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Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been defined in several ways, but in general describes a condition in which the fetus exhibits poor growth in utero. This complication of pregnancy poses a significant public health burden as well as increased morbidity and mortality for the offspring. In human IUGR, alteration in fetal glucose and insulin homeostasis occurs in an effort to conserve energy and survive at the expense of fetal growth in an environment of inadequate nutrient provision. Several animal models of IUGR have been utilized to study the effects of IUGR on fetal glucose handling, as well as the postnatal reprogramming of energy metabolite handling, which may be unmasked in adulthood as a maladaptive propensity for cardiometabolic disease. This developmental programming may be mediated in part by epigenetic modification of essential regulators of glucose homeostasis. Several pharmacological therapies and nonpharmacological lifestyle modifications have shown early promise in mitigating the risk for or severity of adult metabolic phenotypes but still require further study of unanticipated and/or untoward side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin U Devaskar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alison Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Chen X, Kelly AC, Yates DT, Macko AR, Lynch RM, Limesand SW. Islet adaptations in fetal sheep persist following chronic exposure to high norepinephrine. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:285-295. [PMID: 27888197 PMCID: PMC5173394 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Complications in pregnancy elevate fetal norepinephrine (NE) concentrations. Previous studies in NE-infused sheep fetuses revealed that sustained exposure to high NE resulted in lower expression of α2-adrenergic receptors in islets and increased insulin secretion responsiveness after acutely terminating the NE infusion. In this study, we determined if the compensatory increase in insulin secretion after chronic elevation of NE is independent of hyperglycemia in sheep fetuses and whether it is persistent in conjunction with islet desensitization to NE. After an initial assessment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at 129 ± 1 days of gestation, fetuses were continuously infused for seven days with NE and maintained at euglycemia with a maternal insulin infusion. Fetal GSIS studies were performed again on days 8 and 12. Adrenergic sensitivity was determined in pancreatic islets collected at day 12. NE infusion increased (P < 0.01) fetal plasma NE concentrations and lowered (P < 0.01) basal insulin concentrations compared to vehicle-infused controls. GSIS was 1.8-fold greater (P < 0.05) in NE-infused fetuses compared to controls at both one and five days after discontinuing the infusion. Glucose-potentiated arginine-induced insulin secretion was also enhanced (P < 0.01) in NE-infused fetuses. Maximum GSIS in islets isolated from NE-infused fetuses was 1.6-fold greater (P < 0.05) than controls, but islet insulin content and intracellular calcium signaling were not different between treatments. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration for NE was 2.6-fold greater (P < 0.05) in NE-infused islets compared to controls. These findings show that chronic NE exposure and not hyperglycemia produce persistent adaptations in pancreatic islets that augment β-cell responsiveness in part through decreased adrenergic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & HerbivoreCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Amy C Kelly
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Dustin T Yates
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Antoni R Macko
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ronald M Lynch
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Thornburg KL, Kolahi K, Pierce M, Valent A, Drake R, Louey S. Biological features of placental programming. Placenta 2016; 48 Suppl 1:S47-S53. [PMID: 27817870 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is a key organ in programming the fetus for later disease. This review outlines nine of many structural and physiological features of the placenta which are associated with adult onset chronic disease. 1) Placental efficiency relates the placental mass to the fetal mass. Ratios at the extremes are related to cardiovascular disease risk later in life. 2) Placental shape predicts a large number of disease outcomes in adults but the regulators of placental shape are not known. 3) Non-human primate studies suggest that at about mid-gestation, the placenta becomes less plastic and less able to compensate for pathological stresses. 4) Recent studies suggest that lipids have an important role in regulating placental metabolism and thus the future health of offspring. 5) Placental inflammation affects nutrient transport to the fetus and programs for later disease. 6) Placental insufficiency leads to inadequate fetal growth and elevated risks for later life disease. 7) Maternal height, fat and muscle mass are important in combination with placental size and shape in predicting adult disease. 8) The placenta makes a host of hormones that influence fetal growth and are related to offspring disease. Unfortunately, our knowledge of placental growth and function lags far behind that of other organs. An investment in understanding placental growth and function will yield enormous benefits to human health because it is a key player in the origins of the most expensive and deadly chronic diseases that humans face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent L Thornburg
