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Volckaert T, De Langhe S. Lung epithelial stem cells and their niches: Fgf10 takes center stage. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2014; 7:8. [PMID: 24891877 PMCID: PMC4041638 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Throughout life adult animals crucially depend on stem cell populations to maintain and repair their tissues to ensure life-long organ function. Stem cells are characterized by their capacity to extensively self-renew and give rise to one or more differentiated cell types. These powerful stem cell properties are key to meet the changing demand for tissue replacement during normal lung homeostasis and regeneration after lung injury. Great strides have been made over the last few years to identify and characterize lung epithelial stem cells as well as their lineage relationships. Unfortunately, knowledge on what regulates the behavior and fate specification of lung epithelial stem cells is still limited, but involves communication with their microenvironment or niche, a local tissue environment that hosts and influences the behaviors or characteristics of stem cells and that comprises other cell types and extracellular matrix. As such, an intimate and dynamic epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk, which is also essential during lung development, is required for normal homeostasis and to mount an appropriate regenerative response after lung injury. Fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) signaling in particular seems to be a well-conserved signaling pathway governing epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during lung development as well as between different adult lung epithelial stem cells and their niches. On the other hand, disruption of these reciprocal interactions leads to a dysfunctional epithelial stem cell-niche unit, which may culminate in chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volckaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206, USA ; The Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium ; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn De Langhe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206, USA ; Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, 12605 E 16th Avenue, Aurora CO 80045, USA
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52
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Templeton AK, Miyamoto S, Babu A, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Cancer stem cells: progress and challenges in lung cancer. Stem Cell Investig 2014; 1:9. [PMID: 27358855 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2014.03.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The identification of a subpopulation of tumor cells with stem cell-like characteristics first in hematological malignancies and later in solid tumors has emerged into a novel field of cancer research. It has been proposed that this aberrant population of cells now called "cancer stem cells" (CSCs) drives tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance. CSCs have been shown to have the capacity of self-renewal and multipotency. Adopting strategies from the field of stem cell research has aided in identification, localization, and targeting of CSCs in many tumors. Despite the huge progress in other solid tumors such as brain, breast, and colon cancers no substantial advancements have been made in lung cancer. This is most likely due to the current rudimentary understanding of lung stem cell hierarchy and heterogeneous nature of lung disease. In this review, we will discuss the most recent findings related to identification of normal lung stem cells and CSCs, pathways involved in regulating the development of CSCs, and the importance of the stem cell niche in development and maintenance of CSCs. Additionally, we will examine the development and feasibility of novel CSC-targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at eradicating lung CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Templeton
- 1 Department of Pathology, 2 Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, 4 Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Shinya Miyamoto
- 1 Department of Pathology, 2 Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, 4 Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Anish Babu
- 1 Department of Pathology, 2 Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, 4 Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- 1 Department of Pathology, 2 Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, 4 Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- 1 Department of Pathology, 2 Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, 4 Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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53
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Herriges M, Morrisey EE. Lung development: orchestrating the generation and regeneration of a complex organ. Development 2014; 141:502-13. [PMID: 24449833 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system, which consists of the lungs, trachea and associated vasculature, is essential for terrestrial life. In recent years, extensive progress has been made in defining the temporal progression of lung development, and this has led to exciting discoveries, including the derivation of lung epithelium from pluripotent stem cells and the discovery of developmental pathways that are targets for new therapeutics. These discoveries have also provided new insights into the regenerative capacity of the respiratory system. This Review highlights recent advances in our understanding of lung development and regeneration, which will hopefully lead to better insights into both congenital and acquired lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Herriges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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54
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Bertoncello I, McQualter JL. Endogenous lung stem cells: what is their potential for use in regenerative medicine? Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 4:349-62. [DOI: 10.1586/ers.10.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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55
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Sunday ME. Oxygen, gastrin-releasing Peptide, and pediatric lung disease: life in the balance. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:72. [PMID: 25101250 PMCID: PMC4103080 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive oxygen (O2) can cause tissue injury, scarring, aging, and even death. Our laboratory is studying O2-sensing pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) and the PNEC-derived product gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from exposure to hyperoxia, ozone, or ionizing radiation (RT) can induce PNEC degranulation and GRP secretion. PNEC degranulation is also induced by hypoxia, and effects of hypoxia are mediated by free radicals. We have determined that excessive GRP leads to lung injury with acute and chronic inflammation, leading to pulmonary fibrosis (PF), triggered via ROS exposure or by directly treating mice with exogenous GRP. In animal models, GRP-blockade abrogates lung injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. The optimal time frame for GRP-blockade and the key target cell types remain to be determined. The concept of GRP as a mediator of ROS-induced tissue damage represents a paradigm shift about how O2 can cause injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. The host PNEC response in vivo may depend on individual ROS sensing mechanisms and subsequent GRP secretion. Ongoing scientific and clinical investigations promise to further clarify the molecular pathways and clinical relevance of GRP in the pathogenesis of diverse pediatric lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Sunday
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
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56
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Bertoncello I, McQualter JL. Lung stem cells: do they exist? Respirology 2013; 18:587-95. [PMID: 23433037 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of the potential of stem cell-based therapies for alleviating intractable lung diseases has provided the impetus for research aimed at identifying regenerative cells in the adult lung, understanding how they are organized and regulated, and how they could be harnessed in lung regenerative medicine. In this review, we describe the attributes of adult stem and progenitor cells in adult organs and how they are regulated by the permissive or restrictive microenvironment in which they reside. We describe the power and limitations of experimental models, cell separative strategies and functional assays used to model the organization and regulation of adult airway and alveolar stem cells in the adult lung. The review summarizes recent progress and obstacles in defining endogenous lung epithelial stem and progenitor cells in mouse models and in translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bertoncello
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Lung Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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57
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E-cadherin controls bronchiolar progenitor cells and onset of preneoplastic lesions in mice. Neoplasia 2013; 14:1164-77. [PMID: 23308049 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although progenitor cells of the conducting airway have been spatially localized and some insights have been gained regarding their molecular phenotype, relatively little is known about the mechanisms regulating their maintenance, activation, and differentiation. This study investigates the potential roles of E-cadherin in mouse Clara cells, as these cells were shown to represent the progenitor/stem cells of the conducting airways and have been implicated as the cell of origin of human non-small cell lung cancer. Postnatal inactivation of E-cadherin affected Clara cell differentiation and compromised airway regeneration under injury conditions. In steady-state adult lung, overexpression of the dominant negative E-cadherin led to an expansion of the bronchiolar stem cells and decreased differentiation concomitant with canonical Wnt signaling activation. Expansion of the bronchiolar stem cell pool was associated with an incessant proliferation of neuroepithelial body.associated Clara cells that ultimately gave rise to bronchiolar hyperplasia. Despite progressive hyperplasia, only a minority of the mice developed pulmonary solid tumors, suggesting that the loss of E-cadherin function leads to tumor formation when additional mutations are sustained. The present study reveals that E-cadherin plays a critical role in the regulation of proliferation and homeostasis of the epithelial cells lining the conducting airways.
