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MacDonald HJ, McMorland AJC, Stinear CM, Coxon JP, Byblow WD. An Activation Threshold Model for Response Inhibition. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169320. [PMID: 28085907 PMCID: PMC5235378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive response inhibition (RI) is the cancellation of a prepared response when it is no longer appropriate. Selectivity of RI can be examined by cueing the cancellation of one component of a prepared multi-component response. This substantially delays execution of other components. There is debate regarding whether this response delay is due to a selective neural mechanism. Here we propose a computational activation threshold model (ATM) and test it against a classical "horse-race" model using behavioural and neurophysiological data from partial RI experiments. The models comprise both facilitatory and inhibitory processes that compete upstream of motor output regions. Summary statistics (means and standard deviations) of predicted muscular and neurophysiological data were fit in both models to equivalent experimental measures by minimizing a Pearson Chi-square statistic. The ATM best captured behavioural and neurophysiological dynamics of partial RI. The ATM demonstrated that the observed modulation of corticomotor excitability during partial RI can be explained by nonselective inhibition of the prepared response. The inhibition raised the activation threshold to a level that could not be reached by the original response. This was necessarily followed by an additional phase of facilitation representing a secondary activation process in order to reach the new inhibition threshold and initiate the executed component of the response. The ATM offers a mechanistic description of the neural events underlying RI, in which partial movement cancellation results from a nonselective inhibitory event followed by subsequent initiation of a new response. The ATM provides a framework for considering and exploring the neuroanatomical constraints that underlie RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley J. MacDonald
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Angus J. C. McMorland
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cathy M. Stinear
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - James P. Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Winston D. Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Loram ID, Bate B, Harding P, Cunningham R, Loram A. Proactive Selective Inhibition Targeted at the Neck Muscles: This Proximal Constraint Facilitates Learning and Regulates Global Control. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2016; 25:357-369. [PMID: 28026778 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2016.2641024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While individual muscle function is known, the sensory and motor value of muscles within the whole-body sensorimotor network is complicated. Specifically, the relationship between neck muscle action and distal muscle synergies is unknown. This work demonstrates a causal relationship between regulation of the neck muscles and global motor control. Studying violinists performing unskilled and skilled manual tasks, we provided ultrasound feedback of the neck muscles with instruction to minimize neck muscle change during task performance and observed the indirect effect on whole-body movement. Analysis of ultrasound, kinematic, electromyographic and electrodermal recordings showed that proactive inhibition targeted at neck muscles had an indirect global effect reducing the cost of movement, reducing complex involuntary, task-irrelevant movement patterns and improving balance. This effect was distinct from the effect of gaze alignment which increased physiological cost and reduced laboratory-referenced movement. Neck muscle inhibition imposes a proximal constraint on the global motor plan, forcing a change in highly automated sensorimotor control. The proximal location ensures global influence. The criterion, inhibition of unnecessary action, ensures reduced cost while facilitating task-relevant variation. This mechanism regulates global motor function and facilitates reinforcement learning to change engrained, maladapted sensorimotor control associated with chronic pain, injury and performance limitation.
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Stopping ability in younger and older adults: Behavioral and event-related potential. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 17:348-363. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hermans L, Beeckmans K, Michiels K, Lafosse C, Sunaert S, Coxon JP, Swinnen SP, Leunissen I. Proactive Response Inhibition and Subcortical Gray Matter Integrity in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2016; 31:228-239. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968316675429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lize Hermans
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Beeckmans
- Center for Epilepsy and Acquired Brain Injury (CEPOS), Duffel, Belgium
| | - Karla Michiels
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Leuven - Campus Pellenberg, Belgium
| | | | - Stefan Sunaert
- Medical Imaging Center, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - James P. Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Stephan P. Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Leunissen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Belgium
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De Havas J, Ghosh A, Gomi H, Haggard P. Voluntary motor commands reveal awareness and control of involuntary movement. Cognition 2016; 155:155-167. [PMID: 27399155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to inhibit actions is central to voluntary motor control. However, the control mechanisms and subjective experience involved in voluntarily stopping an involuntary movement remain poorly understood. Here we examined, in humans, the voluntary inhibition of the Kohnstamm phenomenon, in which sustained voluntary contraction of shoulder abductors is followed by involuntary arm raising. Participants were instructed to stop the involuntary movement, hold the arm in a constant position, and 'release' the inhibition after ∼2s. Participants achieved this by modulating agonist muscle activity, rather than by antagonist contraction. Specifically, agonist muscle activity plateaued during this voluntary inhibition, and resumed its previous increase thereafter. There was no discernible antagonist activation. Thus, some central signal appeared to temporarily counter the involuntary motor drive, without directly affecting the Kohnstamm generator itself. We hypothesise a form of "negative motor command" to account for this novel finding. We next tested the specificity of the negative motor command, by inducing bilateral Kohnstamm movements, and instructing voluntary inhibition for one arm only. The results suggested negative motor commands responsible for inhibition are initially broad, affecting both arms, and then become focused. Finally, a psychophysical investigation found that the perceived force of the aftercontraction was significantly overestimated, relative to voluntary contractions with similar EMG levels. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the Kohnstamm generator does not provide an efference copy signal. Our results shed new light on this interesting class of involuntary movement, and provide new information about voluntary inhibition of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack De Havas
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom.
| | - Arko Ghosh
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom; Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Hiroaki Gomi
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Wakamiya 3-1, Morinosato, Atsugi, Kanagawa-pref. 243-0198, Japan
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
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MacDonald HJ, Stinear CM, Ren A, Coxon JP, Kao J, Macdonald L, Snow B, Cramer SC, Byblow WD. Dopamine Gene Profiling to Predict Impulse Control and Effects of Dopamine Agonist Ropinirole. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:909-19. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dopamine agonists can impair inhibitory control and cause impulse control disorders for those with Parkinson disease (PD), although mechanistically this is not well understood. In this study, we hypothesized that the extent of such drug effects on impulse control is related to specific dopamine gene polymorphisms. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed to examine the effect of single doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg of the dopamine agonist ropinirole on impulse control in healthy adults of typical age for PD onset. Impulse control was measured by stop signal RT on a response inhibition task and by an index of impulsive decision-making on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. A dopamine genetic risk score quantified basal dopamine neurotransmission from the influence of five genes: catechol-O-methyltransferase, dopamine transporter, and those encoding receptors D1, D2, and D3. With placebo, impulse control was better for the high versus low genetic risk score groups. Ropinirole modulated impulse control in a manner dependent on genetic risk score. For the lower score group, both doses improved response inhibition (decreased stop signal RT) whereas the lower dose reduced impulsiveness in decision-making. Conversely, the higher score group showed a trend for worsened response inhibition on the lower dose whereas both doses increased impulsiveness in decision-making. The implications of the present findings are that genotyping can be used to predict impulse control and whether it will improve or worsen with the administration of dopamine agonists.