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Kevin Kolahi
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Melinda Pierce
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amy Valent
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rachel Drake
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Samantha Louey
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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54
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Sutton EF, Gilmore LA, Dunger DB, Heijmans BT, Hivert MF, Ling C, Martinez JA, Ozanne SE, Simmons RA, Szyf M, Waterland RA, Redman LM, Ravussin E. Developmental programming: State-of-the-science and future directions-Summary from a Pennington Biomedical symposium. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1018-26. [PMID: 27037645 PMCID: PMC4846483 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE On December 8-9, 2014, the Pennington Biomedical Research Center convened a scientific symposium to review the state-of-the-science and future directions for the study of developmental programming of obesity and chronic disease. The objectives of the symposium were to discuss: (i) past and current scientific advances in animal models, population-based cohort studies, and human clinical trials, (ii) the state-of-the-science of epigenetic-based research, and (iii) considerations for future studies. RESULTS This symposium provided a comprehensive assessment of the state of the scientific field and identified research gaps and opportunities for future research in order to understand the mechanisms contributing to the developmental programming of health and disease. CONCLUSIONS Identifying the mechanisms which cause or contribute to developmental programming of future generations will be invaluable to the scientific and medical community. The ability to intervene during critical periods of prenatal and early postnatal life to promote lifelong health is the ultimate goal. Considerations for future research including the use of animal models, the study design in human cohorts with considerations about the timing of the intrauterine exposure, and the resulting tissue-specific epigenetic signature were extensively discussed and are presented in this meeting summary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert A. Waterland
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
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Macko AR, Yates DT, Chen X, Shelton LA, Kelly AC, Davis MA, Camacho LE, Anderson MJ, Limesand SW. Adrenal Demedullation and Oxygen Supplementation Independently Increase Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Concentrations in Fetal Sheep With Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2104-15. [PMID: 26937714 PMCID: PMC4870878 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), fetal glucose and oxygen concentrations are reduced, whereas plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations are elevated throughout the final third of gestation. Here we study the effects of chronic hypoxemia and hypercatecholaminemia on β-cell function in fetal sheep with placental insufficiency-induced IUGR that is produced by maternal hyperthermia. IUGR and control fetuses underwent a sham (intact) or bilateral adrenal demedullation (AD) surgical procedure at 0.65 gestation. As expected, AD-IUGR fetuses had lower norepinephrine concentrations than intact-IUGR fetuses despite being hypoxemic and hypoglycemic. Placental insufficiency reduced fetal weights, but the severity of IUGR was less with AD. Although basal plasma insulin concentrations were lower in intact-IUGR and AD-IUGR fetuses compared with intact-controls, glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations were greater in AD-IUGR fetuses compared with intact-IUGR fetuses. Interestingly, AD-controls had lower glucose- and arginine-stimulated insulin concentrations than intact-controls, but AD-IUGR and AD-control insulin responses were not different. To investigate chronic hypoxemia in the IUGR fetus, arterial oxygen tension was increased to normal levels by increasing the maternal inspired oxygen fraction. Oxygenation of IUGR fetuses enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations 3.3-fold in intact-IUGR and 1.7-fold in AD-IUGR fetuses but did not lower norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations. Together these findings show that chronic hypoxemia and hypercatecholaminemia have distinct but complementary roles in the suppression of β-cell responsiveness in IUGR fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni R Macko
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Dustin T Yates
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Xiaochuan Chen
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Leslie A Shelton
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Amy C Kelly
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Melissa A Davis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
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56
