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Lambert M, Jambon S, Depauw S, David-Cordonnier MH. Targeting Transcription Factors for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061479. [PMID: 29921764 PMCID: PMC6100431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are involved in a large number of human diseases such as cancers for which they account for about 20% of all oncogenes identified so far. For long time, with the exception of ligand-inducible nuclear receptors, transcription factors were considered as “undruggable” targets. Advances knowledge of these transcription factors, in terms of structure, function (expression, degradation, interaction with co-factors and other proteins) and the dynamics of their mode of binding to DNA has changed this postulate and paved the way for new therapies targeted against transcription factors. Here, we discuss various ways to target transcription factors in cancer models: by modulating their expression or degradation, by blocking protein/protein interactions, by targeting the transcription factor itself to prevent its DNA binding either through a binding pocket or at the DNA-interacting site, some of these inhibitors being currently used or evaluated for cancer treatment. Such different targeting of transcription factors by small molecules is facilitated by modern chemistry developing a wide variety of original molecules designed to specifically abort transcription factor and by an increased knowledge of their pathological implication through the use of new technologies in order to make it possible to improve therapeutic control of transcription factor oncogenic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lambert
- INSERM UMR-S1172-JPARC (Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center), Lille University and Hospital Center (CHU-Lille), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille, France.
| | - Samy Jambon
- INSERM UMR-S1172-JPARC (Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center), Lille University and Hospital Center (CHU-Lille), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille, France.
| | - Sabine Depauw
- INSERM UMR-S1172-JPARC (Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center), Lille University and Hospital Center (CHU-Lille), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène David-Cordonnier
- INSERM UMR-S1172-JPARC (Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center), Lille University and Hospital Center (CHU-Lille), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille, France.
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In vitro effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide on cell viability, migration and colony formation of colorectal cancer cells. Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Angapelly S, Angeli A, Khan AJ, Sri Ramya PV, Supuran CT, Arifuddin M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 4-Sulfamoylphenyl/Sulfocoumarin Carboxamides as Selective Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrase Isoforms hCA II, IX, and XII. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1165-1171. [PMID: 29675887 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With the aim to develop potent and selective human carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (hCAIs), we synthesized 4-sulfamoylphenyl/sulfocoumarin benzamides (series 5 a-r and series 7 a-q) and evaluated their inhibition profiles against five isoforms of the zinc-containing human carbonic anhydrase (hCA, EC 4.2.1.1): cytosolic hCA I and II, and the transmembrane isozymes hCA IV, IX, and XII. Compounds 5 a-r were found to selectively inhibit hCA II in the nanomolar range, while being less effective against the other hCA isoforms. As noted from the literature, sulfocoumarin (1,2-benzoxathiine 2,2-dioxide) acts as a "prodrug" inhibitor and is hydrolyzed by the esterase activity of hCA to form 2-hydroxyphenylvinylsulfonic acid, which thereafter binds to the enzyme in a manner similar to that of coumarins and sulfoxocoumarins. All these sulfocoumarins (compounds 7 a-q) were found to be very weak or ineffective as inhibitors of the housekeeping off-target hCA isoforms I and II, and effectively inhibited the transmembrane tumor-associated isoforms IX and XII in the high nanomolar to micromolar ranges. Further structural modifications of these molecules could be useful for the development of effective hCA inhibitors used for the treatment of glaucoma, epilepsy, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Angapelly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Arbaj Jabbar Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - P V Sri Ramya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Mohammed Arifuddin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
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Chen Z, Ai L, Mboge MY, McKenna R, Frost CJ, Heldermon CD, Frost SC. UFH-001 cells: A novel triple negative, CAIX-positive, human breast cancer model system. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:598-608. [PMID: 29561695 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1449612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cell lines are an important resource for research, and are often used as in vitro models of human diseases. In response to the mandate that all cells should be authenticated, we discovered that the MDA-MB-231 cells that were in use in our lab, did not validate based on the alleles of 9 different markers (STR Profile). We had been using this line as a model of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) that has the ability to form tumors in immuno-compromised mice. Based on marker analysis, these cells most closely resembled the MCF10A line, which are a near diploid and normal mammary epithelial line. Yet, the original cells express carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) both constitutively and in response to hypoxia and are features that likely drive the aggressive nature of these cells. Thus, we sought to sub-purify CAIX-expressing cells using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). These studies have revealed a new line of cells that we have name UFH-001, which have the TNBC phenotype, are positive for CAIX expression, both constitutively and in response to hypoxia, and behave aggressively in vivo. These cells may be useful for exploring mechanisms that underlie progression, migration, and metastasis of this phenotype. In addition, constitutive expression of CAIX allows its evaluation as a therapeutic target, both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Chen
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Gainesville , FL
| | - Lingbao Ai
- b Department of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL
| | - Mam Y Mboge
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Gainesville , FL
| | - Robert McKenna
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Gainesville , FL
| | | | - Coy D Heldermon
- b Department of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL
| | - Susan C Frost
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Gainesville , FL
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Inhibition of pH regulation as a therapeutic strategy in hypoxic human breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42857-42875. [PMID: 28476026 PMCID: PMC5522111 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic cancer cells exhibit resistance to many therapies. This study compared the therapeutic effect of targeting the pH regulatory proteins (CAIX, NHE1 and V-ATPase) that permit cancer cells to adapt to hypoxic conditions, using both 2D and 3D culture models. Drugs targeting CAIX, NHE1 and V-ATPase exhibited anti-proliferative effects in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and HBL-100 breast cancer cell lines in 2D. Protein and gene expression analysis in 2D showed that CAIX was the most hypoxia-inducible protein of the 3 targets. However, the expression of CAIX differed between the 3 cell lines. This difference in CAIX expression in hypoxia was consistent with a varying activity of FIH-1 between the cell lines. 3D expression analysis demonstrated that both CAIX and NHE1 were up-regulated in the hypoxic areas of multicellular tumor spheroids. However, the induction of CAIX expression in hypoxia was again cell line dependent. 3D invasion assays conducted with spheroids showed that CAIX inhibition significantly reduced the invasion of cells. Finally, the capability of both NHE1 and CAIX inhibitors to combine effectively with irradiation was exhibited in clonogenic assays. Proteomic-mass-spectrometric analysis indicated that CAIX inhibition might be combining with irradiation through stimulating apoptotic cell death. Of the three proteins, CAIX represents the target with the most promise for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Vanchanagiri K, Emmerich D, Bruschke M, Bache M, Seifert F, Csuk R, Vordermark D, Paschke R. Synthesis and biological investigation of new carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 284:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX), Cancer, and Radiation Responsiveness. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8010013. [PMID: 29439394 PMCID: PMC5874614 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX has been under intensive investigation as a therapeutic target in cancer. Studies demonstrate that this enzyme has a key role in pH regulation in cancer cells, allowing these cells to adapt to the adverse conditions of the tumour microenviroment. Novel CAIX inhibitors have shown efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical cancer models, adversely affecting cell viability, tumour formation, migration, invasion, and metastatic growth when used alone. In co-treatments, CAIX inhibitors may enhance the effects of anti-angiogenic drugs or chemotherapy agents. Research suggests that these inhibitors may also increase the response of tumours to radiotherapy. Although many of the anti-tumour effects of CAIX inhibition may be dependent on its role in pH regulation, recent work has shown that CAIX interacts with several of the signalling pathways involved in the cellular response to radiation, suggesting that pH-independent mechanisms may also be an important basis of its role in tumour progression. Here, we discuss these pH-independent interactions in the context of the ability of CAIX to modulate the responsiveness of cancer to radiation.