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Cowie MJ, MacDonald HJ, Cirillo J, Byblow WD. Proactive modulation of long-interval intracortical inhibition during response inhibition. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:859-67. [PMID: 27281744 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00144.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily activities often require sudden cancellation of preplanned movement, termed response inhibition. When only a subcomponent of a whole response must be suppressed (required here on Partial trials), the ensuing component is markedly delayed. The neural mechanisms underlying partial response inhibition remain unclear. We hypothesized that Partial trials would be associated with nonselective corticomotor suppression and that GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition within primary motor cortex might be responsible for the nonselective corticomotor suppression contributing to Partial trial response delays. Sixteen right-handed participants performed a bimanual anticipatory response inhibition task while single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered to elicit motor evoked potentials in the left first dorsal interosseous muscle. Lift times, amplitude of motor evoked potentials, and long-interval intracortical inhibition were examined across the different trial types (Go, Stop-Left, Stop-Right, Stop-Both). Go trials produced a tight distribution of lift times around the target, whereas those during Partial trials (Stop-Left and Stop-Right) were substantially delayed. The modulation of motor evoked potential amplitude during Stop-Right trials reflected anticipation, suppression, and subsequent reinitiation of movement. Importantly, suppression was present across all Stop trial types, indicative of a "default" nonselective inhibitory process. Compared with blocks containing only Go trials, inhibition increased when Stop trials were introduced but did not differ between trial types. The amount of inhibition was positively correlated with lift times during Stop-Right trials. Tonic levels of inhibition appear to be proactively modulated by task context and influence the speed at which unimanual responses occur after a nonselective "brake" is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Cowie
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hayley J MacDonald
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Cirillo
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Tewari A, Jog R, Jog MS. The Striatum and Subthalamic Nucleus as Independent and Collaborative Structures in Motor Control. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:17. [PMID: 26973474 PMCID: PMC4771745 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are two separate input structures into the basal ganglia (BG). Accordingly, research to date has primarily focused on the distinct roles of these structures in motor control and cognition, often through investigation of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Both structures are divided into sensorimotor, associative, and limbic subdivisions based on cortical connectivity. The more recent discovery of the STN as an input structure into the BG drives comparison of these two structures and their respective roles in cognition and motor control. This review compares the role of the striatum and STN in motor response inhibition and execution, competing motor programs, feedback based learning, and response planning. Through comparison, it is found that the striatum and STN have highly independent roles in motor control but also collaborate in order to execute desired actions. There is also the possibility that inhibition or activation of one of these structures indirectly contributes to the function of other connected anatomical structures. Both structures contribute to selective motor response inhibition, which forms the basis of many tasks, but the STN additionally contributes to global inhibition through the hyperdirect pathway. Research is warranted on the functional connectivity of the network for inhibition involving the rIFG, preSMA, striatum, and STN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Tewari
- London Health Sciences Centre London, ON, Canada
| | - Rachna Jog
- London Health Sciences Centre London, ON, Canada
| | - Mandar S Jog
- London Health Sciences Centre London, ON, Canada
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59
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MacDonald HJ, Byblow WD. Does response inhibition have pre- and postdiagnostic utility in Parkinson's disease? J Mot Behav 2016; 47:29-45. [PMID: 25575221 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2014.941784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (Pd) is the second most prevalent degenerative neurological condition worldwide. Improving and sustaining quality of life is an important goal for Parkinson's patients. Key areas of focus to achieve this goal include earlier diagnosis and individualized treatment. In this review the authors discuss impulse control in Pd and examine how measures of impulse control from a response inhibition task may provide clinically useful information (a) within an objective test battery to aid earlier diagnosis of Pd and (b) in postdiagnostic Pd, to better identify individuals at risk of developing impulse control disorders with dopaminergic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley J MacDonald
- a Department of Sport and Exercise Science , University of Auckland , New Zealand
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60
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Smittenaar P, Rutledge RB, Zeidman P, Adams RA, Brown H, Lewis G, Dolan RJ. Proactive and Reactive Response Inhibition across the Lifespan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140383. [PMID: 26488166 PMCID: PMC4619547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One expression of executive control involves proactive preparation for future events, and this contrasts with stimulus driven reactive control exerted in response to events. Here we describe findings from a response inhibition task, delivered using a smartphone-based platform, that allowed us to index proactive and reactive inhibitory self-control in a large community sample (n = 12,496). Change in stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) when participants are provided with advance information about an upcoming trial, compared to when they are not, provides a measure of proactive control while SSRT in the absence of advance information provides a measure of reactive control. Both forms of control rely on overlapping frontostriatal pathways known to deteriorate in healthy aging, an age-related decline that occurs at an accelerated rate in men compared to women. Here we ask whether these patterns of age-related decline are reflected in similar changes in proactive and reactive inhibitory control across the lifespan. As predicted, we observed a decline in reactive control with natural aging, with a greater rate of decline in men compared to women (~10 ms versus ~8 ms per decade of adult life). Surprisingly, the benefit of preparation, i.e. proactive control, did not change over the lifespan and women showed superior proactive control at all ages compared to men. Our results suggest that reactive and proactive inhibitory control partially rely on distinct neural substrates that are differentially sensitive to age-related change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smittenaar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London. London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Robb B. Rutledge
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London. London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Zeidman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London. London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Rick A. Adams
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London. London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67–73 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7EJ, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Brown
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London. London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67–73 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond J. Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London. London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom
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61
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De Havas J, Ghosh A, Gomi H, Haggard P. Sensorimotor organization of a sustained involuntary movement. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:185. [PMID: 26283934 PMCID: PMC4517064 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Involuntary movements share much of the motor control circuitry used for voluntary movement, yet the two can be easily distinguished. The Kohnstamm phenomenon (where a sustained, hard push produces subsequent involuntary arm raising) is a useful experimental model for exploring differences between voluntary and involuntary movement. Both central and peripheral accounts have been proposed, but little is known regarding how the putative Kohnstamm generator responds to afferent input. We addressed this by obstructing the involuntary upward movement of the arm. Obstruction prevented the rising EMG pattern that characterizes the Kohnstamm. Importantly, once the obstruction was removed, the EMG signal resumed its former increase, suggesting a generator that persists despite peripheral input. When only one arm was obstructed during bilateral involuntary movements, only the EMG signal from the obstructed arm showed the effect. Upon release of the obstacle, the obstructed arm reached the same position and EMG level as the unobstructed arm. Comparison to matched voluntary movements revealed a preserved stretch response when a Kohnstamm movement first contacts an obstacle, and also an overestimation of the perceived contact force. Our findings support a hybrid central and peripheral account of the Kohnstamm phenomenon. The strange subjective experience of this involuntary movement is consistent with the view that movement awareness depends strongly on efference copies, but that the Kohnstamm generator does not produces efference copies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack De Havas
