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Waldron R, McGowan J, Gordon N, McCarthy C, Mitchell EB, Fitzpatrick DA. Proteome and allergenome of the European house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216171. [PMID: 31042761 PMCID: PMC6493757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The European house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is of significant medical importance as it is a major elicitor of allergic illnesses. In this analysis we have undertaken comprehensive bioinformatic and proteomic examination of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus airmid, identified 12,530 predicted proteins and validated the expression of 4,002 proteins. Examination of homology between predicted proteins and allergens from other species revealed as much as 2.6% of the D. pteronyssinus airmid proteins may cause an allergenic response. Many of the potential allergens have evidence for expression (n = 259) and excretion (n = 161) making them interesting targets for future allergen studies. Comparative proteomic analysis of mite body and spent growth medium facilitated qualitative assessment of mite group allergen localisation. Protein extracts from house dust contain a substantial number of uncharacterised D. pteronyssinus proteins in addition to known and putative allergens. Novel D. pteronyssinus proteins were identified to be highly abundant both in house dust and laboratory cultures and included numerous carbohydrate active enzymes that may be involved in cuticle remodelling, bacteriophagy or mycophagy. These data may have clinical applications in the development of allergen-specific immunotherapy that mimic natural exposure. Using a phylogenomic approach utilising a supermatrix and supertree methodologies we also show that D. pteronyssinus is more closely related to Euroglyphus maynei than Dermatophagoides farinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Waldron
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Airmid Healthgroup Ltd., Trinity Enterprise Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jamie McGowan
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Human Health Research Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Natasha Gordon
- Airmid Healthgroup Ltd., Trinity Enterprise Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Charley McCarthy
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Human Health Research Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - David A. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Human Health Research Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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The Function of Non-Coding RNAs in Lung Cancer Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050605. [PMID: 31052265 PMCID: PMC6563001 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most prevalent and deadliest cancer worldwide. A significant part of lung cancer studies is dedicated to the expression alterations of non-coding RNAs. The non-coding RNAs are transcripts that cannot be translated into proteins. While the study of microRNAs and siRNAs in lung cancer received a lot of attention over the last decade, highly efficient therapeutic option or the diagnostic methods based on non-coding RNAs are still lacking. Because of this, it is of utmost importance to direct future research on lung cancer towards analyzing other RNA types for which the currently available data indicates that are essential at modulating lung tumorigenesis. Through our review of studies on this subject, we identify the following non-coding RNAs as tumor suppressors: ts-46, ts-47, ts-101, ts-53, ts-3676, ts-4521 (tRNA fragments), SNORD116-26, HBII-420, SNORD15A, SNORA42 (snoRNAs), piRNA-like-163, piR-35127, the piR-46545 (piRNAs), CHIAP2, LOC100420907, RPL13AP17 (pseudogenes), and uc.454 (T-UCR). We also found non-coding RNAs with tumor-promoting function: tRF-Leu-CAG, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Val (tRNA fragments), circ-RAD23B, circRNA 100146, circPVT1, circFGFR3, circ_0004015, circPUM1, circFLI1, circABCB10, circHIPK3 (circRNAs), SNORA42, SNORA3, SNORD46, SNORA21, SNORD28, SNORA47, SNORD66, SNORA68, SNORA78 (snoRNAs), piR-65, piR-34871, piR-52200, piR651 (piRNAs), hY4 5’ fragments (YRNAs), FAM83A-AS1, WRAP53, NKX2-1-AS1 (NATs), DUXAP8, SFTA1P (pseudogene transcripts), uc.338, uc.339 (T-UCRs), and hTERC.
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Banguera-Hinestroza E, Ferrada E, Sawall Y, Flot JF. Computational Characterization of the mtORF of Pocilloporid Corals: Insights into Protein Structure and Function in Stylophora Lineages from Contrasting Environments. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E324. [PMID: 31035578 PMCID: PMC6562464 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a decade ago, a new mitochondrial Open Reading Frame (mtORF) was discovered in corals of the family Pocilloporidae and has been used since then as an effective barcode for these corals. Recently, mtORF sequencing revealed the existence of two differentiated Stylophora lineages occurring in sympatry along the environmental gradient of the Red Sea (18.5°C to 33.9°C). In the endemic Red Sea lineage RS_LinB, the mtORF and the heat shock protein gene hsp70 uncovered similar phylogeographic patterns strongly correlated with environmental variations. This suggests that the mtORF too might be involved in thermal adaptation. Here, we used computational analyses to explore the features and putative function of this mtORF. In particular, we tested the likelihood that this gene encodes a functional protein and whether it may play a role in adaptation. Analyses of full mitogenomes showed that the mtORF originated in the common ancestor of Madracis and other pocilloporids, and that it encodes a transmembrane protein differing in length and domain architecture among genera. Homology-based annotation and the relative conservation of metal-binding sites revealed traces of an ancient hydrolase catalytic activity. Furthermore, signals of pervasive purifying selection, lack of stop codons in 1830 sequences analyzed, and a codon-usage bias similar to that of other mitochondrial genes indicate that the protein is functional, i.e., not a pseudogene. Other features, such as intrinsically disordered regions, tandem repeats, and signals of positive selection particularly in StylophoraRS_LinB populations, are consistent with a role of the mtORF in adaptive responses to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Banguera-Hinestroza
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels-(IB)2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Evandro Ferrada
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Yvonne Sawall
- Coral Reef Ecology, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), St.George's GE 01, Bermuda.