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Abundant tumor promoting stromal cells in lung adenocarcinoma with hypoxic regions. Lung Cancer 2017; 115:56-63. [PMID: 29290263 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a marker of hypoxia and its expression by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) was reportedly associated with the poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to characterize the hypoxic microenvironment containing CAIX (+) CAFs. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, we evaluated the clinicopathological significance of CAIX expression by CAFs in 3cm and above lung adenocarcinoma (n=188). We then compared the expressions of E-cadherin, ezrin, ALDH-1, CD44, EGFR, HSF-1, Glut-1, and PD-L1 in cancer cells, as well as those of CD204 and podoplanin in stromal cells between CAIX (+) CAFs and CAIX (-) CAFs cases (n=25, each). RESULTS In total, 48 patients had CAIX (+) CAFs (26%). Multivariate analysis revealed that CAIX expression by CAFs could serve as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival (p<0.05). The staining score of hypoxia marker Glut-1 in cancer cells was significantly higher in cases with CAIX (+) CAFs than in those with CAIX (-) CAFs (median: 20 vs. 0, p<0.01). In addition, the numbers of CD204 (+) tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and podoplanin (+) CAFs were significantly higher in the CAIX (+) CAFs group than in the CAIX (-) CAFs group (TAMs: 31.5 vs. 17.0: p<0.01, CAFs: 20 vs. 0: p<0.05). The staining score of the other markers did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the presence of abundant tumor promoting stromal cells, CD204 (+) TAMs, and podoplanin (+) CAFs is characteristic of the tumor microenvironment containing CAIX (+) CAFs, which contributes to an increase in aggressive behavior in lung adenocarcinoma with hypoxic regions.
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Jiang L, Xu G, Li Z, Zeng X, Li Z, Liu J, Mei L, Li X. RNAi-mediated knockdown of CAIX enhances the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, CNE-2. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4701-4709. [PMID: 29026318 PMCID: PMC5626387 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s144756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although radiotherapy remains the most powerful as well as the primary treatment modality for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), approximately 20% of NPC patients still have local recurrence. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-related signaling pathways that mediate radioresistance have been found in various kinds of cancer. However, the role of CAIX in NPC radioresistance is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of CAIX silencing on sensitization to ionizing radiation in NPC by using Lipofectamine 2000, which delivers small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) that targets CAIX. Results showed that Lipofectamine 2000 effectively delivered siRNA into the CNE-2 cells, which resulted in the decrease of CAIX expression and cell viability, decrease in cell proliferation and colony formation, and increase in the number of CNE-2 cells stuck in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle upon induction of ionizing radiation. Increased sensitivity of radiotherapy in CNE-2 cells under hypoxic conditions was correlated with the suppression of CAIX. Cells treated with irradiation in addition to CAIX-siRNA1 demonstrated reduced radiobiological parameters (survival fraction at 2 Gy [SF2]) compared with those treated with irradiation only, with a sensitization-enhancing ratio of 1.47. These findings suggest that CAIX can be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of radioresistant human NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liji Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihuang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zeng
- The Shenzhen Key Lab of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuangling Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Mei
- The Shenzhen Key Lab of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianming Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Carbonic anhydrase IX inhibition affects viability of cancer cells adapted to extracellular acidosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1341-1353. [PMID: 28929255 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the players of the adaptive response of cancer cells able to promote a resistant and aggressive phenotype, carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) recently has emerged as one of the most relevant drug targets. Indeed, CAIX targeting has received a lot of interest, and selective inhibitors are currently under clinical trials. Hypoxia has been identified as the master inductor of CAIX, but, to date, very few is known about the influence that another important characteristic of tumor microenvironment, i.e., extracellular acidosis, exerts on CAIX expression and activity. In the last decades, acidic microenvironment has been associated with aggressive tumor phenotype endowed with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) profile, high invasive and migratory ability, apoptosis, and drug resistance. We demonstrated that melanoma, breast, and colorectal cancer cells transiently and chronically exposed to acidified medium (pH 6.7 ± 0.1) showed a significantly increased CAIX expression compared to those grown in standard conditions (pH 7.4 ± 0.1). Moreover, we observed that the CAIX inhibitor FC16-670A (also named SLC-0111, which just successfully ended phase I clinical trials) not only prevents such increased expression under acidosis but also promotes apoptotic and necrotic programs only in acidified cancer cells. Thus, CAIX could represent a selective target of acidic cancer cells and FC16-670A inhibitor as a useful tool to affect this aggressive subpopulation characterized by conventional therapy escape. KEY MESSAGES Cancer cells overexpress CAIX under transient and chronic extracellular acidosis. Acidosis-induced CAIX overexpression is NF-κB mediated and HIF-1α independent. FC16-670A prevents CAIX overexpression and induces acidified cancer cell death.
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Tumor antigen glycosaminoglycan modification regulates antibody-drug conjugate delivery and cytotoxicity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66960-66974. [PMID: 28978009 PMCID: PMC5620149 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggressive cancers are characterized by hypoxia, which is a key driver of tumor development and treatment resistance. Proteins specifically expressed in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment thus represent interesting candidates for targeted drug delivery strategies. Carbonic anhydrase (CAIX) has been identified as an attractive treatment target as it is highly hypoxia specific and expressed at the cell-surface to promote cancer cell aggressiveness. Here, we find that cancer cell internalization of CAIX is negatively regulated by post-translational modification with chondroitin or heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains. We show that perturbed glycosaminoglycan modification results in increased CAIX endocytosis. We hypothesized that perturbation of CAIX glycosaminoglycan conjugation may provide opportunities for enhanced drug delivery to hypoxic tumor cells. In support of this concept, pharmacological inhibition of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis with xylosides significantly potentiated the internalization and cytotoxic activity of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeted at CAIX. Moreover, cells expressing glycosaminoglycan-deficient CAIX were significantly more sensitive to ADC treatment as compared with cells expressing wild-type CAIX. We find that inhibition of CAIX endocytosis is associated with an increased localization of glycosaminoglycan-conjugated CAIX in membrane lipid raft domains stabilized by caveolin-1 clusters. The association of CAIX with caveolin-1 was partially attenuated by acidosis, i.e. another important feature of malignant tumors. Accordingly, we found increased internalization of CAIX at acidic conditions. These findings provide first evidence that intracellular drug delivery at pathophysiological conditions of malignant tumors can be attenuated by tumor antigen glycosaminoglycan modification, which is of conceptual importance in the future development of targeted cancer treatments.
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Riemann A, Güttler A, Haupt V, Wichmann H, Reime S, Bache M, Vordermark D, Thews O. Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase IX by Ureidosulfonamide Inhibitor U104 Reduces Prostate Cancer Cell Growth, But Does Not Modulate Daunorubicin or Cisplatin Cytotoxicity. Oncol Res 2017. [PMID: 28631600 PMCID: PMC7844713 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14965111926391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy. It is highly upregulated in hypoxic regions and mediates pH regulation critical for tumor cell survival as well as extracellular acidification of the tumor microenvironment, which promotes tumor aggressiveness via various mechanisms, such as augmenting metastatic potential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the complex interdependency between CA IX and the tumor microenvironment in prostate tumor cells with regard to potential therapeutic implications. CA IX was upregulated by hypoxia as well as acidosis in prostate cancer cells. This induction did not modulate intracellular pH but led to extracellular acidification. Pharmacological inhibition of CA IX activity by U104 (SLC-0111) resulted in a reduction in tumor cell growth and an increase in apoptotic cell death. Intracellular pH was reduced under normoxic and even more so under hypoxic conditions when CA IX level was high. However, although intracellular pH regulation was disturbed, targeting CA IX in combination with daunorubicin or cisplatin did not intensify apoptotic tumor cell death. Hence, targeting CA IX in prostate cancer cells can lead to intracellular pH dysregulation and, consequently, can reduce cellular growth and elevate apoptotic cell death. Attenuation of extracellular acidification by blocking CA IX might additionally impede tumor progression and metastasis. However, no beneficial effect was seen when targeting CA IX in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Riemann
