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Kim J, Cho YA, Choi IJ, Lee YS, Kim SY, Hwang JA, Cho SJ, Kook MC, Kim CG, Kim YW. Effects of polymorphisms of innate immunity genes and environmental factors on the risk of noncardia gastric cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2013. [PMID: 24454004 DOI: 0.4143/crt.2013.45.4.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing evidence suggests that polymorphisms in innate immunity genes are associated with Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation and may influence susceptibility in developing noncardia gastric cancer. Therefore, we investigate the effect of polymorphisms of innate immunity genes and interactions with environmental factors in the Korean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We genotyped four polymorphisms of TLR2 (rs1898830), TLR4 (rs10983755 and rs10759932), and CD14 (rs2569190) in a case-control study of 487 noncardia gastric cancer patients and 487 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Polytomous logistic regression models were used to detect the effects of genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors, which were stratified by the histological type of gastric cancer. RESULTS TLR4 rs10983755 A carriers were found to have higher risk of intestinal-type noncarida gastric cancer than G homozygotes (odds ratio [OR], 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.97), but other genetic variants showed no association with the risk of noncardia gastric cancer. Among H. pylori-positive participants, smokers carrying TLR4 rs10983755 A had a higher risk of intestinal-type gastric cancer than nonsmoking TLR4 rs10983755 G homozygotes (OR, 4.28; 95% CI, 2.12 to 8.64). In addition, compared with tap water, other drinking water sources during childhood were found to be associated with the elevated risk of intestinal-type gastric cancer, and these associations were slightly stronger among TLR4 rs10983755 A carriers. CONCLUSION The genetic polymorphisms of innate immunity genes are associated with the development of intestinal-type noncardia gastric cancer and these associations may differ in accordance to an exposure to certain environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongseon Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young Ae Cho
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Il Ju Choi
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yeon-Su Lee
- Cancer Genomics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sook-Young Kim
- Cancer Genomics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Hwang
- Cancer Genomics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Soo-Jeong Cho
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | | | - Chan Gyoo Kim
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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Huang L, Yuan K, Liu J, Ren X, Dong X, Tian W, Jia Y. Polymorphisms of the TLR4 gene and risk of gastric cancer. Gene 2013; 537:46-50. [PMID: 24365597 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important lipo-polysaccharide (LPS) receptor in gastric epithelial cell signaling transduction and plays critical roles in the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC). We investigated the effects of TLR4 gene polymorphisms and gene-environmental interactions on the risk of GC in Northeastern China. METHODS We genotyped two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR4 (rs10116253 and rs1927911) in 217 GC patients and 294 cancer-free controls using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by unconditional logistic-regression models. RESULTS Individuals carrying CC genotype of rs10116253 and TT genotype of rs1927911 had a significantly decreased risk of GC (adjusted OR=0.33, 95% CI 0.18-0.60, P<0.001 and adjusted OR=0.37, 95% CI 0.21-0.67, P=0.001 respectively), compared with TT genotype of rs10116253 and CC genotype of rs1927911. In addition, the SNP effects were additive to the effects of some known environmental factors without any interaction between them in the susceptibility to GC. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that TLR4 gene polymorphisms may be associated with a decreased risk of GC in Chinese population. And these SNPs and their combined effects with environmental factors may be associated with the risk of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Kexin Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiyun Ren
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoqun Dong
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Wenjing Tian
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.
| | - Yunhe Jia
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.
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Zhu L, Yuan H, Jiang T, Wang R, Ma H, Zhang S. Association of TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms with risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82858. [PMID: 24376595 PMCID: PMC3869723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may be an important event in the immune evasion of tumor cell. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the associations between TLR2 -196 to -174 del and two SNPs of TLR4 (rs4986790 and rs4986791) and the susceptibility to different types of cancer; however, the results remain conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess the association between TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms and cancer risk in a meta-analysis with eligible published studies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS A dataset composed of 14627 cases and 17438 controls from 34 publications were included in a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between overall cancer risk or cancer-specific risk and three SNPs of TLRs (TLR2 -196 to -174 del, TLR4 rs4986790 and rs4986791). The results showed that all of these three polymorphisms were significantly associated with the increased cancer risk (dominant model: OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.04-2.60 for TLR2 -196 to -174 del; OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.01-1.41 for TLR4 rs4986790; and OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.120-1.80 for TLR4 rs4986791; respectively). In stratified analysis, we found the effect of TLR2 -196 to -174 del on cancer risk remained significant in the subgroup of Caucasians and South Asians, but not in East Asians. However, the association between rs4986791 and cancer risk was significant in both South Asians and East Asians, but not in Caucasians. Furthermore, the association between rs4986790 and cancer risk was statistically significant in digestive cancers (dominant model: OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.13-2.73) and female-specific cancers (dominant model: OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.16-1.94). However, no significant association with risk of digestive system cancers was observed for TLR2 -196 to -174 del and TLR4 rs4986791. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This meta-analysis presented additional evidence for the association between TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms and cancer risk. Further well-designed investigations with large sample sizes are required to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbiao Zhu
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruixia Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (HM); (SZ)
| | - Shuangyue Zhang
- Central Lab, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, China
- * E-mail: (HM); (SZ)
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Fan YF, Wu YM, Liu H, Yu Y, Jiang YY, Xue YZ, Liu ZL, Wei MX. TLR4 polymorphisms associated with developing gastric pre-cancer lesions in a Chinese Han population. Hum Immunol 2013; 75:176-81. [PMID: 24269697 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is a risk factor for gastric cancer. In addition, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. This study investigated the association of TLR4 polymorphisms with a risk of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and intraepithelial neoplasia (IN) in a Chinese Han population. This study analyzed TLR4 gene polymorphisms in 333 patients (IM, 193 cases; IN, 140 cases) and 312 atypia-free controls in a Chinese Han population using a Taqman allelic discrimination assay. The TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms +896A/G and +1196C/T were not associated with the risk of IM or IN. However, the single-locus analysis showed that the C allele of TLR4+2856T/C had significantly reduced risk of IM and IN [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=0.42; 95%CI=0.29-0.62 and OR=0.62; 95%CI=0.41-0.93, respectively] compared with the wild-type homozygote (TT). The frequencies of TLR4+2856T/C TC and T carrier were significantly lower in patients with Sydney's slight IM and low grade IN (P<0.01 and P=0.01, respectively), while the TC genotype showed a lower risk of moderate IM compared to healthy controls (P=0.045). In addition, the data revealed that H. pylori infection, heavy alcohol consumption and high salt uptake were associated with a higher susceptibility for developing this neoplasm. TLR4 rs10759932 TC and C carriers were associated with a lower risk in developing precancerous lesions in the stomach in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-fu Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yan-min Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi 214041, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yang-yang Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Yu-zheng Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi 214041, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zong-liang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi 214041, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mu-Xin Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Mai CW, Kang YB, Pichika MR. Should a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) agonist or antagonist be designed to treat cancer? TLR-4: its expression and effects in the ten most common cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1573-87. [PMID: 24235843 PMCID: PMC3821792 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s50838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is well known for its host innate immunity. Despite the fact that TLR-4 activation confers antitumor responses; emerging evidence suggests that TLR-4 is associated with tumor development and progression. It is now clear that overactivation of TLR-4, through various immune mediators, may cause immune response dysfunction, resulting in tumorigenesis. Different cancers could have different extents of TLR-4 involvement during tumorigenesis or tumor progression. In this review, we focus on infection- and inflammation-related TLR-4 activation in noncancer and cancer cells, as well as on the current evidence about the role of TLR-4 in ten of the most common cancers, viz, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wai Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yew Beng Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Correspondence: Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Tel +60 32 731 7208, Fax +60 38 656 7229, Email
