen AE, Fu R, Miller AJ, Spence JR, Gerber AN, Hesselberth JR, Zemans RL. Single cell RNA sequencing identifies TGFβ as a key regenerative cue following LPS-induced lung injury. JCI Insight 2019; 5:123637. [PMID: 30913038 PMCID: PMC6538357 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lung diseases result from a failure of efficient regeneration of damaged alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) after lung injury. During regeneration, AEC2s proliferate to replace lost cells, after which proliferation halts and some AEC2s transdifferentiate into AEC1s to restore normal alveolar structure and function. Although the mechanisms underlying AEC2 proliferation have been studied, the mechanisms responsible for halting proliferation and inducing transdifferentiation are poorly understood. To identify candidate signaling pathways responsible for halting proliferation and inducing transdifferentiation, we performed single cell RNA sequencing on AEC2s during regeneration in a murine model of lung injury induced by intratracheal LPS. Unsupervised clustering revealed distinct subpopulations of regenerating AEC2s: proliferating, cell cycle arrest, and transdifferentiating. Gene expression analysis of these transitional subpopulations revealed that TGFβ signaling was highly upregulated in the cell cycle arrest subpopulation and relatively downregulated in transdifferentiating cells. In cultured AEC2s, TGFβ was necessary for cell cycle arrest but impeded transdifferentiation. We conclude that during regeneration after LPS-induced lung injury, TGFβ is a critical signal halting AEC2 proliferation but must be inactivated to allow transdifferentiation. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating alveolar regeneration and the pathogenesis of diseases resulting from a failure of regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent A. Riemondy
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicole L. Jansing
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth F. Redente
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Austin E. Gillen
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rui Fu
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alyssa J. Miller
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anthony N. Gerber
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jay R. Hesselberth
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel L. Zemans
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Katzen J, Wagner BD, Venosa A, Kopp M, Tomer Y, Russo SJ, Headen AC, Basil MC, Stark JM, Mulugeta S, Deterding RR, Beers MF. An SFTPC BRICHOS mutant links epithelial ER stress and spontaneous lung fibrosis. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126125. [PMID: 30721158 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a prominent feature in adult and pediatric interstitial lung disease (ILD and ChILD), but in vivo models linking AT2 cell ER stress to ILD have been elusive. Based on a clinical ChILD case, we identified a critical cysteine residue in the surfactant protein C gene (SFTPC) BRICHOS domain whose mutation induced ER stress in vitro. To model this in vivo, we generated a knockin mouse model expressing a cysteine-to-glycine substitution at codon 121 (C121G) in the Sftpc gene. SftpcC121G expression during fetal development resulted in a toxic gain-of-function causing fatal postnatal respiratory failure from disrupted lung morphogenesis. Induced SftpcC121G expression in adult mice resulted in an ER-retained pro-protein causing AT2 cell ER stress. SftpcC121G AT2 cells were a source of cytokines expressed in concert with development of polycellular alveolitis. These cytokines were subsequently found in a high-dimensional proteomic screen of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from ChILD patients with the same class of SFTPC mutations. Following alveolitis resolution, SftpcC121G mice developed spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis and restrictive lung impairment. This model provides proof of concept linking AT2 cell ER stress to fibrotic lung disease coupled with translationally relevant biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Katzen
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brandie D Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meghan Kopp
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yaniv Tomer
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alvis C Headen
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maria C Basil
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James M Stark
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Surafel Mulugeta
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robin R Deterding
- Department of Pediatrics and Breathing Institute, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael F Beers
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Penn Center For Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Lodyga M, Cambridge E, Karvonen HM, Pakshir P, Wu B, Boo S, Kiebalo M, Kaarteenaho R, Glogauer M, Kapoor M, Ask K, Hinz B. Cadherin-11-mediated adhesion of macrophages to myofibroblasts establishes a profibrotic niche of active TGF-β. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/564/eaao3469. [PMID: 30647145 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to the activation of fibroblastic cells into myofibroblasts, which secrete collagen and contract the collagen matrix to acutely repair injured tissue. Persistent myofibroblast activation leads to the accumulation of fibrotic scar tissue that impairs organ function. We investigated the key processes that turn acute beneficial repair into destructive progressive fibrosis. We showed that homotypic cadherin-11 interactions promoted the specific binding of macrophages to and persistent activation of profibrotic myofibroblasts. Cadherin-11 was highly abundant at contacts between macrophages and myofibroblasts in mouse and human fibrotic lung tissues. In attachment assays, cadherin-11 junctions mediated specific recognition and strong adhesion between macrophages and myofibroblasts. One functional outcome of cadherin-11-mediated adhesion was locally restricted activation of latent transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) between macrophage-myofibroblast pairs that was not observed in cocultures of macrophages and myofibroblasts that were not in contact with one another. Our data suggest that cadherin-11 junctions maintain latent TGF-β-producing macrophages and TGF-β-activating myofibroblasts in close proximity to one another. Inhibition of homotypic cadherin-11 interactions could be used to cause macrophage-myofibroblast separation, thereby destabilizing the profibrotic niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Cambridge
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Henna M Karvonen
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada.,Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pardis Pakshir
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Brian Wu
- Department of Surgery and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stellar Boo
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Melanie Kiebalo
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Riitta Kaarteenaho
- Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Department of Surgery and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada. .,Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Stradiot L, Mannaerts I, van Grunsven LA. P311, Friend, or Foe of Tissue Fibrosis? Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1151. [PMID: 30369881 PMCID: PMC6194156 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
P311 was first identified by the group of Studler et al. (1993) in the developing brain. In healthy, but mainly in pathological tissues, P311 is implicated in cell migration and proliferation. Furthermore, evidence in models of tissue fibrosis points to the colocalization with and the stimulation of transforming growth factor β1 by P311. This review provides a comprehensive overview on P311 and discusses its potential as an anti-fibrotic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Stradiot
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Mannaerts
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Walraven M, Hinz B. Therapeutic approaches to control tissue repair and fibrosis: Extracellular matrix as a game changer. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:205-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
69
|
Gokey JJ, Snowball J, Sridharan A, Speth JP, Black KE, Hariri LP, Perl AKT, Xu Y, Whitsett JA. MEG3 is increased in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and regulates epithelial cell differentiation. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122490. [PMID: 30185671 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease causing fibrotic remodeling of the peripheral lung, leading to respiratory failure. Peripheral pulmonary epithelial cells lose normal alveolar epithelial gene expression patterns and variably express genes associated with diverse conducting airway epithelial cells, including basal cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing of pulmonary epithelial cells isolated from IPF lung tissue demonstrated altered expression of LncRNAs, including increased MEG3. MEG3 RNA was highly expressed in subsets of the atypical IPF epithelial cells and correlated with conducting airway epithelial gene expression patterns. Expression of MEG3 in human pulmonary epithelial cell lines increased basal cell-associated RNAs, including TP63, KRT14, STAT3, and YAP1, and enhanced cell migration, consistent with a role for MEG3 in regulating basal cell identity. MEG3 reduced expression of TP73, SOX2, and Notch-associated RNAs HES1 and HEY1, in primary human bronchial epithelial cells, demonstrating a role for MEG3 in the inhibition of genes influencing basal cell differentiation into club, ciliated, or goblet cells. MEG3 induced basal cell genes and suppressed genes associated with terminal differentiation of airway cells, supporting a role for MEG3 in regulation of basal progenitor cell functions, which may contribute to tissue remodeling in IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Gokey