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Antje Güttler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Verena Haupt
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Henri Wichmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sarah Reime
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthias Bache
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dirk Vordermark
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Oliver Thews
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Zhang Z, Lau J, Zhang C, Colpo N, Nocentini A, Supuran CT, Bénard F, Lin KS. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 18F-labeled cationic carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors for PET imaging. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:722-730. [PMID: 28385087 PMCID: PMC6445240 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1308928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) is a marker for tumor hypoxia, and its expression is negatively correlated with patient survival. CA-IX represents a potential target for eliminating hypoxic cancers. We synthesized fluorinated cationic sulfonamide inhibitors 1-3 designed to target CA-IX. The binding affinity for CA-IX ranged from 0.22 to 0.96 μM. We evaluated compound 2 as a diagnostic PET imaging agent. Compound 2 was radiolabeled with 18F in 10 ± 4% decay-corrected radiochemical yield with 85.1 ± 70.3 GBq/μmol specific activity and >98% radiochemical purity. 18F-labeled 2 was stable in mouse plasma at 37 °C after 1 h incubation. PET/CT imaging was conducted at 1 h post-injection in a human colorectal cancer xenograft model. 18F-labeled 2 cleared through hepatobiliary and renal pathways. Tumor uptake was approximately 0.41 ± 0.06% ID/g, with a tumor-to-muscle ratio of 1.99 ± 0.25. Subsequently, tumor xenografts were visualized with moderate contrast. This study demonstrates the use of a cationic motif for conferring isoform selectively for CA-IX imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxing Zhang
- a Department of Molecular Oncology , BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Joseph Lau
- a Department of Molecular Oncology , BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- a Department of Molecular Oncology , BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Nadine Colpo
- a Department of Molecular Oncology , BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- b Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences , Università Degli Studi Di Firenze , Florence , Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- b Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences , Università Degli Studi Di Firenze , Florence , Italy
| | - François Bénard
- a Department of Molecular Oncology , BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada.,c Department of Functional Imaging , BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada.,d Department of Radiology , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- a Department of Molecular Oncology , BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada.,c Department of Functional Imaging , BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada.,d Department of Radiology , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
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Bayat Mokhtari R, Baluch N, Ka Hon Tsui M, Kumar S, S Homayouni T, Aitken K, Das B, Baruchel S, Yeger H. Acetazolamide potentiates the anti-tumor potential of HDACi, MS-275, in neuroblastoma. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:156. [PMID: 28235409 PMCID: PMC5326494 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB), a tumor of the primitive neural crest, despite aggressive treatment portends a poor long-term survival for patients with advanced high stage NB. New treatment strategies are required. METHODS We investigated coordinated targeting of essential homeostatic regulatory factors involved in cancer progression, histone deacetylases (HDACs) and carbonic anhydrases (CAs). RESULTS We evaluated the antitumor potential of the HDAC inhibitor (HDACi), pyridylmethyl-N-{4-[(2-aminophenyl)-carbamoyl]-benzyl}-carbamate (MS-275) in combination with a pan CA inhibitor, acetazolamide (AZ) on NB SH-SY5Y, SK-N-SH and SK-N-BE(2) cells. The key observation was that the combination AZ + MS-275 significantly inhibited growth, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and reduced migration capacity of NB cell line SH-SY5Y. In addition, this combination significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo, in a pre-clinical xenograft model. Evidence was obtained for a marked reduction in tumorigenicity and in the expression of mitotic, proliferative, HIF-1α and CAIX. NB xenografts of SH-SY5Y showed a significant increase in apoptosis. CONCLUSION MS-275 alone at nanomolar concentrations significantly reduced the putative cancer stem cell (CSC) fraction of NB cell lines, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2), in reference to NT2/D1, a teratocarcinoma cell line, exhibiting a strong stem cell like phenotype in vitro. Whereas stemness genes (OCT4, SOX2 and Nanog) were found to be significantly downregulated after MS-275 treatment, this was further enhanced by AZ co-treatment. The significant reduction in initial tumorigenicity and subsequent abrogation upon serial xenografting suggests potential elimination of the NB CSC fraction. The significant potentiation of MS-275 by AZ is a promising therapeutic approach and one amenable for administration to patients given their current clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bayat Mokhtari
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Narges Baluch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Micky Ka Hon Tsui
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tina S Homayouni
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Aitken
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bikul Das
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sylvain Baruchel
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Herman Yeger
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Amiri A, Le PU, Moquin A, Machkalyan G, Petrecca K, Gillard JW, Yoganathan N, Maysinger D. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase IX in glioblastoma multiforme. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 109:81-92. [PMID: 27702686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a transmembrane enzyme upregulated in several types of tumors including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is among the most aggressive tumors among gliomas. Temozolomide (TMZ) therapy combined with surgical or radiation approaches is the standard treatment but not effective in long term. In this study we tested the treatment with acetazolamide (ATZ), an inhibitor of CAIX, alone or combined with TMZ. The experiments were performed in 2D and 3D cultures (spheroids) using glioblastoma U251N and human brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs). Several proteins implicated in tumor cell death were also investigated. The key results from these studies suggest the following: (1) Cell death of human glioblastoma spheroids and BTSC is significantly increased with combined treatment after 7 days, and (2) the effectiveness of ATZ is significantly enhanced against BTSC and U251N when incorporated into nano-carriers. Collectively, these results point toward the usefulness of nano-delivery of CAIX inhibitors and their combination with chemotherapeutics for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolali Amiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Phuong Uyen Le
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Moquin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gayane Machkalyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Quebec, Canada
| | - John W Gillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada; Kalgene Pharmaceuticals, Innovation Park at Queens University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Yoganathan
- Kalgene Pharmaceuticals, Innovation Park at Queens University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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67
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Viikilä P, Kivelä AJ, Mustonen H, Koskensalo S, Waheed A, Sly WS, Pastorek J, Pastorekova S, Parkkila S, Haglund C. Carbonic anhydrase enzymes II, VII, IX and XII in colorectal carcinomas. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8168-8177. [PMID: 27688658 PMCID: PMC5037085 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate expression of four alpha-carbonic anhydrases (CAs) in colorectal carcinomas (CRC) and compare the results with patients’ survival.
METHODS Colorectal carcinoma samples from 539 CRC patients and control tissues were arranged as tissue microarrays and analyzed with antibodies against CA II, CA VII, CA IX, and CA XII. Intensity and extent of staining were both scored from 0 to 3 in each sample. These enzyme expression levels were then correlated to patients’ survival and clinicopathological parameters, which were tumor differentiation grade and stage, site of tumor, patients’ age, and gender. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression hazard ratio model were used to analyze survival data.
RESULTS CA II and CA XII staining intensities correlated with patients’ survival in that higher expression indicated poorer prognosis. In Cox regression analysis one unit increase in the CA II intensity increased the hazard ratio to 1.19 fold (CI: 1.04-1.37, P = 0.009). A significant correlation was also found when comparing CA XII staining intensity with survival of CRC patients (HR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.01-1.38, P = 0.036). The extent of CA XII immunostaining did not correlate to the patients’ survival (P = 0.242, Kaplan-Meier analysis). A significant interaction between age group and extent of the CA II staining was found. Increased extent of CA II had a significant hazard ratio among patients 65 years and older (1.42, 95%CI: 1.16-1.73, P = 0.0006). No correlations were found between CA VII (intensity P = 0.566, extent P = 0.495, Kaplan-Meier analysis), or CA IX (intensity P = 0.879, extent P = 0.315, Kaplan-Meier analysis) immunostaining results and survival, or the other parameters.
CONCLUSION The present findings indicate that CA II and CA XII could be useful in predicting survival in CRC.