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Pothlichet J, Quintana-Murci L. The genetics of innate immunity sensors and human disease. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:157-208. [PMID: 23570315 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.777064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, innate immunity microbial sensors have been increasingly studied and shown to play a critical role in innate responses to microbes in several experimental in vitro, ex vivo, and animal models. However, their role in the human response to infection in natural conditions has just started to be deciphered, by means of clinical studies of primary immunodeficiencies and epidemiological genetic studies. Here, we summarize the major findings concerning the genetic diversity of the various families of microbial sensors in humans, and of other molecules involved in the signaling pathways they trigger. Specifically, we review the genetic associations, revealed by both clinical and epidemiological genetics studies, of microbial sensors from five different families: Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and cytosolic DNA sensors. In particular, we consider the relationships between variation at the genes encoding these molecules and susceptibility to and the severity of infectious diseases and other clinical conditions associated with immune dysfunction, including autoimmunity, inflammation, allergy, and cancer. Despite the fact that the genetic links between innate immunity sensors and human disorders remain still limited, human genetics studies are increasingly improving our understanding of the genuine functions of microbial sensors and downstream signaling molecules in the natural setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pothlichet
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris, France
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57
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Peatman E, Li C, Peterson BC, Straus DL, Farmer BD, Beck BH. Basal polarization of the mucosal compartment in Flavobacterium columnare susceptible and resistant channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Mol Immunol 2013; 56:317-27. [PMID: 23895942 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater bacterial pathogen, Flavobacterium columnare, infects a variety of ornamental and farmed fish species worldwide through mucosal attachment points on the gill and skin. While previous studies have demonstrated a chemotactic response of F. columnare to fish mucus, little is known about how host gill mucosal molecular and cellular constituents may impact rates of adhesion, tissue invasion, and ultimately, mortality. Here, we describe the use of RNA-seq to profile gill expression differences between channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) differing in their susceptibility to F. columnare both basally (before infection) and at three early timepoints post-infection (1 h, 2 h, and 8 h). After sequencing and de novo assembly of over 350 million 100 base-pair transcript reads, between group comparisons revealed 1714 unique genes differentially expressed greater than 1.5-fold at one or more timepoints. In the large dataset, we focused our analysis on basal differential expression between resistant and susceptible catfish as these genes could potentially reveal genetic and/or environmental factors linked with differential rates of infection. A number of critical innate immune components including iNOS2b, lysozyme C, IL-8, and TNF-alpha were constitutively higher in resistant catfish gill, while susceptible fish showed high expression levels of secreted mucin forms, a rhamnose-binding lectin previously linked to susceptibility, and mucosal immune factors such as CD103 and IL-17. Taken together, the immune and mucin profiles obtained by RNA-seq suggest a basal polarization in the gill mucosa, with susceptible fish possessing a putative mucosecretory, toleragenic phenotype which may predispose them to F. columnare infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peatman
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Zeljic K, Supic G, Jovic N, Kozomara R, Brankovic‐Magic M, Obrenovic M, Magic Z. Association of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and CD14 genes polymorphisms with oral cancer risk and survival. Oral Dis 2013; 20:416-24. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Zeljic
- Institute for Medical Research Military Medical Academy BelgradeSerbia
- Faculty of Biology University of Belgrade BelgradeSerbia
| | - G Supic
- Institute for Medical Research Military Medical Academy BelgradeSerbia
- Faculty of Medicine Military Medical Academy University of Defence BelgradeSerbia
| | - N Jovic
- Faculty of Medicine Military Medical Academy University of Defence BelgradeSerbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery Military Medical Academy BelgradeSerbia
| | - R Kozomara
- Faculty of Medicine Military Medical Academy University of Defence BelgradeSerbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery Military Medical Academy BelgradeSerbia
| | | | - M Obrenovic
- Faculty of Medicine University of East Sarajevo Foca Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Z Magic
- Institute for Medical Research Military Medical Academy BelgradeSerbia
- Faculty of Medicine Military Medical Academy University of Defence BelgradeSerbia
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Priyadarshini A, Chakraborti A, Mandal AK, Singh SK. Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphism of TLR-4 gene in patients with prostate cancer from North India. Indian J Urol 2013; 29:37-41. [PMID: 23671363 PMCID: PMC3649598 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.109982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The etiological factors associated with prostate cancer (CaP) have not been completely understood as yet. Genetic predisposition and inflammation is fast emerging as risk factors for CaP is a key player in the innate immune response and plays role in immune- surveillance and inflammation. The present study was conducted to evaluate TLR-4 gene polymorphism in patients with CaP. Material and Methods: DNA was isolated from blood samples of 198 patients with CaP, 200 cases of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and 119 controls. TLR-4 gene polymorphisms Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile were determined by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) technique using Nco1 and Hinf 1 restriction enzymes. All statistical calculations were performed using SPSS for windows, version 13 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) Results: A significantly high proportion of patients with CaP had AG genotype (16.6%) as compared to control (4.2%) [OR-4.4, 95% CI (1.57-13.26), P =0.0013] with respect to Asp299Gly single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). AA genotype showed a protective effect towards CaP development [OR-0.39, 95% CI (0.18-0.83), P=0.007). A trend was observed towards development of BPH with respect to AG genotype (P=0.06). Thr399Ile SNP was not significantly different among the population groups studied. Conclusions: This finding highlights the genetic predispositions to CaP with respect to TLR-4 gene. Individuals with Asp299Gly polymorphism having AG genotype appear to have four fold higher risk for development of Prostate cancer
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Priyadarshini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, (UT), India
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Toll-like receptor-associated sequence variants and prostate cancer risk among men of African descent. Genes Immun 2013; 14:347-55. [PMID: 23657238 PMCID: PMC3743959 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances demonstrate a relationship between chronic/recurrent inflammation and prostate cancer (PCA). Among inflammatory regulators, toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in innate immune responses. However, it remains unclear whether variant TLR genes influence PCA risk among men of African descent. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of 32 TLR-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on PCA risk among African-Americans and Jamaicans. METHODS SNP profiles of 814 subjects were evaluated using Illumina’s Veracode genotyping platform. Single and combined effects of SNPs in relation to PCA risk were assessed using age-adjusted logistic regression and entropy-based multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) models. RESULTS Seven sequence variants detected in TLR6, TOLLIP, IRAK4, IRF3 were marginally related to PCA. However, none of these effects remained significant after adjusting for multiple hypothesis testing. Nevertheless, MDR modeling revealed a complex interaction between IRAK4 rs4251545 and TLR2 rs1898830 as a significant predictor of PCA risk among U.S. men (permutation testing p-value = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS MDR identified an interaction between IRAK4 and TLR2 as the best two factor model for predicting PCA risk among men of African descent. However, these findings require further assessment and validation.
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Kaczanowska S, Joseph AM, Davila E. TLR agonists: our best frenemy in cancer immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:847-63. [PMID: 23475577 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1012501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various TLR agonists are currently under investigation in clinical trials for their ability to orchestrate antitumor immunity. The antitumor responses are largely attributed to their aptitude to stimulate APCs such as DCs which in turn, activate tumor-specific T cell responses. However, there is a potential for TLR signaling to occur on cells other than professional APCs that could negate antitumor responses or even worse, promote tumor growth. The impetus for this review is twofold. First, there is accumulating data demonstrating that the engagement of TLRs on different T cell subsets and different cancer types could promote tumor growth or conversely, contribute to antitumor responses. Second, the efficacy of TLR agonists as monotherapies to treat cancer patients has been limited. In this review, we discuss how TLR signaling within different T cell subsets and cancer cells can potentially impact the generation of antitumor responses. Based on evidence from preclinical models and clinical trials, we draw attention to several criteria that we believe must be considered when selecting TLR agonists for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Kaczanowska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
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Functional polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 alter the risk for colorectal carcinoma in Europeans. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:63-9. [PMID: 22999059 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon carcinogenesis is associated with increased expression levels of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4. AIM To determine in a Caucasian population the role of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms in colorectal cancer development. METHODS Hospital based multicentre case control study involving 193 colorectal cancer patients and 278 healthy individuals. DNA samples were extracted from blood cells and genotyping of TLR2+597T>C, TLR2-4760T>C, TLR4-3745A>G, TLR2Arg753Gln, TLR4Asp299Gly was performed. Functionality of risk polymorphisms was evaluated through production of TNF-α in cell culture and Toll-like receptors levels quantified by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS TLR2+597CC homozygous had 5-fold decreased risk (odds ratio (OR)=0.21, 95% CI: 0.09-0.50, p<0.001) and TLR4 299Gly homozygous 3-fold increased risk of colorectal cancer (OR=3.30, 95% CI: 1.18-9.28, p=0.015). In stratified analysis, TLR2+597CC genotype protective effect was even higher in overweight individuals (OR=0.17, 95% CI: 0.06-0.53, p<0.001) and in never smokers (OR=0.11, 95% CI: 0.02-0.51, p=0.001). Also, the increased risk effect for TLR4 299Gly homozygous genotype was higher in overweight individuals (OR=8.67, 95% CI: 1.11-87.85, p=0.011). TLR2+597T>C polymorphism conferred 41% less (p=0.03) and TLR4Asp299Gly 65% more TNF-α production (p=0.02) with no differences in Toll-like receptors levels. CONCLUSION Functional Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms significantly alter the risk to have colorectal cancer. Obesity and smoking may influence the risk for colorectal cancer in individuals presenting these genetic profiles.