| | - Jean-François Flot
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels-(IB)2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Carfentrazone-ethyl resistance in an Amaranthus tuberculatus population is not mediated by amino acid alterations in the PPO2 protein. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215431. [PMID: 30986256 PMCID: PMC6464220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the only known mechanism conferring protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO)-inhibitor resistance in waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) is a glycine deletion in PPO2 (ΔG210), which results in cross-resistance to foliar PPO-inhibiting herbicides. However, a metabolism-based, HPPD-inhibitor resistant waterhemp population from Illinois (named SIR) was suspected of having a non-target site resistance (NTSR) mechanism due to its resistance to carfentrazone-ethyl (CE) but sensitivity to diphenylethers (DPEs). In greenhouse experiments, SIR sustained less injury than two PPO inhibitor-sensitive populations (WCS and SEN) after applying a field-use rate of CE, and after initial rapid necrosis, regrowth of SIR plants was comparable to a known PPO inhibitor-resistant population (ACR) possessing the ΔG210 mutation. Dose-response analysis determined 50% growth reduction rates in CE-resistant (SIR and ACR) and sensitive (SEN) waterhemp populations, which showed SIR was 30-fold resistant compared to SEN and two-fold more resistant than ACR. Deduced amino acid sequences derived from SIR PPX2 partial cDNAs did not contain the ΔG210 mutation found in ACR or other target-site mutations that confer PPO-inhibitor resistance previously reported in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri). Although several SIR cDNAs contained amino acid substitutions, none were uniform among samples. Additionally, SIR plants treated with malathion and CE showed a significant reduction in biomass accumulation compared to CE alone. These results indicate robust CE resistance in SIR is not mediated by amino acid changes in the PPO2 protein, but instead resistance may be conferred through a NTSR mechanism such as enhanced herbicide metabolism.
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Lettnin AP, Wagner EF, Carrett-Dias M, Dos Santos Machado K, Werhli A, Cañedo AD, Trindade GS, de Souza Votto AP. Silencing the OCT4-PG1 pseudogene reduces OCT-4 protein levels and changes characteristics of the multidrug resistance phenotype in chronic myeloid leukemia. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1873-1884. [PMID: 30721421 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells show epigenetic plasticity and intrinsic resistance to anti-cancer therapy, rendering capable of initiating cancer relapse and progression. Transcription factor OCT-4 regulates various pathways in stem cells, but its expression can be regulated by pseudogenes. This work evaluated how OCT4-PG1 pseudogene can affect OCT-4 expression and mechanisms related to the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype in FEPS cells. Considering that OCT-4 protein is a transcription factor that regulates expression of ABC transporters, level of gene expression, activity of ABC proteins and cell sensitivity to chemotherapy were evaluated after OCT4-PG1 silencing. Besides we set up a STRING network. Results showed that after OCT4-PG1 silencing, cells expressed OCT-4 gene and protein to a lesser extent than mock cells. The gene and protein expression of ABCB1, as well as its activity were reduced. On the other hand, ALOX5 and ABCC1 genes was increased even as the activity of this transporter. Moreover, the silencing cells become sensitive to two chemotherapics tested. The network structure demonstrated that OCT4-PG1 protein interacts directly with OCT-4, SOX2, and NANOG and indirectly with ABC transporters. We conclude that OCT4-PG1 pseudogene plays a key role in the regulation OCT-4 transcription factor, which alters MDR phenotype in the FEPS cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Portantiolo Lettnin
- Post-Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences - PPGCF, Federal University of Rio Grande -FURG, Avenue Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, Zip Code 96203-900, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Culture, Institute of Biological Sciences - ICB, Federal University of Rio Grande -FURG, Avenue Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, Zip Code 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Felipe Wagner
- Laboratory of Cell Culture, Institute of Biological Sciences - ICB, Federal University of Rio Grande -FURG, Avenue Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, Zip Code 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Michele Carrett-Dias
- Post-Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences - PPGCF, Federal University of Rio Grande -FURG, Avenue Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, Zip Code 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Karina Dos Santos Machado
- Center of Computational Sciences - C3, Federal University of Rio Grande -FURG, Avenue Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, Zip Code 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano Werhli
- Center of Computational Sciences - C3, Federal University of Rio Grande -FURG, Avenue Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, Zip Code 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Andrés Delgado Cañedo
- Federal University of Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Avenue Antônio Trilha, 1847, São Gabriel, RS, Zip Code 97300-000, Brazil
| | - Gilma Santos Trindade
- Post-Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences - PPGCF, Federal University of Rio Grande -FURG, Avenue Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, Zip Code 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Souza Votto
- Post-Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences - PPGCF, Federal University of Rio Grande -FURG, Avenue Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, Zip Code 96203-900, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Cell Culture, Institute of Biological Sciences - ICB, Federal University of Rio Grande -FURG, Avenue Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, Zip Code 96203-900, Brazil. .,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, RS, Zip Code 96203-900, Brazil.