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58
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Asselin-Labat ML, Filby CE. Adult lung stem cells and their contribution to lung tumourigenesis. Open Biol 2013; 2:120094. [PMID: 22977734 PMCID: PMC3438537 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation and characterization of lung stem and progenitor cells represent an important step towards the understanding of lung repair after injury, lung disease pathogenesis and the identification of the target cells of transformation in lung carcinogenesis. Different approaches using prospective isolation of progenitor cells by flow cytometry or lineage-tracing experiments in mouse models of lung injury have led to the identification of distinct progenitor subpopulations in different morphological regions of the adult lung. Genetically defined mouse models of lung cancer are offering new perspectives on the cells of origin of different subtypes of lung cancer. These mouse models pave the way to further investigate human lung progenitor cells at the origin of lung cancers, as well as to define the nature of the lung cancer stem cells. It will be critical to establish the link between oncogenic driver mutations recently discovered in lung cancers, target cells of transformation and subtypes of lung cancers to enable better stratification of patients for improved therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Liesse Asselin-Labat
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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59
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Ganesan S, Sajjan US. Repair and Remodeling of airway epithelium after injury in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2. [PMID: 24187653 DOI: 10.1007/s13665-013-0052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
COPD is thought to develop as a result of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke, occupational or other environmental hazards and it comprises both airways and parenchyma. Acute infections or chronic colonization of airways with bacteria may also contribute to development and/or progression of COPD lung disease. Airway epithelium is the primary target for the inhaled environmental factors and pathogens. The repetitive injury as a result of chronic exposure to environmental factors may result in persistent activation of pathways involved in airway epithelial repair, such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition, altered migration and proliferation of progenitor cells, and abnormal redifferentiation leading to airway remodeling. Development of model systems which mimics chronic airways disease as observed in COPD is required to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the abnormal airway epithelial repair that are specific to COPD and to also develop novel therapies focused on airway epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Ganesan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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60
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Li A, Chan B, Felix JC, Xing Y, Li M, Brody SL, Borok Z, Li C, Minoo P. Tissue-dependent consequences of Apc inactivation on proliferation and differentiation of ciliated cell progenitors via Wnt and notch signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62215. [PMID: 23646120 PMCID: PMC3639955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular signals that control decisions regarding progenitor/stem cell proliferation versus differentiation are not fully understood. Differentiation of motile cilia from progenitor/stem cells may offer a simple tractable model to investigate this process. Wnt and Notch represent two key signaling pathways in progenitor/stem cell behavior in a number of tissues. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Apc is a negative regulator of the Wnt pathway and a well known multifunctional protein. Using the cre-LoxP system we inactivated the Apc locus via Foxj1-cre, which is expressed in cells committed to ciliated cell lineage. We then characterized the consequent phenotype in two select tissues that bear motile cilia, the lung and the testis. In the lung, Apc deletion induced β-catenin accumulation and Jag1 expression in ciliated cells and by lateral induction, triggered Notch signaling in adjacent Clara cells. In the bronchiolar epithelium, absence of Apc blocked the differentiation of a subpopulation of cells committed to the ciliogenesis program. In the human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells, Apc over-expression inhibited Jag1 expression and promoted motile ciliogenic gene expression program including Foxj1, revealing the potential mechanism. In the testis, Apc inactivation induced β-catenin accumulation in the spermatogonia, but silenced Notch signaling and depleted spermatogonial stem cells, associated with reduced proliferation, resulting in male infertility. In sum, the present comparative analysis reveals the tissue-dependent consequences of Apc inactivation on proliferation and differentiation of ciliated cell progenitors by coordinating Wnt and Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Belinda Chan
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Felix
- Department of Pathology, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yiming Xing
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zea Borok
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Changgong Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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61
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Bone marrow cells expressing clara cell secretory protein increase epithelial repair after ablation of pulmonary clara cells. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1251-8. [PMID: 23609017 PMCID: PMC3677308 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported a subpopulation of bone marrow cells (BMC) that express Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), generally felt to be specific to lung Clara cells. Ablation of lung Clara cells has been reported using a transgenic mouse that expresses thymidine kinase under control of the CCSP promoter. Treatment with ganciclovir results in permanent elimination of CCSP(+) cells, failure of airway regeneration, and death. To determine if transtracheal delivery of wild-type bone marrow CCSP(+) cells is beneficial after ablation of lung CCSP(+) cells, transgenic mice were treated with ganciclovir followed by transtracheal administration of CCSP(+) or CCSP(-) BMC. Compared with mice administered CCSP(-) cells, mice treated with CCSP(+) cells had more donor cells lining the airway epithelium, where they expressed epithelial markers including CCSP. Although donor CCSP(+) cells did not substantially repopulate the airway, their administration resulted in increased host ciliated cells, better preservation of airway epithelium, reduction of inflammatory cells, and an increase in animal survival time. Administration of CCSP(+) BMC is beneficial after permanent ablation of lung Clara cells by increasing bronchial epithelial repair. Therefore, CCSP(+) BMC could be important for treatment of lung diseases where airways re-epithelialization is compromised.
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62
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Lee JH, Kim J, Gludish D, Roach RR, Saunders AH, Barrios J, Woo AJ, Chen H, Conner DA, Fujiwara Y, Stripp BR, Kim CF. Surfactant protein-C chromatin-bound green fluorescence protein reporter mice reveal heterogeneity of surfactant protein C-expressing lung cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48. [PMID: 23204392 PMCID: PMC3604082 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0403oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of alveolar epithelial cells is a critical aspect of alveolar reorganization after lung injury. Although alveolar Type II (AT2) cells have been described as progenitor cells for alveolar epithelia, more remains to be understood about how their progenitor cell properties are regulated. A nuclear, chromatin-bound green fluorescence protein reporter (H2B-GFP) was driven from the murine surfactant protein-C (SPC) promoter to generate SPC H2B-GFP transgenic mice. The SPC H2B-GFP allele allowed the FACS-based enrichment and gene expression profiling of AT2 cells. Approximately 97% of AT2 cells were GFP-labeled on Postnatal Day 1, and the percentage of GFP-labeled AT2 cells decreased to approximately 63% at Postnatal Week 8. Isolated young adult SPC H2B-GFP(+) cells displayed proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal capacity in the presence of lung fibroblasts in a Matrigel-based three-dimensional culture system. Heterogeneity within the GFP(+) population was revealed, because cells with distinct alveolar and bronchiolar gene expression arose in three-dimensional cultures. CD74, a surface marker highly enriched on GFP(+) cells, was identified as a positive selection marker, providing 3-fold enrichment for AT2 cells. In vivo, GFP expression was induced within other epithelial cell types during maturation of the distal lung. The utility of the SPC H2B-GFP murine model for the identification of AT2 cells was greatest in early postnatal lungs and more limited with age, when some discordance between SPC and GFP expression was observed. In adult mice, this allele may allow for the enrichment and future characterization of other SPC-expressing alveolar and bronchiolar cells, including putative stem/progenitor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Stem Cell Program and
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Gludish
- Stem Cell Program and
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Rebecca R. Roach
- Stem Cell Program and
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Arven H. Saunders
- Stem Cell Program and
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Juliana Barrios
- Stem Cell Program and
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Andrew Jonghan Woo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David A. Conner
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Barry R. Stripp
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Carla F. Kim
- Stem Cell Program and
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
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63
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Butler C, Birchall M, Giangreco A. Interventional and intrinsic airway homeostasis and repair. Physiology (Bethesda) 2012; 27:140-7. [PMID: 22689789 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00001.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human airways are a paragon of intrinsic engineering. They experience 7,000-10,000 liters of airflow/day, have a 70-m(2) surface area, and undergo complete renewal every 100-400 days. Despite this, airways are susceptible to aging, injury, and diseases that are major causes of mortality. Current airway regeneration research is focused both on understanding the cells and strategies responsible for maintaining intrinsic tissue homeostasis as well as on establishing clinical interventions for improving repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Butler
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, University College London, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
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64
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Functional characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in lung development, injury, and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:17531-6. [PMID: 23047698 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207238109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are proposed to be the first specialized cell type to appear in the lung, but their ontogeny remains obscure. Although studies of PNECs have suggested their involvement in a number of lung functions, neither their in vivo significance nor the molecular mechanisms underlying them have been elucidated. Importantly, PNECs have long been speculated to constitute the cells of origin of human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and recent mouse models support this hypothesis. However, a genetic system that permits tracing the early events of PNEC transformation has not been available. To address these key issues, we developed a genetic tool in mice by introducing a fusion protein of Cre recombinase and estrogen receptor (CreER) into the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) locus that encodes a major peptide in PNECs. The CGRP(CreER) mouse line has enabled us to manipulate gene activity in PNECs. Lineage tracing using this tool revealed the plasticity of PNECs. PNECs can be colabeled with alveolar cells during lung development, and following lung injury, PNECs can contribute to Clara cells and ciliated cells. Contrary to the current model, we observed that elimination of PNECs has no apparent consequence on Clara cell recovery. We also created mouse models of SCLC in which CGRP(CreER) was used to ablate multiple tumor suppressors in PNECs that were simultaneously labeled for following their fate. Our findings suggest that SCLC can originate from differentiated PNECs. Together, these studies provide unique insight into PNEC lineage and function and establish the foundation of investigating how PNECs contribute to lung homeostasis, injury/repair, and tumorigenesis.