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Chen YC, Yip PK, Huang YL, Sun Y, Wen LL, Chu YM, Chen TF. Sequence variants of toll like receptor 4 and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50771. [PMID: 23272070 PMCID: PMC3525588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been related to inflammation and beta-amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. No study has explored the association between haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) of TLR4 and AD risk previously and ApoE e4 status alone showed low sensitivity in identifying late-onset AD (LOAD) patients. Methods A total of 269 LOAD patients were recruited from three hospitals in northern Taiwan (2007–2010). Controls (n = 449) were recruited from elderly health checkup and volunteers of the hospital during the same period of time. Five common (frequency≥5%) TLR4 htSNPs were selected to assess the association between TLR4 polymorphisms and the risk of LOAD in the Chinese ethnic population. Results Homozygosity of TLR4 rs1927907 was significantly associated with an increased risk of LOAD [TT vs. CC: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30–4.64]. After stratification, the association increased further in ApoE e4 non-carriers (AOR = 3.07) and in hypertensive patients (AOR = 3.60). Haplotype GACGG was associated with a decreased risk of LOAD (1 vs. 0 copies: AOR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.36–0.96; 2 vs. 0 copies: AOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.14–0.67) in ApoE e4 non-carriers. ApoE e4 status significantly modified this association (pinteraction = 0.01). These associations remained significant after correction for multiple tests. Conclusions Sequence variants of TLR4 were associated with an increased risk of LOAD, especially in ApoE e4 non-carriers and in hypertensive patients. The combination of TLR4 rs1927907 and ApoE e4 significantly increased the screening sensitivity in identifying LOAD patients from 0.4 to 0.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Common sequence variants in CD36 gene and the levels of triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among ethnic Chinese in Taiwan. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:174. [PMID: 23249574 PMCID: PMC3575328 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence of the genetic association between CD36 candidate gene and the risk of metabolic syndrome and its components has been inconsistent. This case–control study assessed the haplotype-tagged SNPs from CD36 on the risk of metabolic syndrome and components. Methods and results We recruited 1,000 cases and age, gender-matched controls were randomly selected from the participants with metabolic syndrome defined by International Diabetes Federation. Overall, the haplotype tagged SNPs of CD36 gene were not related to the risk of metabolic syndrome. For individuals with normal lipid levels, several SNPs were significantly associated with the triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol levels: Subjects with rs3211848 homozygote had a higher triglyceride level (99.16 ± 2.61 mg/dL), compared with non-carriers (89.27 ± 1.45 mg/dL, P = 0.001). In addition, compared with non-carriers, individuals with rs1054516 heterozygous and homozygous genotypes had a significantly lower HDL-cholesterol (46.6 ± 0.46 mg/dL for non-carrier, 44.6 ± 0.36 mg/dL for heterozygous, and 44.3 ± 0.56 mg/dL for homozygous, P = 0.0008). Conclusion The CD36 gene variants were significantly associated with triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol concentrations among ethnic Chinese in Taiwan.
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Kazma R, Mefford JA, Cheng I, Plummer SJ, Levin AM, Rybicki BA, Casey G, Witte JS. Association of the innate immunity and inflammation pathway with advanced prostate cancer risk. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51680. [PMID: 23272139 PMCID: PMC3522730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent and second most lethal cancer in men in the United States. Innate immunity and inflammation may increase the risk of prostate cancer. To determine the role of innate immunity and inflammation in advanced prostate cancer, we investigated the association of 320 single nucleotide polymorphisms, located in 46 genes involved in this pathway, with disease risk using 494 cases with advanced disease and 536 controls from Cleveland, Ohio. Taken together, the whole pathway was associated with advanced prostate cancer risk (P = 0.02). Two sub-pathways (intracellular antiviral molecules and extracellular pattern recognition) and four genes in these sub-pathways (TLR1, TLR6, OAS1, and OAS2) were nominally associated with advanced prostate cancer risk and harbor several SNPs nominally associated with advanced prostate cancer risk. Our results suggest that the innate immunity and inflammation pathway may play a modest role in the etiology of advanced prostate cancer through multiple small effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Kazma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Mefford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Iona Cheng
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawai’i Cancer Center, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Plummer
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Albert M. Levin
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benjamin A. Rybicki
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Graham Casey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - John S. Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Prospective study of effect modification by Toll-like receptor 4 variation on the association between Trichomonas vaginalis serostatus and prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2012. [PMID: 23179660 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In previous studies, we observed a positive association between Trichomonas vaginalis serostatus and risk of prostate cancer, particularly aggressive cancer, which we hypothesized might be due to T. vaginalis-mediated intraprostatic inflammation and cell damage. To explore this hypothesis further, we investigated effect modification by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) variation on this association. We hypothesized that TLR4 variation might serve a marker of the anti-trichomonad immune response because T. vaginalis has been shown to elicit inflammation through this receptor. METHODS We previously genotyped the non-synonymous TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs4986790, and determined T. vaginalis serostatus for 690 incident prostate cancer cases and 692 controls in a nested case-control study within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. RESULTS A non-significant suggestion of effect modification was observed by rs4986790 carrier status on the association between T. vaginalis serostatus and prostate cancer risk (p interaction = 0.07). While no association was observed among men homozygous wildtype for this SNP (odds ratio (OR) = 1.23, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.86-1.77), a positive association was observed among variant carriers (OR = 4.16, 95 % CI: 1.32-13.1). CONCLUSIONS Although not statistically significant, TLR4 variation appeared to influence the association between T. vaginalis serostatus and prostate cancer risk consistent with the hypothesis that inflammation plays a role in this association. Larger studies will be necessary to explore this possible effect modification further.
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Association of TLR4 gene non-missense single nucleotide polymorphisms with rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese Han population. Rheumatol Int 2012; 33:1283-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-012-2536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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The TLR4 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2012; 49:946-54. [PMID: 23084080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Growing studies revealed the association between polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and susceptibility to cancer, however, the results remained inconsistent. To assess the effect of six selected SNPs (rs1927914, rs4986790, rs4986791, rs11536889, rs1927911 and rs2149356) in TLR4 on cancer, we conducted a meta-analysis, up to February 2012, 22 case-control studies were available. Summary odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for polymorphisms in TLR4 and cancer risk were estimated. Our meta-analysis identified that two SNPs (rs4986790 and rs4986791) in TLR4 were associated with increased cancer risk (for rs4986790: OR=1.24, 95% CI=1.01-1.52 in dominant model; OR=1.24, 95% CI=1.02-1.52 in overdominant model; for rs4986791: OR=1.81, 95% CI=1.18-2.77 in allele comparison; OR=1.79, 95% CI=1.15-2.80 in dominant model; OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.09-2.67 in overdominant model) and one SNP (rs1927911) in TLR4 was associated with decreased cancer risk (for rs1927911: OR=0.63, 95% CI=0.41-0.99 in allele comparison; OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.35-0.95 in dominant model; OR=0.67, 95% CI=0.46-0.97 in codominant model). Moreover, in terms of stratified analyses by cancer type for SNP rs4986790, significantly elevated risk was observed to be associated with G allele in gastric cancer and 'other cancers'. These findings indicate that polymorphisms in TLR4 may play a role, although modest, in cancer development.
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69
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Basith S, Manavalan B, Yoo TH, Kim SG, Choi S. Roles of toll-like receptors in cancer: a double-edged sword for defense and offense. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1297-316. [PMID: 22941474 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a class of pattern-recognition receptors that play an important role in host defense against pathogens by recognizing a wide variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Besides driving inflammatory responses, TLRs also regulate cell proliferation and survival by expanding useful immune cells and integrating inflammatory responses and tissue repair processes. TLR signaling, which is centrally involved in the initiation of both innate and adaptive immune responses, has been thought to be restricted to immune cells. However, recent studies have shown that functional TLRs are expressed not only on immune cells, but also on cancer cells, thus implicating a role of TLRs in tumor biology. Increasing bodies of evidence have suggested that TLRs act as a double-edged sword in cancer cells because uncontrolled TLR signaling provides a microenvironment that is necessary for tumor cells to proliferate and evade the immune response. Alternatively, TLRs can induce an antitumor immune response in order to inhibit tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the dual roles of TLRs in tumor cells and, more importantly, delve into the therapeutic potential of TLRs in the context of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaherin Basith
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
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Chen PC, Chen YC, Lai LC, Tsai MH, Chen SK, Yang PW, Lee YC, Hsiao CK, Lee JM, Chuang EY. Use of Germline Polymorphisms in Predicting Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy Response in Esophageal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 82:1996-2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jing JJ, Li M, Yuan Y. Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms in cancer: a meta-analysis. Gene 2012; 499:237-42. [PMID: 22441122 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is critical in the recognition of Gram-negative bacteria serving as a key immune system effector. Recently, a number of case-control studies were conducted to investigate the association between TLR4 gene polymorphism and cancer risk, especially Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms. However, published data were still conflicting. In this paper, we summarized 9463 cancer cases and 10,825 controls from 22 studies and attempted to assess the susceptibility of TLR4 gene polymorphism to cancers by a synthetical meta-analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to assess the relationship. Our results suggested that Asp299Gly represented a risk factor on cancers in digestive system (G allele versus A allele, OR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.02-2.64; GA+GG versus AA, OR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.00-2.71) but tend to have a protective effect on prostate cancer (GG versus AA, OR=0.37, 95% CI: 0.14-0.98; GG versus GA+AA, OR=0.37, 95% CI: 0.14-0.98). Thr399Ile polymorphism was significantly associated with an elevated cancer risk in overall analysis (T allele versus C allele, OR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.27-2.33; TC versus CC, OR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.18-2.26; TT+TC versus CC, OR=1.70, 95% CI: 1.24-2.34) and especially in gastrointestinal subgroup (T allele versus C allele, OR=2.01, 95% CI: 1.40-2.89; TC versus CC, OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.26-2.74; TT+TC versus CC, OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.35-2.88). Further prospective researches with larger numbers of worldwide participants are warranted to draw comprehensive and true conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Jing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Control in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, PR China
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Yu L, Wang L, Chen S. Exogenous or endogenous Toll-like receptor ligands: which is the MVP in tumorigenesis? Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:935-49. [PMID: 22048194 PMCID: PMC11114862 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors sensing microbial components and triggering an immune response against pathogens. In addition to their role in anti-infection immunity, increasing evidence indicates that engagement of TLRs can promote cancer cell survival and proliferation, induce tumor immune evasion, and enhance tumor metastasis and chemoresistance. Recent studies have demonstrated that endogenous molecules or damage-associated molecular patterns released from damaged/necrotic tissues are capable of activating TLRs and that the endogenous ligands-mediated TLR signaling is implicated in the tumor development and affects the therapeutic efficacy of tumors. Since both exogenous and endogenous TLR ligands can initiate TLR signaling, which is the most valuable player in tumor development becomes an interesting question. Here, we summarize the effect of TLR signaling on the development and progression of tumors, and discuss the role of exogenous and endogenous TLR ligands in the tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China.