- Action and Body, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Arko Ghosh
- Action and Body, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK ; Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland ; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hiroaki Gomi
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation Atsugi, Japan
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Action and Body, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
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Abstract
Preparing actions requires the operation of several cognitive control processes that influence the state of the motor system to ensure that the appropriate behavior is ultimately selected and executed. For example, some form of competition resolution ensures that the right action is chosen among alternatives, often in the presence of conflict; at the same time, impulse control ought to be deployed to prevent premature responses. Here we review how state-changes in the human motor system during action preparation can be studied through motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation over the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1). We discuss how the physiological fingerprints afforded by MEPs have helped to decompose some of the dynamic and effector-specific influences on the motor system during action preparation. We focus on competition resolution, conflict and impulse control, as well as on the influence of higher cognitive decision–related variables. The selected examples demonstrate the usefulness of MEPs as physiological readouts for decomposing the influence of distinct, but often overlapping, control processes on the human motor system during action preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bestmann
- Sobell Department for Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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63
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Finisguerra A, Canzoneri E, Serino A, Pozzo T, Bassolino M. Moving sounds within the peripersonal space modulate the motor system. Neuropsychologia 2015; 70:421-8. [PMID: 25281311 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ganos C, Bongert J, Asmuss L, Martino D, Haggard P, Münchau A. The somatotopy of tic inhibition: Where and how much? Mov Disord 2015; 30:1184-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Ganos
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London; UK
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE); Hamburg Germany
| | - Jens Bongert
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE); Hamburg Germany
| | - Luisa Asmuss
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE); Hamburg Germany
| | - Davide Martino
- Neurology Department; King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust; London
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London; UK
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Department of Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry; Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
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How to stop or change a motor response: Laplacian and independent component analysis approach. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 97:233-44. [PMID: 25660306 PMCID: PMC4529397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Response inhibition is an essential control function necessary to adapt one's behavior. This key cognitive capacity is assumed to be dependent on the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. It is unresolved whether varying inhibitory demands engage different control mechanisms or whether a single motor inhibitory mechanism is involved in any situation. We addressed this question by comparing electrophysiological activity in conditions that require stopping a response to conditions that require switching to an alternate response. Analyses of electrophysiological data obtained from stop-signal tasks are complicated by overlapping stimulus-related activity that is distributed over frontal and parietal cortical recording sites. Here, we applied Laplacian transformation and independent component analysis (ICA) to overcome these difficulties. Participants were faster in switching compared to stopping a response, but we did not observe differences in neural activity between these conditions. Both stop- and change-trials Laplacian transformed ERPs revealed a comparable bilateral parieto-occipital negativity around 180 ms and a frontocentral negativity around 220 ms. ICA results suggested an inhibition-related frontocentral component which was characterized by a negativity around 200 ms with a likely source in anterior cingulate cortex. The data provide support for the importance of posterior mediofrontal areas in inhibitory response control and are consistent with a common neural pathway underlying stopping and changing of a motor response. The methodological approach proved useful to distinguish frontal and parietal sources despite similar timing and the ICA approach allowed assessment of single-trial data with respect to behavioral data.
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66
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Response inhibition and avoidance of virtual obstacles during gait in healthy young and older adults. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 39:27-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pirotta S, Kidgell DJ, Daly RM. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on neuroplasticity in older adults: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomised trial. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:131-40. [PMID: 25138265 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vitamin D can improve muscle function and reduce falls, but whether it can strengthen neural connections within the brain and nervous system is not known. This 10-week randomised controlled trial indicates that treatment with 2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 does not significantly alter neuroplasticity relative to placebo in older adults. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on neuroplasticity, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and muscle strength and function in older adults. METHODS This was a 10-week double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomised trial in which 26 older adults with 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25OHD] concentrations 25-60 nmol/L were randomised to 2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 or matched placebo. Single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the motor cortex was used to assess changes in motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), as measures of corticospinal excitability and inhibition respectively, by recording electromyography (EMG) responses to stimulation from the wrist extensors. Changes in muscle strength, stair climbing power, gait (timed-up-and-go), dynamic balance (four square step test), serum 25(OH)D and BDNF concentrations were also measured. RESULTS After 10 weeks, mean 25(OH)D levels increased from 46 to 81 nmol/L in the vitamin D group with no change in the placebo group. The vitamin D group experienced a significant 8-11% increase in muscle strength and a reduction in cortical excitability (MEP amplitude) and SICI relative to baseline (all P < 0.05), but these changes were not significantly different from placebo. There was no effect of vitamin D on muscle power, function or BDNF. CONCLUSIONS Daily supplementation with 2,000 IU vitamin D3 for 10 weeks had no significant effect on neuroplasticity compared to placebo, but the finding that vitamin D treatment alone was associated with a decrease in corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition warrants further investigation as this suggests that it may improve the efficacy of neural transmission within the corticospinal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pirotta
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
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Lavallee CF, Meemken MT, Herrmann CS, Huster RJ. When holding your horses meets the deer in the headlights: time-frequency characteristics of global and selective stopping under conditions of proactive and reactive control. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:994. [PMID: 25540615 PMCID: PMC4262052 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to inhibit unwanted thoughts or actions is crucial for successful functioning in daily life; however, this ability is often impaired in a number of psychiatric disorders. Despite the relevance of inhibition in everyday situations, current models of inhibition are rather simplistic and provide little generalizability especially in the face of clinical disorders. Thus, given the importance of inhibition for proper cognitive functioning, the need for a paradigm, which incorporates factors that will subsequently improve the current model for understanding inhibition, is of high demand. A popular paradigm used to assess motor inhibition, the stop-signal paradigm, can be modified to further advance the current conceptual model of inhibitory control and thus provide a basis for better understanding different facets of inhibition. Namely, in this study, we have developed a novel version of the stop-signal task to assess how preparation (that is, whether reactive or proactive) and selectivity of the stopping behavior effect well-known time-frequency characteristics associated with successful inhibition and concomitant behavioral measures. With this innovative paradigm, we demonstrate that the selective nature of the stopping task modulates theta and motoric beta activity and we further provide the first account of delta activity as an electrophysiological feature sensitive to both manipulations of selectivity and preparatory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina F Lavallee