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65
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De Langhe SP, Reynolds SD. Wnt signaling in lung organogenesis. Organogenesis 2012; 4:100-8. [PMID: 19279721 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.2.5856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Reporter transgene, knockout, and misexpression studies support the notion that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling regulates aspects of branching morphogenesis, regional specialization of the epithelium and mesenchyme, and establishment of progenitor cell pools. As demonstrated for other foregut endoderm-derived organs, beta-catenin and the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway contribute to control of cellular proliferation, differentiation and migration. However, the contribution of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling to these processes is shaped by other signals impinging on target tissues. In this review, we will concentrate on roles for Wnt/beta-catenin in respiratory system development, including segregation of the conducting airway and alveolar compartments, specialization of the mesenchyme, and establishment of tracheal asymmetries and tracheal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn P De Langhe
- Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Medical Research Center; Denver, Colorado USA
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66
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer: common pathogenesis, shared clinical challenges. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2012; 9:74-9. [PMID: 22550249 DOI: 10.1513/pats.201107-039ms] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental inhaled noxious particles have been known to play a role in several lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer, the deadliest malignancy in the world in both sexes. Of the known noxious agents, tobacco smoking is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide and is a recognized risk for the development of both diseases. The association between COPD and lung cancer has been demonstrated in population-based studies, lung cancer screening programs, epidemiological surveys, and case control and biological mechanistic studies. There is evidence that cumulative smoking history is associated with the risk of developing lung cancer and COPD; however, the majority of smokers do not develop clinical COPD or lung cancer. This suggests the presence of one or several factors that modulate the responses to the offending agents and define the final risk for disease development. The 54th Aspen Lung Conference was convened to provide a forum for a systematic dissection of the potential mechanisms by which persons exposed to the causative agents are able to handle and control the process or, in the case of dysfunctional response, the mechanisms that take off in different directions and result in injury and disease. This summary reviews the themes presented and attempts to integrate them for those clinicians and researchers interested in these topics. The challenges and future directions emanating from the discussions may help frame future conferences and hopefully inspire the interest of young researchers.
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Abstract
Airway epithelial healing is defined as restoration of health or soundness; to cure. Our research indicates that two types of progenitor cells participate in this process: the tissue-specific stem cell (TSC) and the facultative basal progenitor (FBP). The TSC restores the epithelium to its normal structure and function. Thus, the TSC regenerates the epithelium. In contrast, the FBP-derived epithelium is characterized by regions of cellular hyperplasia and hypoplasia. Since the FBP-derived epithelium deviates from normal, we term the FBP-mediated process repair. Our work indicates that the TSC responds to signals from other epithelial cells, including the FBP. These signals instruct the TSC to proliferate or to select one of several differentiation pathways. We interpret these data in the context of Stephen Padget's "seed and soil" paradigm. Therein, Padget explained that metastasis of a tumor, the seed, to a specific site, the soil, was determined by the growth and differentiation requirements of the tumor cell. By extending the seed and soil paradigm to airway epithelial healing, we suggest that proliferation and differentiation of the TSC, the seed, is determined by its interactions with other cell types, the soil. Based on this concept, we provide a set of suggestions for development of cell-based therapies that are directed toward chronic airways disease.
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68
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Li Y, Linnoila RI. Multidirectional differentiation of Achaete-Scute homologue-1-defined progenitors in lung development and injury repair. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:768-75. [PMID: 22878413 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0027oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cells contribute to the function of lungs. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are important for the regulation of breathing and carcinogenesis, although they represent only a small population of the airway lining. Achaete-Scute homologue-1 (Ascl1), a proneural basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is critical for the development of PNECs. We postulated that Ascl1-defined cells (ASDCs) may be progenitors, and traced their fate during development and injury repair. R26R-stop-lacZ (Rosa) reporter mice were crossed with Ascl1-Cre or Ascl1-CreERTM mice, in which the Ascl1 promoter drives the expression of Cre or inducible Cre recombinase, respectively. ASDCs and their descendants will be permanently labeled. The labeled cells were characterized by immunohistochemistry, using highly specific differentiation markers. Lineage studies revealed a population that proliferates before the pseudoglandular stage, and widely contributes to different compartments. When ASDCs were labeled on Embryonic Day 9.5, they gave rise to both airway and alveolar cells, but when labeled on Embryonic Day 11.5, they only gave rise to airway cells. In postnatal naphthalene injury, ASDCs contributed to regenerating Clara cells. In conclusion, Ascl1-defined cells in the lung represent a novel multipotent lineage, indicating a close relationship of neuroendocrine cells with other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Experimental Pathology Section, Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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69
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Anversa P, Perrella MA, Kourembanas S, Choi AMK, Loscalzo J. Regenerative pulmonary medicine: potential and promise, pitfalls and challenges. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:900-13. [PMID: 22435680 PMCID: PMC3513384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2012.02667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lung diseases contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of the population. There are few effective treatments for many chronic lung diseases, and even fewer therapies that can arrest or reverse the progress of the disease. DESIGN In this review, we present the current state of regenerative therapies for the treatment of chronic lung diseases. We focus on endothelial progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and endogenous lung stem/progenitor cells; summarize the work to date in models of lung diseases for each of these therapies; and consider their potential benefits and risks as viable therapies for patients with lung diseases. CONCLUSIONS Cell-based regenerative therapies for lung diseases offer great promise, with preclinical studies suggesting that the next decade should provide the evidence necessary for their ultimate application to our therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Anversa
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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70
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Xing Y, Li A, Borok Z, Li C, Minoo P. NOTCH1 is required for regeneration of Clara cells during repair of airway injury. Stem Cells 2012; 30:946-55. [PMID: 22331706 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The airways of the mammalian lung are lined with highly specialized epithelial cell types that are the targets of airborne toxicants and injury. Notch signaling plays an important role in the ontogeny of airway epithelial cells, but its contributions to recruitment, expansion or differentiation of resident progenitor/stem cells, and repair and re-establishment of the normal composition of airway epithelium following injury have not been addressed. In this study, the role of a specific Notch receptor, Notch1, was investigated by targeted inactivation in the embryonic lung epithelium using the epithelial-specific Gata5-Cre driver line. Notch1-deficient mice are viable without discernible defects in pulmonary epithelial cell-fate determination and differentiation. However, in an experimental model of airway injury, activity of Notch1 is found to be required for normal repair of the airway epithelium. Absence of Notch1 reduced the ability of a population of cells distinguished by expression of PGP9.5, otherwise a marker of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, which appears to serve as a reservoir for regeneration of Clara cells. Hairy/enhancer of split-5 (Hes5) and paired-box-containing gene 6 (Pax6) were found to be downstream targets of Notch1. Both Hes5 and Pax6 expressions were significantly increased in association with Clara cell regeneration in wild-type lungs. Ablation of Notch1 reduced Hes5 and Pax6 and inhibited airway epithelial repair. Thus, although dispensable in developmental ontogeny of airway epithelial cells, normal activity of Notch1 is required for repair of the airway epithelium. The signaling pathway by which Notch1 regulates the repair process includes stimulation of Hes5 and Pax6 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Xing
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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71
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Miki M, Ball DW, Linnoila RI. Insights into the achaete-scute homolog-1 gene (hASH1) in normal and neoplastic human lung. Lung Cancer 2012; 75:58-65. [PMID: 21684625 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Achaete-scute homolog-1 (ASH1) is pivotal for the development of pulmonary neuroendocrine (NE) cells. We examined human ASH1 (hASH1) expression across a comprehensive panel of human lung cancer cell lines, primary human lung tumors and normal fetal and post-natal lungs. While hASH1 was a cardinal feature of NE carcinomas, a subgroup of non-NE lung cancers also exhibited expression of this factor. Twenty lung cancer cell lines out of 33 were positive for hASH1 mRNA by reverse transcription PCR, including 6/6 small cell carcinomas (SCLC), 5/5 carcinoids, 6/7 non-SCLC with NE features, and 3/14 other non-SCLC. Among human primary tumors, 2/2 SCLC, 5/5 pulmonary carcinoids, and 10/41 non-SCLC (only 4 of which had NE features) were positive for hASH1 by immunohistochemistry and RNA-RNA in situ hybridization. In normal human fetal lung, the expression of hASH1 and the neural marker synaptophysin was highly concordant in neuroepithelial bodies and solitary NE cells, while the rest of the epithelium was negative. In childhood and adulthood, the markers became progressively discordant, with a majority of hASH1-immunoreactive foci (69%) being negative for synaptophysin in adults, potentially representing dormant NE cell progenitors. We conclude that hASH1 provides an early indication of NE program in human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miki
