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Fonseca MT, Rodrigues AC, Cezar LC, Fujita A, Soriano FG, Steiner AA. Spontaneous hypothermia in human sepsis is a transient, self-limiting, and nonterminal response. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1394-401. [PMID: 26989218 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00004.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia in sepsis is generally perceived as something dysregulated and progressive although there has been no assessment on the natural course of this phenomenon in humans. This was the first study on the dynamics of hypothermia in septic patients not subjected to active rewarming, and the results were surprising. A sample of 50 subjects presenting with spontaneous hypothermia during sepsis was drawn from the 2005-2012 database of an academic hospital. Hypothermia was defined as body temperature below 36.0°C for longer than 2 h, with at least one reading of 35.5°C or less. The patients presented with 138 episodes of hypothermia, 21 at the time of the sepsis diagnosis and 117 with a later onset. However, hypothermia was uncommon in the final 12 h of life of the patients that succumbed. The majority (97.1%) of the hypothermic episodes were transient and self-limited; the median recovery time was 6 h; body temperature rarely fell below 34.0°C. Bidirectional oscillations in body temperature were evident in the course of hypothermia. Nearly half of the hypothermic episodes had onset in the absence of shock or respiratory distress, and the incidence of hypothermia was not increased during either of these conditions. Usage of antipyretic drugs, sedatives, neuroleptics, or other medications did not predict the onset of hypothermia. In conclusion, hypothermia appears to be a predominantly transient, self-limiting, and nonterminal phenomenon that is inherent to human sepsis. These characteristics resemble those of the regulated hypothermia shown to replace fever in animal models of severe systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique T Fonseca
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Abner C Rodrigues
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana C Cezar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre Fujita
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;
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52
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Seguin P, Launey Y, Nesseler N, Malledant Y. [Is control fever mandatory in severe infections?]. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2016; 25:266-273. [PMID: 32288743 PMCID: PMC7117820 DOI: 10.1007/s13546-015-1168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temperature control during severe sepsis is currently used in intensive care and involves 66% and 70% of severe sepsis and septic shock, respectively. Nevertheless, the conclusive evidence of the benefit of such a strategy is still lacking.We might wonder, with regards to experimental works and recent noninterventional studies, about the risk of a control strategy on an ongoing infectious process, the patient's outcome, and the safety of the means implemented to obtain temperature control. On the other hand, it is also demonstrated that fever increases oxygen consumption, which may lead in some clinical situations to tissular ischemia and that fever may be associated with a deleterious focal inflammatory process. Methods to control the temperature include external and/or internal cooling and/or antipyretic medications such as paracetamol and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. In septic patients, external cooling and paracetamol are the mains means used to control temperature. Despite the uncertainties about the benefit to control or not the temperature, it could be stated that extreme temperature (hypo- or hyperthermia) should be avoided and that the benefit/risk of temperature control must be individually weighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Seguin
- Service d’anesthésie-réanimation 1, réanimation chirurgicale, hôpital Pontchaillou, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Y. Launey
- Service d’anesthésie-réanimation 1, réanimation chirurgicale, hôpital Pontchaillou, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - N. Nesseler
- Service d’anesthésie-réanimation 1, réanimation chirurgicale, hôpital Pontchaillou, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Y. Malledant
- Service d’anesthésie-réanimation 1, réanimation chirurgicale, hôpital Pontchaillou, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, F-35000 Rennes, France
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53
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Pakai E, Garami A, Nucci TB, Ivanov AI, Romanovsky AA. Hyperbilirubinemia exaggerates endotoxin-induced hypothermia. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1260-7. [PMID: 25774749 PMCID: PMC4613908 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1014150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is accompanied by an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by either fever or hypothermia (or both). To study aseptic systemic inflammation, it is often induced in rats by the intravenous administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Knowing that bilirubin is a potent ROS scavenger, we compared responses to LPS between normobilirubinemic Gunn rats (heterozygous, asymptomatic; J/+) and hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats (homozygous, jaundiced; J/J) to establish whether ROS mediate fever and hypothermia in aseptic systemic inflammation. These two genotypes correspond to undisturbed versus drastically suppressed (by bilirubin) tissue accumulation of ROS, respectively. A low dose of LPS (10 μg/kg) caused a typical triphasic fever in both genotypes, without any intergenotype differences. A high dose of LPS (1,000 μg/kg) caused a complex response consisting of early hypothermia followed by late fever. The hypothermic response was markedly exaggerated, whereas the subsequent fever response was strongly attenuated in J/J rats, as compared to J/+ rats. J/J rats also tended to respond to 1,000 μg/kg with blunted surges in plasma levels of all hepatic enzymes studied (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase), thus suggesting an attenuation of hepatic damage. We propose that the reported exaggeration of LPS-induced hypothermia in J/J rats occurs via direct inhibition of nonshivering thermogenesis by bilirubin and possibly via a direct vasodilatatory action of bilirubin in the skin. This hypothermia-exaggerating effect might be responsible, at least in part, for the observed tendency of J/J rats to be protected from LPS-induced hepatic damage. The attenuation of the fever response to 1,000 μg/kg could be due to either direct actions of bilirubin on thermoeffectors or the ROS-scavenging action of bilirubin. However, the experiments with 10 μg/kg strongly suggest that ROS signaling is not involved in the fever response to low doses of LPS.