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - John Snowball
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anusha Sridharan
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph P Speth
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Lida P Hariri
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne-Karina T Perl
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Bellaye PS, Yanagihara T, Granton E, Sato S, Shimbori C, Upagupta C, Imani J, Hambly N, Ask K, Gauldie J, Iglarz M, Kolb M. Macitentan reduces progression of TGF-β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2018; 52:13993003.01857-2017. [PMID: 29976656 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01857-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with an unknown cause. Two drugs, nintedanib and pirfenidone, have been shown to slow, but not stop, disease progression. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a frequent complication in IPF patients and is associated with poor prognosis. Macitentan is a dual endothelin receptor antagonist that is approved for pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment. We hypothesised that using macitentan to treat animals with pulmonary fibrosis induced by adenoviral vector encoding biologically active transforming growth factor-β1 (AdTGF-β1) would improve the PH caused by chronic lung disease and would limit the progression of fibrosis.Rats (Sprague Dawley) which received AdTGF-β1 were treated by daily gavage of macitentan (100 mg·kg-1·day-1), pirfenidone (0.5% food admix) or a combination from day 14 to day 28. Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) was measured before the rats were killed, and fibrosis was subsequently evaluated by morphometric measurements and hydroxyproline analysis.AdTGF-β1 induced pulmonary fibrosis associated with significant PH. Macitentan reduced the increase in PAP and both macitentan and pirfenidone stopped fibrosis progression from day 14 to day 28. Macitentan protected endothelial cells from myofibroblast differentiation and apoptosis whereas pirfenidone only protected against fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. Both drugs induced apoptosis of differentiated myofibroblasts in vitro and in vivoOur results demonstrate that dual endothelin receptor antagonism was effective in both PH and lung fibrosis whereas pirfenidone only affected fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Plateforme d'Imagerie et Radiothérapie Préclinique, Centre George-François Leclerc (CGFL), Dijon, France.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Toyoshi Yanagihara
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Elise Granton
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Seidai Sato
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chiko Shimbori
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chandak Upagupta
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jewel Imani
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Hambly
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Iglarz
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Anathy V, Lahue KG, Chapman DG, Chia SB, Casey DT, Aboushousha R, van der Velden JLJ, Elko E, Hoffman SM, McMillan DH, Jones JT, Nolin JD, Abdalla S, Schneider R, Seward DJ, Roberson EC, Liptak MD, Cousins ME, Butnor KJ, Taatjes DJ, Budd RC, Irvin CG, Ho YS, Hakem R, Brown KK, Matsui R, Bachschmid MM, Gomez JL, Kaminski N, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Reducing protein oxidation reverses lung fibrosis. Nat Med 2018; 24:1128-1135. [PMID: 29988126 PMCID: PMC6204256 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of collagen in the lung, leading to chronically impaired gas exchange and death1-3. Oxidative stress is believed to be critical in this disease pathogenesis4-6, although the exact mechanisms remain enigmatic. Protein S-glutathionylation (PSSG) is a post-translational modification of proteins that can be reversed by glutaredoxin-1 (GLRX)7. It remains unknown whether GLRX and PSSG play a role in lung fibrosis. Here, we explored the impact of GLRX and PSSG status on the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, using lung tissues from subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, transgenic mouse models and direct administration of recombinant Glrx to airways of mice with existing fibrosis. We demonstrate that GLRX enzymatic activity was strongly decreased in fibrotic lungs, in accordance with increases in PSSG. Mice lacking Glrx were far more susceptible to bleomycin- or adenovirus encoding active transforming growth factor beta-1 (AdTGFB1)-induced pulmonary fibrosis, whereas transgenic overexpression of Glrx in the lung epithelium attenuated fibrosis. We furthermore show that endogenous GLRX was inactivated through an oxidative mechanism and that direct administration of the Glrx protein into airways augmented Glrx activity and reversed increases in collagen in mice with TGFB1- or bleomycin-induced fibrosis, even when administered to fibrotic, aged animals. Collectively, these findings suggest the therapeutic potential of exogenous GLRX in treating lung fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Karolyn G Lahue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - David G Chapman
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Shi B Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Dylan T Casey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Reem Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jos L J van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Evan Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sidra M Hoffman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - David H McMillan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jane T Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - James D Nolin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sarah Abdalla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robert Schneider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - David J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Liptak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Morgan E Cousins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kelly J Butnor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Ralph C Budd
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Charles G Irvin
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Ye-Shih Ho
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Razq Hakem
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, University of Toronto, and the Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin K Brown
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Section, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jose L Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Monaghan-Benson E, Wittchen ES, Doerschuk CM, Burridge K. A Rnd3/p190RhoGAP pathway regulates RhoA activity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2165-2175. [PMID: 29995590 PMCID: PMC6249798 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-11-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an incurable disease of the lung that is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in disruption of normal lung function. The signals regulating fibrosis include both transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and tissue rigidity and a major signaling pathway implicated in fibrosis involves activation of the GTPase RhoA. During studies exploring how elevated RhoA activity is sustained in IPF, we discovered that not only is RhoA activated by profibrotic stimuli but also that the expression of Rnd3, a major antagonist of RhoA activity, and the activity of p190RhoGAP (p190), a Rnd3 effector, are both suppressed in IPF fibroblasts. Restoration of Rnd3 levels in IPF fibroblasts results in an increase in p190 activity, a decrease in RhoA activity and a decrease in the overall fibrotic phenotype. We also find that treatment with IPF drugs nintedanib and pirfenidone decreases the fibrotic phenotype and RhoA activity through up-regulation of Rnd3 expression and p190 activity. These data provide evidence for a pathway in IPF where fibroblasts down-regulate Rnd3 levels and p190 activity to enhance RhoA activity and drive the fibrotic phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Monaghan-Benson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Erika S Wittchen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Keith Burridge
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