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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72
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Li S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Lu MM, DeMayo FJ, Dekker JD, Tucker PW, Morrisey EE. Foxp1/4 control epithelial cell fate during lung development and regeneration through regulation of anterior gradient 2. Development 2012; 139:2500-9. [PMID: 22675208 DOI: 10.1242/dev.079699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular pathways regulating cell lineage determination and regeneration in epithelial tissues are poorly understood. The secretory epithelium of the lung is required for production of mucus to help protect the lung against environmental insults, including pathogens and pollution, that can lead to debilitating diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We show that the transcription factors Foxp1 and Foxp4 act cooperatively to regulate lung secretory epithelial cell fate and regeneration by directly restricting the goblet cell lineage program. Loss of Foxp1/4 in the developing lung and in postnatal secretory epithelium leads to ectopic activation of the goblet cell fate program, in part, through de-repression of the protein disulfide isomerase anterior gradient 2 (Agr2). Forced expression of Agr2 is sufficient to promote the goblet cell fate in the developing airway epithelium. Finally, in a model of lung secretory cell injury and regeneration, we show that loss of Foxp1/4 leads to catastrophic loss of airway epithelial regeneration due to default differentiation of secretory cells into the goblet cell lineage. These data demonstrate the importance of Foxp1/4 in restricting cell fate choices during development and regeneration, thereby providing the proper balance of functional epithelial lineages in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanru Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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73
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Yu F, Zhao X, Li C, Li Y, Yan Y, Shi L, Gordon BR, Wang DY. Airway stem cells: review of potential impact on understanding of upper airway diseases. Laryngoscope 2012; 122:1463-9. [PMID: 22555982 DOI: 10.1002/lary.23320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial remodeling is a part of our natural defense mechanisms, and includes migration, proliferation, and differentiation of epithelial cells, as well as the interactions between epithelial and stromal cells. It is not yet possible to distinguish between cause and effect during epithelium remodeling, and are there no clear roles for the many factors involved in respiratory infectious and inflammatory diseases due to a lack of critical information about epithelial cell responses. Most reported data are from lower airway studies or animal models. Therefore, research based on human nasal epithelial stem/progenitor cells can illuminate the pathophysiology of nasal airway disease from a different, more specific perspective. In this review, we discuss epithelial stem/progenitor cell research throughout the airway, with special attention to phenotypes and characterization of these cells from the nasal airway. Recently, we have isolated and cultured P63-positive human epithelial stem/progenitor cells from turbinate biopsies of healthy volunteers and from inflamed mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyposis. These cells propagate in serum-free, growth factor-supplemented, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F12 media, on either human fibroblast or 3T3 feeder layers. Self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation potential at an air-liquid interface are being investigated to understand the molecular pathways underlying nasal inflammation. This in vitro culture system for nasal epithelial regeneration will allow molecular studies of human nasal epithelial cell interactions, differentiation, and repair, as well as responses to both environmental agents and to potential anti-inflammatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenggang Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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74
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Roos AB, Berg T, Barton JL, Didon L, Nord M. Airway epithelial cell differentiation during lung organogenesis requires C/EBPα and C/EBPβ. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:911-23. [PMID: 22411169 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α is crucial for lung development and differentiation of the pulmonary epithelium. Conversely, no lung defects have been observed in C/EBPβ-deficient mice, although C/EBPβ trans-activate pulmonary genes by binding to virtually identical DNA-sequences as C/EBPα. Thus, the pulmonary phenotype of mice lacking C/EBPβ could be explained by functional replacement with C/EBPα. We investigated whether C/EBPα and C/EBPβ have overlapping functions in regulating lung epithelial differentiation during organogenesis. Epithelial differentiation was assessed in mice with a lung epithelial-specific (SFTPC-Cre-mediated) deletion of C/EBPα (Cebpa(ΔLE) ), C/EBPβ (Cebpb(ΔLE) ), or both genes (Cebpa(ΔLE) ; Cebpb(ΔLE) ). RESULTS Both Cebpa(ΔLE) mice and Cebpa(ΔLE) ; Cebpb(ΔLE) mice demonstrated severe pulmonary immaturity compared to wild-type littermates, while no differences in lung histology or epithelial differentiation were observed in Cebpb(ΔLE) mice. In contrast to Cebpa(ΔLE) mice, Cebpa(ΔLE) ; Cebpb(ΔLE) mice also displayed undifferentiated Clara cells with markedly impaired protein and mRNA expression of Clara cell secretory protein (SCGB1A1), compared to wild-type littermates. In addition, ectopic mucus-producing cells were observed in the conducting airways of Cebpa(ΔLE) ; Cebpb(ΔLE) mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that C/EBPα and C/EBPβ play pivotal, and partly overlapping roles in determining airway epithelial differentiation, with possible implications for tissue regeneration in lung homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Roos
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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75
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Glaser T, Cappellari AR, Pillat MM, Iser IC, Wink MR, Battastini AMO, Ulrich H. Perspectives of purinergic signaling in stem cell differentiation and tissue regeneration. Purinergic Signal 2011; 8:523-37. [PMID: 22143354 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of lost or dysfunctional tissues by stem cells has recently raised many investigations on therapeutic applications. Purinergic signaling has been shown to regulate proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and successful engraftment of stem cells originated from diverse origins. Adenosine triphosphate release occurs in a controlled way by exocytosis, transporters, and lysosomes or in large amounts from damaged cells, which is then subsequently degraded into adenosine. Paracrine and autocrine mechanisms induced by immune responses present critical factors for the success of stem cell therapy. While P1 receptors generally exert beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory activity, P2 receptor-mediated actions depend on the subtype of stimulated receptors and localization of tissue repair. Pro-inflammatory actions and excitatory tissue damages mainly result from P2X7 receptor activation, while other purinergic receptor subtypes participate in proliferation and differentiation, thereby providing adequate niches for stem cell engraftment and novel mechanisms for cell therapy and endogenous tissue repair. Therapeutic applications based on regulation of purinergic signaling are foreseen for kidney and heart muscle regeneration, Clara-like cell replacement for pulmonary and bronchial epithelial cells as well as for induction of neurogenesis in case of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Glaser
- Departamento de Bioquímica , Instituto de Química, Universidade São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748-Bloco 8S/Room 0858, CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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76
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Sutherland KD, Proost N, Brouns I, Adriaensen D, Song JY, Berns A. Cell of origin of small cell lung cancer: inactivation of Trp53 and Rb1 in distinct cell types of adult mouse lung. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:754-64. [PMID: 21665149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies. To investigate the cellular origin(s) of this cancer, we assessed the effect of Trp53 and Rb1 inactivation in distinct cell types in the adult lung using adenoviral vectors that target Cre recombinase to Clara, neuroendocrine (NE), and alveolar type 2 (SPC-expressing) cells. Using these cell type-restricted Adeno-Cre viruses, we show that loss of Trp53 and Rb1 can efficiently transform NE and SPC-expressing cells leading to SCLC, albeit SPC-expressing cells at a lesser efficiency. In contrast, Clara cells were largely resistant to transformation. The results indicate that although NE cells serve as the predominant cell of origin of SCLC a subset of SPC-expressing cells are also endowed with this ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate D Sutherland
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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77
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Beers MF, Morrisey EE. The three R's of lung health and disease: repair, remodeling, and regeneration. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2065-73. [PMID: 21633173 DOI: 10.1172/jci45961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
All tissues and organs can be classified according to their ability to repair and regenerate during adult homeostasis and after injury. Some exhibit a high rate of constant cell turnover, while others, such as the lung, exhibit only low-level cell regeneration during normal adult homeostasis but have the ability to rapidly regenerate new cells after injury. Lung regeneration likely involves both activation of progenitor cells as well as cell replacement through proliferation of remaining undamaged cells. The pathways and factors that control this process and its role in disease are only now being explored. In this Review, we will discuss the connection between pathways required for lung development and how the lung responds to injury and disease, with a particular emphasis on recent studies describing the role for the epithelium in repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Beers
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4539, USA.