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Yates DT, Cadaret CN, Beede KA, Riley HE, Macko AR, Anderson MJ, Camacho LE, Limesand SW. Intrauterine growth-restricted sheep fetuses exhibit smaller hindlimb muscle fibers and lower proportions of insulin-sensitive Type I fibers near term. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1020-9. [PMID: 27053651 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00528.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) reduces muscle mass and insulin sensitivity in offspring. Insulin sensitivity varies among muscle fiber types, with Type I fibers being most sensitive. Differences in fiber-type ratios are associated with insulin resistance in adults, and thus we hypothesized that near-term IUGR sheep fetuses exhibit reduced size and proportions of Type I fibers. Placental insufficiency-induced IUGR fetuses were ∼54% smaller (P < 0.05) than controls and exhibited hypoxemia and hypoglycemia, which contributed to 6.9-fold greater (P < 0.05) plasma norepinephrine and ∼53% lower (P < 0.05) plasma insulin concentrations. IUGR semitendinosus muscles contained less (P < 0.05) myosin heavy chain-I protein (MyHC-I) and proportionally fewer (P < 0.05) Type I and Type I/IIa fibers than controls, but MyHC-II protein concentrations, Type II fibers, and Type IIx fibers were not different. IUGR biceps femoris muscles exhibited similar albeit less dramatic differences in fiber type proportions. Type I and IIa fibers are more responsive to adrenergic and insulin regulation than Type IIx and may be more profoundly impaired by the high catecholamines and low insulin in our IUGR fetuses, leading to their proportional reduction. In both muscles, fibers of each type were uniformly smaller (P < 0.05) in IUGR fetuses than controls, which indicates that fiber hypertrophy is not dependent on type but rather on other factors such as myoblast differentiation or protein synthesis. Together, our findings show that IUGR fetal muscles develop smaller fibers and have proportionally fewer Type I fibers, which is indicative of developmental adaptations that may help explain the link between IUGR and adulthood insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska; and School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Caitlin N Cadaret
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Kristin A Beede
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Hannah E Riley
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Antoni R Macko
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Dietary supplementation with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate calcium during the early postnatal period accelerates skeletal muscle fibre growth and maturity in intra-uterine growth-retarded and normal-birth-weight piglets. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1360-9. [PMID: 26917333 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) impairs postnatal growth and skeletal muscle development in neonatal infants. This study evaluated whether dietary β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate Ca (HMB-Ca) supplementation during the early postnatal period could improve muscle growth in IUGR neonates using piglets as a model. A total of twelve pairs of IUGR and normal-birth-weight (NBW) male piglets with average initial weights (1·85 (sem 0·36) and 2·51 (sem 0·39) kg, respectively) were randomly allotted to groups that received milk-based diets (CON) or milk-based diets supplemented with 800 mg/kg HMB-Ca (HMB) during days 7-28 after birth. Blood and longissimus dorsi (LD) samples were collected and analysed for plasma amino acid content, fibre morphology and the expression of genes related to muscle development. The results indicate that, regardless of diet, IUGR piglets had a significantly decreased average daily weight gain (ADG) compared with that of NBW piglets (P<0·05). However, IUGR piglets fed HMB-Ca had a net weight and ADG similar to that of NBW piglets fed the CON diet. Irrespective of body weight (BW), HMB-Ca supplementation markedly increased the type II fibre cross-sectional area and the mRNA expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), insulin-like growth factor-1 and myosin heavy-chain isoform IIb in the LD of piglets (P<0·05). Moreover, there was a significant interaction between the effects of BW and HMB on mTOR expression in the LD (P<0·05). In conclusion, HMB-Ca supplementation during the early postnatal period could improve skeletal muscle growth and maturity by accelerating fast-twitch glycolytic fibre development in piglets.
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58
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Bell AW, Greenwood PL. Prenatal origins of postnatal variation in growth, development and productivity of ruminants. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent research into the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal biology and the growth, development and productivity of progeny in postnatal life of ruminant livestock. Evidence is summarised for effects on postnatal growth and body composition, feed intake and efficiency, carcass characteristics and meat quality, wool production, reproduction and lactation performance. In general, these demonstrated effects are not large in relation to the effects of postnatal nutrition and other environmental influences. The mechanisms underpinning the above production outcomes are briefly discussed in terms of systemic endocrine and metabolic responses, and cellular and molecular effects in skeletal muscle, bone, adipose tissue, wool follicles and brain of fetal, neonatal and adult progeny. Treatments observed to elicit tissue responses include maternal under- and overnutrition at various stages of pregnancy and placental insufficiency caused by increased litter size, chronic maternal heat stress and premating carunclectomy in sheep. The as yet meagre evidence for epigenetic mediation of intergenerational effects in ruminants is considered, as is the likelihood that other, more conventional explanations may suffice in some cases. Finally, evidence is summarised for the proposition that the placenta is not merely a passive conduit for nutrient transfer from dam to fetus, but plays an active role in buffering the effects of variations in maternal nutrition on fetal growth and development, and thence, postnatal outcomes.