- Experimental Psychology Laboratory, European Medical School, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marie T Meemken
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph S Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Laboratory, European Medical School, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany ; Research Centre Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Rene J Huster
- Experimental Psychology Laboratory, European Medical School, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany ; Research Centre Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
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69
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Common and unique neural networks for proactive and reactive response inhibition revealed by independent component analysis of functional MRI data. Neuroimage 2014; 103:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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70
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MacDonald HJ, Coxon JP, Stinear CM, Byblow WD. The fall and rise of corticomotor excitability with cancellation and reinitiation of prepared action. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:2707-17. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00366.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sudden cancellation of a motor action, known as response inhibition (RI), is fundamental to human motor behavior. The behavioral selectivity of RI can be studied by cueing cancellation of only a subset of a planned response, which markedly delays the remaining executed components. The present study examined neurophysiological mechanisms that may contribute to these delays. In two experiments, human participants received single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation while performing a bimanual anticipatory response task. Participants performed most trials bimanually (Go trials) and were sometimes cued to cancel the response with one hand while responding with the other (Partial trials). Motor evoked potentials were recorded from left first dorsal interosseous (FDI) as a measure of corticomotor excitability (CME) during Go and Partial trials. CME was temporally modulated during Partial trials in a manner that reflected anticipation, suppression, and subsequent initiation of a reprogrammed response. There was an initial increase in CME, followed by suppression 175 ms after the stop signal, even though the left hand was not cued to stop. A second increase in excitability occurred prior to the (delayed) response. We propose an activation threshold model to account for nonselective RI. To investigate the inhibitory component of our model, we investigated short-latency intracortical inhibition (sICI), but results indicated that sICI cannot fully explain the observed temporal modulation of CME. These neurophysiological and behavioural results indicate that the default mode for reactive partial cancellation is suppression of a unitary response, followed by response reinitiation with an inevitable time delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. J. MacDonald
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J. P. Coxon
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C. M. Stinear
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - W. D. Byblow
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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71
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Xu J, Westrick Z, Ivry RB. Selective inhibition of a multicomponent response can be achieved without cost. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:455-65. [PMID: 25339712 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00101.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral flexibility frequently requires the ability to modify an on-going action. In some situations, optimal performance requires modifying some components of an on-going action without interrupting other components of that action. This form of control has been studied with the selective stop-signal task, in which participants are instructed to abort only one movement of a multicomponent response. Previous studies have shown a transient disruption of the nonaborted component, suggesting limitations in our ability to use selective inhibition. This cost has been attributed to a structural limitation associated with the recruitment of a cortico-basal ganglia pathway that allows for the rapid inhibition of action but operates in a relatively generic manner. Using a model-based approach, we demonstrate that, with a modest amount of training and highly compatible stimulus-response mappings, people can perform a selective-stop task without any cost on the nonaborted component. Prior reports of behavioral costs in selective-stop tasks reflect, at least in part, a sampling bias in the method commonly used to estimate such costs. These results suggest that inhibition can be selectively controlled and present a challenge for models of inhibitory control that posit the operation of generic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Zachary Westrick
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York; and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California
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72
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Coxon JP, Goble DJ, Leunissen I, Van Impe A, Wenderoth N, Swinnen SP. Functional Brain Activation Associated with Inhibitory Control Deficits in Older Adults. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:12-22. [PMID: 25085883 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In young adults, canceling an initiated action depends on the right inferior frontal cortex (IFC), presupplementary motor area (preSMA), and the basal ganglia. Older adults show response inhibition deficits, but how this relates to functional brain activation remains unclear. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested whether older adults (N = 20) exhibit overactivation during stop-signal inhibition as shown for attentional control tasks, or reduced activity compared with young adults (N = 20). We used a modified stop-signal task involving coupled bimanual responses and manipulated whether both or just one hand was cued to stop. Stop-task difficulty was matched across groups. We found a group by condition interaction in supramarginal gyrus, anterior insula, rIFC, and preSMA, with activation increasing for successful Stop versus Go trials in the young adults only. Comparing the groups on Stop trials revealed preSMA and striatum hypoactivity for older adults. White matter tracts connecting rIFC, preSMA, and the subthalamic nuclei were associated with stronger activation of preSMA in older adults, suggesting that maintenance of the brain's structure has positive implications for brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Coxon
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel J Goble
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Inge Leunissen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annouchka Van Impe
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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73
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Levin O, Fujiyama H, Boisgontier MP, Swinnen SP, Summers JJ. Aging and motor inhibition: a converging perspective provided by brain stimulation and imaging approaches. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 43:100-17. [PMID: 24726575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to inhibit actions, one of the hallmarks of human motor control, appears to decline with advancing age. Evidence for a link between changes in inhibitory functions and poor motor performance in healthy older adults has recently become available with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Overall, these studies indicate that the capacity to modulate intracortical (ICI) and interhemispheric (IHI) inhibition is preserved in high-performing older individuals. In contrast, older individuals exhibiting motor slowing and a declined ability to coordinate movement appear to show a reduced capability to modulate GABA-mediated inhibitory processes. As a decline in the integrity of the GABA-ergic inhibitory processes may emerge due to age-related loss of white and gray matter, a promising direction for future research would be to correlate individual differences in structural and/or functional integrity of principal brain networks with observed changes in inhibitory processes within cortico-cortical, interhemispheric, and/or corticospinal pathways. Finally, we underscore the possible links between reduced inhibitory functions and age-related changes in brain activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oron Levin
- KU Leuven Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Group Biomedical Sciences, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- KU Leuven Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Group Biomedical Sciences, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- KU Leuven Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Group Biomedical Sciences, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- KU Leuven Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Group Biomedical Sciences, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeffery J Summers