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Yang ZH, Dai Q, Gu YJ, Guo QX, Gong L. Cytokine and chemokine modification by Toll-like receptor polymorphisms is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:653-8. [PMID: 22320262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a pivotal role in sensing a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. A dysregulation of TLR signaling may increase the risk of developing chronic inflammatory diseases and cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of TLR2 R753Q, TLR4 D299G, and T399I polymorphisms with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to explore the effects of these polymorphisms on cytokine and chemokine expression in NPC biopsies. The genotypes of the three loci among 236 patients with NPC and 287 healthy controls were determined by PCR-RFLP. Cytokines and chemokines mRNA and protein in NPC biopsies were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA, respectively. Results showed that the combined CT/TT genotype of T399I was associated with increased NPC risk, with an odds ratio of 1.853 (95% confidence interval: 1.184-2.961). Also, individuals with the T allele of T399I showed a 1.842-fold increase in NPC risk compared to those with the T399I C allele (95% confidence interval: 1.213-3.015). Messenger RNA levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-10 were significantly elevated in patients with T399I combined CT/TT genotype; IL-1α and IL-10 protein concentration significantly increased in NPC patients with T399I combined CT/TT genotype compared to those with the T399I CC genotype. Our data suggest that TLR4 T399I modify cytokines and chemokines patterns and play a role in the development of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
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Kutikhin AG, Yuzhalin AE. Are Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms associated with prostate cancer? Cancer Manag Res 2012; 4:23-9. [PMID: 22359464 PMCID: PMC3284260 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s28683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The suggestion that there is a connection between chronic intraprostatic inflammation and prostate cancer was declared some years ago. As Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key players in the processes of chronic intraprostatic inflammation, there is a hypothesis that TLR gene polymorphisms may be associated with prostate cancer risk. Although a number of comprehensive studies have been conducted on large samples in various countries, reliable connections between these single nucleotide polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk, stage, grade, aggressiveness, ability to metastasize, and mortality have not been detected. Results have also varied slightly in different populations. The data obtained regarding the absence of connection between the polymorphisms of the genes encoding interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAK1 and IRAK4) and prostate cancer risk might indicate a lack of association between inherited variation in the TLR signaling pathway and prostate cancer risk. It is possible to consider that polymorphisms of genes encoding TLRs and proteins of the TLR pathway also do not play a major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Feasibly, it would be better to focus research on associations between TLR single nucleotide polymorphisms and cancer risk in other infection-related cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G Kutikhin
- Department of Epidemiology, Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
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Association of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, 3 and 9 genes polymorphism with prostate cancer risk in North Indian population. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7263-9. [PMID: 22311043 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer among men. It has been suggested that toll like receptors (TLRs) may contribute to PCa pathogenesis by stimulating prostate epithelial cell proliferation in response to infectious stimuli. We performed case control study to analyze the genetic variants of TLR2, 3 and 9 gene polymorphisms with PCa risk in a North Indian population. For this study we genotyped age matched, unrelated 195 PCa patients and 250 healthy controls of similar ethnicity in a case-control study. They were genotyped for TLR2 (-196 to -174 Del), TLR3 (c.1377C/T) [rs3775290] and TLR9 (G2848A) [rs352140] gene polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Variant allele Del (D) carriers i.e. (ID + DD) of TLR2 (-196 to -174 Del) SNP, demonstrated 1.57 fold increased risk (p = 0.040; OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.02-2.24) as compared to Ins (I) allele, suggesting a dominant effect model involved in the risk of this polymorphism in PCa. However, variants of TLR3 and 9 gene polymorphisms were not associated with PCa risk. Our results suggested the low penetrance variant of TLR2 (-196 to -174 Del) to be at increased PCa risk in North Indian population. Functional studies in ethnically diverse populations may provide a more comprehensive involvement of innate immunity in identifying the disease-associated variants for PCa etiology.
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Shui IM, Stark JR, Penney KL, Schumacher FR, Epstein MM, Pitt MJ, Stampfer MJ, Tamimi RM, Lindstrom S, Sesso HD, Fall K, Ma J, Kraft P, Giovannucci E, Mucci LA. Genetic variation in the toll-like receptor 4 and prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Prostate 2012; 72:209-16. [PMID: 21563195 PMCID: PMC3175021 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common genetic variants in the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is involved in inflammation and immune response pathways, may be important for prostate cancer. METHODS In a large nested case-control study of prostate cancer in the Physicians' Health Study (1982-2004), 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected and genotyped to capture common variation within the TLR4 gene as well as 5 kb up and downstream. Unconditional logistic regression was used to assess associations of these SNPs with total prostate cancer incidence, and with prostate cancers defined as advanced stage/lethal (T3/T4, M1/N1(T1-T4), lethal) or high Gleason grade (7 (4 + 3) or greater). Cox-proportional hazards regression was used to assess progression to metastases and death among prostate cancer cases. RESULTS The study included 1,267 controls and 1,286 incident prostate cancer cases, including 248 advanced stage/lethal and 306 high grade cases. During a median follow-up of 10.6 years, 183 men died of prostate cancer or developed distant metastases. No statistically significant associations between the TLR4 SNPs were found for total prostate cancer incidence, including SNPs for which an association was reported in other published studies. Additionally, there were no significant associations with TLR4 SNPS and the incidence of advanced stage/lethal, or high grade cancers; nor was there evidence among prostate cancer cases for associations of TLR4 SNPs with progression to prostate cancer specific mortality or bony metastases. CONCLUSIONS Results from this prospective nested case-control study suggest that genetic variation across TLR4 alone is not strongly associated with prostate cancer risk or mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Shui
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Noreen M, Shah MAA, Mall SM, Choudhary S, Hussain T, Ahmed I, Jalil SF, Raza MI. TLR4 polymorphisms and disease susceptibility. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:177-88. [PMID: 22277994 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in the regulation of the host immune system. Each TLR recognizes specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLR4 is one of the well characterized pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognizes the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria, some conserved structures from fungal to mycobacterial pathogens and some endogenous ligands. A complex signaling cascade initiates after the ligand binds to the TLR4 ectodomain, leading to the activation of multiple inflammatory genes. Genetic variations greatly influence immune responses towards pathogenic challenges and disease outcome. In this review, we summarize various reports regarding TLR4 polymorphisms and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoona Noreen
- NUST Centre of Virology and Immunology, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Chen SY, Chen TF, Lai LC, Chen JH, Sun Y, Wen LL, Yip PK, Chu YM, Chen YC. Sequence variants of interleukin 6 (IL-6) are significantly associated with a decreased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:21. [PMID: 22272811 PMCID: PMC3315433 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been related to beta-amyloid aggregation and the appearance of hyperphosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. However, previous studies relating IL-6 genetic polymorphisms to AD included few and unrepresentative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the results were inconsistent. METHODS This is a case-control study. A total of 266 patients with AD, aged≧65, were recruited from three hospitals in Taiwan (2007-2010). Controls (n = 444) were recruited from routine health checkups and volunteers of the hospital during the same period of time. Three common IL-6 haplotype-tagging SNPs were selected to assess the association between IL-6 polymorphisms and the risk of late-onset AD (LOAD). RESULTS Variant carriers of IL-6 rs1800796 and rs1524107 were significantly associated with a reduced risk of LOAD [(GG + GC vs. CC): adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.64 and (CC + CT vs. TT): AOR = 0.60, respectively]. Haplotype CAT was associated with a decreased risk of LOAD (0 and 1 copy vs. 2 copies: AOR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.44-0.95). These associations remained significant in ApoE e4 non-carriers only. Hypertension significantly modified the association between rs2069837 polymorphisms and the risk of LOAD (pinteraction = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS IL-6 polymorphisms are associated with reduced risk of LOAD, especially in ApoE e4 non-carriers. This study identified genetic markers for predicting LOAD in ApoE e4 non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chuan Lai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hau Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurology, En Chu Kong Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Li Wen
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Keung Yip