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Gianelo MCS, Polizzelo JC, Chesca D, Mattiello-Sverzut AC. Three days of intermittent stretching after muscle disuse alters the proteins involved in force transmission in muscle fibers in weanling rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 49:e4118. [PMID: 26648091 PMCID: PMC4712484 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of intermittent passive manual stretching on various proteins involved in force transmission in skeletal muscle. Female Wistar weanling rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups: 2 control groups containing 21- and 30-day-old rats that received neither immobilization nor stretching, and 3 test groups that received 1) passive stretching over 3 days, 2) immobilization for 7 days and then passive stretching over 3 days, or 3) immobilization for 7 days. Maximal plantar flexion in the right hind limb was imposed, and the stretching protocol of 10 repetitions of 30 s stretches was applied. The soleus muscles were harvested and processed for HE and picrosirius staining; immunohistochemical analysis of collagen types I, III, IV, desmin, and vimentin; and immunofluorescence labeling of dystrophin and CD68. The numbers of desmin- and vimentin-positive cells were significantly decreased compared with those in the control following immobilization, regardless of whether stretching was applied (P<0.05). In addition, the semi-quantitative analysis showed that collagen type I was increased and type IV was decreased in the immobilized animals, regardless of whether the stretching protocol was applied. In conclusion, the largest changes in response to stretching were observed in muscles that had been previously immobilized, and the stretching protocol applied here did not mitigate the immobilization-induced muscle changes. Muscle disuse adversely affected several proteins involved in the transmission of forces between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Thus, the 3-day rehabilitation period tested here did not provide sufficient time for the muscles to recover from the disuse maladaptations in animals undergoing postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C S Gianelo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Reabilitação e Desempenho Funcional, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - J C Polizzelo
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - D Chesca
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - A C Mattiello-Sverzut
- Departamento de Biomecânica, Medicina e Reabilitação do Aparelho Locomotor, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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60
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Baka S, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Boutsikou T, Boutsikou M, Marmarinos A, Hassiakos D, Gourgiotis D, Briana DD. Cord blood irisin at the extremes of fetal growth. Metabolism 2015; 64:1515-20. [PMID: 26307660 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Irisin, a novel myokine with antiobesity properties, drives brown-fat-like conversion of white adipose tissue, thus increasing energy expenditure and improving glucose tolerance. We aimed to investigate circulating irisin concentrations in large-for-gestational-age (LGA) and intrauterine-growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses, both associated with metabolic dysregulation and long-term susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome development. METHODS Plasma irisin and insulin concentrations were determined by ELISA and IRMA, respectively, in 80 mixed arteriovenous cord blood samples from LGA (n=30), IUGR (n=30) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA, n=20) singleton full-term pregnancies. Fetuses were classified as LGA, IUGR or AGA, based on customized birth-weight standards adjusted for significant determinants of fetal growth. RESULTS Fetal irisin concentrations were lower in IUGR cases than AGA controls (p=0.031). Cord blood irisin concentrations were similar in LGA and AGA groups and positively correlated with birth-weight, as well as customized centiles (r=0.245, p=0.029 and r=0.247, p=0.027, respectively). Insulin concentrations were higher in LGA, compared to AGA fetuses (p=0.036). In the LGA group, fetal irisin concentrations positively correlated with fetal insulin concentrations (r=0.374, p=0.042). CONCLUSIONS Impaired skeletal muscle metabolism in IUGR fetuses may account for their irisin deficiency, which may be part of the fetal programming process, leading to increased susceptibility to later metabolic syndrome development. Furthermore, irisin down-regulation may predispose IUGR infants to hypothermia at birth, by inducing less "browning" of their adipose tissue and consequently less non-shivering thermogenesis. Irisin upregulation with increasing birth-weight may contribute to a slower fat gain during early infancy ("catch-down"), by promoting higher total energy expenditure. The positive correlation between irisin and insulin in the LGA group may reflect a counterbalance of the documented hyperinsulinemia, which is partly responsible for the excessive fat deposition in the LGA fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Baka
- Department of Neonatology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Theodora Boutsikou
- Department of Neonatology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Boutsikou
- Department of Neonatology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Marmarinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Gourgiotis
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina D Briana
- Department of Neonatology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
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61