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UX United Kingdom
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74
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Ko YT, Cheng SK, Juan CH. Voluntarily-generated unimanual preparation is associated with stopping success: evidence from LRP and lateralized mu ERD before the stop signal. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 79:249-58. [PMID: 24718558 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-014-0567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
According to the race models of the stop-signal paradigm, stopping success (successful vs. unsuccessful stopping) is attributed to the finishing times of a go and a stop process. In addition to those factors involving processing times, in the present study we sought to use electrophysiological measures to find factors involving activations that could affect stopping success. We hypothesized that voluntarily-generated unimanual preparation would be a factor. To assess voluntarily-generated unimanual preparation in the stop-signal paradigm, we used a selective-stopping task without any precue. The selective-stopping task also allowed us to assess reaction times (RTs) even when stopping was successful. We demonstrated shorter RTs in signal-respond (i.e., unsuccessful stopping) than in signal-inhibit (successful stopping) trials, as is predicted by the race models. More importantly, we also demonstrated different pre-signal lateralized readiness potentials between the two types of trials and larger lateralized mu ERD in signal-respond than in signal-inhibit trials, suggesting that voluntarily-generated unimanual preparation affects stopping success. In addition to what is described in the race models of the stop-signal paradigm, the present results therefore demonstrated measures of pre-signal activations that could influence stopping success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ting Ko
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan,
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75
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Giesen C, Rothermund K. You Better Stop! Binding “Stop” Tags to Irrelevant Stimulus Features. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2014; 67:809-32. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2013.834372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the basic process of integrating stimuli (and their features) with simultaneously executed responses transfers to situations in which one does not respond to a stimulus. In three experiments, a stop-signal task was combined with a sequential priming paradigm to test whether irrelevant stimulus features become associated with a “stop” tag. Stopping a simple response during the prime trial delayed responding and facilitated stopping in the probe if the same irrelevant stimulus feature was repeated in the probe. These repetition priming effects were independent of the relation between the to-be-executed (or to-be-stopped) responses in the prime and probe, indicating that “stop” tags are global (“stop all responses!”) rather than being response-related (e.g., “stop left response!”).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Giesen
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Rothermund
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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76
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Abstract
Selective stopping paradigms address selectivity in controlled behavior, as subjects stop certain responses or responses to certain stimuli. The literature has discussed 2 strategies for selective stopping. First, selective stopping may prolong the stop process by adding a discrimination stage (Independent Discriminate then Stop). Second, selective stopping may involve stopping nonselectively and then restarting the response if the signal is an ignore signal (Stop then Discriminate). We discovered a variant of the first strategy that occurred often in our experiments and previously published experiments: The requirement to discriminate stop and ignore signals may interact with the go process, invalidating the independent race model (Dependent Discriminate then Stop). Our experiments focused on stimulus selective stopping, in which subjects stop to one signal and ignore another. When stop and ignore signals were equally likely, some subjects used the Stop then Discriminate strategy and others used the Dependent Discriminate then Stop strategy. When stop signals were more frequent than ignore signals, most subjects used the Stop then Discriminate strategy; when ignore signals were more frequent than stop signals, most subjects used the Dependent Discriminate then Stop strategy. The commonly accepted Independent Discriminate then Stop strategy was seldom implemented. Selective stopping was either not selective (Stop then Discriminate), or interacted with going (Dependent Discriminate then Stop). Implications for the cognitive science, lifespan development, clinical science, and neuroscience of selective stopping are discussed.
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77
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Sallard E, Barral J, Chavan CF, Spierer L. Early attentional processes distinguish selective from global motor inhibitory control: An electrical neuroimaging study. Neuroimage 2014; 87:183-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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78
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Abstract
Action inhibition can globally prevent all motor output or selectively cancel specific actions during concurrent motor output. Here we examine the behavioral and neural basis of selective inhibition focusing on the role of preparation. In 18 healthy human participants we manipulated the extent to which they could prepare for selective inhibition by providing or withholding information on what actions might need to be stopped. We show that, on average, information improves both speed and selectivity of inhibition. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data show that preparation for selective inhibition engages the inferior frontal gyrus, supplementary motor area, and striatum. Examining interindividual differences, we find the benefit of proactive control to speed and selectivity of inhibition trade off against each other, such that an improvement in stopping speed leads to a deterioration of selectivity of inhibition, and vice versa. This trade-off is implemented through engagement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and putamen. Our results suggest proactive selective inhibition is implemented within frontostriatal structures, and we provide evidence that a speed-selectivity trade-off might underlie a range of findings reported previously.
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79
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Yamanaka K, Nozaki D. Neural mechanisms underlying stop-and-restart difficulties: involvement of the motor and perceptual systems. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82272. [PMID: 24312411 PMCID: PMC3842301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to suddenly stop a planned movement or a movement being performed and restart it after a short interval is an important mechanism that allows appropriate behavior in response to contextual or environmental changes. However, performing such stop-and-restart movements smoothly is difficult at times. We investigated performance (response time) of stop-and-restart movements using a go/stop/re-go task and found consistent stop-and-restart difficulties after short (∼100 ms) stop-to-restart intervals (SRSI), and an increased probability of difficulties after longer (>200 ms) SRSIs, suggesting that two different mechanisms underlie stop-and-restart difficulties. Next, we investigated motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in a moving muscle induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation during a go/stop/re-go task. In re-go trials with a short SRSI (100 ms), the MEP amplitude continued to decrease after the re-go-signal onset, indicating that stop-and-restart difficulties with short SRSIs might be associated with a neural mechanism in the human motor system, namely, stop-related suppression of corticomotor (CM) excitability. Finally, we recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) activity during a go/stop/re-go task and performed a single-trial-based EEG power and phase time-frequency analysis. Alpha-band EEG phase locking to re-go-signal, which was only observed in re-go trials with long SRSI (250 ms), weakened in the delayed re-go response trials. These EEG phase dynamics indicate an association between stop-and-restart difficulties with long SRSIs and a neural mechanism in the human perception system, namely, decreased probability of EEG phase locking to visual stimuli. In contrast, smooth stop-and-restart human movement can be achieved in re-go trials with sufficient SRSI (150–200 ms), because release of stop-related suppression and simultaneous counter-activation of CM excitability may occur as a single task without second re-go-signal perception. These results suggest that skilled motor behavior is subject to various constraints in not only motor, but also perceptual (and attentional), systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Showa Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Daichi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Education, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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80