- Center of Neurological Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital,Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital,Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Genes, Environment and Human Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang Z, Parikh H, Jia J, Myers T, Yeager M, Jacobs KB, Hutchinson A, Burdett L, Ghosh A, Thun MJ, Gapstur SM, Ryan Diver W, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Cancel-Tassin G, Valeri A, Cussenot O, Offit K, Giovannucci E, Ma J, Stampfer MJ, Michael Gaziano J, Hunter DJ, Dutra-Clarke A, Kirchhoff T, Alavanja M, Freeman LB, Koutros S, Hoover R, Berndt SI, Hayes RB, Agalliu I, Burk RD, Wacholder S, Thomas G, Amundadottir L. Y chromosome haplogroups and prostate cancer in populations of European and Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1173-85. [PMID: 22271044 PMCID: PMC3374121 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation on the Y chromosome has not been convincingly implicated in prostate cancer risk. To comprehensively analyze the role of inherited Y chromosome variation in prostate cancer risk in individuals of European ancestry, we genotyped 34 binary Y chromosome markers in 3,995 prostate cancer cases and 3,815 control subjects drawn from four studies. In this set, we identified nominally significant association between a rare haplogroup, E1b1b1c, and prostate cancer in stage I (P = 0.012, OR = 0.51; 95% confidence interval 0.30–0.87). Population substructure of E1b1b1c carriers suggested Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, prompting a replication phase in individuals of both European and Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. The association was not significant for prostate cancer overall in studies of either Ashkenazi Jewish (1,686 cases and 1,597 control subjects) or European (686 cases and 734 control subjects) ancestry (Pmeta = 0.078), but a meta-analysis of stage I and II studies revealed a nominally significant association with prostate cancer risk (Pmeta = 0.010, OR = 0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.62–0.94). Comparing haplogroup frequencies between studies, we noted strong similarities between those conducted in the US and France, in which the majority of men carried R1 haplogroups, resembling Northwestern European populations. On the other hand, Finns had a remarkably different haplogroup distribution with a preponderance of N1c and I1 haplogroups. In summary, our results suggest that inherited Y chromosome variation plays a limited role in prostate cancer etiology in European populations but warrant follow-up in additional large and well characterized studies of multiple ethnic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Hemang Parikh
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20877 USA
| | - Jinping Jia
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20877 USA
| | - Timothy Myers
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20877 USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Kevin B. Jacobs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Laurie Burdett
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Arpita Ghosh
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Michael J. Thun
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Susan M. Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - W. Ryan Diver
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Geraldine Cancel-Tassin
- Centre de Recherche pour les Pathologies Prostatiques (CeRePP), Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Valeri
- Centre de Recherche pour les Pathologies Prostatiques (CeRePP), Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- Centre de Recherche pour les Pathologies Prostatiques (CeRePP), Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Box 192, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Ed Giovannucci
- Channing Laboratory, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Channing Laboratory, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Meir J. Stampfer
- Channing Laboratory, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Channing Laboratory, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - David J. Hunter
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ana Dutra-Clarke
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Box 192, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Tomas Kirchhoff
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Box 192, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Michael Alavanja
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Laura B. Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Robert Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Richard B. Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Ilir Agalliu
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NewYork, NY 10461 USA
| | - Robert D. Burk
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NewYork, NY 10461 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NewYork, NY 10461 USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NewYork, NY 10461 USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NewYork, NY 10461 USA
| | - Sholom Wacholder
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Gilles Thomas
- Synergie-Lyon-Cancer, Universite Lyon 1, Centre Leon Berard, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Laufey Amundadottir
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20877 USA
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA
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Ito M, Hanaoka M, Droma Y, Kobayashi N, Yasuo M, Kitaguchi Y, Horiuchi T, Ikegawa K, Katsuyama Y, Kubo K, Ota M. The association of Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphisms with the development of emphysema in Japanese subjects: a case control study. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:36. [PMID: 22251849 PMCID: PMC3333474 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The principal role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the induction of immune responses to lipopolysaccharides. Previously, mice deficient in the TLR4 gene exhibited up-regulation of the NADPH oxidase system in the lungs. This resulted in increased oxidant generation and elastolytic activity, which led to pulmonary emphysema. It was suggested that TLR4 might maintain constitutive lung integrity by modulating oxidant generation. We investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR4 gene were associated with the emphysema phenotype in Japanese subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). RESULTS Seven SNPs in the TLR4 gene (rs10759930, rs1927914, rs12377632, rs2149356, rs11536889, rs7037117, and rs7045953) were genotyped with allelic discrimination assays. The frequencies of SNPs were compared between 106 patients with the emphysema phenotype of COPD and 137 healthy smokers. We found that the positivity of the individuals with the major G allele of rs11536889 was significantly less in the emphysema group than the control group (p = 0.019). The frequencies of the minor C allele and the distribution of the CC genotype as well as the frequency of the major haplotype that carried the minor C allele of rs11536889 were all significantly higher in the emphysema group than the control group (p = 0.0083, 0.019, and 0.004, respectively). Furthermore, the strength of the association of the CC genotype with the emphysema phenotype was in an odds ratio of 2.60 with 95% confidence intervals from 1.17 to 5.78. However, these significances were not apparent after adjust for age and smoking history by logistic regression. No associations were observed between the rs11536889 and the low attenuation area score, the forced expiratory volume, and the carbon monoxide diffusion capacity in the emphysema group. CONCLUSIONS The minor C allele of the rs11536889 SNP in the TLR4 gene is likely associated with the risk of developing emphysema in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Ito
- First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hanaoka
- First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yunden Droma
- First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Nobumitsu Kobayashi
- First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuo
- First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitaguchi
- First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Horiuchi
- First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ikegawa
- First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Katsuyama
- Department of Pharmacy, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Keishi Kubo
- First Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masao Ota
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
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81
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Cheng HC, Sun Y, Lai LC, Chen SY, Lee WC, Chen JH, Chen TF, Chen HH, Wen LL, Yip PK, Chu YM, Chen WJ, Chen YC. Genetic polymorphisms of nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. J Negat Results Biomed 2012; 11:5. [PMID: 22236693 PMCID: PMC3362783 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5751-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is attributable to the proapoptotic signaling induced by nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) and may link to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Only one study has investigated the association between NGFR polymorphisms and the risk of AD in an Italian population. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) may modify this association based on previous animal and epidemiologic studies. Methods This was a case-control study in a Chinese population. A total of 264 AD patients were recruited from three teaching hospitals between 2007 to 2010; 389 controls were recruited from elderly health checkup and volunteers of the hospital during the same period of time. Five common (frequency≥5%) haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) were selected from NGFR to test the association between NGFR htSNPs and the risk of AD. Results Variant NGFR rs734194 was significantly associated with a decreased risk of AD [GG vs. TT copies: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.20-0.95]. Seven common haplotypes were identified. Minor haplotype GCGCG was significantly associated with a decreased risk of AD (2 vs. 0 copies: adjusted OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.17-0.91). Type 2 DM significantly modified the association between rs2072446, rs741072, and haplotype GCTTG and GTTCG on the risk of AD among ApoE ε4 non-carriers (Pinteraction < 0.05). Conclusion Inherited polymorphisms of NGFR were associated with the risk of AD; results were not significant after correction for multiple tests. This association was further modified by the status of type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chi Cheng
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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82
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Inflammation and immune surveillance in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 22:23-32. [PMID: 22210181 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for tumor development. However, understanding the effect of the immune system on tumor development has only been significantly advanced over the past two decades. We now appreciate that the immune system, in addition to tumor-suppressive function by eliminating nascent transformed tumor cells, can also exert selection pressure on tumor cells and facilitate tumor growth by providing a favorable tumor microenvironment. Yet, the distinctions between tumor-promoting inflammation and tumor-suppressive immunity are still not clear due to the dual role of some cytokines and other molecules in the immune system. The danger signal hypothesis has shaped our view of the role of immunity in cancer development, but still little is known about the exact role of danger signal receptors in cancer progression. In this review, we introduce the processes of cancer immunoediting and inflammation-induced cancer and discuss what is currently known about the role of danger signal receptors in cancer development and progression.