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Lin G, Wang X, Wu G, Feng C, Zhou H, Li D, Wang J. Improving amino acid nutrition to prevent intrauterine growth restriction in mammals. Amino Acids 2015; 46:1605-23. [PMID: 24658999 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is one of the most common concerns in human obstetrics and domestic animal production. It is usually caused by placental insufficiency, which decreases fetal uptake of nutrients (especially amino acids) from the placenta. Amino acids are not only building blocks for protein but also key regulators of metabolic pathways in fetoplacental development. The enhanced demands of amino acids by the developing conceptus must be met via active transport systems across the placenta as normal pregnancy advances. Growing evidence indicates that IUGR is associated with a reduction in placental amino acid transport capacity and metabolic pathways within the embryonic/fetal development. The positive relationships between amino acid concentrations in circulating maternal blood and placental amino acid transport into fetus encourage designing new therapies to prevent or treat IUGR by enhancing amino acid availability in maternal diets or maternal circulation. Despite the positive effects of available dietary interventions, nutritional therapy for IUGR is still in its infancy. Based on understanding of the underlying mechanisms whereby amino acids promote fetal growth and of their dietary requirements by IUGR, supplementation with functional amino acids (e.g., arginine and glutamine) hold great promise for preventing fetal growth restriction and improving health and growth of IUGR offspring.
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62
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Boddicker RL, Seibert JT, Johnson JS, Pearce SC, Selsby JT, Gabler NK, Lucy MC, Safranski TJ, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Ross JW. Gestational heat stress alters postnatal offspring body composition indices and metabolic parameters in pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110859. [PMID: 25383953 PMCID: PMC4226472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objectives were to test the hypothesis that heat stress (HS) during gestational development alters postnatal growth, body composition, and biological response to HS conditions in pigs. To investigate this, 14 first parity crossbred gilts were exposed to one of four environmental treatments (TNTN, TNHS, HSTN, or HSHS) during gestation. TNTN and HSHS dams were exposed to thermal neutral (TN, cyclical 18-22°C) or HS conditions (cyclical 28-34°C) during the entire gestation, respectively. Dams assigned to HSTN and TNHS treatments were heat-stressed for the first or second half of gestation, respectively. Postnatal offspring were exposed to one of two thermal environments for an acute (24 h) or chronic (five weeks) duration in either constant TN (21°C) or HS (35°C) environment. Exposure to chronic HS during their growth phase resulted in decreased longissimus dorsi cross-sectional area (LDA) in offspring from HSHS and HSTN treated dams whereas LDA was larger in offspring from dams in TNTN and TNHS conditions. Irrespective of HS during prepubertal postnatal growth, pigs from dams that experienced HS during the first half of gestation (HSHS and HSTN) had increased (13.9%) subcutaneous fat thickness compared to pigs from dams exposed to TN conditions during the first half of gestation. This metabolic repartitioning towards increased fat deposition in pigs from dams heat-stressed during the first half of gestation was accompanied by elevated blood insulin concentrations (33%; P = 0.01). Together, these results demonstrate HS during the first half of gestation altered metabolic and body composition parameters during future development and in biological responses to a subsequent HS challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Boddicker
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jacob T. Seibert
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jay S. Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sarah C. Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Joshua T. Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nicholas K. Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Lucy
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Safranski
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lance H. Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Elevated plasma norepinephrine inhibits insulin secretion, but adrenergic blockade reveals enhanced β-cell responsiveness in an ovine model of placental insufficiency at 0.7 of gestation. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 4:402-10. [PMID: 24358443 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174413000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency (PI), fetal hypoglycemia and hypoxemia progressively worsen during the third trimester, which increases circulating norepinephrine (NE). Pharmacological adrenergic blockade (ADR-block) at 0.9 gestation revealed that NE inhibits insulin secretion and enhanced β-cell responsiveness in fetuses with PI-induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). NE concentrations in PI fetuses at 0.7 gestation were threefold greater compared with age-matched controls, but the levels were similar to near-term controls. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether elevations in plasma NE concentrations inhibit insulin secretion and produce compensatory β-cell responsiveness in PI fetuses at 0.7 gestation. Fetal insulin was measured under basal, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and glucose-potentiated arginine-stimulated insulin secretion (GPAIS) conditions in the absence and presence of an ADR-block. Placental weights were 38% lower (P < 0.05) in PI fetus than in controls, but fetal weights were not different. PI fetuses had lower (P < 0.05) basal blood oxygen content, plasma glucose, insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin concentrations and greater plasma NE concentrations (891 ± 211 v. 292 ± 65 pg/ml; P < 0.05) than controls. GSIS was lower in PI fetuses than in controls (0.34 ± 0.03 v. 1.08 ± 0.06 ng/ml; P < 0.05). ADR-block increased GSIS in PI fetuses (1.19 ± 0.11 ng/ml; P < 0.05) but decreased GSIS in controls (0.86 ± 0.02 ng/ml; P < 0.05). Similarly, GPAIS was 44% lower (P < 0.05) in PI fetuses than in controls, and ADR-block increased (P < 0.05) GPAIS in PI fetuses but not in controls. Insulin content per islet was not different between treatments. We conclude that elevations in fetal plasma NE suppress insulin concentrations, and that compensatory β-cell stimulus-secretion responsiveness is present before IUGR.