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Yamanaka K, Kadota H, Nozaki D. Long-latency TMS-evoked potentials during motor execution and inhibition. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:751. [PMID: 24282400 PMCID: PMC3824362 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has often been used in conjunction with electroencephalography (EEG), which is effective for the direct demonstration of cortical reactivity and corticocortical connectivity during cognitive tasks through the spatio-temporal pattern of long-latency TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs). However, it remains unclear what pattern is associated with the inhibition of a planned motor response. Therefore, we performed TMS-EEG recording during a go/stop task, in which participants were instructed to click a computer mouse with a right index finger when an indicator that was moving with a constant velocity reached a target (go trial) or to avoid the click when the indicator randomly stopped just before it reached the target (stop trial). Single-pulse TMS to the left (contralateral) or right (ipsilateral) motor cortex was applied 500 ms before or just at the target time. TEPs related to motor execution and inhibition were obtained by subtractions between averaged EEG waveforms with and without TMS. As a result, in TEPs induced by both contralateral and ipsilateral TMS, small oscillations were followed by a prominent negative deflection around the TMS site peaking at approximately 100 ms post-TMS (N100), and a less pronounced later positive component (LPC) over the broad areas that was centered at the midline-central site in both go and stop trials. However, compared to the pattern in go and stop trials with TMS at 500 ms before the target time, N100 and LPC were differently modulated in the go and stop trials with TMS just at the target time. The amplitudes of both N100 and LPC decreased in go trials, while the amplitude of LPC decreased and the latency of LPC was delayed in both go and stop trials. These results suggested that TMS-induced neuronal reactions in the motor cortex and subsequent their propagation to surrounding cortical areas might change functionally according to task demand when executing and inhibiting a motor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Showa Women's University Tokyo, Japan
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81
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Anodal tDCS over SMA decreases the probability of withholding an anticipated action. Behav Brain Res 2013; 257:208-14. [PMID: 24064279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that the supplementary motor area (SMA) is critical in movement inhibition. Recently it was shown that applying transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over SMA affected participants' ability to inhibit their movement in a stop-signal reaction time task (Hsu et al. [11]). Of interest in the current study was whether modulating SMA excitability using tDCS would have similar effects in an anticipation-timing stop-signal task. Participants performed 2 sessions each consisting of a pre- and post-tDCS block of 160 trials in which they were instructed to extend their wrist concurrently with the arrival of a pointer to a target (i.e., a clock hand reaching a set position). In 20% of trials (stop trials) the pointer stopped 80, 110, 140, 170, or 200 ms prior to the target, and on these trials participants were instructed to inhibit their movement if possible. Anodal and cathodal tDCS (separated by at least 48 h) was applied for each participant between the pre- and post-tDCS blocks. No change in the proportion of successfully inhibited movements on stop trials was found following cathodal tDCS (p>.05). However, anodal tDCS resulted in a decreased proportion of successfully inhibited movements on stop trials (p=002), and an earlier movement onset on control trials (p<.01). This suggests that the SMA may be more involved in initiation than in inhibition of anticipatory movements. Furthermore these data suggest that differences in initiation and inhibitory processes exist between stop-signal reaction time and anticipation-timing stop-signal tasks.
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82
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Stupacher J, Hove MJ, Novembre G, Schütz-Bosbach S, Keller PE. Musical groove modulates motor cortex excitability: A TMS investigation. Brain Cogn 2013; 82:127-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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83
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Wessel JR, Reynoso HS, Aron AR. Saccade suppression exerts global effects on the motor system. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:883-90. [PMID: 23699058 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00229.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stopping inappropriate eye movements is a cognitive control function that allows humans to perform well in situations that demand attentional focus. The stop-signal task is an experimental model for this behavior. Participants initiate a saccade toward a target and occasionally have to try to stop the impending saccade if a stop signal occurs. Prior research using a version of this paradigm for limb movements (hand, leg) as well as for speech has shown that rapidly stopping action leads to apparently global suppression of the motor system, as indexed by the corticospinal excitability (CSE) of task-unrelated effectors in studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1. Here we measured CSE from the hand with high temporal precision while participants made saccades and while they successfully and unsuccessfully stopped these saccades in response to a stop signal. We showed that 50 ms before the estimated time at which a saccade is successfully stopped there was reduced CSE for the hand, which was task irrelevant. This shows that rapidly stopping eye movements also has global motor effects. We speculate that this arises because rapidly stopping eye movements, like skeleto-motor movements, is possibly achieved via input to the subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia, with a putatively broad suppressive effect on thalamocortical drive. Since recent studies suggest that this suppressive effect could also impact nonmotor representations, the present finding points to a possible mechanistic basis for some kinds of distractibility: abrupt-onset stimuli will interrupt ongoing processing by generating global motor and nonmotor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R Wessel
- Psychology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92103, USA.
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84
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Ko YT, Miller J. Signal-related contributions to stopping-interference effects in selective response inhibition. Exp Brain Res 2013; 228:205-12. [PMID: 23681293 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In our ability to selectively inhibit a subset of concurrent response tendencies, referred to as selective response inhibition, stopping-interference (SI) effects have been found and attributed to global inhibitory processes. In the standard stop-signal paradigm, the stop signal might not only signal stopping but also produce other effects simply by virtue of being an additional signal. Therefore, we investigated whether previously observed SI effects reflect not only selective response inhibition but also other effects caused by the appearance of the stop signal. In Experiment 1, we controlled for the possible extra influences of the stop signal and still found SI effects, allowing a more confident attribution of SI effects to global inhibitory processes. Furthermore, the extra signal affected the motor system, as revealed by a reduction in SI effects on response force after the improved control. Using the lateralized readiness potential, Experiment 2 showed that the extra signal affected relatively central motor processing. The findings thus advance our knowledge about the distinction between signal-related and motor-inhibitory effects in stop-signal tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ting Ko
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan.
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85
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Nakamoto H, Ikudome S, Yotani K, Maruyama A, Mori S. Fast-ball sports experts depend on an inhibitory strategy to reprogram their movement timing. Exp Brain Res 2013; 228:193-203. [PMID: 23660742 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to clarify whether an inhibitory strategy is used for reprogramming of movement timing by experts in fast-ball sports when they correct their movement timing due to unexpected environmental changes. We evaluated the influence of disruption of inhibitory function of the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) on reprogramming of movement timing of experts and non-experts in fast-ball sports. The task was to manually press a button to coincide with the arrival of a moving target. The target moved at a constant velocity, and its velocity was suddenly either increased or decreased in some trials. The task was performed either with or without transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which was delivered to the region of the rIFG. Under velocity change conditions without TMS, the experts showed significantly smaller timing errors and a higher rate of reprogramming of movement timing than the non-experts. Moreover, TMS application during the task significantly diminished the expert group's performance, but not the control group, particularly in the condition where the target velocity decreases. These results suggest that experts use an inhibitory strategy for reprogramming of movement timing. In addition, the rIFG inhibitory function contributes to the superior movement correction of experts in fast-ball sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakamoto
- Faculty of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan.