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Tran Q, Lee H, Park J, Kim SH, Park J. Targeting Cancer Metabolism - Revisiting the Warburg Effects. Toxicol Res 2016; 32:177-93. [PMID: 27437085 PMCID: PMC4946416 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than half of century since the Warburg effect was described, this atypical metabolism has been standing true for almost every type of cancer, exhibiting higher glycolysis and lactate metabolism and defective mitochondrial ATP production. This phenomenon had attracted many scientists to the problem of elucidating the mechanism of, and reason for, this effect. Several models based on oncogenic studies have been proposed, such as the accumulation of mitochondrial gene mutations, the switch from oxidative phosphorylation respiration to glycolysis, the enhancement of lactate metabolism, and the alteration of glycolytic genes. Whether the Warburg phenomenon is the consequence of genetic dysregulation in cancer or the cause of cancer remains unknown. Moreover, the exact reasons and physiological values of this peculiar metabolism in cancer remain unclear. Although there are some pharmacological compounds, such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose, dichloroacetic acid, and 3-bromopyruvate, therapeutic strategies, including diet, have been developed based on targeting the Warburg effect. In this review, we will revisit the Warburg effect to determine how much scientists currently understand about this phenomenon and how we can treat the cancer based on targeting metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangdon Tran
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seon-Hwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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69
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Ward C, Meehan J, Mullen P, Supuran C, Dixon JM, Thomas JS, Winum JY, Lambin P, Dubois L, Pavathaneni NK, Jarman EJ, Renshaw L, Um IH, Kay C, Harrison DJ, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP. Evaluation of carbonic anhydrase IX as a therapeutic target for inhibition of breast cancer invasion and metastasis using a series of in vitro breast cancer models. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24856-70. [PMID: 26259239 PMCID: PMC4694798 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative, resistant or metastatic disease are major factors in breast cancer mortality, warranting novel approaches. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is implicated in survival, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and inhibition provides an innovative therapeutic strategy. The efficacy of 5 novel ureido-substituted sulfamate CAIX inhibitors were assessed in increasingly complex breast cancer models, including cell lines in normoxia and hypoxia, 3D spheroids and an ex-vivo explant model utilizing fresh biopsy tissue from different breast cancer subtypes. CAIX expression was evaluated in a tissue microarray (TMA) of 92 paired lymph node and primary breast cancers and 2 inhibitors were appraised in vivo using MDA-MB-231 xenografts. FC11409B, FC9398A, FC9403, FC9396A and S4 decreased cell proliferation and migration and inhibited 3D spheroid invasion. S4, FC9398A and FC9403A inhibited or prevented invasion into collagen. FC9403A significantly reversed established invasion whilst FC9398A and DTP348 reduced xenograft growth. TMA analysis showed increased CAIX expression in triple negative cancers. These data establish CAIX inhibition as a relevant therapeutic goal in breast cancer, targeting the migratory, invasive, and metastatic potential of this disease. The use of biopsy tissue suggests efficacy against breast cancer subtypes, and should provide a useful tool in drug testing against invasive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Ward
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mullen
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Claudiu Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - J Michael Dixon
- Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy S Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS-UM1-UM2, Batiment de Recherche Max Mousseron, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MaastRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ludwig Dubois
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MaastRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda-Kumar Pavathaneni
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS-UM1-UM2, Batiment de Recherche Max Mousseron, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology (MaastRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward J Jarman
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Renshaw
- Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - In Hwa Um
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Charlene Kay
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Kunkler
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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70
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Collier DJ, Wolff CB, Hedges A, Nathan J, Flower RJ, Milledge JS, Swenson ER. Benzolamide improves oxygenation and reduces acute mountain sickness during a high-altitude trek and has fewer side effects than acetazolamide at sea level. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00203. [PMID: 27433337 PMCID: PMC4876137 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetazolamide is the standard carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor used for acute mountain sickness (AMS), however some of its undesirable effects are related to intracellular penetrance into many tissues, including across the blood-brain barrier. Benzolamide is a much more hydrophilic inhibitor, which nonetheless retains a strong renal action to engender a metabolic acidosis and ventilatory stimulus that improves oxygenation at high altitude and reduces AMS. We tested the effectiveness of benzolamide versus placebo in a first field study of the drug as prophylaxis for AMS during an ascent to the Everest Base Camp (5340 m). In two other studies performed at sea level to test side effect differences between acetazolamide and benzolamide, we assessed physiological actions and psychomotor side effects of two doses of acetazolamide (250 and 1000 mg) in one group of healthy subjects and in another group compared acetazolamide (500 mg), benzolamide (200 mg) and lorazepam (2 mg) as an active comparator for central nervous system (CNS) effects. At high altitude, benzolamide-treated subjects maintained better arterial oxygenation at all altitudes (3-6% higher at all altitudes above 4200 m) than placebo-treated subjects and reduced AMS severity by roughly 50%. We found benzolamide had fewer side effects, some of which are symptoms of AMS, than any of the acetazolamide doses in Studies 1 and 2, but equal physiological effects on renal function. The psychomotor side effects of acetazolamide were dose dependent. We conclude that benzolamide is very effective for AMS prophylaxis. With its lesser CNS effects, benzolamide may be superior to acetazolamide, in part, because some of the side effects of acetazolamide may contribute to and be mistaken for AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Collier
- Centres of Clinical Pharmacology and Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUnited Kingdom
| | - Chris B. Wolff
- Centres of Clinical Pharmacology and Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUnited Kingdom
| | - Anne‐Marie Hedges
- Centres of Clinical Pharmacology and Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUnited Kingdom
| | - John Nathan
- The Health CentreSurreyRH8 OBQUnited Kingdom
| | - Rod J. Flower
- Centres of Clinical Pharmacology and Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUnited Kingdom
| | - James S. Milledge
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine UCLLondonN19 5LWUnited Kingdom
| | - Erik R. Swenson
- Medical ServiceVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA98108
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71
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Hypoxia regulates global membrane protein endocytosis through caveolin-1 in cancer cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11371. [PMID: 27094744 PMCID: PMC4842985 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia promotes tumour aggressiveness and resistance of cancers to oncological treatment. The identification of cancer cell internalizing antigens for drug targeting to the hypoxic tumour niche remains a challenge of high clinical relevance. Here we show that hypoxia down-regulates the surface proteome at the global level and, more specifically, membrane proteome internalization. We find that hypoxic down-regulation of constitutive endocytosis is HIF-independent, and involves caveolin-1-mediated inhibition of dynamin-dependent, membrane raft endocytosis. Caveolin-1 overexpression inhibits protein internalization, suggesting a general negative regulatory role of caveolin-1 in endocytosis. In contrast to this global inhibitory effect, we identify several proteins that can override caveolin-1 negative regulation, exhibiting increased internalization at hypoxia. We demonstrate antibody-mediated cytotoxin delivery and killing specifically of hypoxic cells through one of these proteins, carbonic anhydrase IX. Our data reveal that caveolin-1 modulates cell-surface proteome turnover at hypoxia with potential implications for specific targeting of the hypoxic tumour microenvironment. Hypoxia promotes tumour aggressiveness and resistance of cancers to oncological treatment. Here, the authors show that caveolin-1 can down-regulate global membrane protein endocytosis in hypoxic cells with potential implications for targeting the hypoxic 3microenvironment of aggressive tumours.
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72
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Vidlickova I, Dequiedt F, Jelenska L, Sedlakova O, Pastorek M, Stuchlik S, Pastorek J, Zatovicova M, Pastorekova S. Apoptosis-induced ectodomain shedding of hypoxia-regulated carbonic anhydrase IX from tumor cells: a double-edged response to chemotherapy. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:239. [PMID: 26993100 PMCID: PMC4799595 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a tumor-associated, highly active, transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isoform regulated by hypoxia and implicated in pH control and adhesion-migration-invasion. CA IX ectodomain (ECD) is shed from the tumor cell surface to serum/plasma of patients, where it can signify cancer prognosis. We previously showed that the CA IX ECD release is mediated by disintegrin and metalloproteinase ADAM17. Here we investigated the CA IX ECD shedding in tumor cells undergoing apoptosis in response to cytotoxic drugs, including cycloheximide and doxorubicin. Methods Presence of cell surface CA IX was correlated to the extent of apoptosis by flow cytometry in cell lines with natural or ectopic CA IX expression. CA IX ECD level was assessed by ELISA using CA IX-specific monoclonal antibodies. Effect of recombinant CA IX ECD on the activation of molecular pathways was evaluated using the cell-based dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results We found a significantly lower occurrence of apoptosis in the CA IX-positive cell subpopulation than in the CA IX-negative one. We also demonstrated that the cell-surface CA IX level dropped during the death progress due to an increased ECD shedding, which required a functional ADAM17. Inhibitors of metalloproteinases reduced CA IX ECD shedding, but not apoptosis. The CA IX ECD release induced by cytotoxic drugs was connected to elevated expression of CA IX in the surviving fraction of cells. Moreover, an externally added recombinant CA IX ECD activated a pathway driven by the Nanog transcription factor implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness. Conclusions These findings imply that the increased level of the circulating CA IX ECD might be useful as an indicator of an effective antitumor chemotherapy. Conversely, elevated CA IX ECD might generate unwanted effects through autocrine/paracrine signaling potentially contributing to resistance and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Vidlickova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Franck Dequiedt