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Anand A, Olson CA, Yang L, Sastry AV, Catoiu E, Choudhary KS, Phaneuf PV, Sandberg TE, Xu S, Hefner Y, Szubin R, Feist AM, Palsson BO. Pseudogene repair driven by selection pressure applied in experimental evolution. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:386-389. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mohan V, Borovsky Y, Kamara I, Zemach H, Paran I. CaVIL1, a plant homeodomain gene that promotes flowering in pepper. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:2639-2649. [PMID: 30194521 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CaVIL1 is a homolog of VIL1, a regulator of vernalization response in Arabidopsis and acts as a flowering promoter in pepper which does not respond to vernalization and photoperiod. As part of our goal to study the genetic and molecular basis of transition to flowering in pepper, we isolated the late-flowering mutant E-2698. Aside from late flowering, multiple pleiotropic alterations of the shoot structure, such as enlarged and distorted leaves, weak apical dominance, and reduced angle of the lateral branches were observed, indicating a broad role for the mutated gene in pepper development. Genetic mapping and sequence analyses revealed that the disrupted gene in E-2698 is the pepper homolog of VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 1 (VIL1) that acts as a regulator of vernalization in Arabidopsis through chromatin modification. The pepper gene, CaVIL1, contains a plant homeodomain motif associated with chromatin modification and a VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3-interacting domain that is truncated in E-2698 and in two other allelic mutants. Because pepper flowering does not respond to vernalization, we postulate that CaVIL1 regulates flowering time via chromatin modification of unknown targets. Expression analysis indicated that CaVIL1 activates the flowering promoter CaFLOWERING LOCUS T and represses the flowering repressor CaAPETALA2. Furthermore, CaVIL1 represses several genes from the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)-LIKE clade that are clustered together in the pepper genome. This indicates their possible involvement in flowering regulation in this species. Our results show that CaVIL1 is a major regulator of flowering and interacts with other flowering promoters and repressors, as well as with FLC-LIKE genes whose function in flowering regulation is not yet known in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijee Mohan
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yelena Borovsky
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Itzhak Kamara
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ilan Paran
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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Saha SK, Jeong Y, Cho S, Cho SG. Systematic expression alteration analysis of master reprogramming factor OCT4 and its three pseudogenes in human cancer and their prognostic outcomes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14806. [PMID: 30287838 PMCID: PMC6172215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OCT4 is a master transcription factor that regulates the pluripotency of pluripotent stem cells and cancer stem cells along with other factors, including SOX2, KLF4, and C-MYC. Three different transcripts, OCT4A, OCT4B, and OCT4B1, are known to be generated by alternative splicing and eight OCT4 pseudogenes have been found in the human genome. Among them, we examined OCT4 and three pseudogenes (POU5F1P1, POU5F1P3, and POU5F1P4) because of their high expression possibility in cancer. In addition, previous studies indicated that OCT4 expression is augmented in cervical cancer and associated with poor prognosis, whereas OCT4 is down-regulated and correlated with good clinical outcomes in breast cancer. Because of these conflicting reports, we systematically evaluated whether expression of OCT4 and its pseudogenes can serve as oncogenic markers in various human cancers using the Oncomine database. Moreover, copy number alterations and mutations in OCT4 gene and its pseudogenes were analyzed using cBioPortal and the relationship between expression of OCT4 and pseudogenes and survival probability of cancer patients were explored using Kaplan-Meier plotter, OncoLnc, PROGgeneV2, and PrognoScan databases. Multivariate survival analysis was further conducted to determine the risk of the expression of the occurrence of OCT4 and its pseudogenes on certain cancer types using data from the Kaplan-Meier plotter. Overall, an association between expression of OCT4 and pseudogenes and cancer prognosis were established, which may serve as a therapeutic target for various human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Jeong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungha Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Marfan Syndrome Variability: Investigation of the Roles of Sarcolipin and Calcium as Potential Transregulator of FBN1 Expression. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9090421. [PMID: 30134586 PMCID: PMC6162465 DOI: 10.3390/genes9090421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder that displays a great clinical variability. Previous work in our laboratory showed that fibrillin-1 (FBN1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression is a surrogate endpoint for MFS severity. Therefore, an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis was performed to identify trans-acting regulators of FBN1 expression, and a significant signal reached genome-wide significant threshold on chromosome 11. This signal delineated a region comprising one expressed gene, SLN (encoding sarcolipin), and a single pseudogene, SNX7-ps1 (CTD-2651C21.3). We first investigated the region and then looked for association between the genes in the region and FBN1 expression. For the first time, we showed that the SLN gene is weakly expressed in skin fibroblasts. There is no direct correlation between SLN and FBN1 gene expression. We showed that calcium influx modulates FBN1 gene expression. Finally, SLN gene expression is highly correlated to that of the neighboring SNX7-ps1. We were able to confirm the impact of calcium influx on FBN1 gene expression but we could not conclude regarding the role of sarcolipin and/or the eQTL locus in this regulation.
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Comparative Genomics and Description of Putative Virulence Factors of Melissococcus plutonius, the Causative Agent of European Foulbrood Disease in Honey Bees. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080419. [PMID: 30127293 PMCID: PMC6116112 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, approximately 84% of cultivated crop species depend on insect pollinators, mainly bees. Apis mellifera (the Western honey bee) is the most important commercial pollinator worldwide. The Gram-positive bacterium Melissococcus plutonius is the causative agent of European foulbrood (EFB), a global honey bee brood disease. In order to detect putative virulence factors, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 14 M. plutonius strains, including two reference isolates. The isolates do not show a high diversity in genome size or number of predicted protein-encoding genes, ranging from 2.021 to 2.101 Mbp and 1589 to 1686, respectively. Comparative genomics detected genes that might play a role in EFB pathogenesis and ultimately in the death of the honey bee larvae. These include bacteriocins, bacteria cell surface- and host cell adhesion-associated proteins, an enterococcal polysaccharide antigen, an epsilon toxin, proteolytic enzymes, and capsule-associated proteins. In vivo expression of three putative virulence factors (endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, enhancin and epsilon toxin) was verified using naturally infected larvae. With our strain collection, we show for the first time that genomic differences exist between non-virulent and virulent typical strains, as well as a highly virulent atypical strain, that may contribute to the virulence of M. plutonius. Finally, we also detected a high number of conserved pseudogenes (75 to 156) per genome, which indicates genomic reduction during evolutionary host adaptation.