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83
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Gast A, Bermejo JL, Claus R, Brandt A, Weires M, Weber A, Plass C, Sucker A, Hemminki K, Schadendorf D, Kumar R. Association of inherited variation in Toll-like receptor genes with malignant melanoma susceptibility and survival. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24370. [PMID: 21931695 PMCID: PMC3170315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is critical in linking innate and acquired immunity. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding TLRs have been associated with autoimmune diseases and cancer. We investigated the genetic variation of TLR genes and its potential impact on melanoma susceptibility and patient survival. The study included 763 cutaneous melanoma cases recruited in Germany and 736 matched controls that were genotyped for 47 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 8 TLR genes. The relationship between genotype, disease status and survival was investigated taking into account patient and tumor characteristics, and melanoma treatment. Analysis of 7 SNPs in TLR2, 7 SNPs in TLR3 and 8 SNPs in TLR4 showed statistically significant differences in distribution of inferred haplotypes between cases and controls. No individual polymorphism was associated with disease susceptibility except for the observed tendency for TLR2-rs3804099 (odds ratio OR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.99–1.34, p = 0.07) and TLR4-rs2149356 (OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.73–1.00, p = 0.06). Both polymorphisms were part of the haplotypes associated with risk modulation. An improved overall survival (Hazard ratio HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.32–0.88) and survival following metastasis (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.34–0.91) were observed in carriers of the variant allele (D299G) of TLR4-rs4986790. In addition various TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 haplotypes were associated with increased overall survival. Our results point to a novel association between TLR gene variants and haplotypes with melanoma survival. Our data suggest a role for the D299G polymorphism in the TLR4 gene in overall survival and a potential link with systemic treatment at stage IV of the disease. The polymorphic amino acid residue, located in the ectodomain of TLR4, can have functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gast
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Justo Lorenzo Bermejo
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Claus
- Department of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Brandt
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marianne Weires
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Weber
- Junior Research Group Toll-like Receptors and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Department of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antje Sucker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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84
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Okobia MN, Zmuda JM, Ferrell RE, Patrick AL, Bunker CH. Chromosome 8q24 variants are associated with prostate cancer risk in a high risk population of African ancestry. Prostate 2011; 71:1054-63. [PMID: 21557270 PMCID: PMC4422491 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier studies on the role of germline variations in the disproportionate higher burden of prostate cancer in men of African ancestry have been largely unrewarding. However, the successful replication of recent genome-wide association findings implicating some regions of chromosome 8q24 in the disparate prostate cancer susceptibility in men of European and African ancestry have been encouraging. This case-control study was designed to evaluate the association between germline variations in chromosome 8q24 and prostate cancer risk in Afro-Caribbean Tobago men, a population of predominantly West African ancestry. METHODS High molecular weight genomic DNA was isolated from blood clots using Qiagen kits. Genotyping was performed on genomic DNA using a pre-designed TaqMan SNP assay according to the manufacture's protocol on a 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). RESULTS SNP rs16901979 in region 2 was associated with significantly increased risk of prostate cancer (OR = 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.95, P = 0.04) with the risk stronger in men with early-onset prostate cancer (OR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.40-3.99, P = 0.001). There was a tendency towards significantly increased risk for SNPs rs1447295 and rs6983267 in men with early-onset prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS The replication of the association of chromosome 8q24 variants with increased prostate cancer risk in Tobago men and the higher frequency of the risk alleles in controls in populations of African ancestry further strengthens the possible role of this genomic region in the disproportionate higher burden of prostate cancer in men of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Okobia
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Universityof Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph M. Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert E. Ferrell
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan L. Patrick
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Tobago Health Studies Office, Scarborough, Tobago, Trinidad & Tobago
| | - Clareann H. Bunker
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Universityof Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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85
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Amirian ES, Scheurer ME, Liu Y, D'Amelio AM, Houlston RS, Etzel CJ, Shete S, Swerdlow AJ, Schoemaker MJ, McKinney PA, Fleming SJ, Muir KR, Lophatananon A, Bondy ML. A novel approach to exploring potential interactions among single-nucleotide polymorphisms of inflammation genes in gliomagenesis: an exploratory case-only study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1683-1689. [PMID: 21724854 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite extensive research on the topic, glioma etiology remains largely unknown. Exploration of potential interactions between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of immune genes is a promising new area of glioma research. The case-only study design is a powerful and efficient design for exploring possible multiplicative interactions between factors that are independent of one another. The purpose of our study was to use this exploratory design to identify potential pair wise SNP-SNP interactions from genes involved in several different immune-related pathways for investigation in future studies. METHODS The study population consisted of two case groups: 1,224 histologic confirmed, non-Hispanic white glioma cases from the United States and a validation population of 634 glioma cases from the United Kingdom. Polytomous logistic regression, in which one SNP was coded as the outcome and the other SNP was included as the exposure, was utilized to calculate the ORs of the likelihood of cases simultaneously having the variant alleles of two different SNPs. Potential interactions were examined only between SNPs located in different genes or chromosomes. RESULTS Using this data mining strategy, we found 396 significant SNP-SNP interactions among polymorphisms of immune-related genes that were present in both the U.S. and U.K. study populations. CONCLUSION This exploratory study was conducted for the purpose of hypothesis generation, and thus has provided several new hypotheses that can be tested using traditional case-control study designs to obtain estimates of risk. IMPACT This is the first study, to our knowledge, to take this novel approach to identifying SNP-SNP interactions relevant to glioma etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Susan Amirian
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony M D'Amelio
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Carol J Etzel
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjay Shete
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Section of Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah J Fleming
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kenneth R Muir
- Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Artitaya Lophatananon
- Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Melissa L Bondy
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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86
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Lin KP, Chen SY, Lai LC, Huang YL, Chen JH, Chen TF, Sun Y, Wen LL, Yip PK, Chu YM, Chen WJ, Chen YC. Genetic polymorphisms of a novel vascular susceptibility gene, Ninjurin2 (NINJ2), are associated with a decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20573. [PMID: 21674003 PMCID: PMC3108950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulated evidences have shown that vascular risk factors, e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia, may be related to the risk of dementia. This study investigated the association between genetic polymorphisms of a vascular susceptibility gene, Ninjurin2 (NINJ2), and the risk of dementia, which has not been explored previously. Methods A total of 275 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 119 vascular dementia (VaD) patients aged 50 or older were recruited from three teaching hospitals from 2007 to 2010. Healthy controls (n = 423) with the same age of cases were recruited from the health checkup and volunteers worked at the hospital during the same time period. Five common (frequency >5%) haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) in NINJ2 were genotyped to test for the association between sequence variants of NINJ2 and dementia risk, and how vascular risk factors modify this association. Results Homozygosity of two NINJ2 SNPs was significantly associated with a decreased risk of AD [rs11833579: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.23–0.80; rs12425791: AOR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.12–0.96]. Five common haplotypes (cumulative frequency = 97%) were identified. The global test for the association between NINJ2 haplotypes and AD was significant (p = 0.03). Haplotype CAGGA was significantly associated with a decreased risk of AD (AOR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.11–0.94). No associations were observed for VaD. Conclusion Inherited polymorphisms of the vascular susceptibility gene NINJ2 were associated with AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Pei Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chuan Lai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Huang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hau Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurology, En Chu Kong Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Li Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Keung Yip
- Center of Neurological Medicine, Cardinal Tien's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cardinal Tien's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J. Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Genes, Environment, and Human Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Genes, Environment, and Human Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Kim HJ, Bae JS, Chang IH, Kim KD, Lee J, Shin HD, Lee JY, Kim WJ, Kim W, Myung SC. Sequence variants of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the risk of prostate cancer in Korean men. World J Urol 2011; 30:225-32. [PMID: 21553150 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-011-0690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic inflammation has been considered a potential risk factor for prostate cancer. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important in the innate immune response to pathogens and in cross talk between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In this study, sequence variants in the TLR4 gene were investigated to determine whether they were associated with prostate cancer risk in a Korean cohort. METHODS An association study between 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TLR4 gene and prostate cancer was performed in 463 Korean male subjects including 240 prostate cancer patients and 223 healthy controls. SNPs were genotyped using the TaqMan assay, and their association with the risk of prostate cancer was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The statistical analysis revealed that one SNP at the 3'UTR (rs11536889) showed significant association with the risk of prostate cancer (P (corr) = 0.005, OR = 1.81). One common haplotype (ht2) was also significantly associated with the risk of prostate cancer (P (corr) = 0.009, OR = 1.77). However, further analysis showed no association between any of the SNPs and prostate cancer prognostic factors such as the Gleason score or tumor stage. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that polymorphisms of the TLR4 gene might be associated with the risk of prostate cancer in Korean men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jong Kim