van der Velden JL, Wagner DE, Lahue KG, Abdalla ST, Lam YW, Weiss DJ, Janssen-Heininger YMW. TGF-β1-induced deposition of provisional extracellular matrix by tracheal basal cells promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase-1-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L984-L997. [PMID: 29469614 PMCID: PMC6032072 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00053.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells have been suggested as potential drivers of lung fibrosis, although the epithelial-dependent pathways that promote fibrogenesis remain unknown. Extracellular matrix is increasingly recognized as an environment that can drive cellular responses in various pulmonary diseases. In this study, we demonstrate that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-stimulated mouse tracheal basal (MTB) cells produce provisional matrix proteins in vitro, which initiate mesenchymal changes in subsequently freshly plated MTB cells via Rho kinase- and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK1)-dependent processes. Repopulation of decellularized lung scaffolds, derived from mice with bleomycin-induced fibrosis or from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, with wild-type MTB cells resulted in a loss of epithelial gene expression and augmentation of mesenchymal gene expression compared with cells seeded into decellularized normal lungs. In contrast, Jnk1-/- basal cells seeded into fibrotic lung scaffolds retained a robust epithelial expression profile, failed to induce mesenchymal genes, and differentiated into club cell secretory protein-expressing cells. This new paradigm wherein TGF-β1-induced extracellular matrix derived from MTB cells activates a JNK1-dependent mesenchymal program, which impedes subsequent normal epithelial cell homeostasis, provides a plausible scenario of chronic aberrant epithelial repair, thought to be critical in lung fibrogenesis. This study identifies JNK1 as a possible target for inhibition in settings wherein reepithelialization is desired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jos L van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
| | - Darcy E Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lung Bioengineering, and Regeneration, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
| | - Karolyn G Lahue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sarah T Abdalla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
- Vermont Genetics Networks Proteomics Facility, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
| | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Park EJ, Park SJ, Kim S, Lee K, Chang J. Lung fibroblasts may play an important role in clearing apoptotic bodies of bronchial epithelial cells generated by exposure to PHMG-P-containing solution. Toxicol Lett 2018; 286:108-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
75
|
Sundarakrishnan A, Chen Y, Black LD, Aldridge BB, Kaplan DL. Engineered cell and tissue models of pulmonary fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:78-94. [PMID: 29269274 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis includes several lung disorders characterized by scar formation and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a particularly severe form of pulmonary fibrosis of unknown etiology with a mean life expectancy of 3years' post-diagnosis. Treatments for IPF are limited to two FDA approved drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib. Most lead candidate drugs that are identified in pre-clinical animal studies fail in human clinical trials. Thus, there is a need for advanced humanized in vitro models of the lung to improve candidate treatments prior to moving to human clinical trials. The development of 3D tissue models has created systems capable of emulating human lung structure, function, and cell and matrix interactions. The specific models accomplish these features and preliminary studies conducted using some of these systems have shown potential for in vitro anti-fibrotic drug testing. Further characterization and improvements will enable these tissue models to extend their utility for in vitro drug testing, to help identify signaling pathways and mechanisms for new drug targets, and potentially reduce animal models as standard pre-clinical models of study. In the current review, we contrast different in vitro models based on increasing dimensionality (2D, 2.5D and 3D), with added focus on contemporary 3D pulmonary models of fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Lauren D Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States; Department of Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bree B Aldridge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States; Department of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Gokey JJ, Sridharan A, Xu Y, Green J, Carraro G, Stripp BR, Perl AKT, Whitsett JA. Active epithelial Hippo signaling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98738. [PMID: 29563341 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo/YAP signaling plays pleiotropic roles in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation during organogenesis and tissue repair. Herein we demonstrate increased YAP activity in respiratory epithelial cells in lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a common, lethal form of interstitial lung disease (ILD). Immunofluorescence staining in IPF epithelial cells demonstrated increased nuclear YAP and loss of MST1/2. Bioinformatic analyses of epithelial cell RNA profiles predicted increased activity of YAP and increased canonical mTOR/PI3K/AKT signaling in IPF. Phospho-S6 (p-S6) and p-PTEN were increased in IPF epithelial cells, consistent with activation of mTOR signaling. Expression of YAP (S127A), a constitutively active form of YAP, in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC3s) increased p-S6 and p-PI3K, cell proliferation and migration, processes that were inhibited by the YAP-TEAD inhibitor verteporfin. Activation of p-S6 was required for enhancing and stabilizing YAP, and the p-S6 inhibitor temsirolimus blocked nuclear YAP localization and suppressed expression of YAP target genes CTGF, AXL, and AJUBA (JUB). YAP and mTOR/p-S6 signaling pathways interact to induce cell proliferation and migration, and inhibit epithelial cell differentiation that may contribute to the pathogenesis of IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Gokey
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, and
| | | | - Yan Xu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jenna Green
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, and
| | - Gianni Carraro
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
miR-200b/c attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced early pulmonary fibrosis by targeting ZEB1/2 via p38 MAPK and TGF-β/smad3 signaling pathways. J Transl Med 2018; 98:339-359. [PMID: 29200203 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis triggered during the early stage of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) contributes to poor prognosis in patients. However, whether microRNAs (miRNAs) can serve as therapeutic targets for early pulmonary fibrosis during ARDS is still largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effects and mechanisms of miR-200s and its targets ZEB1/2 in lung tissue. An early pulmonary fibrosis mouse model caused by ARDS was established via a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) three-hit regimen. Lentiviral packaged miR-200b/c cDNA or ZEB1/2 shRNA was intratracheally administered into the lungs of C57BL/6 mice 1 day before an LPS injection was administered. In vitro, following a 30-min pretreatment with miR-200b/c or SB203580/SIS3, RLE-6TN cells were stimulated by LPS or LPS + transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) for 24 h. miR-200b/c and E-cadherin protein expression declined, whereas ZEB1/2 mRNA and protein and vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein levels gradually increased during the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, both the overexpression of miR-200b/c and the silencing of ZEB1/2 significantly alleviated pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, reduced vimentin and α-SMA expression, and increased E-cadherin protein levels. In RLE-6TN cells, LPS combined with TGF-β exerts synergistic effects of increasing vimentin and α-SMA protein levels, increasing p38 and smad3 phosphorylation and reducing E-cadherin protein levels, which were reversed by pretreatment with miR-200b/c or SB203580/SIS3. Our findings demonstrate that miR-200b/c was downregulated, whereas ZEB1/2 was upregulated in the development of LPS-induced early pulmonary fibrosis. miR-200b/c exerts a protective effect by targeting ZEB1/2, which may be associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK and TGF-β /smad3 signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
78
|