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Yates DT, Clarke DS, Macko AR, Anderson MJ, Shelton LA, Nearing M, Allen RE, Rhoads RP, Limesand SW. Myoblasts from intrauterine growth-restricted sheep fetuses exhibit intrinsic deficiencies in proliferation that contribute to smaller semitendinosus myofibres. J Physiol 2014; 592:3113-25. [PMID: 24860171 PMCID: PMC4214663 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) reduces skeletal muscle mass in fetuses and offspring. Our objective was to determine whether myoblast dysfunction due to intrinsic cellular deficiencies or serum factors reduces myofibre hypertrophy in IUGR fetal sheep. At 134 days, IUGR fetuses weighed 67% less (P < 0.05) than controls and had smaller (P < 0.05) carcasses and semitendinosus myofibre areas. IUGR semitendinosus muscles had similar percentages of pax7-positive nuclei and pax7 mRNA but lower (P < 0.05) percentages of myogenin-positive nuclei (7 ± 2% and 13 ± 2%), less myoD and myogenin mRNA, and fewer (P < 0.05) proliferating myoblasts (PNCA-positive-pax7-positive) than controls (44 ± 2% vs. 52 ± 1%). Primary myoblasts were isolated from hindlimb muscles, and after 3 days in growth media (20% fetal bovine serum, FBS), myoblasts from IUGR fetuses had 34% fewer (P < 0.05) myoD-positive cells than controls and replicated 20% less (P < 0.05) during a 2 h BrdU pulse. IUGR myoblasts also replicated less (P < 0.05) than controls during a BrdU pulse after 3 days in media containing 10% control or IUGR fetal sheep serum (FSS). Both myoblast types replicated less (P < 0.05) with IUGR FSS-supplemented media compared to control FSS-supplemented media. In differentiation-promoting media (2% FBS), IUGR and control myoblasts had similar percentages of myogenin-positive nuclei after 5 days and formed similar-sized myotubes after 7 days. We conclude that intrinsic cellular deficiencies in IUGR myoblasts and factors in IUGR serum diminish myoblast proliferation and myofibre size in IUGR fetuses, but intrinsic myoblast deficiencies do not affect differentiation. Furthermore, the persistent reduction in IUGR myoblast replication shows adaptive deficiencies that explain poor muscle growth in IUGR newborn offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Yates
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Derek S Clarke
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Antoni R Macko
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leslie A Shelton
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Marie Nearing
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald E Allen
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Gonzalez JM, Camacho LE, Ebarb SM, Swanson KC, Vonnahme KA, Stelzleni AM, Johnson SE. Realimentation of nutrient restricted pregnant beef cows supports compensatory fetal muscle growth1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4797-806. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Gonzalez
- Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - L. E. Camacho
- Dept. of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - S. M. Ebarb
- Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - K. C. Swanson
- Dept. of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - K. A. Vonnahme
- Dept. of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - A. M. Stelzleni
- Dept. of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - S. E. Johnson
- Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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66
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van Deutekom AW, Chinapaw MJM, Vrijkotte TGM, Gemke RJBJ. Study protocol: the relation of birth weight and infant growth trajectories with physical fitness, physical activity and sedentary behavior at 8-9 years of age - the ABCD study. BMC Pediatr 2013; 13:102. [PMID: 23835159 PMCID: PMC3710272 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low birth weight and accelerated infant growth have been identified as independent risk factors for childhood and adult obesity and cardiovascular disease. This led to the 'Developmental Origins of Health and Disease' (DOHaD) hypothesis, stating that environmental factors during pregnancy and early postnatal life affect disease risk in later life. There is growing evidence that perinatal factors may influence adult health through the programming of energy balance regulation, including sedentary behavior and physical activity. The present study focuses on the influence of birth weight and infant growth on physical fitness, physical activity and sedentary behavior in 8-9 