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86
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Boecker M, Gauggel S, Drueke B. Stop or stop-change — Does it make any difference for the inhibition process? Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 87:234-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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87
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Zandbelt BB, Bloemendaal M, Hoogendam JM, Kahn RS, Vink M. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Functional MRI Reveal Cortical and Subcortical Interactions during Stop-signal Response Inhibition. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 25:157-74. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Stopping an action requires suppression of the primary motor cortex (M1). Inhibitory control over M1 relies on a network including the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) and the supplementary motor complex (SMC), but how these regions interact to exert inhibitory control over M1 is unknown. Specifically, the hierarchical position of the rIFC and SMC with respect to each other, the routes by which these regions control M1, and the causal involvement of these regions in proactive and reactive inhibition remain unclear. We used off-line repetitive TMS to perturb neural activity in the rIFC and SMC followed by fMRI to examine effects on activation in the networks involved in proactive and reactive inhibition, as assessed with a modified stop-signal task. We found repetitive TMS effects on reactive inhibition only. rIFC and SMC stimulation shortened the stop-signal RT (SSRT) and a shorter SSRT was associated with increased M1 deactivation. Furthermore, rIFC and SMC stimulation increased right striatal activation, implicating frontostriatal pathways in reactive inhibition. Finally, rIFC stimulation altered SMC activation, but SMC stimulation did not alter rIFC activation, indicating that rIFC lies upstream from SMC. These findings extend our knowledge about the functional organization of inhibitory control, an important component of executive functioning, showing that rIFC exerts reactive control over M1 via SMC and right striatum.
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88
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Nakamoto H, Ishii Y, Ikudome S, Ohta Y. Kinesthetic aftereffects induced by a weighted tool on movement correction in baseball batting. Hum Mov Sci 2012; 31:1529-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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89
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Kopf J, Schecklmann M, Hahn T, Dieler AC, Herrmann MJ, Fallgatter AJ, Reif A. NOS1 ex1f-VNTR polymorphism affects prefrontal oxygenation during response inhibition tasks. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 33:2561-71. [PMID: 21922604 PMCID: PMC6869911 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is a trait shared by many psychiatric disorders and therefore a suitable intermediate phenotype for their underlying biological mechanisms. One of the molecular determinants involved is the NOS1 ex1f-VNTR, whose short variants are associated with a variety of impulsive behaviors. Fifty-six healthy controls were stratified into homozygous long (LL) (30 probands) and short (SS) (26 probands) allele groups. Subjects completed a combined stop-signal go/nogo task, while the oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex was measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Electromyography was recorded to control for differences in muscle activity in the two inhibition tasks. Two questionnaires on impulsive traits were completed. Differences between the two tasks are shown by distinct activation patterns within the prefrontal cortex. The nogo task resulted mainly in the activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), whereas successful and unsuccessful inhibition in the stop-signal task elicited the predicted activity in the inferior frontal cortex (IFC). Although significant differences were found in neither the scores obtained on impulsivity-related questionnaires nor the behavioral data, the LL group displayed increased dlPFC activity during nogo trials and the predicted activation in the IFC during successful inhibition in the stop-signal task, while no significant activation was found in the SS group. Our data confirm an influence of NOS1 ex1f-VNTR on impulsivity, as carriers of the short risk allele exhibited diminished activity of (pre-)frontal brain regions during the inhibition in a stop-signal task. Impairment of prefrontal control with consecutive failure of inhibitory processes might underlie association findings reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Kopf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Clinical and Molecular Psychobiology, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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90
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Hochman EY, Orr JM, Gehring WJ. Toward a More Sophisticated Response Representation in Theories of Medial Frontal Performance Monitoring: The Effects of Motor Similarity and Motor Asymmetries. Cereb Cortex 2012; 24:414-25. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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91
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Aging and inhibitory control of action: cortico-subthalamic connection strength predicts stopping performance. J Neurosci 2012; 32:8401-12. [PMID: 22699920 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6360-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) studies in humans have shown that seniors exhibit reduced white matter integrity compared with young adults, with the most pronounced change occurring in frontal white matter. It is generally assumed that this structural deterioration underlies inhibitory control deficits in old age, but specific evidence from a structural neuroscience perspective is lacking. Cognitive action control is thought to rely on an interconnected network consisting of right inferior frontal cortex (r-IFC), pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA), and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Here we performed probabilistic DWI tractography to delineate this cognitive control network and had the same individuals (20 young, 20 older adults) perform a task probing both response inhibition and action reprogramming. We hypothesized that structural integrity (fractional anisotropy) and connection strength within this network would be predictive of individual and age-related differences in task performance. We show that the integrity of r-IFC white matter is an age-independent predictor of stop-signal reaction time (SSRT). We further provide evidence that the integrity of white matter projecting to STN predicts both outright stopping (SSRT) and transient braking of response initiation to buy time for action reprogramming (stopping interference effects). These associations remain even after controlling for Go task performance, demonstrating specificity to the Stop component of this task. Finally, a multiple regression analysis reveals bilateral preSMA-STN tract strength as a significant predictor of SSRT in older adults. Our data link age-related decline in inhibitory control with structural decline of STN projections.