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase
- Gunn rats
- LPS
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NO, nitric oxide
- PG, prostaglandin
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Ta, ambient temperature
- Tb, body temperature
- antioxidants
- bilirubin
- fever
- hepatic damage
- lipopolysaccharides
- liver
- reactive oxygen species
- transferases
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Pakai
- a FeverLab; Trauma Research; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center ; Phoenix , AZ USA
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54
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Harden LM, Kent S, Pittman QJ, Roth J. Fever and sickness behavior: Friend or foe? Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:322-333. [PMID: 26187566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever has been recognized as an important symptom of disease since ancient times. For many years, fever was treated as a putative life-threatening phenomenon. More recently, it has been recognized as an important part of the body's defense mechanisms; indeed at times it has even been used as a therapeutic agent. The knowledge of the functional role of the central nervous system in the genesis of fever has greatly improved over the last decade. It is clear that the febrile process, which develops in the sick individual, is just one of many brain-controlled sickness symptoms. Not only will the sick individual appear "feverish" but they may also display a range of behavioral changes, such as anorexia, fatigue, loss of interest in usual daily activities, social withdrawal, listlessness or malaise, hyperalgesia, sleep disturbances and cognitive dysfunction, collectively termed "sickness behavior". In this review we consider the issue of whether fever and sickness behaviors are friend or foe during: a critical illness, the common cold or influenza, in pregnancy and in the newborn. Deciding whether these sickness responses are beneficial or harmful will very much shape our approach to the use of antipyretics during illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Harden
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - S Kent
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Q J Pittman
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - J Roth
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Guimaraes DD, Andrews PLR, Rudd JA, Braga VA, Nalivaiko E. Ondansetron and promethazine have differential effects on hypothermic responses to lithium chloride administration and to provocative motion in rats. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:543-53. [PMID: 27227074 PMCID: PMC4843929 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1071700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that provocative motion (rotation in a home cage) causes hypothermic responses in rats, similar to the hypothermic responses associated with motion sickness in humans. Many stimuli inducing emesis in species with an emetic reflex also provoke hypothermia in the rat, therefore we hypothesized that a fall in body temperature may reflect a “nausea-like” state in these animals. As rats do not possess an emetic reflex, we employed a pharmacological approach to test this hypothesis. In humans, motion- and chemically-induced nausea have differential sensitivity to anti-emetics. We thus tested whether the hypothermia induced in rats by provocative motion (rotation at 0.7 Hz) and by the emetic LiCl (63 mg/kg i.p.) have a similar differential pharmacological sensitivity. Both provocations caused a comparable robust fall in core body temperature (−1.9 ± 0.3°C and −2.0 ± 0.2°C for chemical and motion provocations, respectively). LiCl−induced hypothermia was completely prevented by ondansetron (2mg/kg, i.p., a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that reduces cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting), but was insensitive to promethazine (10 mg/kg, i.p., a predominantly histamine-H1 and muscarinic receptor antagonist that is commonly used to treat motion sickness). Conversely, motion-induced hypothermia was unaffected by ondansetron but promethazine reduced the rate of temperature decline from 0.20 ± 0.02 to 0.11 ± 0.03°C/min (P < 0.05) with a trend to decrease the magnitude. We conclude that this differential pharmacological sensitivity of the hypothermic responses of vestibular vs. chemical etiology in rats mirrors the observations in other pre-clinical models and humans, and thus supports the idea that a “nausea-like” state in rodents is associated with disturbances in thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drielle D Guimaraes
- Centre for Biotechnology; Federal University of Paraiba ; Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Paul L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; St George's University of London ; London, UK
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Brain and Mind Institue; Chinese University of Hong Kong ; Hong Kong, China
| | - Valdir A Braga
- Centre for Biotechnology; Federal University of Paraiba ; Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Eugene Nalivaiko
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy; University of Newcastle ; NSW Australia