year old children, as this might partly explain the higher obesity and cardiovascular risk associated with low birth weight and accelerated infant growth. In addition, this study provides the opportunity for a validation study of a linguistic and cross-cultural translated physical activity questionnaire compared to accelerometer data. This article describes the study protocol for this study. METHODS/DESIGN This is a study embedded in the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) birth cohort. In 200 children of Dutch ethnicity, physical fitness, physical activity and sedentary behavior were assessed at age 8-9. We measured aerobic fitness using the 20 meter multistage shuttle run test, and neuromuscular fitness using the standing broad jump and handgrip strength test. Sedentary behavior and physical activity levels were measured using accelerometry. All children also completed a translated physical activity questionnaire, the scores of which will be compared to accelerometry data to assess the construct validity of the questionnaire in Dutch school-aged children. DISCUSSION This study will be the first population-based prospective cohort study to address the association of both prenatal and postnatal growth with physical fitness and objectively-assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior. This will contribute to a better understanding of the way perinatal growth relate to lifestyle and obesity in later life. The results may guide both future studies in the field of DOHaD, and public health strategies in the prevention of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arend W van Deutekom
- Department of Pediatrics, EMGO Institute for Health & Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mai JM Chinapaw
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO institute for Health & Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja GM Vrijkotte
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinoud JBJ Gemke
- Department of Pediatrics, EMGO Institute for Health & Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Limesand SW, Rozance PJ, Macko AR, Anderson MJ, Kelly AC, Hay WW. Reductions in insulin concentrations and β-cell mass precede growth restriction in sheep fetuses with placental insufficiency. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E516-23. [PMID: 23277186 PMCID: PMC3602661 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00435.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In pregnancy complicated by placental insufficiency (PI) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), the fetus near term has reduced basal and glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations and reduced β-cell mass. To determine whether suppression of insulin concentrations and β-cell mass precedes reductions in fetal weight, which would implicate insulin deficiency as a cause of subsequent IUGR, we measured basal and glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations and pancreatic histology at 0.7 gestation in PI fetuses. Placental weights in the PI pregnancies were 40% lower than controls (265 ± 26 vs. 442 ± 41 g, P < 0.05), but fetal weights were not different. At basal conditions blood oxygen content, plasma glucose concentrations, and plasma insulin concentrations were lower in PI fetuses compared with controls (2.5 ± 0.3 vs. 3.5 ± 0.3 mmol/l oxygen, P < 0.05; 1.11 ± 0.09 vs. 1.44 ± 0.12 mmol/l glucose; 0.12 ± 0.01 vs. 0.27 ± 0.02 ng/ml insulin; P < 0.05). During a steady-state hyperglycemic clamp (~2.5 ± 0.1 mmol/l), glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations were lower in PI fetuses than controls (0.28 ± 0.02 vs. 0.55 ± 0.04 ng/ml; P < 0.01). Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were 3.3-fold higher (P < 0.05) in PI fetuses (635 ± 104 vs. 191 ± 91 pg/ml). Histological examination revealed less insulin area and lower β-cell mass and rates of mitosis. The pancreatic parenchyma was also less dense (P < 0.01) in PI fetuses, but no differences were found for pancreatic progenitor cells or other endocrine cell types. These findings show that hypoglycemia, hypoxemia, and hypercatecholaminemia are present and potentially contribute to lower insulin concentrations and β-cell mass due to slower proliferation rates in early third-trimester PI fetuses before discernible reductions in fetal weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Limesand
- Dept. of Animal Sciences, Univ. of Arizona, 1650 E. Limberlost Dr., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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