Goodwin J, Choi H, Hsieh MH, Neugent ML, Ahn JM, Hayenga HN, Singh PK, Shackelford DB, Lee IK, Shulaev V, Dhar S, Takeda N, Kim JW. Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α/Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 1 Axis by Dichloroacetate Suppresses Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:216-231. [PMID: 28915065 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0186oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. Aberrantly activated myofibroblasts are the primary pathological driver of fibrotic progression, yet how various microenvironmental influences, such as hypoxia, contribute to their sustained activation and differentiation is poorly understood. As a defining feature of hypoxia is its impact on cellular metabolism, we sought to investigate how hypoxia-induced metabolic reprogramming affects myofibroblast differentiation and fibrotic progression, and to test the preclinical efficacy of targeting glycolytic metabolism for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrotic progression was evaluated in two independent, fibroblast-specific, promoter-driven, hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif) 1A knockout mouse models and in glycolytic inhibitor, dichloroacetate-treated mice. Genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to explicate the role of metabolic reprogramming in myofibroblast differentiation. Hypoxia significantly enhanced transforming growth factor-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation through HIF-1α, whereas overexpression of the critical HIF-1α-mediated glycolytic switch, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) was sufficient to activate glycolysis and potentiate myofibroblast differentiation, even in the absence of HIF-1α. Inhibition of the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis by genomic deletion of Hif1A or pharmacological inhibition of PDK1 significantly attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Our findings suggest that HIF-1α/PDK1-mediated glycolytic reprogramming is a critical metabolic alteration that acts to promote myofibroblast differentiation and fibrotic progression, and demonstrate that targeting glycolytic metabolism may prove to be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jung-Mo Ahn
- 2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and
| | - Heather N Hayenga
- 3 Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- 4 Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - David B Shackelford
- 5 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- 6 Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- 7 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Shanta Dhar
- 8 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,9 Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- 10 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Injury- and inflammation-driven skin fibrosis: The paradigm of epidermolysis bullosa. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:547-560. [PMID: 29391280 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic or acquired destabilization of the dermal extracellular matrix evokes injury- and inflammation-driven progressive soft tissue fibrosis. Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB), a heritable human skin fragility disorder, is a paradigmatic disease to investigate these processes. Studies of DEB have generated abundant new information on cellular and molecular mechanisms at play in skin fibrosis which are not only limited to intractable diseases, but also applicable to some of the most common acquired conditions. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the biological and mechanical mechanisms driving the dermal fibrosis in DEB. Much of this progress is owed to the implementation of cell and tissue omics studies, which we pay special attention to. Based on the novel findings and increased understanding of the disease mechanisms in DEB, translational aspects and future therapeutic perspectives are emerging.
Collapse
|
80
|
Rindlisbacher B, Schmid C, Geiser T, Bovet C, Funke-Chambour M. Serum metabolic profiling identified a distinct metabolic signature in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - a potential biomarker role for LysoPC. Respir Res 2018; 19:7. [PMID: 29321022 PMCID: PMC5764001 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal lung disease of unknown etiology. Patients present loss of lung function, dyspnea and dry cough. Diagnosis requires compatible radiologic imaging and, in undetermined cases, invasive procedures such as bronchoscopy and surgical lung biopsy. The pathophysiological mechanisms of IPF are not completely understood. Lung injury with abnormal alveolar epithelial repair is thought to be a major cause for activation of profibrotic pathways in IPF. Metabolic signatures might indicate pathological pathways involved in disease development and progression. Reliable serum biomarker would help to improve both diagnostic approach and monitoring of drug effects. METHOD The global metabolic profiles measured by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) of ten stable IPF patients were compared to the ones of ten healthy participants. The results were validated in an additional study of eleven IPF patients and ten healthy controls. RESULTS We discovered 10 discriminative metabolic features using multivariate and univariate statistical analysis. Among them, we identified one metabolite at a retention time of 9.59 min that was two times more abundant in the serum of IPF patients compared to healthy participants. Based on its ion pattern, a lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) was proposed. LysoPC is a precursor of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) - a known mediator for lung fibrosis with its pathway currently being evaluated as new therapeutic drug target for IPF and other fibrotic diseases. CONCLUSIONS We identified a LysoPC by UHPLC-HRMS as potential biomarker in serum of patients with IPF. Further validation studies in a larger cohort are necessary to determine its role in IPF. TRIAL REGISTRATION Serum samples from IPF patients have been obtained within the clinical trial NCT02173145 at baseline and from the idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) cohort study. The study was approved by the Swiss Ethics Committee, Bern (KEK 002/14 and 246/15 or PB_2016-01524).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rindlisbacher
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Schmid
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Bovet
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Funke-Chambour
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Yao J, Dai Q, Liu Z, Zhou L, Xu J. Circular RNAs in Organ Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1087:259-273. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
82
|
Jansing NL, McClendon J, Henson PM, Tuder RM, Hyde DM, Zemans RL. Unbiased Quantitation of Alveolar Type II to Alveolar Type I Cell Transdifferentiation during Repair after Lung Injury in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:519-526. [PMID: 28586241 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0037ma] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium consists of squamous alveolar type (AT) I and cuboidal ATII cells. ATI cells cover 95-98% of the alveolar surface, thereby playing a critical role in barrier integrity, and are extremely thin, thus permitting efficient gas exchange. During lung injury, ATI cells die, resulting in increased epithelial permeability. ATII cells re-epithelialize the alveolar surface via proliferation and transdifferentiation into ATI cells. Transdifferentiation is characterized by down-regulation of ATII cell markers, up-regulation of ATI cell markers, and cell spreading, resulting in a change in morphology from cuboidal to squamous, thus restoring normal alveolar architecture and function. The mechanisms underlying ATII to ATI cell transdifferentiation have not been well studied in vivo. A prerequisite for mechanistic investigation is a rigorous, unbiased method to quantitate this process. Here, we used SPCCreERT2;mTmG mice, in which ATII cells and their progeny express green fluorescent protein (GFP), and applied stereologic techniques to measure transdifferentiation during repair after injury induced by LPS. Transdifferentiation was quantitated as the percent of alveolar surface area covered by ATII-derived (GFP+) cells expressing ATI, but not ATII, cell markers. Using this methodology, the time course and magnitude of transdifferentiation during repair was determined. We found that ATI cell loss and epithelial permeability occurred by Day 4, and ATII to ATI cell transdifferentiation began by Day 7 and continued until Day 16. Notably, transdifferentiation and barrier restoration are temporally correlated. This methodology can be applied to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying transdifferentiation, ultimately revealing novel therapeutic targets to accelerate repair after lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Jansing
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jazalle McClendon
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Peter M Henson
- 2 Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,3 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, and.,4 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rubin M Tuder
- 5 Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Dallas M Hyde
- 6 California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,3 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, and