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78
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Lukinskiene L, Liu Y, Reynolds SD, Steele C, Stripp BR, Leikauf GD, Kolls JK, Di YP. Antimicrobial activity of PLUNC protects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:382-90. [PMID: 21632717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial antimicrobial activity may protect the lung against inhaled pathogens. The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein family has demonstrated antimicrobial activity in vitro. PLUNC (palate, lung, and nasal epithelium associated) is a 25-kDa secreted protein that shares homology with bactericidal/permeability-increasing proteins and is expressed in nasopharyngeal and respiratory epithelium. The objective of this study was to determine whether PLUNC can limit Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice. Transgenic mice (Scgb1a1-hPLUNC) were generated in which human PLUNC (hPLUNC) was directed to the airway epithelium with the Scgb1a1 promoter. The hPLUNC protein (hPLUNC) was detected in the epithelium throughout the trachea and bronchial airways and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from transgenic mice exhibited higher antibacterial activity than that from wild type littermates in vitro. After in vivo P. aeruginosa challenge, Scgb1a1-hPLUNC transgenic mice displayed enhanced bacterial clearance. This was accompanied by a decrease in neutrophil infiltration and cytokine levels. More importantly, the overexpressed hPLUNC in Scgb1a1-hPLUNC transgenic mouse airway significantly enhanced mouse survival against P. aeruginosa-induced respiratory infection. These data indicate that PLUNC is a novel antibacterial protein that likely plays a critical role in airway epithelium-mediated innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lukinskiene
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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79
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Wetsel RA, Wang D, Calame DG. Therapeutic potential of lung epithelial progenitor cells derived from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Annu Rev Med 2011; 62:95-105. [PMID: 21226612 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-052009-172110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from preimplantation blastocysts and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells generated from somatic cell sources are pluripotent and capable of indefinite expansion in vitro. They provide a possible unlimited source of cells that could be differentiated into lung progenitor cells for potential clinical use in pulmonary regenerative medicine. Because of inherent difficulties in deriving endodermal cells from undifferentiated cell cultures, applications using lung epithelial cells derived from ES and iPS cells have lagged behind similar efforts devoted to other tissues, such as the heart and spinal cord. However, during the past several years, significant advances in culture, differentiation, and purification protocols, as well as in bioengineering methodologies, have fueled enthusiasm for the development of stem cell-based lung therapeutics. This article provides an overview of recent research achievements and discusses future technical challenges that must be met before the promise of stem cell applications for lung disease can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick A Wetsel
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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80
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Martineau HM, Cousens C, Imlach S, Dagleish MP, Griffiths DJ. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus infects multiple cell types in the ovine lung. J Virol 2011; 85:3341-55. [PMID: 21270155 PMCID: PMC3067841 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02481-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a transmissible lung cancer of sheep caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). The details of early events in the pathogenesis of OPA are not fully understood. For example, the identity of the JSRV target cell in the lung has not yet been determined. Mature OPA tumors express surfactant protein-C (SP-C) or Clara cell-specific protein (CCSP), which are specific markers of type II pneumocytes or Clara cells, respectively. However, it is unclear whether these are the cell types initially infected and transformed by JSRV or whether the virus targets stem cells in the lung that subsequently acquire a differentiated phenotype during tumor growth. To examine this question, JSRV-infected lung tissue from experimentally infected lambs was studied at early time points after infection. Single JSRV-infected cells were detectable 10 days postinfection in bronchiolar and alveolar regions. These infected cells were labeled with anti-SP-C or anti-CCSP antibodies, indicating that differentiated epithelial cells are early targets for JSRV infection in the ovine lung. In addition, undifferentiated cells that expressed neither SP-C nor CCSP were also found to express the JSRV Env protein. These results enhance the understanding of OPA pathogenesis and may have comparative relevance to human lung cancer, for which samples representing early stages of tumor growth are difficult to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henny M. Martineau
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Imlach
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
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81
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Li A, Xing Y, Chan B, Heisterkamp N, Groffen J, Borok Z, Minoo P, Li C. Cell type-specific expression of adenomatous polyposis coli in lung development, injury, and repair. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:2288-97. [PMID: 20658693 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) is critical for Wnt signaling and cell migration. The current study examined Apc expression during lung development, injury, and repair. Apc was first detectable in smooth muscle layers in early lung morphogenesis, and was highly expressed in ciliated and neuroendocrine cells in the advanced stages. No Apc immunoreactivity was detected in Clara or basal cells, which function as stem/progenitor cell in adult lung. In ciliated cells, Apc is associated mainly with apical cytoplasmic domain. In response to naphthalene-induced injury, Apc(positive) cells underwent squamous metaplasia, accompanied by changes in Apc subcellular distribution. In conclusion, both spatial and temporal expression of Apc is dynamically regulated during lung development and injury repair. Differential expression of Apc in progenitor vs. nonprogenitor cells suggests a functional role in cell-type specification. Subcellular localization changes of Apc in response to naphthalene injury suggest a role in cell shape and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Women's & Children's Hospital, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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82
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Perl AKT, Riethmacher D, Whitsett JA. Conditional depletion of airway progenitor cells induces peribronchiolar fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:511-21. [PMID: 20870756 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201005-0744oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The respiratory epithelium has a remarkable capacity to respond to acute injury. In contrast, repeated epithelial injury is often associated with abnormal repair, inflammation, and fibrosis. There is increasing evidence that nonciliated epithelial cells play important roles in the repair of the bronchiolar epithelium after acute injury. Cellular processes underlying the repair and remodeling of the lung after chronic epithelial injury are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To identify cell processes mediating epithelial regeneration and remodeling after acute and chronic Clara cell depletion. METHODS A transgenic mouse model was generated to conditionally express diphtheria toxin A to ablate Clara cells in the adult lung. Epithelial regeneration and peribronchiolar fibrosis were assessed after acute and chronic Clara cell depletion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Acute Clara cell ablation caused squamous metaplasia of ciliated cells and induced proliferation of residual progenitor cells. Ciliated cells in the bronchioles and pro-surfactant protein C-expressing cells in the bronchiolar alveolar duct junctions did not proliferate. Epithelial cell proliferation occurred at multiple sites along the airways and was not selectively associated with regions around neuroepithelial bodies. Chronic Clara cell depletion resulted in ineffective repair and caused peribronchiolar fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Colocalization of proliferation and cell type-specific markers demonstrate that Clara cells are critical airway progenitor cells. Continuous depletion of Clara cells resulted in persistent squamous metaplasia, lack of normal reepithelialization, and peribronchiolar fibrosis. Induction of proliferation in subepithelial fibroblasts supports the concept that chronic epithelial depletion caused peribronchiolar fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Karina T Perl