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Brunst KJ, Tignor N, Just A, Liu Z, Lin X, Hacker MR, Bosquet Enlow M, Wright RO, Wang P, Baccarelli AA, Wright RJ. Cumulative lifetime maternal stress and epigenome-wide placental DNA methylation in the PRISM cohort. Epigenetics 2018; 13:665-681. [PMID: 30001177 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2018.1497387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolving evidence links maternal stress exposure to changes in placental DNA methylation of specific genes regulating placental function that may have implications for the programming of a host of chronic disorders. Few studies have implemented an epigenome-wide approach. Using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (450K), we investigated epigenome-wide placental DNA methylation in relation to maternal experiences of traumatic and non-traumatic stressors over her lifetime assessed using the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised (LSC-R) survey (n = 207). We found differential DNA methylation at epigenome-wide statistical significance (FDR = 0.05) for 112 CpGs. Additionally, we observed three clusters that exhibited differential methylation in response to high maternal lifetime stress. Enrichment analyses, conducted at an FDR = 0.20, revealed lysine degradation to be the most significant pathway associated with maternal lifetimes stress exposure. Targeted enrichment analyses of the three largest clusters of probes, identified using the gap statistic, were enriched for genes associated with endocytosis (i.e., SMAP1, ANKFY1), tight junctions (i.e., EPB41L4B), and metabolic pathways (i.e., INPP5E, EEF1B2). These pathways, also identified in the top 10 KEGG pathways associated with maternal lifetime stress exposure, play important roles in multiple physiological functions necessary for proper fetal development. Further, two genes were identified to exhibit multiple probes associated with maternal lifetime stress (i.e., ANKFY1, TM6SF1). The methylation status of the probes belonging to each cluster and/or genes exhibiting multiple hits, may play a role in the pathogenesis of adverse health outcomes in children born to mothers with increased lifetime stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Brunst
- a Department of Environmental Health , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Nicole Tignor
- b Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai One Gustave L. Levy Place , New York , NY , USA
| | - Allan Just
- c Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- d Department of Biostatistics , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Xihong Lin
- d Department of Biostatistics , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Michele R Hacker
- e Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston , MA , USA.,f Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Michelle Bosquet Enlow
- g Department of Psychiatry, Program for Behavioral Science, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- c Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Pei Wang
- b Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai One Gustave L. Levy Place , New York , NY , USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- h Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- c Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA.,i Department of Pediatrics , Kravis Children's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
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Analysis of Polymorphisms in the Mediator Complex Subunit 13-like (Med13L) Gene in the Context of Immune Function and Development of Experimental Arthritis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 66:365-377. [PMID: 29951696 PMCID: PMC6154033 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Mediator complex subunit 13-like (MED13L) protein is part of the multi-protein mediator complex and plays an important role in gene transcription. Polymorphisms in the MED13L gene have been linked to congenital heart anomalies and intellectual disabilities. Despite recent evidence of indirect links of MED13L to cytokine release and inflammation, impact of genetic variations in MED13L on immune cells remains unexplored. The B10.RIII and RIIIS/J mouse strains vary in susceptibility to induced experimental autoimmune disease models. From sequencing data of the two mouse strains, we identified six polymorphisms in the coding regions of Med13L. Using congenic mice, we studied the effect of these polymorphisms on immune cell development and function along with susceptibility to collagen-induced arthritis, an animal model for rheumatoid arthritis. Combining in vivo disease data, in vitro functional data, and computational analysis of the reported non-synonymous polymorphisms, we report that genetic polymorphisms in Med13L do not affect the immune phenotype in these mice and are predicted to be non-disease associated.
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Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are an abundant class of RNAs that include small ncRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and pseudogenes. The human ncRNA atlas includes thousands of these specialised RNA molecules that are further subcategorised based on their size or function. Two of the more well-known and widely studied ncRNA species are microRNAs (miRNAs) and lncRNAs. These are regulatory RNAs and their altered expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. Failure to express a functional cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane receptor (CFTR) chloride ion channel in epithelial cells underpins CF. Secondary to the CFTR defect, it is known that other pathways can be altered and these may contribute to the pathophysiology of CF lung disease in particular. For example, quantitative alterations in expression of some ncRNAs are associated with CF. In recent years, there has been a series of published studies exploring ncRNA expression and function in CF. The majority have focussed principally on miRNAs, with just a handful of reports to date on lncRNAs. The present study reviews what is currently known about ncRNA expression and function in CF, and discusses the possibility of applying this knowledge to the clinical management of CF in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M.A. Glasgow
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Chiara De Santi
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Catherine M. Greene
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Irimie AI, Zimta AA, Ciocan C, Mehterov N, Dudea D, Braicu C, Berindan-Neagoe I. The Unforeseen Non-Coding RNAs in Head and Neck Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030134. [PMID: 29494516 PMCID: PMC5867855 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously ignored non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have become the subject of many studies. However, there is an imbalance in the amount of consideration that ncRNAs are receiving. Some transcripts such as microRNAs (miRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have gained much attention, but it is necessary to investigate other “pieces of the RNA puzzle”. These can offer a more complete view over normal and pathological cell behavior. The other ncRNA species are less studied, either due to their recent discovery, such as stable intronic sequence RNA (sisRNA), YRNA, miRNA-offset RNAs (moRNA), telomerase RNA component (TERC), natural antisense transcript (NAT), transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCR), and pseudogene transcript, or because they are still largely seen as non-coding transcripts with no relevance to pathogenesis. Moreover, some are still considered housekeeping RNAs, for instance small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and TERC. Our review summarizes the biogenesis, mechanism of action and potential role of less known ncRNAs in head and neck cancer, with a particular focus on the installment and progress for this particular cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Iulia Irimie
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Division Dental Propaedeutic, Aesthetic, "IuliuHatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Alina-Andreea Zimta
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu-Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cristina Ciocan
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu-Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Nikolay Mehterov
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University Plovdiv, BulVasilAprilov 15-А, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria.