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56
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Li X, Liu L, Luo F, Gui L, Fan D, Xie Q. Effect of mild hypothermia on the increase of CD11b+ Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by lipopolysaccharide in a mouse model of sepsis. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33:1430-5. [PMID: 26275630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the influence of mild hypothermia on the number of CD11b+ Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in mice with sepsis. METHODS BALB/c mice were administered LPS to establish a mouse model of sepsis. Then, these mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: the mild hypothermia plus LPS group, the normothermia plus LPS group, and the LPS group. The normal control group was injected the same amount of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The ratio of CD11b+ Gr-1+ MDSCs in the mouse spleen and bone marrow was determined at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after LPS injection and after injected 0.9% sodium chloride solution. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the number of MDSCs in the spleen in the sepsis group increased gradually, and the difference was significant at 12 hours after injection (P<.01). Moreover, the number of MDSCs was the lowest in the mild hypothermia group, and there was a significant difference than the other 2 groups at 48 hours (P<.01). The number of MDSCs in the bone marrow increased gradually, and the difference between the sepsis and control groups was significant at 24 hours (P<.01). The number of MDSCs in the mild hypothermia group was the lowest, and there was a statistically significant difference than the other 2 groups (P<.05). CONCLUSION Mild hypothermia inhibited the production and accumulation of MDSCs induced by LPS administration in septic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Li
- Department of Emergency, Clinical College of Pediatrics, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Emergency, Clinical College of Pediatrics, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Department of Emergency, Clinical College of Pediatrics, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Li Gui
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Basic Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dazhi Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qilian Xie
- Department of Emergency, Clinical College of Pediatrics, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, China.
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57
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Toth LA. The influence of the cage environment on rodent physiology and behavior: Implications for reproducibility of pre-clinical rodent research. Exp Neurol 2015; 270:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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58
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Sköld-Chiriac S, Nord A, Tobler M, Nilsson JÅ, Hasselquist D. Body temperature changes during simulated bacterial infection in a songbird: fever at night and hypothermia during the day. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:2961-9. [PMID: 26232416 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.122150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although fever (a closely regulated increase in body temperature in response to infection) typically is beneficial, it is energetically costly and may induce detrimentally high body temperatures. This can increase the susceptibility to energetic bottlenecks and risks of overheating in some organisms. Accordingly, it could be particularly interesting to study fever in small birds, which have comparatively high metabolic rates and high, variable body temperatures. We therefore investigated two aspects of fever and other sickness behaviours (circadian variation, dose dependence) in a small songbird, the zebra finch. We injected lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at the beginning of either the day or the night, and subsequently monitored body temperature, body mass change and food intake for the duration of the response. We found pronounced circadian variation in the body temperature response to LPS injection, manifested by (dose-dependent) hypothermia during the day but fever at night. This resulted in body temperature during the peak response being relatively similar during the day and night. Day-to-night differences might be explained in the context of circadian variation in body temperature: songbirds have a high daytime body temperature that is augmented by substantial heat production peaks during activity. This might require a trade-off between the benefit of fever and the risk of overheating. In contrast, at night, when body temperature is typically lower and less variable, fever can be used to mitigate infection. We suggest that the change in body temperature during infection in small songbirds is context dependent and regulated to promote survival according to individual demands at the time of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sköld-Chiriac
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Andreas Nord
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Michael Tobler
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Dennis Hasselquist
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund SE-223 62, Sweden
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59