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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83
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Hirota JA, Hackett TL, Inman MD, Knight DA. Modeling asthma in mice: what have we learned about the airway epithelium? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:431-8. [PMID: 20724554 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0146tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical reports of areas of damaged airway epithelium associated with shed epithelial cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, aberrant epithelial repair processes, and altered cytokine and growth factor release have highlighted some fundamental differences between the airway epithelium in individuals with and without asthma. However, the consequences of these epithelial changes are not clearly defined, and may be difficult to assess in the clinic. In this Review, we answer the two questions. (1) What in vivo models and methods have been used to inform us about airway epithelium damage, repair, and immune responses? Our response focuses on genetic influences as well as allergen exposure, environmental/chemical, and mechanical models. (2) How can we improve on existing mouse models to understand changes in airway epithelium biology in asthma? In answering the second question, we include exciting recent studies that have combined multiple exposure methods and/or epithelium-centric outcome measurements. By addressing these two questions, we propose that future interrogation of epithelial responses of both existing and nascent mouse models may provide greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma with hope of generating novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Hirota
- University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Centre--Heart and Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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84
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Londhe VA, Maisonet TM, Lopez B, Jeng JM, Li C, Minoo P. A subset of epithelial cells with CCSP promoter activity participates in alveolar development. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:804-12. [PMID: 20693404 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0429oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar formation is hallmarked by the transition of distal lung saccules into gas exchange units through the emergence of secondary crests and an exponential increase in surface area. Several cell types are involved in this complex process, including families of epithelial cells that differentiate into alveolar type I and II cells. Subsets of cells expressing Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) have been identified in both lung and bone marrow compartments, and are described as a progenitor/stem cell pool involved in airway regeneration and alveolar homeostasis. Whether these cells also participate in alveolar formation during postnatal development remains unknown. Based on their regenerative capacity, we asked whether these cells participate in alveogenesis. We used a previously described transgenic mouse model (CCSP-tk) in which Ganciclovir exposure selectively depletes all cells with CCSP promoter activity through intracellular generation of a toxic metabolite of thymidine kinase. Our results showed that Ganciclovir treatment in newborn CCtk mice depleted this cell population in lung airways and bone marrow, and was associated with alveolar hypoplasia and respiratory failure. Hypoplastic lungs had fewer alveolar type I and II cells, with impaired secondary crest formation and decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression in distal airways. These findings are consistent with a model in which a unique population of cells with CCSP promoter activity that expresses vascular endothelial growth factor participates in alveolar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedang A Londhe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1752, USA.
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85
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Jensen-Taubman S, Wang XY, Linnoila RI. Achaete-scute homologue-1 tapers neuroendocrine cell differentiation in lungs after exposure to naphthalene. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:238-48. [PMID: 20554700 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor achaete-scute homologue-1 (ASH1) plays a critical role in regulating the neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype in normal and neoplastic lung. Transgenic (TG) mice that constitutively express human ASH1 (hASH1) under control of the Clara cell 10-kDa protein (CC10) promoter in non-NE airway lining cells display progressive epithelial hyperplasia and bronchiolar metaplasia or bronchiolization of the alveoli (BOA). However, little is known about the involvement of hASH1 in regeneration of the conducting airway. In this study, we investigated the impact of hASH1 on airway cell injury and repair in the TG mice following an intraperitoneal injection of naphthalene, which specifically ablates bronchiolar Clara cells and induces pulmonary NE cell hyperplasia. We discovered an overall attenuation of NE maturation coupled with increased proliferation in TG mice during post-naphthalene repair. In addition, BOA lesions revealed enhanced epithelial cell proliferation while preserving Clara cell markers CC10 and the principal naphthalene-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P4502F2. These data suggest that ASH1 may play an important role in maintaining a progenitor phenotype that promotes renewal of both NE and epithelial cells. Moreover, ASH1 may propagate a stem cell microenvironment in BOA where epithelium becomes resistant to naphthalene toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jensen-Taubman
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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86
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Kratz JR, Yagui-Beltrán A, Jablons DM. Cancer stem cells in lung tumorigenesis. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 89:S2090-5. [PMID: 20493987 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although stem cells were discovered more than 50 years ago, we have only recently begun to understand their potential importance in cancer biology. Recent advances in our ability to describe, isolate, and study lung stem cell populations has led to a growing recognition of the central importance cells with stem cell-like properties may have in lung tumorigenesis. This article reviews the major studies supporting the existence and importance of cancer stem cells in lung tumorigenesis. Continued research in the field of lung cancer stem cell biology is vital, as ongoing efforts promise to yield new prognostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes R Kratz
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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87
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Cell of origin of lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2010; 4:397-403. [PMID: 20594926 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a devastating disease and a major therapeutic burden with poor survival rates. The discovery of rare cells with stem cell-like properties in solid tumours is emerging as an important area of cancer research and may help explain the resistance of these tumours to current therapeutics. Despite rapid developments in cancer stem cell research in other solid tumours, progress in the lung has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the epithelial stem cell hierarchy, the heterogeneity of disease and the lack of a suitable in vivo transplantation model to assess stem cell behaviour. In this review we critically discuss what is currently known about the role of normal stem cells and cancer-initiating cells in lung tumour development, and briefly discuss strategies aimed at advancing the field of lung stem cell biology, with an emphasis on the design and manipulation of state-of-art mouse models.