- Technological Center for Emergency Medicine, BulVasilAprilov 15-А, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria.
| | - Diana Dudea
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Division Dental Propaedeutic, Aesthetic, "IuliuHatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, "IuliuHatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu-Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, "IuliuHatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Republicii 34 Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Lv H, Tong J, Yang J, Lv S, Li WP, Zhang C, Chen ZJ. Dysregulated Pseudogene HK2P1 May Contribute to Preeclampsia as a Competing Endogenous RNA for Hexokinase 2 by Impairing Decidualization. Hypertension 2018; 71:648-658. [PMID: 29440331 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder, which seriously undermines the health of maternity and fetus. However, its cause and pathogenesis remain elusive. Flawed decidualization is considered to be related to preeclampsia. Increasing evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs are correlated with a variety of diseases, including preeclampsia. In this study, we verified the expression of long noncoding RNA HK2P1 (hexokinase 2 pseudogene 1) and its cognate gene HK2 (hexokinase 2), which were found by our previous RNA-sequencing analysis in the decidua of severe preeclampsia patients and matched control subjects. Besides that, we also investigated the function and the mechanism of HK2P1 and HK2 during decidualization. HK2 is the crucial enzyme involved in glycolysis. The HK2P1 and HK2 genes are homologous to each other. The results demonstrated that HK2P1, like HK2, stimulated the glucose uptake and lactate production of human endometrial stromal cells. In addition, HK2P1 and HK2 are indispensable for endometrial decidualization. Downregulated HK2P1 or HK2 inhibited human endometrial stromal cells proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the expression of HK2P1 and HK2, and HK2P1 regulated the HK2 expression via competition for the shared miR-6887-3p. Taken together, our results indicated that the reduced expression of HK2P1 and HK2 may have contributed to the occurrence and development of preeclampsia by suppressing glycolysis and impairing decidualization. Our study would be helpful to understand the pathogenesis and the regulatory network of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lv
- From the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, China (C.Z.)
| | - Jing Tong
- From the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, China (C.Z.)
| | - Jieqiong Yang
- From the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, China (C.Z.)
| | - Shijian Lv
- From the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, China (C.Z.)
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- From the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, China (C.Z.).
| | - Cong Zhang
- From the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, China (C.Z.).
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- From the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, China (H.L., J.T., J.Y., S.L., W.-P.L., C.Z., Z.-J.C.); and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, China (C.Z.).
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66
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Prade VM, Gundlach H, Twardziok S, Chapman B, Tan C, Langridge P, Schulman AH, Stein N, Waugh R, Zhang G, Platzer M, Li C, Spannagl M, Mayer KFX. The pseudogenes of barley. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:502-514. [PMID: 29205595 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pseudogenes have a reputation of being 'evolutionary relics' or 'junk DNA'. While they are well characterized in mammals, studies in more complex plant genomes have so far been hampered by the absence of reference genome sequences. Barley is one of the economically most important cereals and has a genome size of 5.1 Gb. With the first high-quality genome reference assembly available for a Triticeae crop, we conducted a whole-genome assessment of pseudogenes on the barley genome. We identified, characterized and classified 89 440 gene fragments and pseudogenes scattered along the chromosomes, with occasional hotspots and higher densities at the chromosome ends. Full-length pseudogenes (11 015) have preferentially retained their exon-intron structure. Retrotransposition of processed mRNAs only plays a marginal role in their creation. However, the distribution of retroposed pseudogenes reflects the Rabl configuration of barley chromosomes and thus hints at founding mechanisms. While parent genes related to the defense-response were found to be under-represented in cultivated barley, we detected several defense-related pseudogenes in wild barley accessions. The percentage of transcriptionally active pseudogenes is 7.2%, and these may potentially adopt new regulatory roles.The barley genome is rich in pseudogenes and small gene fragments mainly located towards chromosome tips or as tandemly repeated units. Our results indicate non-random duplication and pseudogenization preferences and improve our understanding of the dynamics of gene birth and death in large plant genomes and the mechanisms that lead to evolutionary innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena M Prade
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gundlach
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven Twardziok
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Brett Chapman
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, WA6150, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Cong Tan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, WA6150, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Peter Langridge
- School of Agriculture, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, SA5064, Urrbrae, Australia
| | - Alan H Schulman
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute (Luke), Viikki Plant Science Centre, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA6009, Australia
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Guoping Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Chengdao Li
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, WA6150, Murdoch, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Manuel Spannagl
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus F X Mayer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Abstract
Our understanding of cancer pathways has been changed by the determination of noncoding transcripts in the human genome in recent years. miRNAs and pseudogenes are key players of the noncoding transcripts from the genome, and alteration of their expression levels provides clues for significant biomarkers in pathogenesis of diseases. Especially, miRNAs and pseudogenes have both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles in each step of cancer tumorigenesis. In this current study, association between oncogenes and miRNAs-pseudogenes was reviewed and determined in human cancer by the CellMiner web-tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lütfi Tutar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Aykut Özgür
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tutar
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey.
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Üsküdar, Istanbul, 34668, Turkey.