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Roth J, Blatteis CM. Mechanisms of fever production and lysis: lessons from experimental LPS fever. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1563-604. [PMID: 25428854 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fever is a cardinal symptom of infectious or inflammatory insults, but it can also arise from noninfectious causes. The fever-inducing agent that has been used most frequently in experimental studies designed to characterize the physiological, immunological and neuroendocrine processes and to identify the neuronal circuits that underlie the manifestation of the febrile response is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our knowledge of the mechanisms of fever production and lysis is largely based on this model. Fever is usually initiated in the periphery of the challenged host by the immediate activation of the innate immune system by LPS, specifically of the complement (C) cascade and Toll-like receptors. The first results in the immediate generation of the C component C5a and the subsequent rapid production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The second, occurring after some delay, induces the further production of PGE2 by induction of its synthesizing enzymes and transcription and translation of proinflammatory cytokines. The Kupffer cells (Kc) of the liver seem to be essential for these initial processes. The subsequent transfer of the pyrogenic message from the periphery to the brain is achieved by neuronal and humoral mechanisms. These pathways subserve the genesis of early (neuronal signals) and late (humoral signals) phases of the characteristically biphasic febrile response to LPS. During the course of fever, counterinflammatory factors, "endogenous antipyretics," are elaborated peripherally and centrally to limit fever in strength and duration. The multiple interacting pro- and antipyretic signals and their mechanistic effects that underlie endotoxic fever are the subjects of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Roth
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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60
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De Luca LA, Almeida RL, David RB, de Paula PM, Andrade CAF, Menani JV. Participation of α2 -adrenoceptors in sodium appetite inhibition during sickness behaviour following administration of lipopolysaccharide. J Physiol 2015; 594:1607-16. [PMID: 26036817 DOI: 10.1113/jp270377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness behaviour, a syndrome characterized by a general reduction in animal activity, is part of the active-phase response to fight infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an effective endotoxin to model sickness behaviour, reduces thirst and sodium excretion, and increases neurohypophysial secretion. Here we review the effects of LPS on thirst and sodium appetite. Altered renal function and hydromineral fluid intake in response to LPS occur in the context of behavioural reorganization, which manifests itself as part of the syndrome. Recent data show that, in addition to its classical effect on thirst, non-septic doses of LPS injected intraperitoneally produce a preferential inhibition of intracellular thirst versus extracellular thirst. Moreover, LPS also reduced hypertonic NaCl intake in sodium-depleted rats that entered a sodium appetite test. Antagonism of α2 -adrenoceptors abolished the effect of LPS on sodium appetite. LPS and cytokine transduction potentially recruit brain noradrenaline and α2 -adrenoceptors to control sodium appetite and sickness behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurival A De Luca
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto L Almeida
- Department of Physiology, ABC Medical School, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard B David
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia M de Paula
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina A F Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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61
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Evans SS, Repasky EA, Fisher DT. Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:335-49. [PMID: 25976513 PMCID: PMC4786079 DOI: 10.1038/nri3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 636] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fever is a cardinal response to infection that has been conserved in warm-blooded and cold-blooded vertebrates for more than 600 million years of evolution. The fever response is executed by integrated physiological and neuronal circuitry and confers a survival benefit during infection. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of how the inflammatory cues delivered by the thermal element of fever stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses. We further highlight the unexpected multiplicity of roles of the pyrogenic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), both during fever induction and during the mobilization of lymphocytes to the lymphoid organs that are the staging ground for immune defence. We also discuss the emerging evidence suggesting that the adrenergic signalling pathways associated with thermogenesis shape immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon S Evans
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm &Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Repasky
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm &Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Daniel T Fisher
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm &Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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62
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Steiner AA. Reduced oxygen utilization in septic shock: disorder or adaptation? Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:447-8. [PMID: 27227060 PMCID: PMC4843942 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2014.996484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A fall in oxygen utilization during septic or endotoxic shock is thought to reflect circulatory hypoxia or mitochondrial dysfunction, but these pathology-oriented hypotheses do not explain all clinical observations. Here we discuss an alternative hypothesis of how oxygen utilization could fall as the result of a physiological thermometabolic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Steiner
- Department of Immunology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo ; São Paulo, SP Brazil
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63