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Lenka Jelenska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Olga Sedlakova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Pastorek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Stuchlik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Miriam Zatovicova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. .,Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Lau J, Zhang Z, Jenni S, Kuo HT, Liu Z, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Lin KS, Bénard F. PET Imaging of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Expression of HT-29 Tumor Xenograft Mice with 68Ga-Labeled Benzenesulfonamides. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1137-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lau
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Silvia Jenni
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hsiou-Ting Kuo
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Dipartimento Neurofarba and Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba and Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department
of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department
of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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74
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Alfarouk KO. Tumor metabolism, cancer cell transporters, and microenvironmental resistance. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:859-66. [PMID: 26864256 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1140753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolic machineries to enter into permanent glycolytic pathways. The full reason for such reprogramming takes place is unclear. However, this metabolic switch is not made in vain for the lactate that is generated and exported outside cells is reused by other cells. This results in the generation of a pH gradient between the low extracellular pH that is acidic (pHe) and the higher cytosolic alkaline or near neutral pH (pHi) environments that are tightly regulated by the overexpression of several pumps and ion channels (e.g. NHE-1, MCT-1, V-ATPase, CA9, and CA12). The generation of this unique pH gradient serves as a determining factor in defining "tumor fitness". Tumor fitness is the capacity of the tumor to invade and metastasize due to its ability to reduce the efficiency of the immune system and confer resistance to chemotherapy. In this article, we highlight the importance of tumor microenvironment in mediating the failure of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid O Alfarouk
- a Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Pharmacy, AL-Neelain University , Khartoum , Sudan
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75
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Swenson ER. Hypoxia and Its Acid-Base Consequences: From Mountains to Malignancy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 903:301-23. [PMID: 27343105 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7678-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, depending upon its magnitude and circumstances, evokes a spectrum of mild to severe acid-base changes ranging from alkalosis to acidosis, which can alter many responses to hypoxia at both non-genomic and genomic levels, in part via altered hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) metabolism. Healthy people at high altitude and persons hyperventilating to non-hypoxic stimuli can become alkalotic and alkalemic with arterial pH acutely rising as high as 7.7. Hypoxia-mediated respiratory alkalosis reduces sympathetic tone, blunts hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and hypoxic cerebral vasodilation, and increases hemoglobin oxygen affinity. These effects and others can be salutary or counterproductive to tissue oxygen delivery and utilization, based upon magnitude of each effect and summation. With severe hypoxia either in the setting of profound arterial hemoglobin desaturation and reduced O2 content or poor perfusion (ischemia) at the global or local level, metabolic and hypercapnic acidosis develop along with considerable lactate formation and pH falling to below 6.8. Although conventionally considered to be injurious and deleterious to cell function and survival, both acidoses may be cytoprotective by various anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms which limit total hypoxic or ischemic-reperfusion injury. Attempts to correct acidosis by giving bicarbonate or other alkaline agents under these circumstances ahead of or concurrent with reoxygenation efforts may be ill advised. Better understanding of this so-called "pH paradox" or permissive acidosis may offer therapeutic possibilities. Rapidly growing cancers often outstrip their vascular supply compromising both oxygen and nutrient delivery and metabolic waste disposal, thus limiting their growth and metastatic potential. However, their excessive glycolysis and lactate formation may not necessarily represent oxygen insufficiency, but rather the Warburg effect-an attempt to provide a large amount of small carbon intermediates to supply the many synthetic pathways of proliferative cell growth. In either case, there is expression and upregulation of many genes involved in acid-base homeostasis, in part by HIF-1 signaling. These include a unique isoform of carbonic anhydrase (CA-IX) and numerous membrane acid-base transporters engaged to maintain an optimal intracellular and extracellular pH for maximal growth. Inhibition of these proteins or gene suppression may have important therapeutic application in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Swenson
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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76
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Durdagi S, Korkmaz N, Işık S, Vullo D, Astley D, Ekinci D, Salmas RE, Senturk M, Supuran CT. Kinetic and docking studies of cytosolic/tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isozymes I, II and IX with some hydroxylic compounds. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:1214-20. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1114930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Durdagi
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Neslihan Korkmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey,
| | - Semra Işık
- Department of Chemistry, Science & Art Faculty, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey,
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio Di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università Degli Studi Di Firenze, Florence, Italy,
| | - Demet Astley
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey,
| | - Deniz Ekinci
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey, and
| | - Ramin E. Salmas
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Murat Senturk
- Department of Chemistry, Art and Science Faculty, Ağrı Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio Di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università Degli Studi Di Firenze, Florence, Italy,
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Betulinyl Sulfamates as Anticancer Agents and Radiosensitizers in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26249-62. [PMID: 26540049 PMCID: PMC4661812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA), a natural compound of birch bark, is cytotoxic for many tumors. Recently, a betulinyl sulfamate was described that inhibits carbonic anhydrases (CA), such as CAIX, an attractive target for tumor-selective therapy strategies in hypoxic cancer cells. Data on combined CAIX inhibition with radiotherapy are rare. In the human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB231 and MCF7, the effects of BA and betulinyl sulfamates on cellular and radiobiological behavior under normoxia and hypoxia were evaluated. The two most effective betulinyl sulfamates CAI 1 and CAI 3 demonstrated a 1.8–2.8-fold higher cytotoxicity than BA under normoxia in breast cancer cells, with IC50 values between 11.1 and 18.1 µM. BA exhibits its strongest cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 8.2 and 16.4 µM under hypoxia. All three substances show a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis, inhibition of migration, and inhibition of hypoxia-induced gene expression. In combination with irradiation, betulinyl sulfamates act as radiosensitizers, with DMF10 values of 1.47 (CAI 1) and 1.75 (CAI 3) under hypoxia in MDA-MB231 cells. BA showed additive effects in combination with irradiation. Taken together; our results suggest that BA and betulinyl sulfamates seem to be attractive substances to combine with radiotherapy; particularly for hypoxic breast cancer.
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Cheng F, Wang X, Zhong D, Sun L, Wang Q, Liu C. [Significance of detection of serum carbonic anhydrase IX in the diagnosis of lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2015; 18:29-33. [PMID: 25603870 PMCID: PMC5999739 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2015.01.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a transmembrane protein involved in the metabolism of tumor cells. CAIX is expressed in only a few normal tissues but is overexpressed in various tumor types. The aim of this study is to detect the serum CAIX level of patients with lung cancer, evaluate the significance of CAIX detection in the diagnosis of lung cancer, and analyze the serum CAIX level among different pathological types and TNM stages of lung cancer. METHODS Forty-seven patients with lung cancer and 31 healthy subjects were selected to participate in this study. Serum CAIX level was examined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The subjects were grouped according to histological type and TNM staging, and serum CAIX level was compared among the groups. With pathological diagnosis as the gold standard, receiver operating characteristic curve of the serum CAIX level was established for the diagnosis of lung cancer. RESULTS The CAIX serum level was significantly higher in patients with lung cancer than that in the healthy group (P<0.001). The serum CAIX level in patients with squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma was also significantly higher than that in patients with adenocarcinoma. No statistically significant differences were observed in the serum CAIX level between I+II and III+IV staging. The AUC of serum CAIX level was 0.961. At a threshold level of 115.115 pg/mL, sensitivity and specificity were 95.7% and 90.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Detection of the serum CAIX level through ELISA exhibits high sensitivity and specificity and is important for the diagnosis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiao'e Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Diansheng Zhong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China;Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Perut F, Carta F, Bonuccelli G, Grisendi G, Di Pompo G, Avnet S, Sbrana FV, Hosogi S, Dominici M, Kusuzaki K, Supuran CT, Baldini N. Carbonic anhydrase IX inhibition is an effective strategy for osteosarcoma treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1593-605. [PMID: 26357839 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1086339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, a regulator of CA IX activity, is often overexpressed in human osteosarcoma (OS) but not in normal tissues, and its expression levels correlate with prognosis. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of newly synthesized CA IX sulfonamide inhibitors in OS. METHODS CA IX expression was evaluated in OS cell lines and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). After treatment with CA IX inhibitors, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, extracellular and cytosolic pH changes were evaluated both in vitro and in mouse OS xenografts. RESULTS CA IX expression levels were significantly higher in OS than in BMSC. Accordingly, CA IX inhibitor 3 induced remarkable cytotoxicity on OS cells without affecting BMSC proliferation. This activity was increased under hypoxia, and was mediated by cell cycle arrest and by the modulation of cytosolic and extracellular pH. In vivo, CA IX inhibitor 3 reduced tumor growth by inducing significant necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a strong rationale for the clinical use of the newly synthesized CA IX inhibitor 3 in human OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perut