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68
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Bosch B, Itan Y, Meyts I. Whole-exome sequencing for detecting inborn errors of immunity: overview and perspectives. F1000Res 2017; 6:2056. [PMID: 29225788 PMCID: PMC5710381 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12365.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of inborn errors of immunity is based on a comprehensive clinical description of the patient’s phenotype and the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms and their genetic etiology. Deciphering the pathogenesis is key to genetic counseling and the development of targeted therapy. This review shows the power of whole-exome sequencing in detecting inborn errors of immunity along five central steps taken in whole-exome sequencing analysis. In parallel, we highlight the challenges for the clinical and scientific use of the method and how these hurdles are currently being addressed. We end by ruminating on major areas in the field open to future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bosch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,St. Giles Laboratory of the Human Genetics of Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Yuval Itan
- The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Childhood Immunology, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
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69
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Habibi L, Salmani H. Pivotal Impacts of Retrotransposon Based Invasive RNAs on Evolution. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1957. [PMID: 29067016 PMCID: PMC5641331 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAs have long been described as the mediators of gene expression; they play a vital role in the structure and function of cellular complexes. Although the role of RNAs in the prokaryotes is mainly confined to these basic functions, the effects of these molecules in regulating the gene expression and enzymatic activities have been discovered in eukaryotes. Recently, a high-resolution analysis of the DNA obtained from different organisms has revealed a fundamental impact of the RNAs in shaping the genomes, heterochromatin formation, and gene creation. Deep sequencing of the human genome revealed that about half of our DNA is comprised of repetitive sequences (remnants of transposable element movements) expanded mostly through RNA-mediated processes. ORF2 encoded by L1 retrotransposons is a cellular reverse transcriptase which is mainly responsible for RNA invasion of various transposable elements (L1s, Alus, and SVAs) and cellular mRNAs in to the genomic DNA. In addition to increasing retroelements copy number; genomic expansion in association with centromere, telomere, and heterochromatin formation as well as pseudogene creation are the evolutionary consequences of this RNA-based activity. Threatening DNA integrity by disrupting the genes and forming excessive double strand breaks is another effect of this invasion. Therefore, repressive mechanisms have been evolved to control the activities of these invasive intracellular RNAs. All these mechanisms now have essential roles in the complex cellular functions. Therefore, it can be concluded that without direct action of RNA networks in shaping the genome and in the development of different cellular mechanisms, the evolution of higher eukaryotes would not be possible.
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70
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Xiao J, Sekhwal MK, Li P, Ragupathy R, Cloutier S, Wang X, You FM. Pseudogenes and Their Genome-Wide Prediction in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1991. [PMID: 27916797 PMCID: PMC5187791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudogenes are paralogs generated from ancestral functional genes (parents) during genome evolution, which contain critical defects in their sequences, such as lacking a promoter, having a premature stop codon or frameshift mutations. Generally, pseudogenes are functionless, but recent evidence demonstrates that some of them have potential roles in regulation. The majority of pseudogenes are generated from functional progenitor genes either by gene duplication (duplicated pseudogenes) or retro-transposition (processed pseudogenes). Pseudogenes are primarily identified by comparison to their parent genes. Bioinformatics tools for pseudogene prediction have been developed, among which PseudoPipe, PSF and Shiu's pipeline are publicly available. We compared these three tools using the well-annotated Arabidopsis thaliana genome and its known 924 pseudogenes as a test data set. PseudoPipe and Shiu's pipeline identified ~80% of A. thaliana pseudogenes, of which 94% were shared, while PSF failed to generate adequate results. A need for improvement of the bioinformatics tools for pseudogene prediction accuracy in plant genomes was thus identified, with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of genome annotation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada.
- Department of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Manoj Kumar Sekhwal
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada.
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Pingchuan Li
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada.
| | - Raja Ragupathy
- Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada.
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Xiue Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Frank M You
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada.
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El-Garj FMA, Wajidi MFF, Avicor SW. Identification and analysis of a processed cytochrome P450 pseudogene of the disease vector Aedes aegypti. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:973-978. [PMID: 27794391 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clone cytochrome P450 from Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) and determine the characteristics using bioinformatics tools. METHODS Cytochrome P450 of Ae. aegypti was amplified using polymerase chain reaction, cloned and sequenced. Evolutionary relationship of the sequence was inferred and bioinformatics tools were used to predict subcellular localisation, signal peptide, transmembrane helix, phosphorylation, O-glycosylation, secondary and tertiary structures of the deduced protein. RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction rather amplified a cytochrome P450 pseudogene which was named CYP4H44P (GenBank accession number KF779932). The pseudogene has 1537 nucleotides and an open reading frame of 335 amino acids containing cytochrome P450 motifs except the WxxxR motif. It is highly homologous to CYP4H28 and CYP4H28v2. Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary divergence showed strong clustering with CYP4H28 alleles and least divergence from the alleles respectively. The deduced protein was predicted to be found in the cytoplasm and likely to be phosphorylated but devoid of signal peptide, transmembrane helix and O-glycosylated sites. The secondary and tertiary structures were also generated. CONCLUSIONS A cytochrome P450 pseudogene, CYP4H44P was cloned from Ae. aegypti. The pseudogene is homologous with CYP4H28 alleles and seems to have recently diverged from this group. Isolating this pseudogene is an important step for evaluating its biological role in the mosquito and for the evolutionary analysis of Ae. aegypti CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M A El-Garj
- Molecular Entomology Research Group, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mustafa F F Wajidi
- Molecular Entomology Research Group, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Silas W Avicor
- Molecular Entomology Research Group, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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72