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88
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Zander DS, Popper HH, Jagirdar J, Haque AK, Cagle PT, Barrios R. Epithelial Repair and Regeneration. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF LUNG DISEASES 2010; 1. [PMCID: PMC7147447 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72430-0_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Contact with the environment positions the respiratory epithelium at risk for acute and chronic injury from infectious pathogens, noxious agents, and inflammatory processes. Thus, to protect gas transfer within the lung the epithelium is programmed for routine maintenance and repair. Programs for repair are directed by epithelial, mesenchymal, and inflammatory signals that collectively constitute highly regulated networks. Principal components of the repair network are developmental morphogens, integrin and growth factor signaling molecules, and transcription factors. The epithelium responds to these signals with a remarkable plasticity and is bulwarked by a population of lung progenitor cells to ensure maintenance and repair for fluid balance and host defense functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani S. Zander
- grid.240473.60000000405439901Department of Pathology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Helmut H. Popper
- grid.11598.340000000089882476Institute of Pathology, Laboratories for Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jaishree Jagirdar
- grid.267309.90000000106295880Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Abida K. Haque
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XWeill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY ,grid.415073.4Department of Pathology, San Jacinto Methodist Hospital, Baytown, TX USA
| | - Philip T. Cagle
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XPathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY ,grid.63368.380000000404450041The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Roberto Barrios
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XPathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY ,grid.63368.380000000404450041The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
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89
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Sullivan JP, Minna JD, Shay JW. Evidence for self-renewing lung cancer stem cells and their implications in tumor initiation, progression, and targeted therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29:61-72. [PMID: 20094757 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of rare tumor cells with stem cell features first in leukemia and later in solid tumors has emerged as an important area in cancer research. It has been determined that these stem-like tumor cells, termed cancer stem cells, are the primary cellular component within a tumor that drives disease progression and metastasis. In addition to their stem-like ability to self-renew and differentiate, cancer stem cells are also enriched in cells resistant to conventional radiation therapy and to chemotherapy. The immediate implications of this new tumor growth paradigm not only require a re-evaluation of how tumors are initiated, but also on how tumors should be monitored and treated. However, despite the relatively rapid pace of cancer stem cell research in solid tumors such as breast, brain, and colon cancers, similar progress in lung cancer remains hampered in part due to an incomplete understanding of lung epithelial stem cell hierarchy and the complex heterogeneity of the disease. In this review, we provide a critical summary of what is known about the role of normal and malignant lung stem cells in tumor development, the progress in characterizing lung cancer stem cells and the potential for therapeutically targeting pathways of lung cancer stem cell self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Sullivan
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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90
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Crosby LM, Waters CM. Epithelial repair mechanisms in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L715-31. [PMID: 20363851 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00361.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recovery of an intact epithelium following lung injury is critical for restoration of lung homeostasis. The initial processes following injury include an acute inflammatory response, recruitment of immune cells, and epithelial cell spreading and migration upon an autologously secreted provisional matrix. Injury causes the release of factors that contribute to repair mechanisms including members of the epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor families (TGF-alpha, KGF, HGF), chemokines (MCP-1), interleukins (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-13), and prostaglandins (PGE(2)), for example. These factors coordinate processes involving integrins, matrix materials (fibronectin, collagen, laminin), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-9), focal adhesions, and cytoskeletal structures to promote cell spreading and migration. Several key signaling pathways are important in regulating these processes, including sonic hedgehog, Rho GTPases, MAP kinase pathways, STAT3, and Wnt. Changes in mechanical forces may also affect these pathways. Both localized and distal progenitor stem cells are recruited into the injured area, and proliferation and phenotypic differentiation of these cells leads to recovery of epithelial function. Persistent injury may contribute to the pathology of diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. For example, dysregulated repair processes involving TGF-beta and epithelial-mesenchymal transition may lead to fibrosis. This review focuses on the processes of epithelial restitution, the localization and role of epithelial progenitor stem cells, the initiating factors involved in repair, and the signaling pathways involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Crosby
- Departments of 1Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163-0001, USA
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91
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Tompkins DH, Besnard V, Lange AW, Wert SE, Keiser AR, Smith AN, Lang R, Whitsett JA. Sox2 is required for maintenance and differentiation of bronchiolar Clara, ciliated, and goblet cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8248. [PMID: 20011520 PMCID: PMC2788414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The bronchioles of the murine lung are lined by a simple columnar epithelium composed of ciliated, Clara, and goblet cells that together mediate barrier function, mucociliary clearance and innate host defense, vital for pulmonary homeostasis. In the present work, we demonstrate that expression of Sox2 in Clara cells is required for the differentiation of ciliated, Clara, and goblet cells that line the bronchioles of the postnatal lung. The gene was selectively deleted in Clara cells utilizing Scgb1a1-Cre, causing the progressive loss of Sox2 in the bronchioles during perinatal and postnatal development. The rate of bronchiolar cell proliferation was decreased and associated with the formation of an undifferentiated, cuboidal-squamous epithelium lacking the expression of markers of Clara cells (Scgb1a1), ciliated cells (FoxJ1 and α-tubulin), and goblet cells (Spdef and Muc5AC). By adulthood, bronchiolar cell numbers were decreased and Sox2 was absent in extensive regions of the bronchiolar epithelium, at which time residual Sox2 expression was primarily restricted to selective niches of CGRP staining neuroepithelial cells. Allergen-induced goblet cell differentiation and mucus production was absent in the respiratory epithelium lacking Sox2. In vitro, Sox2 activated promoter-luciferase reporter constructs for differentiation markers characteristic of Clara, ciliated, and goblet cells, Scgb1a1, FoxJ1, and Agr2, respectively. Sox2 physically interacted with Smad3 and inhibited TGF-β1/Smad3-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro, a pathway that negatively regulates proliferation. Sox2 is required for proliferation and differentiation of Clara cells that serve as the progenitor cells from which Clara, ciliated, and goblet cells are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Tompkins
- Division of Pulmonary Biology in the Perinatal Institute and Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Valérie Besnard
- Division of Pulmonary Biology in the Perinatal Institute and Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alexander W. Lange
- Division of Pulmonary Biology in the Perinatal Institute and Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Wert
- Division of Pulmonary Biology in the Perinatal Institute and Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Angela R. Keiser
- Division of Pulmonary Biology in the Perinatal Institute and Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - April N. Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Biology in the Perinatal Institute and Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richard Lang
- Division of Pulmonary Biology in the Perinatal Institute and Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology in the Perinatal Institute and Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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92
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Abstract
A comprehensive appreciation of mechanisms regulating epithelial maintenance and repair in pulmonary airways is fundamental to our understanding of tissue remodeling and dysfunction in chronic lung disease. This review provides an update on current concepts that have emerged from recent work in the field of airway epithelial repair and progenitor cell biology. New models to investigate the behavior of lung epithelial progenitor cells have provided fresh insights into their regulation and organization, and help to clarify their roles in normal maintenance and repair. Emerging technologies for the fractionation and culture of lung epithelial cells also provide opportunities to investigate the behavior and regulation of progenitor cell subsets in controlled systems. These advances hold promise for development of new strategies to modulate epithelial cell behavior and to effect tissue repair in the setting of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyong Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Keitaro Matsumoto
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barry R. Stripp
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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93
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Rawlins EL, Okubo T, Xue Y, Brass DM, Auten RL, Hasegawa H, Wang F, Hogan BLM. The role of Scgb1a1+ Clara cells in the long-term maintenance and repair of lung airway, but not alveolar, epithelium. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 4:525-34. [PMID: 19497281 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To directly test the contribution of Scgb1a1(+) Clara cells to postnatal growth, homeostasis, and repair of lung epithelium, we generated a Scgb1a1-CreER "knockin" mouse for lineage-tracing these cells. Under all conditions tested, the majority of Clara cells in the bronchioles both self-renews and generates ciliated cells. In the trachea, Clara cells give rise to ciliated cells but do not self-renew extensively. Nevertheless, they can contribute to tracheal repair. In the postnatal mouse lung, it has been proposed that bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs) which coexpress Scgb1a1 (Secretoglobin1a1) and SftpC (Surfactant Protein C), contribute descendants to both bronchioles and alveoli. The putative BASCs were lineage labeled in our studies. However, we find no evidence for the function of a special BASC population during postnatal growth, adult homeostasis, or repair. Rather, our results support a model in which the trachea, bronchioles, and alveoli are maintained by distinct populations of epithelial progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Rawlins
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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94
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Teisanu RM, Lagasse E, Whitesides JF, Stripp BR. Prospective isolation of bronchiolar stem cells based upon immunophenotypic and autofluorescence characteristics. Stem Cells 2009; 27:612-22. [PMID: 19056905 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiolar stem cells have been functionally defined in vivo on the basis of their resistance to chemical (naphthalene) injury, their infrequent proliferation relative to other progenitor cell types, and their coexpression of the airway and alveolar secretory cell markers Clara cell secretory protein and pro-surfactant protein C, respectively. Cell surface markers that have previously been used for their prospective isolation included Sca-1 and CD34. Using transgenic animal models associated with stem cell expansion, ablation, and lineage tracing, we demonstrate that CD34(pos) cells do not belong to the airway epithelial lineage and that cell surface Sca-1 immunoreactivity does not distinguish between bronchiolar stem and facultative transit-amplifying (Clara) cell populations. Furthermore, we show that high autofluorescence (AF(high)) is a distinguishing characteristic of Clara cells allowing for the fractionation of AF(low) bronchiolar stem cells. On the basis of these data we show that the defining phenotype of the bronchiolar stem cell is CD45(neg) CD31(neg) CD34(neg) Sca-l(low) AF(low). This refinement in the definition of bronchiolar stem cells provides a critical tool by which to assess functional and molecular distinctions between bronchiolar stem cells and the more abundant pool of facultative transit-amplifying (Clara) cells.