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ;
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- b 2 University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NEUROFARBA Department , Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Gloria Bonuccelli
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ;
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- c 3 University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults , Modena, Italy
| | - Gemma Di Pompo
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ;
| | - Sofia Avnet
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ;
| | - Francesca Vittoria Sbrana
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ;
| | - Shigekuni Hosogi
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ;
| | - Massimo Dominici
- c 3 University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults , Modena, Italy
| | - Katsuyuki Kusuzaki
- d 4 Kyoto Kujo Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- b 2 University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NEUROFARBA Department , Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ; .,e 5 University of Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , Bologna, Italy
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Perry NJS, Ma D. Inhalational Anesthetic Agents and Their Effects on Cancer Cell Biology. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-015-0119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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81
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to study the effects of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) towards the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. The expressions of CA IX in 58 cases of pancreatic cancer and paired paracancerous normal tissues, obtained from 2005 to 2012 in the first Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, were detected, as well as its expressions in different pancreatic cancer cell lines, aiming to detect the impacts of CA IX silencing towards the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. The CA IX expressions in 58 pancreatic cancer cases were higher than those in the paired paracancerous normal tissues (P < 0.01), and positively correlated with the tumor size and the UICC staging UICC (P < 0.05), the multivariate analysis showed that the high expression of CA IX was the independent risk factor towards the prognosis of pancreatic cancer (P < 0.05). The CA IX was highly expressed in AxPC-1 and Miapaca-2, and the interference effects were significant. CA IX silencing could significantly inhibit the invasion and metastasis of AxPC-1 and Miapaca. We support a pro-tumor role of CA IX in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Weiwei Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Longping Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
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Kuznetzova KG, Kazlas EV, Torkhovskaya TI, Karalkin PA, Vachrushev IV, Zakharova TS, Sanzhakov MA, Moshkovskiy SA, Ipatova OM. [The influence of doxorubicin incorporated in phospholipid drug delivery nanosystem on HEPG2 cells proteome]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2015. [PMID: 26215411 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156103343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A phospholipid drug delivery nanosystem with particle size up to 30 nm elaborated at the Institute of Biomedical Chemistry has been used earlier for incorporation of doxorubicin (Doxolip). This system demonstrated higher antitumor effect in vivo as compared with free doxorubicin. In this study the effect of this nanosystem containing doxorubicin on HepG2 cell proteome has been investigated. Cells were incubated in a medium containing phospholipid nanoparticles (0.5 mg/ml doxorubicin, 10 mg/mL phosphatidylcholine). After incubation for 48 h their survival represented 10% as compared with untreated cells. Cell proteins were analyzed by quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by identification of differentially expressed proteins with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The phospholipid transport nanosystem itself insignificantly influenced the cell proteome thus confirming previous data on its safety. Doxorubicin, as both free substance and Doxolip (i.e. included into phospholipid nanoparticles) induced changes in expression of 28 proteins. Among these proteins only four of them demonstrated different in response to the effect of the free drug substance and Doxolip. Doxolip exhibited a more pronounced effect on expression of certain proteins; the latter indirectly implies increased penetration of the drug substance (included into nanoparticles) into the tumor cells. Increased antitumor activity of doxorubicin included into phospholipid nanoparticles may be associated with more active increase of specific protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E V Kazlas
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - P A Karalkin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - O M Ipatova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Increased metabolism and insufficient blood supply cause acidic waste product accumulation in solid cancers. During carcinogenesis, cellular acid extrusion is upregulated but the underlying molecular mechanisms and their consequences for cancer growth and progression have not been established. Genome-wide association studies have indicated a possible link between the Na⁺, HCO₃⁻-cotransporter NBCn1 (SLC4A7) and breast cancer. We tested the functional consequences of NBCn1 knockout (KO) for breast cancer development. NBCn1 protein expression increased 2.5-fold during breast carcinogenesis and was responsible for the increased net acid extrusion and alkaline intracellular pH of breast cancer compared with normal breast tissue. Genetic disruption of NBCn1 delayed breast cancer development: tumor latency was ~50% increased while tumor growth rate was ~65% reduced in NBCn1 KO compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Breast cancer histopathology in NBCn1 KO mice differed from that in WT mice and included less aggressive tumor types. The extracellular tumor microenvironment in NBCn1 KO mice contained higher concentrations of glucose and lower concentrations of lactate than that in WT mice. Independently of NBCn1 genotype, the cleaved fraction of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 and expression of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)1 increased while phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1 decreased as functions of tumor volume. Cell proliferation, evaluated from Ki-67 and phospho-histone H₃staining, was ~60% lower in breast cancer of NBCn1 KO than that of WT mice when corrected for variations in tumor size. We conclude that NBCn1 facilitates acid extrusion from breast cancer tissue, maintains the alkaline intracellular environment and promotes aggressive cancer development and growth.
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84
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Iwasaki K, Yabushita H, Ueno T, Wakatsuki A. Role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, carbonic anhydrase-IX, glucose transporter-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor associated with lymph node metastasis and recurrence in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1970-1978. [PMID: 26622782 PMCID: PMC4579921 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), carbonic anhydrase-IX (CA-IX), glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was associated with the clinicopathological characteristics, lymph node metastasis or progression-free survival of patients with cervical cancer. Tumor tissue samples were obtained from 54 cervical cancer patients who had undergone radical hysterectomy. The expression of HIF-1α, CA-IX, GLUT-1 and VEGF was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. Of the 54 cases, 28 were positive for HIF-1α, 35 for CA-IX, 40 for GLUT-1 and 23 for VEGF. It was revealed that HIF-1α expression was correlated with tumor stage and histology, CA-IX expression with tumor stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis and lymph-vascular space involvement, GLUT-1 expression with tumor stage and lymph-vascular space involvement, and VEGF expression with microvessel density. The multivariate regression analysis indicated that CA-IX expression and lymph-vascular space involvement were independent variables associated with lymph node metastasis. Progression-free survival was shorter for patients who were positive for CA-IX or VEGF expression than for those who were negative for CA-IX or VEGF expression. The progression-free survival of patients treated with radiotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy following radical hysterectomy was also shorter for patients with positive CA-IX expression. These findings suggest that CA-IX expression is a possible risk factor for lymph node metastasis and disease recurrence in locally advanced cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Iwasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Yabushita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Taiki Ueno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Akihiko Wakatsuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Lau J, Liu Z, Lin KS, Pan J, Zhang Z, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Perrin DM, Bénard F. Trimeric Radiofluorinated Sulfonamide Derivatives to Achieve In Vivo Selectivity for Carbonic Anhydrase IX–Targeted PET Imaging. J Nucl Med 2015. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.153288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Yan P, Li YH, Tang ZJ, Shu X, Liu X. High monocarboxylate transporter 4 protein expression in stromal cells predicts adverse survival in gastric cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:8923-9. [PMID: 25374230 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that stromal monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) may play key roles in tumor development. However, their clinical value remains largely unexplored in gastric cancer (GC). The present study aimed to determine clinicopathological significance and prognostic values of stromal MCT4 and CA IX in GC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens from 143 GC patients were immunohistochemically stained using polyclonal anti-MCT4 and anti-CA IX antibodies. Expression was correlated with patient clinicopathologic characteristics and survival data. RESULTS High stromal MCT4 expression was detected in 72 of 143 (50.3%) GCs and high CA IX in 74 (51.7%). Both high stromal MCT4 and CA IX were correlated with advanced TNM stage (p=0.000; p=0.000). High CA IX expression was positively related to depth of invasion (p=0.022) and positive lymph nodes (p=0.002) as well. Survival analysis indicated high expression of stromal MCT4 to be an independent factor in predicting poor overall survival (OS) (HR and 95%CI=1.962, 1.032-3.729, p=0.040) and disease free survival (DFS) (HR and 95%CI=2.081, 1.158-3.741, p=0.014) of GC patients. However, high CA IX expression exhibited no significant predictive value. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that high expression of stromal MCT4 and CA IX proteins is significantly correlated with GC progression. High stromal MCT4 heralds worse outcome of GC patient, suggesting a novel candidate prognostic marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China E-mail :