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Roque E, Fares MA, Yenush L, Rochina MC, Wen J, Mysore KS, Gómez-Mena C, Beltrán JP, Cañas LA. Evolution by gene duplication of Medicago truncatula PISTILLATA-like transcription factors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1805-1817. [PMID: 26773809 PMCID: PMC4783364 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PISTILLATA (PI) is a member of the B-function MADS-box gene family, which controls the identity of both petals and stamens in Arabidopsis thaliana. In Medicago truncatula (Mt), there are two PI-like paralogs, known as MtPI and MtNGL9. These genes differ in their expression patterns, but it is not known whether their functions have also diverged. Describing the evolution of certain duplicated genes, such as transcription factors, remains a challenge owing to the complex expression patterns and functional divergence between the gene copies. Here, we report a number of functional studies, including analyses of gene expression, protein-protein interactions, and reverse genetic approaches designed to demonstrate the respective contributions of each M. truncatula PI-like paralog to the B-function in this species. Also, we have integrated molecular evolution approaches to determine the mode of evolution of Mt PI-like genes after duplication. Our results demonstrate that MtPI functions as a master regulator of B-function in M. truncatula, maintaining the overall ancestral function, while MtNGL9 does not seem to have a role in this regard, suggesting that the pseudogenization could be the functional evolutionary fate for this gene. However, we provide evidence that purifying selection is the primary evolutionary force acting on this paralog, pinpointing the conservation of its biochemical function and, alternatively, the acquisition of a new role for this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edelín Roque
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E, C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, E-46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario A Fares
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E, C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, E-46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E, C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, E-46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mari Cruz Rochina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E, C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, E-46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Concepción Gómez-Mena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E, C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, E-46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Pío Beltrán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E, C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, E-46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis A Cañas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E, C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, E-46011 Valencia, Spain
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Ren G, Krawetz R. Applying computation biology and "big data" to develop multiplex diagnostics for complex chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis. Biomarkers 2016; 20:533-9. [PMID: 26809774 PMCID: PMC4819822 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The data explosion in the last decade is revolutionizing diagnostics research and the healthcare industry, offering both opportunities and challenges. These high-throughput “omics” techniques have generated more scientific data in the last few years than in the entire history of mankind. Here we present a brief summary of how “big data” have influenced early diagnosis of complex diseases. We will also review some of the most commonly used “omics” techniques and their applications in diagnostics. Finally, we will discuss the issues brought by these new techniques when translating laboratory discoveries to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Ren
- a McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Roman Krawetz
- a McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada .,b Department of Surgery , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada , and.,c Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
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74
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Ranade SS, García-Gil MR, Rosselló JA. Non-functional plastid ndh gene fragments are present in the nuclear genome of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karsch): insights from in silico analysis of nuclear and organellar genomes. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:935-41. [PMID: 26732267 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many genes have been lost from the prokaryote plastidial genome during the early events of endosymbiosis in eukaryotes. Some of them were definitively lost, but others were relocated and functionally integrated to the host nuclear genomes through serial events of gene transfer during plant evolution. In gymnosperms, plastid genome sequencing has revealed the loss of ndh genes from several species of Gnetales and Pinaceae, including Norway spruce (Picea abies). This study aims to trace the ndh genes in the nuclear and organellar Norway spruce genomes. The plastid genomes of higher plants contain 11 ndh genes which are homologues of mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the proton-pumping NADH-dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase) or complex I (electron transport chain). Ndh genes encode 11 NDH polypeptides forming the Ndh complex (analogous to complex I) which seems to be primarily involved in chloro-respiration processes. We considered ndh genes from the plastidial genome of four gymnosperms (Cryptomeria japonica, Cycas revoluta, Ginkgo biloba, Podocarpus totara) and a single angiosperm species (Arabidopsis thaliana) to trace putative homologs in the nuclear and organellar Norway spruce genomes using tBLASTn to assess the evolutionary fate of ndh genes in Norway spruce and to address their genomic location(s), structure, integrity and functionality. The results obtained from tBLASTn were subsequently analyzed by performing homology search for finding ndh specific conserved domains using conserved domain search. We report the presence of non-functional plastid ndh gene fragments, excepting ndhE and ndhG genes, in the nuclear genome of Norway spruce. Regulatory transcriptional elements like promoters, TATA boxes and enhancers were detected in the upstream regions of some ndh fragments. We also found transposable elements in the flanking regions of few ndh fragments suggesting nuclear rearrangements in those regions. These evidences support the hypothesis that, at least in Picea, ndh translocations from the plastid to the nuclear genome have occurred, and that there might have been a functional machinery at some time during evolution to accommodate them within a nuclear-encoded environment, or attempts to form it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sachin Ranade
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - María Rosario García-Gil
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Josep A Rosselló
- Jardí Botànic, Universidad de Valencia, c/Quart 80, 46008, Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
Pseudogenes were once considered genomic fossils, but recent studies indicate that they may function as gene regulators through the generation of endogenous small interfering RNAs (esiRNAs), antisense RNAs, and decoys for microRNAs. In this review, we summarize pseudogene study methods, emphasizing relevant publicly available resources, and we describe a systematic pipeline to identify pseudogene-derived esiRNAs and their targets, which can lead to a deeper understanding of pseudogene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Chan
- Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Abstract
A pseudogene arises when a gene loses the ability to produce a protein, which can be due to mutation or inaccurate duplication. Previous dogma has dictated that because the pseudogene no longer produces a protein it becomes functionless and evolutionarily inert, being neither conserved nor removed. However, recent evidence has forced a re-evaluation of this view. Some pseudogenes, although not translated into protein, are at least transcribed into RNA. In some cases, these pseudogene transcripts are capable of influencing the activity of other genes that code for proteins, thereby altering expression and in turn affecting the phenotype of the organism. In the present chapter, we will define pseudogenes, describe the evidence that they are transcribed into non-coding RNAs and outline the mechanisms by which they are able to influence the machinery of the eukaryotic cell.