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Molina-Molina M, Agusti A, Crestani B, Schwartz DA, Königshoff M, Chambers RC, Maher TM, Faner R, Mora AL, Rojas M, Antoniou KM, Sellares J. Towards a global initiative for fibrosis treatment (GIFT). ERJ Open Res 2017; 3:00106-2017. [PMID: 29214157 PMCID: PMC5710382 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00106-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease characterised by increased scarring of lung tissue. Despite the recent introduction of novel drugs that slow disease progression, IPF remains a deadly disease, and the benefits of these new drugs differ markedly between patients. Human diseases arise due to alterations in an almost limitless network of interconnected genes, proteins, metabolites, cells and tissues, in direct relationship with a continuously changing macro- or microenvironment. Systems biology is a novel research strategy that seeks to understand the structure and behaviour of the so-called “emergent properties” of complex systems, such as those involved in disease pathogenesis, which are most often overlooked when just one element of disease pathogenesis is observed in isolation. This article summarises the debate that took place during a European Respiratory Society research seminar in Barcelona, Spain on December 15–16, 2016, which focused on how systems biology could generate new data by integrating the different IPF pathogenic levels of complexity. The main conclusion of the seminar was to create a global initiative to improve IPF outcomes by integrating cutting-edge international research that leverages systems biology to develop a precision medicine approach to tackle this devastating disease. A novel call to action for implementing systems biology in IPF researchhttp://ow.ly/Is0A30gpnVb
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Molina-Molina
- Servei de Pneumologia, Laboratori de Pneumologia Experimental, IDIBELL, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alvar Agusti
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Pneumologia, Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Service de Pneumologie A, Hospital Bichat, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Melanie Königshoff
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Fibrosis Research Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Rosa Faner
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Pneumologia, Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Lucia Mora
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katerina M Antoniou
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pneumonology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jacobo Sellares
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Pneumologia, Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Deletion of SMARCA4 impairs alveolar epithelial type II cells proliferation and aggravates pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Genes Dis 2017; 4:204-214. [PMID: 30258924 PMCID: PMC6147121 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) injury and failed reconstitution of the AECs barrier are both integral to alveolar flooding and subsequent pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms regulating the regeneration of AECs post-injury still remain unclear. SMARCA4 is a part of the large ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complex SWI/SNF, which is essential for kidney and heart fibrosis. We investigates SMARCA4 function in lung fibrosis by establishing PF mice model with bleomycin firstly and found that the expression of SMARCA4 was mainly enhanced in alveolar type II (ATII) cells. Moreover, we established an alveolar epithelium-specific SMARCA4-deleted SP-C-rtTA/(tetO)7-Cre/SMARCA4f/f mice (SOSM4Δ/Δ) model, as well as a new SMARCA4-deleted alveolar type II (ATII)-like mle-12 cell line. We found that the bleomycin-induced PF was more aggressive in SOSM4Δ/Δ mice. Also, the proliferation of ATII cells was decreased with the loss of SMARCA4 in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we observed increased proliferation of ATII cells accompanied by abnormally high expression of SMARCA4 in human PF lung sections. These data uncovered the indispensable role of SMARCA4 in the proliferation of ATII cells, which might affect the progression of PF.
Collapse
|
85
|
Jiang C, Liu G, Luckhardt T, Antony V, Zhou Y, Carter AB, Thannickal VJ, Liu RM. Serpine 1 induces alveolar type II cell senescence through activating p53-p21-Rb pathway in fibrotic lung disease. Aging Cell 2017; 16:1114-1124. [PMID: 28722352 PMCID: PMC5595683 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence of alveolar type 2 (ATII) cells, progenitors of the alveolar epithelium, is implicated in the pathogeneses of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), an aging‐related progressive fatal lung disorder with unknown etiology. The mechanism underlying ATII cell senescence in fibrotic lung diseases, however, remains poorly understood. In this study, we report that ATII cells in IPF lungs express higher levels of serpine 1, also known as plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1), and cell senescence markers p21 and p16, compared to ATII cells in control lungs. Silencing PAI‐1 or inhibition of PAI‐1 activity in cultured rat ATII (L2) cells leads to decreases in p53 serine 18 phosphorylation (p53S18P), p53 and p21 protein expressions; an increase in retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation (ppRb); and a reduction in the sensitivity to bleomycin‐ and doxorubicin‐induced senescence. Silencing p53, on the other hand, abrogates PAI‐1 protein‐stimulated p21 expression and cell senescence. In vivo studies, using ATII cell‐specific PAI‐1 conditional knockout mouse model generated recently in this laboratory, further support the role of PAI‐1 in the activation of p53‐p21‐Rb cell cycle repression pathway, ATII cell senescence, and lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin. This study reveals a novel function of PAI‐1 in regulation of cell cycle and suggests that elevation of PAI‐1 contributes importantly to ATII cell senescence in fibrotic lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunsun Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Tracy Luckhardt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Veena Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - A. Brent Carter
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Henderson MW, Madenspacher JH, Whitehead GS, Thomas SY, Aloor JJ, Gowdy KM, Fessler MB. Effects of Orally Ingested Arsenic on Respiratory Epithelial Permeability to Bacteria and Small Molecules in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:097024. [PMID: 28960179 PMCID: PMC5915208 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic exposure via drinking water impacts millions of people worldwide. Although arsenic has been associated epidemiologically with increased lung infections, the identity of the lung cell types targeted by peroral arsenic and the associated immune mechanisms remain poorly defined. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the impact of peroral arsenic on pulmonary antibacterial host defense. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were administered drinking water with 0, 250 ppb, or 25 ppm sodium arsenite for 5 wk and then challenged intratracheally with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or lipopolysaccharide. Bacterial clearance and immune responses were profiled. RESULTS Arsenic had no effect on bacterial clearance in the lung or on the intrapulmonary innate immune response to bacteria or lipopolysaccharide, as assessed by neutrophil recruitment to, and cytokine induction in, the airspace. Alveolar macrophage TNFα production was unaltered. By contrast, arsenic-exposed mice had significantly reduced plasma TNFα in response to systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge, together suggesting that the local airway innate immune response may be relatively preserved from arsenic intoxication. Despite intact intrapulmonary bacterial clearance during pneumonia, arsenic-exposed mice suffered dramatically increased bacterial dissemination to the bloodstream. Mechanistically, this was linked to increased respiratory epithelial permeability, as revealed by intratracheal FITC-dextran tracking, serum Club Cell protein 16 measurement, and other approaches. Consistent with barrier disruption at the alveolar level, arsenic-exposed mice had evidence for alveolar epithelial type 1 cell injury. CONCLUSIONS Peroral arsenic has little effect on local airway immune responses to bacteria but compromises respiratory epithelial barrier integrity, increasing systemic translocation of inhaled pathogens and small molecules. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1878.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Henderson
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer H Madenspacher
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory S Whitehead
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seddon Y Thomas
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jim J Aloor
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Beers MF, Moodley Y. When Is an Alveolar Type 2 Cell an Alveolar Type 2 Cell? A Conundrum for Lung Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:18-27. [PMID: 28326803 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0426ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating mature, differentiated, adult lung cells from pluripotent cells, such as induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells, offers the hope of both generating disease-specific in vitro models and creating definitive and personalized therapies for a host of debilitating lung parenchymal and airway diseases. With the goal of advancing lung-regenerative medicine, several groups have developed and reported on protocols using defined media, coculture with mesenchymal components, or sequential treatments mimicking lung development, to obtain distal lung epithelial cells from stem cell precursors. However, there remains significant controversy about the degree of differentiation of these cells compared with their primary counterparts, coupled with a lack of consistency or uniformity in assessing the resultant phenotypes. Given the inevitable, exponential expansion of these approaches and the probable, but yet-to-emerge second and higher generation techniques to create such assets, we were prompted to pose the question, what makes a lung epithelial cell a lung epithelial cell? More specifically for this Perspective, we also posed the question, what are the minimum features that constitute an alveolar type (AT) 2 epithelial cell? In addressing this, we summarize a body of work spanning nearly five decades, amassed by a series of "lung epithelial cell biology pioneers," which carefully describes well characterized molecular, functional, and morphological features critical for discriminately assessing an AT2 phenotype. Armed with this, we propose a series of core criteria to assist the field in confirming that cells obtained following a differentiation protocol are indeed mature and functional AT2 epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Beers