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Zheng G, Peng C, Jia X, Gu Y, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Wang C, Li N, Yin J, Liu X, Lu M, Tang H, He Z. ZEB1 transcriptionally regulated carbonic anhydrase 9 mediates the chemoresistance of tongue cancer via maintaining intracellular pH. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:84. [PMID: 25890268 PMCID: PMC4404088 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemoresistance is a major obstacle in successfully treating cancers, and the mechanisms responsible for drug resistance are still far from understood. Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) has been shown to be upregulated in the drug-resistant tongue cancer cell line Tca8113/PYM and to be associated with drug resistance. However, the mechanisms regulating CA9 expression and its role in drug resistance remain unclear. Methods Bioinformatic and experimental analysis involving ChIP and luciferase reporter assays were used to validate Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) as a transcriptional regulator of CA9. Gene expression and protein levels were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Sensitivity to chemotherapy was examined using the MTS assay and Hoechst staining and analysis caspase-3 activity to evaluate changes in apoptosis. Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured using fluorescent pH-indicator BCECF-AM. Protein expression in patient tissue samples was examined by immunohistochemistry and survival of tongue cancer patients from which these samples were derived was also analyzed. Results ZEB1 bound to the promoter of CA9 to positively regulate CA9 expression in tongue cancer cells. Knockdown of CA9 using short interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the chemoresistance resulting from ZEB1 overexpression in Tca8113 and SCC-25 cells, and CA9 overexpression attenuated chemosensitivity induced by ZEB1 knockdown in Tca8113/PYM cells. CA9 knockdown also prevented maintenance of pHi mediated by overexpression of ZEB1 in Tca8113 and SCC-25 cells following chemotherapy, associated with increased apoptosis and caspase-3 activation. Conversely, ectopic expression of CA9 suppressed decrease in pHi mediated by ZEB1 knockdown in Tca8113/PYM cells following chemotherapy, accompanied by decreased apoptosis and caspase-3 activation. Importantly, a positive correlation was observed between ZEB1 and CA9 protein expression in tongue cancer tissues, and expression of these proteins associated with a poor prognosis for patients. Conclusion Our finding that tumor cells regulate pHi in response to chemotherapy provides new insights into mechanisms of drug resistance during cancer treatment. Identification of the ZEB1–CA9 signaling axis as a biomarker of poor prognosis in tongue cancer will be valuable in future development of therapeutic strategies aimed at improving treatment efficacy, especially in terms of drug resistance associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopei Zheng
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Hengzhigang Road 78#, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Cong Peng
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Hengzhigang Road 78#, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaoting Jia
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Hengzhigang Road 78#, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yixue Gu
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Hengzhigang Road 78#, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Hengzhigang Road 78#, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yingen Deng
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Hengzhigang Road 78#, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Hengzhigang Road 78#, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Nan Li
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Hengzhigang Road 78#, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jiang Yin
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Hengzhigang Road 78#, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Hengzhigang Road 78#, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Minying Lu
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Hengzhigang Road 78#, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, East Dongfeng Road 651#, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhimin He
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Hengzhigang Road 78#, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
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Minton DR, Fu L, Chen Q, Robinson BD, Gross SS, Nanus DM, Gudas LJ. Analyses of the transcriptome and metabolome demonstrate that HIF1α mediates altered tumor metabolism in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120649. [PMID: 25830305 PMCID: PMC4382166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) is a transcription factor that is frequently stabilized and active in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We have found that constitutively active HIF1α is sufficient to cause neoplastic transformation in a murine model of ccRCC termed the TRACK model. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and untargeted metabolomics analyses of samples from TRACK kidneys demonstrate that HIF1α activates the transcription of genes that cause increased glucose uptake, glycolysis, and lactate production, as well as a decrease in the flux of pyruvate entering the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation; these changes are identical to those observed in human ccRCC samples. These studies show that a constitutively active HIF1α promotes tumorigenesis in TRACK mice by mediating a metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis, i.e., the Warburg effect, and suggest that TRACK mice are a valid model to test novel therapies targeting metabolic changes to inhibit human ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise R. Minton
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Leiping Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Qiuying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Robinson
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven S. Gross
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David M. Nanus
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lorraine J. Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Overexpression of DHX32 contributes to the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9247. [PMID: 25782664 PMCID: PMC4363870 DOI: 10.1038/srep09247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work demonstrates that DHX32 is upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to its adjacent normal tissues. However, how overexpressed DHX32 contributes to CRC remains largely unknown. In this study, we reported that DHX32 was overexpressed in human colon cancer cells. Overexpressed DHX32 promoted SW480 cancer cells proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as decreased the susceptibility to chemotherapy agent 5-Fluorouracil. Furthermore, PCR array analyses revealed that depleting DHX32 in SW480 colon cancer cells suppressed expression of WISP1, MMP7 and VEGFA in the Wnt pathway, and anti-apoptotic gene BCL2 and CA9, however, elevated expression of pro-apoptotic gene ACSL5. The findings suggested that overexpressed DHX32 played an important role in CRC progression and metastasis and that DHX32 has the potential to serve as a biomarker and a novel therapeutic target for CRC.
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Probing the surface of human carbonic anhydrase for clues towards the design of isoform specific inhibitors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:453543. [PMID: 25811028 PMCID: PMC4355338 DOI: 10.1155/2015/453543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The alpha carbonic anhydrases (α-CAs) are a group of structurally related zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 to HCO3−. Humans have 15 different α-CAs with numerous physiological roles and expression patterns. Of these, 12 are catalytically active, and abnormal expression and activities are linked with various diseases, including glaucoma and cancer. Hence there is a need for CA isoform specific inhibitors to avoid off-target CA inhibition, but due to the high amino acid conservation of the active site and surrounding regions between each enzyme, this has proven difficult. However, residues towards the exit of the active site are variable and can be exploited to design isoform selective inhibitors. Here we discuss and characterize this region of “selective drug targetability” and how these observations can be utilized to develop isoform selective CA inhibitors.
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Kim JI, Choi KU, Lee IS, Choi YJ, Kim WT, Shin DH, Kim K, Lee JH, Kim JY, Sol MY. Expression of hypoxic markers and their prognostic significance in soft tissue sarcoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1699-1706. [PMID: 25789026 PMCID: PMC4356356 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is significant in promoting tumor progression and resistance to therapy, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is essential in the adaptive response of cells to hypoxia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of hypoxic markers and evaluate their prognostic significance in soft tissue sarcoma (STS). A retrospective analysis of 55 patients with STS from Pusan National University Hospital (Busan, Korea) between 1998 and 2007 was conducted, using immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of HIF-1α, carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The association between the overexpression of these markers and clinicopathological characteristics, including the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in cases of STS, were investigated. Overexpression of HIF-1α, CA9, GLUT1 and VEGF was shown in 54.5, 32.7, 52.7 and 25.5% of tumors, respectively, and all exhibited a significant association with high French Federation of Cancer Centers (FNCLCC) grade and high American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage. Overexpression of HIF-1α and CA9 was associated with a shorter OS and a shorter PFS. On multivariate analysis, AJCC stage and HIF-1α overexpression had independent prognostic significance. In the group receiving chemotherapy (n=27), HIF-1α overexpression was independently associated with a decreased OS. These results indicate that overexpression of HIF-1α and CA9 is associated with poor prognosis, and that HIF-1α overexpression is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeung Il Kim
- Department of Orthopedics, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea ; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Un Choi
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea ; Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-770, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sook Lee
- Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Tack Kim
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-770, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungbin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-770, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-770, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Yeon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-770, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Young Sol
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-770, Republic of Korea
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92
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Ilardi G, Zambrano N, Merolla F, Siano M, Varricchio S, Vecchione M, De Rosa G, Mascolo M, Staibano S. Histopathological determinants of tumor resistance: a special look to the immunohistochemical expression of carbonic anhydrase IX in human cancers. Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:1569-82. [PMID: 23992304 PMCID: PMC3979091 DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance of tumor cells still causes the failure of treatment regimens in advanced
human cancers. It may be driven by intrinsic tumor cells features, or may also arise from micro environmental influences.
Hypoxia is a microenvironment feature associated with the aggressiveness and metastasizing ability of human solid cancers.
Hypoxic cancer cells overexpress Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA IX). CA IX ensures a favorable tumor intracellular
pH, while contributing to stromal acidosis, which facilitates tumor invasion and metastasis. The overexpression of CA IX
is considered an epiphenomenon of the presence of hypoxic, aggressive tumor cells. Recently, a relationship between CA
IX overexpression and the cancer stem cells (CSCs) population has been hypothesized. CSCs are strictly regulated by tumor
hypoxia and drive a major non-mutational mechanism of cancer drug-resistance. We reviewed the current data concerning
the role of CA IX overexpression in human malignancies, extending such information to the expression of the
stem cells markers CD44 and nestin in solid cancers, to explore their relationship with the biological behavior of tumors.