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Balakirev ES, Chechetkin VR, Lobzin VV, Ayala FJ. Computational methods of identification of pseudogenes based on functionality: entropy and GC content. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1167:41-62. [PMID: 24823770 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0835-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spectral entropy and GC content analyses reveal comprehensive structural features of DNA sequences. To illustrate the significance of these features, we analyze the β-esterase gene cluster, including the Est-6 gene and the ψEst-6 putative pseudogene, in seven species of the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup. The spectral entropies show distinctly lower structural ordering for ψEst-6 than for Est-6 in all species studied. However, entropy accumulation is not a completely random process for either gene and it shows to be nucleotide dependent. Furthermore, GC content in synonymous positions is uniformly higher in Est-6 than in ψEst-6, in agreement with the reduced GC content generally observed in pseudogenes and nonfunctional sequences. The observed differences in entropy and GC content reflect an evolutionary shift associated with the process of pseudogenization and subsequent functional divergence of ψEst-6 and Est-6 after the duplication event. The data obtained show the relevance and significance of entropy and GC content analyses for pseudogene identification and for the comparative study of gene-pseudogene evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy S Balakirev
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,
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Darrasse A, Carrère S, Barbe V, Boureau T, Arrieta-Ortiz ML, Bonneau S, Briand M, Brin C, Cociancich S, Durand K, Fouteau S, Gagnevin L, Guérin F, Guy E, Indiana A, Koebnik R, Lauber E, Munoz A, Noël LD, Pieretti I, Poussier S, Pruvost O, Robène-Soustrade I, Rott P, Royer M, Serres-Giardi L, Szurek B, van Sluys MA, Verdier V, Vernière C, Arlat M, Manceau C, Jacques MA. Genome sequence of Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans strain 4834-R reveals that flagellar motility is not a general feature of xanthomonads. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:761. [PMID: 24195767 PMCID: PMC3826837 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthomonads are plant-associated bacteria responsible for diseases on economically important crops. Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans (Xff) is one of the causal agents of common bacterial blight of bean. In this study, the complete genome sequence of strain Xff 4834-R was determined and compared to other Xanthomonas genome sequences. RESULTS Comparative genomics analyses revealed core characteristics shared between Xff 4834-R and other xanthomonads including chemotaxis elements, two-component systems, TonB-dependent transporters, secretion systems (from T1SS to T6SS) and multiple effectors. For instance a repertoire of 29 Type 3 Effectors (T3Es) with two Transcription Activator-Like Effectors was predicted. Mobile elements were associated with major modifications in the genome structure and gene content in comparison to other Xanthomonas genomes. Notably, a deletion of 33 kbp affects flagellum biosynthesis in Xff 4834-R. The presence of a complete flagellar cluster was assessed in a collection of more than 300 strains representing different species and pathovars of Xanthomonas. Five percent of the tested strains presented a deletion in the flagellar cluster and were non-motile. Moreover, half of the Xff strains isolated from the same epidemic than 4834-R was non-motile and this ratio was conserved in the strains colonizing the next bean seed generations. CONCLUSIONS This work describes the first genome of a Xanthomonas strain pathogenic on bean and reports the existence of non-motile xanthomonads belonging to different species and pathovars. Isolation of such Xff variants from a natural epidemic may suggest that flagellar motility is not a key function for in planta fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Darrasse
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- INRA, LIPM UMR 441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, LIPM UMR 2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Valérie Barbe
- CEA, Genoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, F-91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Tristan Boureau
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Mario L Arrieta-Ortiz
- Universidad de Los Andes, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes, Bogotá, Colombia
- current address: Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, 10003, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Bonneau
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Martial Briand
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Chrystelle Brin
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | | | - Karine Durand
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Stéphanie Fouteau
- CEA, Genoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, F-91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Lionel Gagnevin
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Fabien Guérin
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Endrick Guy
- INRA, LIPM UMR 441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, LIPM UMR 2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Arnaud Indiana
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Ralf Koebnik
- IRD, UMR RPB, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- INRA, LIPM UMR 441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, LIPM UMR 2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alejandra Munoz
- Universidad de Los Andes, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laurent D Noël
- INRA, LIPM UMR 441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, LIPM UMR 2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Stéphane Poussier
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Olivier Pruvost
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Isabelle Robène-Soustrade
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Philippe Rott
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Monique Royer
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurana Serres-Giardi
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Boris Szurek
- IRD, UMR RPB, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | - Christian Vernière
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- INRA, LIPM UMR 441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, LIPM UMR 2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR LIPM, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Charles Manceau
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
- current address: ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé des végétaux, F-49044, Angers, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Jacques
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
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Shapiro JA. How life changes itself: the Read-Write (RW) genome. Phys Life Rev 2013; 10:287-323. [PMID: 23876611 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The genome has traditionally been treated as a Read-Only Memory (ROM) subject to change by copying errors and accidents. In this review, I propose that we need to change that perspective and understand the genome as an intricately formatted Read-Write (RW) data storage system constantly subject to cellular modifications and inscriptions. Cells operate under changing conditions and are continually modifying themselves by genome inscriptions. These inscriptions occur over three distinct time-scales (cell reproduction, multicellular development and evolutionary change) and involve a variety of different processes at each time scale (forming nucleoprotein complexes, epigenetic formatting and changes in DNA sequence structure). Research dating back to the 1930s has shown that genetic change is the result of cell-mediated processes, not simply accidents or damage to the DNA. This cell-active view of genome change applies to all scales of DNA sequence variation, from point mutations to large-scale genome rearrangements and whole genome duplications (WGDs). This conceptual change to active cell inscriptions controlling RW genome functions has profound implications for all areas of the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Shapiro
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, GCIS W123B, 979 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-a-shapiro
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