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92
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Brunamonti E, Ferraina S, Paré M. Controlled movement processing: Evidence for a common inhibitory control of finger, wrist, and arm movements. Neuroscience 2012; 215:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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93
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Abstract
The ability to prevent unwanted movement is fundamental to human behavior. When healthy adults must prevent a subset of prepared actions, execution of the remaining response is markedly delayed. We hypothesized that the delay may be sensitive to the degree of similarity between the prevented and continued actions. Fifteen healthy participants performed an anticipatory response inhibition task that required bilateral index finger extension or thumb abduction with homogeneous digit pairings, or a heterogeneous pairing of a combination of the two movements. We expected that the uncoupling of responses required for selective movement prevention would be more difficult with homogeneous (same digit, homologous muscles) than heterogeneous pairings (different digits, nonhomologous muscles). Measures of response times (and asynchrony between digits) during action execution, stopping performance, and electromyography from EIP (index finger extension) and APB (thumb abduction) were analyzed. As expected, selective trials produced a delay in the remaining movement compared with execution trials. Successful performance in the selective condition occurred via suppression of the entire prepared response and subsequent selective reinitiation of the remaining component. Importantly, the delayed reinitiation of motor output was sensitive to the degree of similarity between responses, occurring later but at a faster rate with homogeneous digits. There were persistent aftereffects from the selective condition on the motor system, which indicated greater levels of inhibition and a higher gain were necessary to successfully perform selective trials with homogeneous pairings. Overall, the results support a model of inhibition of a unitary response and selective reinitiation, rather than selective inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley J Macdonald
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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94
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Verbruggen F, Adams R, Chambers CD. Proactive motor control reduces monetary risk taking in gambling. Psychol Sci 2012; 23:805-15. [PMID: 22692336 PMCID: PMC3724270 DOI: 10.1177/0956797611434538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Less supervision by the executive system after disruption of the right prefrontal cortex
leads to increased risk taking in gambling because superficially attractive—but
risky—choices are not suppressed. Similarly, people might gamble more in multitask
situations than in single-task situations because concurrent executive processes usually
interfere with each other. In the study reported here, we used a novel monetary
decision-making paradigm to investigate whether multitasking could reduce rather than
increase risk taking in gambling. We found that performing a task that induced cautious
motor responding reduced gambling in a multitask situation (Experiment 1). We then found
that a short period of inhibitory training lessened risk taking in gambling at least 2 hr
later (Experiments 2 and 3). Our findings indicate that proactive motor control strongly
affects monetary risk taking in gambling. The link between control systems at different
cognitive levels might be exploited to develop new methods for rehabilitation of addiction
and impulse-control disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Verbruggen
- Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Washington Singer Laboratories, Streatham Campus, Exeter, EX4 4QG, United Kingdom.
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95
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Tsai CL, Wang CH, Tseng YT. Effects of exercise intervention on event-related potential and task performance indices of attention networks in children with developmental coordination disorder. Brain Cogn 2012; 79:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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96
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Understanding how the brain changes its mind: microstimulation in the macaque frontal eye field reveals how saccade plans are changed. J Neurosci 2012; 32:4457-72. [PMID: 22457494 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3668-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulator models that integrate incoming sensory information into motor plans provide a robust framework to understand decision making. However, their applicability to situations that demand a change of plan raises an interesting problem for the brain. This is because interruption of the current motor plan must occur by a competing motor plan, which is necessarily weaker in strength. To understand how changes of mind get expressed in behavior, we used a version of the double-step task called the redirect task, in which monkeys were trained to modify a saccade plan. We microstimulated the frontal eye fields during redirect behavior and systematically measured the deviation of the evoked saccade from the response field to causally track the changing saccade plan. Further, to identify the underlying mechanisms, eight different computational models of redirect behavior were assessed. It was observed that the model that included an independent, spatially specific inhibitory process, in addition to the two accumulators representing the preparatory processes of initial and final motor plans, best predicted the performance and the pattern of saccade deviation profile in the task. Such an inhibitory process suppressed the preparation of the initial motor plan, allowing the final motor plan to proceed unhindered. Thus, changes of mind are consistent with the notion of a spatially specific, inhibitory process that inhibits the current inappropriate plan, allowing expression of the new plan.
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97
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Keeping the world at hand: rapid visuomotor processing for hand–object interactions. Exp Brain Res 2012; 219:421-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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98
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Cai W, Oldenkamp CL, Aron AR. Stopping speech suppresses the task-irrelevant hand. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2012; 120:412-415. [PMID: 22206872 PMCID: PMC3533487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Some situations require one to quickly stop an initiated response. Recent evidence suggests that rapid stopping engages a mechanism that has diffuse effects on the motor system. For example, stopping the hand dampens the excitability of the task-irrelevant leg. However, it is unclear whether this 'global suppression' could apply across wider motor modalities. Here we tested whether stopping speech leads to suppression of the task-irrelevant hand. We used Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the primary motor cortex with concurrent electromyography from the hand. We found that when speech was successfully stopped the motor evoked potential from the task-irrelevant hand was significantly reduced compared to when the participant failed to stop speaking, or responded on non stop signal trials, or compared to baseline. This shows that when speech is quickly stopped, there is a broad suppression across the motor system. This has implications for the neural basis of speech control and stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam R. Aron
- Address Correspondence to: Adam R Aron, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, , phone: 858-822-1096
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99
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Zandbelt BB, Bloemendaal M, Neggers SFW, Kahn RS, Vink M. Expectations and violations: delineating the neural network of proactive inhibitory control. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:2015-24. [PMID: 22359406 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to stop a prepared response (reactive inhibition) appears to depend on the degree to which stopping is expected (proactive inhibition). Functional MRI studies have shown that activation during proactive and reactive inhibition overlaps, suggesting that the whole neural network for reactive inhibition becomes already activated in anticipation of stopping. However, these studies measured proactive inhibition as the effect of stop-signal probability on activation during go trials. Therefore, activation could reflect expectation of a stop-signal (evoked by the stop-signal probability cue), but also violation of this expectation because stop-signals do not occur on go trials. We addressed this problem, using a stop-signal task in which the stop-signal probability cue and the go-signal were separated in time. Hence, we could separate activation during the cue, reflecting expectation of the stop-signal, from activation during the go-signal, reflecting expectation of the stop-signal or violation of that expectation. During the cue, the striatum, the supplementary motor complex (SMC), and the midbrain activated. During the go-signal, the right inferior parietal cortex (IPC) and the right inferior frontal cortex (IFC) activated. These findings suggest that the neural network previously associated with proactive inhibition can be subdivided into two components. One component, including the striatum, the SMC, and the midbrain, activated during the cue, implicating this network in proactive inhibition. Another component, consisting of the right IPC and the right IFC, activated during the go-signal. Rather than being involved in proactive inhibition, this network appears to be involved in processes associated with violation of expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram B Zandbelt
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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100
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Nonselective motor-level changes associated with selective response inhibition: evidence from response force measurements. Psychon Bull Rev 2011; 18:813-9. [PMID: 21479738 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-011-0090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effects of selective response inhibition on motor production using response force measures within a task that was based on that of Aron and Verbruggen (Psychological Science, 19, 1146-1153, 2008). In each trial, participants were signaled to respond bimanually with the two index fingers or the two middle fingers. After a short delay, a stop signal was sometimes presented, indicating that one of the two finger responses should be withheld. A given response was slowed when the response on the other hand was stopped, replicating a previously observed stopping interference effect. In addition, the given response was also made more forcefully when the response on the other hand was stopped, indicating that the requirement to stop one activated response has global motor-level consequences for other responses that are to be carried out normally.
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