- 1 Lung Epithelial Biology Laboratories, Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Yuben Moodley
- 2 University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Research Institute, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Cui H, Banerjee S, Xie N, Ge J, Liu RM, Matalon S, Thannickal VJ, Liu G. MicroRNA-27a-3p Is a Negative Regulator of Lung Fibrosis by Targeting Myofibroblast Differentiation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:843-52. [PMID: 26600197 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0205oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microRNAs (miRs) have been well recognized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of organ fibrosis, there is a lack of evidence as to whether miRs directly regulate the differentiation of myofibroblasts, the putative effector cells during pathological fibrogenesis. In this study, we found that levels of miR-27a-3p were up-regulated in transforming growth factor-β1-treated human lung fibroblasts in a Smad2/3-dependent manner and in fibroblasts isolated from lungs of mice with experimental pulmonary fibrosis. However, both basal and transforming growth factor-β1-induced expression of miR-27a-3p were reduced in lung fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis compared with that from normal control subjects. Overexpression of miR-27a-3p inhibited, whereas knockdown of miR-27a-3p enhanced, the differentiation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. We found that miR-27a-3p directly targeted the phenotypic marker of myofibroblasts, α-smooth muscle actin, and two key Smad transcription factors, Smad2 and Smad4. More importantly, we found that therapeutic expression of miR-27a-3p in mouse lungs through lentiviral delivery diminished bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. In conclusion, our data suggest that miR-27a-3p functions via a negative-feedback mechanism in inhibiting lung fibrosis. This study also indicates that targeting miR-27a-3p is a novel therapeutic approach to treat fibrotic organ disorders, including lung fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Cui
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Sami Banerjee
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Na Xie
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jing Ge
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Sadis Matalon
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Gang Liu
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Pine bark extract (Pycnogenol®) suppresses cigarette smoke-induced fibrotic response via transforming growth factor-β1/Smad family member 2/3 signaling. Lab Anim Res 2017; 33:76-83. [PMID: 28747971 PMCID: PMC5527150 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2017.33.2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is an important disease featured as intense inflammation, protease imbalance, and air flow limitation and mainly induced by cigarette smoke (CS). In present study, we explored the effects of Pycnogenol® (PYC, pine bark extract) on pulmonary fibrosis caused by CS+lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Mice were treated with LPS intranasally on day 12 and 26, followed by CS exposure for 1 h/day (8 cigarettes per day) for 4 weeks. One hour before CS exposure, 10 and 20 mg/kg of PYC were administered by oral gavage for 4 weeks. PYC effectively reduced the number of inflammatory cells and proinflammatory mediators caused by CS+LPS exposure in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. PYC inhibited the collagen deposition on lung tissue caused by CS+LPS exposure, as evidenced by Masson's trichrome stain. Furthermore, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression and Smad family member 2/3 (Smad 2/3) phosphorylation were effectively suppressed by PYC treatment. PYC markedly reduced the collagen deposition caused by CS+LPS exposure, which was closely involved in TGF-β1/Smad 2/3 signaling, which is associated with pulmonary fibrotic change. These findings suggest that treatment with PYC could be a therapeutic strategy for controlling COPD progression.
Collapse
|
90
|
Cui H, Ge J, Xie N, Banerjee S, Zhou Y, Antony VB, Thannickal VJ, Liu G. miR-34a Inhibits Lung Fibrosis by Inducing Lung Fibroblast Senescence. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:168-178. [PMID: 27635790 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0163oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence has been implicated in diverse pathologies. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the role of this process in tissue fibrosis. Although dysregulation of microRNAs is a key mechanism in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis, it is unclear whether microRNAs function by regulating cellular senescence in the disease. In this study, we found that miR-34a demonstrated greater expression in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and in mice with experimental pulmonary fibrosis, with its primary localization in lung fibroblasts. More importantly, miR-34a was up-regulated significantly in both human and mouse lung myofibroblasts. We found that mice with miR-34a ablation developed more severe pulmonary fibrosis than did wild-type animals after fibrotic lung injury. Mechanistically, we found that miR-34a induced a senescent phenotype in lung fibroblasts because this microRNA increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, enhanced expression of senescence markers, and decreased cell proliferative capacities. Consistently, we found that primary lung fibroblasts from fibrotic lungs of miR-34a-deficient mice had a diminished senescent phenotype and enhanced resistance to apoptosis as compared with those from wild-type animals. We also identified multiple miR-34a targets that likely mediated its activities in inducing senescence in lung fibroblasts. In conclusion, our data suggest that miR-34a functions through a negative feedback mechanism to restrain fibrotic response in the lungs by promoting senescence of pulmonary fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Cui
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Jing Ge
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and.,2 Department of Geriatrics and Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Xie
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Sami Banerjee
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Yong Zhou
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Veena B Antony
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Gang Liu
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Haak AJ, Girtman MA, Ali MF, Carmona EM, Limper AH, Tschumperlin DJ. Phenylpyrrolidine structural mimics of pirfenidone lacking antifibrotic activity: A new tool for mechanism of action studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 811:87-92. [PMID: 28576410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pirfenidone recently received FDA approval as one of the first two drugs designed to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. While the clinical data continues to support the efficacy of pirfenidone, the specific molecular mechanism of action of this drug has not been fully defined. From a chemical perspective the comparatively simple and lipophilic structure of pirfenidone combined with its administration at high doses, both experimentally and clinically, complicates some of the basic tenants of drug action and drug design. Our objective here was to identify a commercially available structural mimic of pirfenidone which retains key aspects of its physical chemical properties but does not display any of its antifibrotic effects. We tested these molecules using lung fibroblasts derived from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and found phenylpyrrolidine based analogs of pirfenidone that were non-toxic and lacked antifibrotic activity even when applied at millimolar concentrations. Based on our findings, these molecules represent pharmacological tools for future studies delineating pirfenidone's mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Haak
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Megan A Girtman
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Mohamed F Ali
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Eva M Carmona