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Nalivaiko E, Rudd JA, So RH. Motion sickness, nausea and thermoregulation: The "toxic" hypothesis. Temperature (Austin) 2014; 1:164-71. [PMID: 27626043 PMCID: PMC5008705 DOI: 10.4161/23328940.2014.982047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Principal symptoms of motion sickness in humans include facial pallor, nausea and vomiting, and sweating. It is less known that motion sickness also affects thermoregulation, and the purpose of this review is to present and discuss existing data related to this subject. Hypothermia during seasickness was firstly noted nearly 150 years ago, but detailed studies of this phenomenon were conducted only during the last 2 decades. Motion sickness-induced hypothermia is philogenetically quite broadly expressed as besides humans, it has been reported in rats, musk shrews and mice. Evidence from human and animal experiments indicates that the physiological mechanisms responsible for the motion sickness-induced hypothermia include cutaneous vasodilation and sweating (leading to an increase of heat loss) and reduced thermogenesis. Together, these results suggest that motion sickness triggers highly coordinated physiological response aiming to reduce body temperature. Finally, we describe potential adaptive role of this response, and describe the benefits of using it as an objective measure of motion sickness-induced nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Nalivaiko
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy; University of Newcastle ; Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin ; Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard Hy So
- Division of Biomedical Engineering; the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ; Hong Kong, China
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64
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Ivanov AI. Tissue Barriers: Introducing an exciting new journal. Temperature (Austin) 2014; 1:151-3. [PMID: 27626042 PMCID: PMC5008708 DOI: 10.4161/23328940.2014.978716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This Editorial is written to introduce Tissue Barriers, a new Taylor & Francis journal, to the readers of Temperature. It describes the role of temperature in the regulation of different tissue barriers under normal and disease conditions. It also highlights the most interesting articles published in the first volume of Tissue Barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics; Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine; VCU Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University ; Richmond, VA USA
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65
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Branco LG, Soriano RN, Steiner AA. Gaseous Mediators in Temperature Regulation. Compr Physiol 2014; 4:1301-38. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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66
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Corrigan JJ, Fonseca MT, Flatow EA, Lewis K, Steiner AA. Hypometabolism and hypothermia in the rat model of endotoxic shock: independence of circulatory hypoxia. J Physiol 2014; 592:3901-16. [PMID: 24951620 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.277277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that development of hypothermia instead of fever in endotoxic shock is consequential to hypoxia. Endotoxic shock was induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 500 μg kg(-1) i.v.) in rats at an ambient temperature of 22 °C. A β3-adrenergic agonist known to activate metabolic heat production, CL316,243, was employed to evaluate whether thermogenic capacity could be impaired by the fall in oxygen delivery (ḊO2) during endotoxic shock. This possibility was rejected as CL316,243 (0.15 mg kg(-1) i.v.) evoked similar rises in oxygen consumption (V̇O2) in the presence and absence of endotoxic shock. Next, to investigate whether a less severe form of circulatory hypoxia could be triggering hypothermia, the circulating volume of LPS-injected rats was expanded using 6% hetastarch with the intention of improving tissue perfusion and alleviating hypoxia. This intervention attenuated not only the fall in arterial pressure induced by LPS, but also the associated falls in V̇O2 and body temperature. These effects, however, occurred independently of hypoxia, as they were not accompanied by any detectable changes in NAD(+)/NADH ratios. Further experimentation revealed that even the earliest drops in cardiac output and ḊO2 during endotoxic shock did not precede the reduction in V̇O2 that brings about hypothermia. In fact, ḊO2 and V̇O2 fell in such a synchrony that the ḊO2/V̇O2 ratio remained unaffected. Only when hypothermia was prevented by exposure to a warm environment (30 °C) did an imbalance in the ḊO2/V̇O2 ratio become evident, and such an imbalance was associated with reductions in the renal and hypothalamic NAD(+)/NADH ratios. In conclusion, hypometabolism and hypothermia in endotoxic shock are not consequential to hypoxia but serve as a pre-emptive strategy to avoid hypoxia in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Corrigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Monique T Fonseca
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A Flatow
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kevin Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Lopes PC, Springthorpe D, Bentley GE. Increased activity correlates with reduced ability to mount immune defenses to endotoxin in zebra finches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 321:422-31. [PMID: 24888267 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