- Advanced Urogenital Disease Research Center, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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88
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms of Toll-like receptor 4 decrease the risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19466. [PMID: 21559380 PMCID: PMC3084862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key innate immunity receptor that initiates an inflammatory response. Growing evidence suggests that mutation of TLR4 gene may play a role in the development of cancers. This study aimed to investigate the temporal relationship of single nucleotide polymorphisms of TLR4 and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, a single center-based case-control study was conducted. Methods A systematic genetic analysis of sequence variants of TLR4 by evaluating ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms was performed from 216 hepatocellular carcinoma cases and 228 controls. Results Six single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TLR4 in the 5′-untranslated region and intron were associated with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Individuals carrying the heterozygous genotypes for the rs10759930, rs2737190, rs10116253, rs1927914, rs12377632 and rs1927911 had significantly decreased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (adjusted odds ratio [OR], from 0.527 to 0.578, P<0.01) comparing with those carrying wild-type homozygous genotypes. In haplotype analysis, one haplotype (GCCCTTAG) of TLR4 was associated significantly with decrease of the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (OR, 0.556, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.407–0.758, P = 0.000). Conclusions Collectively, these results suggested that the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma was associated with TLR4 sequence variation. TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms may play an important protective role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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89
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Tang H, Dong X, Hassan M, Abbruzzese JL, Li D, Askari F, Su GL, Lok AS, Marrero JA. Body mass index and obesity- and diabetes-associated genotypes and risk for pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011. [PMID: 21357378 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic factors predisposing individuals with obesity or diabetes to pancreatic cancer have not been identified. AIMS To investigate the hypothesis that obesity- and diabetes-related genes modify the risk of pancreatic cancer. METHODS We genotyped 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms of fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), nuclear receptor family 5 member 2 (NR5A2), AMPK, and ADIPOQ genes in 1,070 patients with pancreatic cancer and 1,175 cancer-free controls. Information on risk factors was collected by personal interview. Adjusted ORs (AOR) and 95% CIs were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS The PPARγ P12A GG genotype was inversely associated with risk of pancreatic cancer (AOR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.07-0.62). Three NR5A2 variants that were previously identified in a genome-wide association study were significantly associated with reduced risk of pancreatic cancer, AORs ranging from 0.57 to 0.79. Two FTO gene variants and one ADIPOQ variant were differentially associated with pancreatic cancer according to levels of body mass index (BMI; P(interaction) = 0.0001, 0.0015, and 0.03). For example, the AOR (95% CI) for FTO IVS1-2777AC/AA genotype was 0.72 (0.55-0.96) and 1.54 (1.14-2.09) in participants with a BMI of less than 25 or 25 kg/m(2) or more, respectively. We observed no significant association between AMPK genotype and pancreatic cancer and no genotype interactions with diabetes or smoking. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the PPARγ P12A GG genotype and NR5A2 variants may reduce the risk for pancreatic cancer. A positive association of FTO and ADIPOQ gene variants with pancreatic cancer may be limited to persons who are overweight. IMPACT The discovery of genetic factors modifying the risk of pancreatic cancer may help to identify high-risk individuals for prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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90
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major health problem as it continues to be the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men in the Western world. While improved early detection significantly decreased mortality, prostate cancer still remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death in Western men. Understanding the mechanisms of prostate cancer initiation and progression should have a significant impact on development of novel therapeutic approaches that can help to combat this disease. The recent explosion of novel high-throughput genetic technologies together with studies in animal models and human tissues allowed a comprehensive analysis and functional validation of the molecular changes. This chapter will summarize and discuss recently identified critical genetic and epigenetic changes that drive prostate cancer initiation and progression. These discoveries should help concentrate the efforts of drug development on key pathways and molecules, and finally translate the knowledge that is gained from mechanistic studies into effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice S Knudsen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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91
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Wang J, Cai Y, Shao LJ, Siddiqui J, Palanisamy N, Li R, Ren C, Ayala G, Ittmann M. Activation of NF-{kappa}B by TMPRSS2/ERG Fusion Isoforms through Toll-Like Receptor-4. Cancer Res 2010; 71:1325-33. [PMID: 21169414 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The TMPRSS2/ERG (T/E) fusion gene is present and thought to be an oncogenic driver of approximately half of all prostate cancers. Fusion of the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 promoter to the ERG oncogene results in constitutive high level expression of ERG which promotes prostate cancer invasion and proliferation. Here, we report the characterization of multiple alternatively spliced T/E fusion gene isoforms which have differential effects on invasion and proliferation. We found that T/E fusion gene isoforms differentially increase NF-κB-mediated transcription, which may explain in part the differences in biological activities of the T/E fusion isoforms. This increased activity is due to phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 on Ser536. Tissue microarray immunochemistry revealed that p65 phospho-Ser536 is present in the majority of prostate cancers where it is associated with ERG protein expression. The T/E fusion gene isoforms differentially increase expression of a number of NF-κB associated genes including PAR1, CCL2, FOS, TLR3, and TLR4 (Toll-like receptor). TLR4 activation is known to promote p65 Ser536 phosphorylation and knockdown of TLR4 with shRNA decreases Ser536 phosphorylation in T/E fusion gene expressing cells. TLR4 can be activated by proteins in the tumor microenvironment and lipopolysacharide from Gram (-) bacteria. Our findings suggest that bacterial infection of the prostate and/or endogenous microenvironment proteins may promote progression of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and/or prostate cancers that express the T/E fusion gene, where the NF-κB pathway might be targeted as a rational therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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92
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Impact of Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms on risk of cancer. Hum Immunol 2010; 72:193-206. [PMID: 21081146 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is one of the key immune system effectors playing the main role in recognition of viruses and bacteria. Dysregulation of the TLR4 signaling owing to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may alter the ligand binding and balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby modulating the risk of chronic inflammation and cancer. TLR4 polymorphisms may be associated with at least nine types of cancer. The most intensively investigating TLR4 polymorphisms are Asp299Gly (rs4986790) and Thr399Ile (rs4986791). It seems to be that Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile are related to increased risk of precancerous gastric lesions, and, possibly, gastric cancer. Thr399Ile also may be connected with gallbladder cancer, and both of these polymorphisms apparently have no impact on risk of prostate cancer. However, the data about many SNPs and their associations with different types of cancer are conflicting, and further large, well-designed, comprehensive studies in various populations are necessary for solution of this problem. The short list of TLR4 SNPs for further investigation may include TLR4_896A/G (Asp299Gly, rs4986790), TLR4_1196C/T (Thr399Ile, rs4986791), Thr135Ala, TLR4_1859 G/A (rs11536858), TLR4_2032T/C (rs10116253), TLR4_2437A/G (rs1927914), TLR4_2856T/C (rs10759932), TLR4_3725 G/C (rs11536889), TLR4_7764 G/A (rs1927911), TLR4_11350G/C, TLR4_11912 G/T (rs2149356), TLR4_16649G/C (rs7873784), and TLR4_17050T/C (rs11536891).
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93
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Abstract
Cancers often arise as the end stage of inflammation in adults, but not in children. As such there is a complex interplay between host immune cells during neoplastic development, with both an ability to promote cancer and limit or eliminate it, most often complicit with the host. In humans, defining inflammation and the presence of inflammatory cells within or surrounding the tumor is a critical aspect of modern pathology. Groups defining staging for neoplasms are strongly encouraged to assess and incorporate measures of the presence of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis and also the nature and quality of the immune infiltrate. Both environmental and genetic factors enhance the risk of cigarette smoking, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B/C, human papilloma virus, solar irradiation, asbestos, pancreatitis, or other causes of chronic inflammation. Identifying suitable genetic polymorphisms in cytokines, cytokine receptors, and Toll-like receptors among other immune response genes is also seen as high value as genomic sequencing becomes less expensive. Animal models that incorporate and assess not only the genetic anlagen but also the inflammatory cells and the presence of microbial pathogens and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules are necessary. Identifying micro-RNAs involved in regulating the response to damage or injury are seen as highly promising. Although no therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat cancers based on insights into inflammatory pathways are currently approved for the common epithelial malignancies, there remains substantial interest in agents targeting COX2 or PPARgamma, ethyl pyruvate and steroids, and several novel agents on the horizon.