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Asano S, Ito S, Takahashi K, Furuya K, Kondo M, Sokabe M, Hasegawa Y. Matrix stiffness regulates migration of human lung fibroblasts. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/9/e13281. [PMID: 28507166 PMCID: PMC5430127 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with pulmonary diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, progressive pulmonary fibrosis is caused by dysregulated wound healing via activation of fibroblasts after lung inflammation or severe damage. Migration of fibroblasts toward the fibrotic lesions plays an important role in pulmonary fibrosis. Fibrotic tissue in the lung is much stiffer than normal lung tissue. Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that the stiffness of the matrix is not only a consequence of fibrosis, but also can induce fibroblast activation. Nevertheless, the effects of substrate rigidity on migration of lung fibroblasts have not been fully elucidated. We evaluated the effects of substrate stiffness on the morphology, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, and cell migration of primary human lung fibroblasts by using polyacrylamide hydrogels with stiffnesses ranging from 1 to 50 kPa. Cell motility was assessed by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced chemotaxis and random walk migration assays. As the stiffness of substrates increased, fibroblasts became spindle-shaped and spread. Expression of α-SMA proteins was higher on the stiffer substrates (25 kPa gel and plastic dishes) than on the soft 2 kPa gel. Both PDGF-induced chemotaxis and random walk migration of fibroblasts precultured on stiff substrates (25 kPa gel and plastic dishes) were significantly higher than those of cells precultured on 2 kPa gel. Transfection of the fibroblasts with short interfering RNA for α-SMA inhibited cell migration. These findings suggest that fibroblast activation induced by a stiff matrix is involved in mechanisms of the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Asano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan .,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kota Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kishio Furuya
- Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Kondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Takahashi K, Ito S, Furuya K, Asano S, Sokabe M, Hasegawa Y. Real-time imaging of mechanically and chemically induced ATP release in human lung fibroblasts. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 242:96-101. [PMID: 28442443 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) acts as an inflammatory mediator of pulmonary fibrosis. We investigated the effects of mechanical and chemical stimuli on ATP release from primary normal human lung fibroblasts. We visualized the ATP release from fibroblasts in real time using a luminescence imaging system while acquiring differential interference contrast cell images with infrared optics. Immediately following a single uniaxial stretch for 1s, ATP was released from a certain population of cells and spread to surrounding spaces. Hypotonic stress, which causes plasma membrane stretching, also induced the ATP release. Compared with the effects of mechanical stretch, ATP-induced release sites were homogeneously distributed. In contrast to the effects of mechanical stimuli, application of platelet-derived growth factor caused ATP release from small numbers of the cells. Our real-time ATP imaging demonstrates that there is a heterogeneous nature of ATP release from lung fibroblasts in response to mechanical and chemical stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoru Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan.
| | - Kishio Furuya
- Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Li X, Wang Y, An G, Liang D, Zhu Z, Lian X, Niu P, Guo C, Tian L. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis via paracrine mechanisms. Toxicol Lett 2017; 270:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
95
|
Weeden CE, Chen Y, Ma SB, Hu Y, Ramm G, Sutherland KD, Smyth GK, Asselin-Labat ML. Lung Basal Stem Cells Rapidly Repair DNA Damage Using the Error-Prone Nonhomologous End-Joining Pathway. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2000731. [PMID: 28125611 PMCID: PMC5268430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), the second most common subtype of lung cancer, is strongly associated with tobacco smoking and exhibits genomic instability. The cellular origins and molecular processes that contribute to SqCC formation are largely unexplored. Here we show that human basal stem cells (BSCs) isolated from heavy smokers proliferate extensively, whereas their alveolar progenitor cell counterparts have limited colony-forming capacity. We demonstrate that this difference arises in part because of the ability of BSCs to repair their DNA more efficiently than alveolar cells following ionizing radiation or chemical-induced DNA damage. Analysis of mice harbouring a mutation in the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a key enzyme in DNA damage repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), indicated that BSCs preferentially repair their DNA by this error-prone process. Interestingly, polyploidy, a phenomenon associated with genetically unstable cells, was only observed in the human BSC subset. Expression signature analysis indicated that BSCs are the likely cells of origin of human SqCC and that high levels of NHEJ genes in SqCC are correlated with increasing genomic instability. Hence, our results favour a model in which heavy smoking promotes proliferation of BSCs, and their predilection for error-prone NHEJ could lead to the high mutagenic burden that culminates in SqCC. Targeting DNA repair processes may therefore have a role in the prevention and therapy of SqCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare E. Weeden
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yunshun Chen
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen B. Ma
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yifang Hu
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate D. Sutherland
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gordon K. Smyth
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie-Liesse Asselin-Labat
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Xu Y, Mizuno T, Sridharan A, Du Y, Guo M, Tang J, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, Perl AKT, Funari VA, Gokey JJ, Stripp BR, Whitsett JA. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies diverse roles of epithelial cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e90558. [PMID: 27942595 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal interstitial lung disease characterized by airway remodeling, inflammation, alveolar destruction, and fibrosis. We utilized single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to identify epithelial cell types and associated biological processes involved in the pathogenesis of IPF. Transcriptomic analysis of normal human lung epithelial cells defined gene expression patterns associated with highly differentiated alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells, indicated by enrichment of RNAs critical for surfactant homeostasis. In contrast, scRNA-seq of IPF cells identified 3 distinct subsets of epithelial cell types with characteristics of conducting airway basal and goblet cells and an additional atypical transitional cell that contributes to pathological processes in IPF. Individual IPF cells frequently coexpressed alveolar type 1 (AT1), AT2, and conducting airway selective markers, demonstrating "indeterminate" states of differentiation not seen in normal lung development. Pathway analysis predicted aberrant activation of canonical signaling via TGF-β, HIPPO/YAP, P53, WNT, and AKT/PI3K. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy identified the disruption of alveolar structure and loss of the normal proximal-peripheral differentiation of pulmonary epithelial cells. scRNA-seq analyses identified loss of normal epithelial cell identities and unique contributions of epithelial cells to the pathogenesis of IPF. The present study provides a rich data source to further explore lung health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Takako Mizuno
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anusha Sridharan
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yina Du
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Minzhe Guo
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kathryn A Wikenheiser-Brokamp
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Pathology, CCHMC, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anne-Karina T Perl
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Vincent A Funari
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jason J Gokey
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Groves AM, Johnston CJ, Misra RS, Williams JP, Finkelstein JN. Effects of IL-4 on pulmonary fibrosis and the accumulation and phenotype of macrophage subpopulations following thoracic irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:754-765. [PMID: 27539247 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1222094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thoracic irradiation injures lung parenchyma, triggering inflammation and immune cell activation, leading to pneumonitis and fibrosis. Macrophage polarization contributes to these processes. Since IL-4 promotes pro-fibrotic macrophage activation, its role in radiation-induced lung injury was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lung macrophage subpopulations were characterized from 3-26 weeks following exposure of WT and IL-4-/- mice to 0 or 12.5 Gray single dose thoracic irradiation. RESULTS Loss of IL-4 did not prevent fibrosis, but blunted macrophage accumulation within the parenchyma. At 3 weeks following exposure, cell numbers and expression of F4/80 and CD206, an alternative activation marker, decreased in alveolar macrophages but increased in infiltrating macrophages in WT mice. Loss of IL-4 impaired recovery of these markers in alveolar macrophages and blunted expansion of these populations in infiltrating macrophages. CD206+ cells were evident in fibrotic regions of WT mice only, however Arg-1+ cells increased in fibrotic regions in IL-4-/- mice only. Radiation-induced proinflammatory Ly6C expression was more apparent in alveolar and interstitial macrophages from IL-4-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS IL-4 loss did not prevent alternative macrophage activation and fibrosis in irradiated mice. Instead, a role is indicated for IL-4 in maintenance of macrophage populations in the lung following high single dose thoracic irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Groves