When suffering from infection, animals experience behavioral and physiological alterations that potentiate the immune system's ability to fight pathogens. The behavioral component of this response, termed "sickness behavior," is characterized by an overall reduction in physical activity. A growing number of reports demonstrate substantial flexibility in these sickness behaviors, which can be partially overcome in response to mates, intruders and parental duties. Since it is hypothesized that adopting sickness behaviors frees energetic resources for mounting an immune response, we tested whether diminished immune responses coincided with reduced sickness behaviors by housing male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) in social conditions that alter their behavioral response to an endotoxin. To facilitate our data collection, we developed and built a miniaturized sensor capable of detecting changes in dorsoventral acceleration and categorizing them as different behaviors when attached to the finches. We found that the immune defenses (quantified as haptoglobin-like activity, ability to change body temperature and bacterial killing capacity) increased as a function of increased time spent resting. The findings indicate that when animals are sick attenuation of sickness behaviors may exact costs, such as reduced immune function. The extent of these costs depends on how relevant the affected components of immunity are for fighting a specific infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lopes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Programa Graduado em Areas da Biologia Basica e Aplicada (GABBA), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
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Wanner SP, Yoshida K, Kulchitsky VA, Ivanov AI, Kanosue K, Romanovsky AA. Lipopolysaccharide-induced neuronal activation in the paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamus depends on ambient temperature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75733. [PMID: 24069444 PMCID: PMC3777970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is associated with either fever or hypothermia, but the mechanisms responsible for switching from one to the other are unknown. In experimental animals, systemic inflammation is often induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To identify the diencephalic and brainstem structures involved in the fever-hypothermia switch, we studied the expression of c-Fos protein, a marker of neuronal activation, in rats treated with the same high dose of LPS (0.5 mg/kg, intravenously) either in a thermoneutral (30 °C) or cool (24 °C) environment. At 30 °C, LPS caused fever; at 24 °C, the same dose caused profound hypothermia. Both fever and hypothermia were associated with the induction of c-Fos in many brain areas, including several structures of the anterior preoptic, paraventricular, lateral, and dorsal hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the posterior pretectal nucleus, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, lateral parabrachial nucleus, area postrema, and nucleus of the solitary tract. Every brain area studied showed a comparable response to LPS at the two different ambient temperatures used, with the exception of two areas: the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), which we studied together with the adjacent dorsal hypothalamic area (DA), and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH). Both structures had much stronger c-Fos expression during LPS hypothermia than during fever. We propose that PVH and DMH/DA neurons are involved in a circuit, which - depending on the ambient temperature - determines whether the thermoregulatory response to bacterial LPS will be fever or hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Wanner
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kyoko Yoshida
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vladimir A. Kulchitsky
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Andrei I. Ivanov
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics and Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kazuyuki Kanosue
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Andrej A. Romanovsky
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 18:241-50. [PMID: 23486386 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835f5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Al-Saffar H, Lewis K, Liu E, Schober A, Corrigan JJ, Shibata K, Steiner AA. Lipopolysaccharide-induced hypothermia and hypotension are associated with inflammatory signaling that is triggered outside the brain. Brain Behav Immun 2013. [PMID: 23207106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the neuroimmune mechanisms responsible for the switch from fever to hypothermia observed in severe forms of systemic inflammation. We evaluated whether bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) acting directly on the brain could promote a fever-hypothermia switch as well as the hypotension that is often associated with hypothermia in models of systemic inflammation. At an ambient temperature of 22°C, freely moving rats received intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of LPS at doses ranging from 0.5 to 25μg. Despite the use of such high doses, the prevailing thermal response was fever. To investigate if a hypothermic response could be hidden within the prevailing febrile response, rats were pretreated with a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (SC-236, 3.5mg/kg i.v.) known to block fever, but this strategy also failed to reveal any consistent hypothermic response following i.c.v. LPS. At the doses tested, i.c.v. LPS was similarly ineffective at inducing hypotension. Additional doses of LPS did not need to be tested because the 25-μg dose was already sufficient to induce both hypothermia and hypotension when administered peripherally (intra-arterially). An empirical 3D model of the interplay among body temperature, arterial pressure and heart rate following intra-arterial LPS reinforced the strong association of hypothermia with hypotension and, at the same time, exposed a bell-shaped relationship between heart rate and body temperature. In summary, the present study demonstrates that hypothermia and hypotension are triggered exclusively by LPS acting outside the brain and provides an integrated model of the thermal and cardiovascular responses to peripheral LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Al-Saffar
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
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A review of the physiology of fever in birds. J Comp Physiol B 2012; 183:297-312. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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