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Morote J, Del Amo J, Borque A, Ars E, Hernández C, Herranz F, Arruza A, Llarena R, Planas J, Viso MJ, Palou J, Raventós CX, Tejedor D, Artieda M, Simón L, Martínez A, Rioja LA. Improved prediction of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy by genetic polymorphisms. J Urol 2010; 184:506-11. [PMID: 20620409 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Single nucleotide polymorphisms are inherited genetic variations that can predispose or protect individuals against clinical events. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphism profiling may improve the prediction of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective, multi-institutional study of 703 patients treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer who had at least 5 years of followup after surgery. All patients were genotyped for 83 prostate cancer related single nucleotide polymorphisms using a low density oligonucleotide microarray. Baseline clinicopathological variables and single nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed to predict biochemical recurrence within 5 years using stepwise logistic regression. Discrimination was measured by ROC curve AUC, specificity, sensitivity, predictive values, net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination index. RESULTS The overall biochemical recurrence rate was 35%. The model with the best fit combined 8 covariates, including the 5 clinicopathological variables prostate specific antigen, Gleason score, pathological stage, lymph node involvement and margin status, and 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms at the KLK2, SULT1A1 and TLR4 genes. Model predictive power was defined by 80% positive predictive value, 74% negative predictive value and an AUC of 0.78. The model based on clinicopathological variables plus single nucleotide polymorphisms showed significant improvement over the model without single nucleotide polymorphisms, as indicated by 23.3% net reclassification improvement (p = 0.003), integrated discrimination index (p <0.001) and likelihood ratio test (p <0.001). Internal validation proved model robustness (bootstrap corrected AUC 0.78, range 0.74 to 0.82). The calibration plot showed close agreement between biochemical recurrence observed and predicted probabilities. CONCLUSIONS Predicting biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy based on clinicopathological data can be significantly improved by including patient genetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Morote
- Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
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Inflammatory genetic markers of prostate cancer risk. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1198-220. [PMID: 24281113 PMCID: PMC3835126 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2021198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in Western society males, with incidence rates predicted to rise with global aging. Etiology of prostate cancer is however poorly understood, while current diagnostic tools can be invasive (digital rectal exam or biopsy) and/or lack specificity for the disease (prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing). Substantial histological, epidemiological and molecular genetic evidence indicates that inflammation is important in prostate cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current status of inflammatory genetic markers influencing susceptibility to prostate cancer. The focus will be on inflammatory cytokines regulating T-helper cell and chemokine homeostasis, together with the Toll-like receptors as key players in the host innate immune system. Although association studies indicating a genetic basis for prostate cancer are presently limited mainly due to lack of replication, larger and more ethnically and clinically defined study populations may help elucidate the true contribution of inflammatory gene variants to prostate cancer risk.
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96
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Hart K, Landvik NE, Lind H, Skaug V, Haugen A, Zienolddiny S. A combination of functional polymorphisms in the CASP8, MMP1, IL10 and SEPS1 genes affects risk of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2010; 71:123-9. [PMID: 20471133 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke as well as environmental and occupational factors is the major cause of lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the major histological type. Genes in pathways affecting inflammation, cellular stress and apoptosis are important, and the extent of inflammation in the lung could be affected by polymorphisms modifying these responses. In the present study we have investigated whether a combination of potential functional polymorphisms in genes related to inflammation may modulate risk of NSCLC. Eleven functional polymorphisms in nine genes were analyzed for association with risk of NSCLC in 882 subjects from the Norwegian population. The results showed that individuals carrying combination of three functional polymorphisms in the caspase-8, matrix metalloproteinase-1, seleno-protein S1, and interleukin-10 genes had two-fold increased risk of NSCLC (OR 2.06 (95% CI, 1.19-3.47) whereas individuals with four risk genotypes had 4.62-fold increased risk (OR 4.62, 95% CI, 1.69-12.63). These results highlight the need to investigate the combinatory effects of multiple SNPs in the carcinogenesis of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Hart
- Section of Toxicology, Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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97
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Chin AI, Miyahira AK, Covarrubias A, Teague J, Guo B, Dempsey PW, Cheng G. Toll-like receptor 3-mediated suppression of TRAMP prostate cancer shows the critical role of type I interferons in tumor immune surveillance. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2595-603. [PMID: 20233880 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation has increasingly been recognized as a critical component influencing tumor growth. Recent reports have revealed conflicting evidence for the role of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in modulating tumorigenesis. In our study, we implicate TLR3 in mediating immune surveillance with increased growth of implanted transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) tumors in TLR3(-/-) compared with TLR3(+/+) mice. Activation of TLR3 by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) leads to induction of multiple inflammatory pathways, including NF-kappaB, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and interferon (IFN) regulatory factors. We explored the potential of TLR3 stimulation in prostate cancer immunotherapy and showed that treatment with polyI:C can strongly suppress both s.c. implanted TRAMP tumors in syngenic mice as well as orthotopic prostate cancers in TRAMP C57Bl6 x FvB F1 Tg(+/-) transgenic mice. Treated tumors remained well differentiated to moderately differentiated with increased infiltration of T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells compared with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma observed in untreated tumors. Like TLR3(-/-) mice, IFN-alpha receptor 1 (IFNAR1)(-/-) mice exhibited reduced tumor surveillance and impaired tumor suppression following polyI:C treatment. We observed that type I IFN-dependent induction of cytokines was responsible for NK activation, with depletion of NK cells leading to increased tumor growth as well as expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory lymphocytes. Our study therefore delineates the importance of IFNAR-dependent functions in TLR3-mediated tumor suppression and supports the use of TLR3 agonists for prostate cancer immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold I Chin
- Department of Urology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, P.O. Box 951738, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1738, USA.
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98
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Cherfils-Vicini J, Platonova S, Gillard M, Laurans L, Validire P, Caliandro R, Magdeleinat P, Mami-Chouaib F, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Fridman WH, Damotte D, Sautès-Fridman C, Cremer I. Triggering of TLR7 and TLR8 expressed by human lung cancer cells induces cell survival and chemoresistance. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1285-97. [PMID: 20237413 DOI: 10.1172/jci36551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that inflammation, cell survival, and cancer are linked, with a central role played by NF-kappaB. Recent studies implicate some TLRs in tumor development based on their ability to facilitate tumor growth; however, to our knowledge, involvement of neither TLR7 nor TLR78 has yet been demonstrated. Here we have demonstrated expression of TLR7 and TLR8, the natural receptors for single-stranded RNA, by tumor cells in human lung cancer in situ and in human lung tumor cell lines. Stimulation with TLR7 or TLR8 agonists led to activated NF-kappaB, upregulated expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, increased tumor cell survival, and chemoresistance. Transcriptional analysis performed on human primary lung tumor cells and TLR7- or TLR8-stimulated human lung tumor cell lines revealed a gene expression signature suggestive of chronic stimulation of tumor cells by TLR ligands in situ. Together, these data emphasize that TLR signaling can directly favor tumor development and further suggest that researchers developing anticancer immunotherapy using TLR7 or TLR8 agonists as adjuvants should take into account the expression of these TLRs in lung tumor cells.
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99
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Lee JY, Zhao L, Hwang DH. Modulation of pattern recognition receptor-mediated inflammation and risk of chronic diseases by dietary fatty acids. Nutr Rev 2010; 68:38-61. [PMID: 20041999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is known to promote the development of many chronic diseases. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins (NODs) mediate both infection-induced inflammation and sterile inflammation by recognizing pathogen- associated molecular patterns and endogenous molecules, respectively. PRR-mediated inflammation is an important determinant in altering the risk of many chronic diseases. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) can activate PRRs, leading to enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory target gene products. However, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inhibit agonist-induced activation of PRRs. These results suggest that SFAs and n-3 PUFAs can reciprocally modulate PRR-mediated inflammation, and that PRRs and their downstream signaling components are molecular targets for dietary strategies to reduce chronic inflammation and subsequent risk of chronic diseases. This advancement in knowledge provides a new paradigm for understanding the mechanism by which different dietary fatty acids modify risk of chronic diseases including insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Y Lee
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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100
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Lindström S, Hunter DJ, Grönberg H, Stattin P, Wiklund F, Xu J, Chanock SJ, Hayes R, Kraft P. Sequence variants in the TLR4 and TLR6-1-10 genes and prostate cancer risk. Results based on pooled analysis from three independent studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:873-6. [PMID: 20200442 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation in two members of the Toll-like receptor family, TLR4 and the gene cluster TLR6-1-10, has been implicated in prostate cancer in several studies but the associated alleles have not been consistent across reports. METHODS We did a pooled analysis combining genotype data from three case-control studies, Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, and the Prostate, Lung, Colon and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, with data from 3,101 prostate cancer cases and 2,523 controls. We did imputation to obtain dense coverage of the genes and comparable genotype data for all cohorts. In total, 58 single nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR4 and 96 single nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR6-1-10 were genotyped or imputed and analyzed in the entire data set. We did a cohort-specific analysis as well as meta-analysis and pooled analysis. We also evaluated whether the analyses differed by age or disease severity. RESULTS We observed no overall association between genetic variation at the TLR4 and TLR6-1-10 loci and risk of prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS Common germ line genetic variation in TLR4 and TLR6-1-10 did not seem to have a strong association with risk of prostate cancer. IMPACT This study suggests that earlier associations between prostate cancer risk and TLR4 and TLR6-1-10 sequence variants were chance findings. To definitely assess the causal relationship between TLR sequence variants and prostate cancer risk, very large sample sizes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lindström
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Building 2, Room 249B, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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