- a Department of Pediatrics M&D Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Carl J Johnston
- a Department of Pediatrics M&D Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA.,b Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Ravi S Misra
- a Department of Pediatrics M&D Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- b Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Jacob N Finkelstein
- a Department of Pediatrics M&D Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA.,b Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Latoche JD, Ufelle AC, Fazzi F, Ganguly K, Leikauf GD, Fattman CL. Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 and Sex-Specific Differences in Silica-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1199-207. [PMID: 26955063 PMCID: PMC4977050 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrotic lung diseases occur predominantly in males, and reports describe better survival in affected females. Male mice are more sensitive to silica-induced lung fibrosis than silica-treated female mice. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1, also known as osteopontin) increases in pulmonary fibrosis, and Spp1 transcription may be regulated by estrogen or estrogen receptor-related receptors. OBJECTIVE We determined whether differences in silica-induced SPP1 levels contribute to sex differences in lung fibrosis. METHODS Male and female mice were treated with 0.2 g/kg intratracheal silica, and lung injury was assessed 1, 3, or 14 days post-exposure. Gene-targeted (Spp1-/-) mice, control Spp1+/+ (C57BL/6J) mice, ovariectomized (OVX) female mice, and estrogen-treated male mice were treated with silica, and lung injury was assessed. RESULTS Silica-induced SPP1 in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage, and serum increased more in male than in female mice. Following silica treatment, bronchoalveolar lavage cell infiltrates decreased in female Spp1-/- mice compared with female Spp1+/+ mice, and lung hydroxyproline decreased in male Spp1-/- mice compared with male Spp1+/+ mice. OVX female mice had increased lung SPP1 expression in response to silica compared with silica-treated sham female mice. Silica-induced lung collagen and hydroxyproline (markers of fibrosis), and SPP1 levels decreased in estrogen-treated males compared with untreated males. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that sex-specific differences in SPP1 levels contribute to the differential sensitivity of male and female mice to the development of silica-induced fibrosis. CITATION Latoche JD, Ufelle AC, Fazzi F, Ganguly K, Leikauf GD, Fattman CL. 2016. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 and sex-specific differences in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Environ Health Perspect 124:1199-1207; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510335.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Latoche
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Chukwuma Ufelle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fabrizio Fazzi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- SRM (Sri Ramaswamy Memorial) Research Institute, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - George D. Leikauf
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Fattman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Luzina IG, Lockatell V, Hyun SW, Kopach P, Kang PH, Noor Z, Liu A, Lillehoj EP, Lee C, Miranda-Ribera A, Todd NW, Goldblum SE, Atamas SP. Elevated expression of NEU1 sialidase in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis provokes pulmonary collagen deposition, lymphocytosis, and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L940-54. [PMID: 26993524 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00346.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) poses challenges to understanding its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms and the development of better therapies. Previous studies suggest a pathophysiological role for neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), an enzyme that removes terminal sialic acid from glycoproteins. We observed increased NEU1 expression in epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as fibroblasts, in the lungs of patients with IPF compared with healthy control lungs. Recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of NEU1 to cultured primary human cells elicited profound changes in cellular phenotypes. Small airway epithelial cell migration was impaired in wounding assays, whereas, in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, NEU1 overexpression strongly impacted global gene expression, increased T cell adhesion to endothelial monolayers, and disrupted endothelial capillary-like tube formation. NEU1 overexpression in fibroblasts provoked increased levels of collagen types I and III, substantial changes in global gene expression, and accelerated degradation of matrix metalloproteinase-14. Intratracheal instillation of NEU1 encoding, but not control adenovirus, induced lymphocyte accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage samples and lung tissues and elevations of pulmonary transforming growth factor-β and collagen. The lymphocytes were predominantly T cells, with CD8(+) cells exceeding CD4(+) cells by nearly twofold. These combined data indicate that elevated NEU1 expression alters functional activities of distinct lung cell types in vitro and recapitulates lymphocytic infiltration and collagen accumulation in vivo, consistent with mechanisms implicated in lung fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Virginia Lockatell
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Sang W Hyun
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Pavel Kopach
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Phillip H Kang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Zahid Noor
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Anguo Liu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Erik P Lillehoj
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Chunsik Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Nevins W Todd
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Simeon E Goldblum
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Sergei P Atamas
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Fernandez IE, Amarie OV, Mutze K, Königshoff M, Yildirim AÖ, Eickelberg O. Systematic phenotyping and correlation of biomarkers with lung function and histology in lung fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L919-27. [PMID: 26993522 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00183.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, phenotyping and disease course prediction in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) primarily relies on lung function measures. Blood biomarkers were recently proposed for diagnostic and outcome prediction in IPF, yet their correlation with lung function and histology remains unclear. Here, we comprehensively assessed biomarkers in liquid biopsies and correlated their abundance with lung function and histology during the onset, progression, and resolution of lung fibrosis, with the aim to more precisely evaluate disease progression in the preclinical model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. Importantly, the strongest correlation of lung function with histological extent of fibrosis was observed at day 14, whereas lung function was unchanged at days 28 and 56, even when histological assessment showed marked fibrotic lesions. Although matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), MMP-9, and PAI-1 were significantly elevated in broncheoalveolar lavage of fibrotic mice, only soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) was elevated in the peripheral blood of fibrotic mice and was strongly correlated with the extent of fibrosis. Importantly, tissue-bound ICAM-1 was also elevated in lung homogenates, with prominent staining in hyperplastic type II alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells. In summary, we show that lung function decline is not a prerequisite for histologically evident fibrosis, particularly during the onset or resolution thereof. Plasma levels of sICAM-1 strongly correlate with the extent of lung fibrosis, and may thus be considered for the assessment of intraindividual therapeutic studies in preclinical studies of pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isis E Fernandez
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oana V Amarie
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Mutze
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|