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95
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Raiser DM, Kim CF. Commentary: Sca-1 and Cells of the Lung: A matter of Different Sorts. Stem Cells 2009; 27:606-11. [PMID: 19259938 DOI: 10.1002/stem.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In two separate articles published in this issue, Teisanu et al. and McQualter et al. report the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting to identify putative bronchiolar stem cells that are low in expression for the cell surface marker Sca-1 yet negative for CD34, and a mesenchymal, fibroblastic progenitor cell population from the lung that is positive for Sca-1, respectively. At first glance, these studies may seem to suggest that Sca-1 and CD34 are not markers of an epithelial stem cell population in the lung, as we previously determined in studies that identified bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs), and may also appear to contradict each other. However, here we point to evidence that the findings of these three studies are not mutually exclusive, and rather, that the different cell isolation and culturing protocols used in these studies have allowed for the identification of unique pulmonary cell populations. Rather than discounting previous work on BASCs, these studies reveal the existence of new methods and new cell types that will be interesting to use in future functional tests for their importance in lung biology and lung disease.
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96
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Oliver JR, Kushwah R, Wu J, Cutz E, Yeger H, Waddell TK, Hu J. Gender differences in pulmonary regenerative response to naphthalene-induced bronchiolar epithelial cell injury. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:672-87. [PMID: 19614675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accumulating evidence suggests that gender affects the incidence and severity of several pulmonary diseases. Previous studies on mice have shown gender differences in susceptibility to naphthalene-induced lung injury, where Clara cell damage was found to occur earlier and to be more extensive in females than in males. However, very little is known about whether there are any gender differences in subsequent lung repair responses. The aim of this study was to investigate whether gender plays an important role in pulmonary regenerative response to naphthalene-induced Clara cell ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male and female mice were injected with a low, medium, or high dose of naphthalene, and lung tissue regeneration was examined by immunohistochemical staining for cell proliferation marker (Ki-67) and mitosis marker (phosphohistone-3). RESULTS Histopathological analysis showed that naphthalene-induced Clara cell necrosis was more prominent in the lungs of female mice as compared to male mice. Cell proliferation and mitosis in both the distal bronchiolar airway epithelium and peribronchiolar interstitium of female mice was significantly greater than that of male mice after treatment with the low and medium doses. However, after treatment with high dose of naphthalene, lung regeneration was delayed in female mice, while male mice mounted a timely regenerative response. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that there are clear gender differences in naphthalene-induced lung injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Oliver
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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97
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Tiozzo C, De Langhe S, Yu M, Londhe VA, Carraro G, Li M, Li C, Xing Y, Anderson S, Borok Z, Bellusci S, Minoo P. Deletion of Pten expands lung epithelial progenitor pools and confers resistance to airway injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:701-12. [PMID: 19574443 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200901-0100oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pten is a tumor-suppressor gene involved in stem cell homeostasis and tumorigenesis. In mouse, Pten expression is ubiquitous and begins as early as 7 days of gestation. Pten(-/-) mouse embryos die early during gestation indicating a critical role for Pten in embryonic development. OBJECTIVES To test the role of Pten in lung development and injury. METHODS We conditionally deleted Pten throughout the lung epithelium by crossing Pten(flox/flox) with Nkx2.1-cre driver mice. The resulting Pten(Nkx2.1-cre) mutants were analyzed for lung defects and response to injury. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Pten(Nkx2.1-cre) embryonic lungs showed airway epithelial hyperplasia with no branching abnormalities. In adult mice, Pten(Nkx2.1-cre) lungs exhibit increased progenitor cell pools composed of basal cells in the trachea, CGRP/CC10 double-positive neuroendocrine cells in the bronchi, and CC10/SPC double-positive cells at the bronchioalveolar duct junctions. Pten deletion affected differentiation of various lung epithelial cell lineages, with a decreased number of terminally differentiated cells. Over time, Pten(Nxk2.1-cre) epithelial cells residing in the bronchioalveolar duct junctions underwent proliferation and formed uniform masses, supporting the concept that the cells residing in this distal niche may also be the source of procarcinogenic stem cells. Finally, increased progenitor cells in all the lung compartments conferred an overall selective advantage to naphthalene injury compared with wild-type control mice. CONCLUSIONS Pten has a pivotal role in lung stem cell homeostasis, cell differentiation, and consequently resistance to lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tiozzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Women's and Children's Hospital, USC Keck School of Medicine
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98
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Linnoila RI, Naizhen X, Meuwissen R, Berns A, DeMayo FJ. Mouse Lung Neuroendocrine Carcinomas: Distinct Morphologies, Same Transcription Factors. Exp Lung Res 2009; 31:37-55. [PMID: 15765918 DOI: 10.1080/01902140490495002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive expression of human achaete-scute homolog-1 (hASH-1) in combination with simian virus large Tantigen under the Clara cell 10-kDa secretory protein (CC10) promoter results in adenocarcinomas with focal neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation. Mice carrying conditional alleles for both Rb-1 and p53 in lung epithelial cells develop aggressive lung tumors with similarities to human small cell lung cancers, including high level expression of ASH-1, NE markers, and extra-pulmonary metastases. Tumors in both models originate from bronchiolar epithelium, reveal a range of premalignant changes, express thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), a marker of peripheral airway cell lineage, and display varying degrees of bidirectional epithelial/NE differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/metabolism
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/genetics
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/secondary
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/secondary
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- E2F Transcription Factors
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/metabolism
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Uteroglobin/genetics
- Uteroglobin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ilona Linnoila
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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99
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Stem cells are dispensable for lung homeostasis but restore airways after injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:9286-91. [PMID: 19478060 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900668106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Local tissue stem cells have been described in airways of the lung but their contribution to normal epithelial maintenance is currently unknown. We therefore developed aggregation chimera mice and a whole-lung imaging method to determine the relative contributions of progenitor (Clara) and bronchiolar stem cells to epithelial maintenance and repair. In normal and moderately injured airways chimeric patches were small in size and not associated with previously described stem cell niches. This finding suggested that single, randomly distributed progenitor cells maintain normal epithelial homeostasis. In contrast we found that repair following severe lung injury resulted in the generation of rare, large clonal cell patches that were associated with stem cell niches. This study provides evidence that epithelial stem cells are dispensable for normal airway homeostasis. We also demonstrate that stem cell activation and robust clonal cellular expansion occur only during repair from severe lung injury.
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Snyder JC, Teisanu RM, Stripp BR. Endogenous lung stem cells and contribution to disease. J Pathol 2009; 217:254-64. [PMID: 19039828 DOI: 10.1002/path.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial branching during the process of lung development results in the establishment of distinct functional zones, each of which is characterized by a unique cellular composition and repertoire of local progenitor cells. Significant new insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms of epithelial maintenance that provide insights into the pathophysiology of lung disease have been made in recent years. This review focuses on the complex structure-function relationship in the airway epithelium, how this epithelium is maintained in the normal state and repaired following injury, and how deregulation may contribute to airway disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Snyder
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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