CA IX is heavily expressed in advanced tumors. A positive trend of correlation between CA IX overexpression, tumor
stage/grade and poor outcome emerged. Moreover, stromal CA IX expression was associated with adverse events occurrence,
maybe signaling the direct action of CA IX in directing the mesenchymal changes that favor tumor invasion; in addition,
membranous/cytoplasmic co-overexpression of CA IX and stem cells markers were found in several aggressive
tumors. This suggests that CA IX targeting could indirectly deplete CSCs and counteract resistance of solid cancers in the
clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S Staibano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", address: via S. Pansini, n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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93
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Honarvar H, Garousi J, Gunneriusson E, Höidén-Guthenberg I, Altai M, Widström C, Tolmachev V, Frejd FY. Imaging of CAIX-expressing xenografts in vivo using 99mTc-HEHEHE-ZCAIX:1 affibody molecule. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:513-20. [PMID: 25434612 PMCID: PMC4277246 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a transmembrane enzyme involved in regulation of tissue pH balance. In cancer, CAIX expression is associated with tumor hypoxia. CAIX is also overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma and is a molecular target for the therapeutic antibody cG250 (girentuximab). Radionuclide imaging of CAIX expression might be used for identification of patients who may benefit from cG250 therapy and from treatment strategies for hypoxic tumors. Affibody molecules are small (7 kDa) scaffold proteins having a high potential as probes for radionuclide molecular imaging. The aim of the present study was to evaluate feasibility of in vivo imaging of CAIX-expression using radiolabeled Affibody molecules. A histidine-glutamate-histidine-glutamate-histidine-glutamate (HE)3-tag-containing CAIX-binding Affibody molecule (HE)3-ZCAIX:1 was labeled with [99mTc(CO)3]+. Its binding properties were evaluated in vitro using CAIX-expressing SK-RC-52 renal carcinoma cells. 99mTc-(HE)3-ZCAIX:1 was evaluated in NMRI nu/nu mice bearing SK-RC-52 xenografts. The in vivo specificity test confirmed CAIX-mediated tumor targeting. 99mTc-(HE)3-ZCAIX:1 cleared rapidly from blood and normal tissues except for kidneys. At optimal time-point (4 h p.i.), the tumor uptake was 9.7±0.7% ID/g, and tumor-to-blood ratio was 53±10. Experimental imaging of CAIX-expressing SK-RC-52 xenografts at 4 h p.i. provided high contrast images. The use of radioiodine label for ZCAIX:1 enabled the reduction of renal uptake, but resulted in significantly lower tumor uptake and tumor-to-blood ratio. Results of the present study suggest that radiolabeled Affibody molecules are promising probes for imaging of CAIX-expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Honarvar
- Unit of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Javad Garousi
- Unit of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mohamed Altai
- Unit of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles Widström
- Department of Hospital Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Unit of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Y Frejd
- Unit of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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94
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Sung HY, Ju W, Ahn JH. DNA hypomethylation-mediated overexpression of carbonic anhydrase 9 induces an aggressive phenotype in ovarian cancer cells. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55:1656-63. [PMID: 25323905 PMCID: PMC4205708 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.6.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Both genetic and epigenetic alterations can lead to abnormal expression of metastasis-regulating genes in tumor cells. Recent studies suggest that aberrant epigenetic alterations, followed by differential gene expression, leads to an aggressive cancer cell phenotype. We examined epigenetically regulated genes that are involved in ovarian cancer metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed SK-OV-3 human ovarian carcinoma cell xenografts in mice. We compared the mRNA expression and DNA methylation profiles of metastatic tissues to those of the original SK-OV-3 cell line. RESULTS Metastatic implants showed increased mRNA expression of the carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) gene and hypomethylation at CpG sites in the CA9 promoter. Treatment of wild-type SK-OV-3 cells with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine reduced methylation of the CA9 promoter and increased CA9 mRNA expression. Eight CpGs, which were located at positions -197, -74, -19, -6, +4, +13, +40, and +86, relative to the transcription start site, were hypomethylated in metastatic tumor implants, compared to that of wild-type SK-OV-3. Overexpression of CA9 induced an aggressive phenotype, including increased invasiveness and migration, in SK-OV-3 cells. CONCLUSION Alterations in the DNA methylation profile of the CA9 promoter were correlated with a more aggressive phenotype in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Youn Sung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong Ju
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyuck Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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95
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Sławiński J, Pogorzelska A, Żołnowska B, Brożewicz K, Vullo D, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Synthesis of a novel series of 5-substituted 2,4-dichlorobenzenesulfonamides and their inhibition of human cytosolic isozymes I and II and the transmembrane tumor-associated isozymes IX and XII. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 82:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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96
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Jo MS, Choi OH, Suh DS, Yun MS, Kim SJ, Kim GH, Jeon HN. Correlation between expression of biological markers and [F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in endometrial cancer. Oncol Res Treat 2014; 37:30-4. [PMID: 24613906 DOI: 10.1159/000358163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT) utilizing [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) has been recommended for the diagnosis, staging, therapy monitoring, prediction of prognosis, and detection of recurrence in endometrial cancer. We aimed to define the correlations of biological markers with (18)F-FDG uptake in endometrial cancer. METHODS 29 patients (55 ± 8.93 years) with endometrial cancer were included in this study. All patients underwent hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with or without para-aortic lymphadenectomy at the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Pusan National University Hospital. Immunohistochemical studies were performed for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), hexokinase II (HK-II), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX). RESULTS There were positive correlations between FDG uptake and GLUT-1 (r = 0.375, p = 0.0452), and HK-II (r = 0.537, p = 0.0027). However, HIF-1α (r = 0.153, p = 0.4283), VEGF (r = -0,101, p = 0.6032) and CA-IX (r = 0.240, p = 0.2105) were not significantly associated with FDG uptake. No significant correlations were found among the expression levels of biological markers. CONCLUSION FDG uptake in endometrial cancer was significantly associated with GLUT-1 and HK-II, while HIF-1α, VEGF and CA-IX were not associated with FDG uptake. No significant correlations were found among the expression levels of biological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Sung Jo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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97
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Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. These enzymes are of ancient origin as they are found in the deepest of branches of the evolutionary tree. Of the five different classes of carbonic anhydrases, the alpha class has perhaps received the most attention because of its role in human pathology. This review focuses on the physiological function of this class of carbonic anhydrases organized by their cellular location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,
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98
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McDonald PC, Dedhar S. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) as a mediator of hypoxia-induced stress response in cancer cells. Subcell Biochem 2014; 75:255-269. [PMID: 24146383 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7359-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of hypoxic microenvironments within many types of solid tumors imposes a significant stress on cancer cells to which they must respond appropriately in order to survive and grow. Tumor-specific, hypoxia-induced upregulation of Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a component of the complex response of cancer cells to the evolving low oxygen environment. Here, we discuss evidence from in vivo tumor models employing inhibition or enhancement of CAIX expression, using gene depletion or overexpression strategies, respectively, or inhibition of its catalytic activity, using CAIX-specific small molecules or antibodies, to demonstrate that CAIX is a functional mediator of tumor growth and metastasis. We also discuss the functional contribution of CAIX to several specific biological processes critical for cancer progression, including pH regulation and cell survival, adhesion, migration and invasion, the maintenance of cancer stem cell function, and the acquisition of chemo and radioresistant properties. The demonstration of CAIX as a functional mediator of cancer progression provides a biological rationale for its use as a cancer-specific, clinically relevant therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada,
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99
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100
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Gu MJ, Kwon KW. Carbonic anhydrase IX expression is associated with favorable prognostic factors in small intestinal carcinoma. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 62:205-10. [PMID: 24217923 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413512657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is associated with more aggressive behavior and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) level increases under hypoxia and is related to poor prognostic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of CA9 and to identify its prognostic significance in small intestinal carcinomas (SICs). CA9 expression was observed in 36% (63/175) of SICs. CA9 expression showed significant correlation with well- and moderately differentiated tumors compared with poorly differentiated tumors (p=0.039), tumors with no lymph node metastasis (p=0.005), and lower stage carcinomas (p=0.009). CA9 expression showed an inverse correlation with perineural invasion (p=0.021) and lymphatic invasion (p=0.022). No significant correlation was observed between CA9 expression and gross type, histological type, pathological tumor (pT) classification, vascular invasion, pancreas invasion, and retroperitoneal seeding. SICs with CA9 overexpression showed better overall survival compared with those with no or weak CA9 expression (p=0.048). In the multivariate analysis, poorly differentiated SICs (p<0.001) and SICs with lymph node metastasis (p=0.002) were independent poor prognostic factors. CA9 expression in SICs is more frequently associated with good prognostic markers and better overall survival; however, it is not an independent prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Gu
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea (MJG)
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