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Cheng L, Yang Z, Sun Z, Zhang W, Ren Y, Wang M, Han X, Fei L, Zhao Y, Pan H, Xie J, Nie S. Schizandrin B Mitigates Rifampicin-Induced Liver Injury by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:145-152. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cheng
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhizhou Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Zhaorui Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Xiaoqin Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Libo Fei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Ji Xie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Shinan Nie
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
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Pandey S, Patil S, Ballav N, Basu S. Spatial targeting of Bcl-2 on endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in cancer cells by lipid nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4259-4266. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the same proteins at different sub-cellular locations with completely different functions adds to the complexity of signalling pathways in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune
- Pune
- India
| | - Sohan Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune
- Pune
- India
| | - Nirmalya Ballav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune
- Pune
- India
| | - Sudipta Basu
- Discipline of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Gandhinagar
- Gandhinagar
- India
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Ramirez MU, Hernandez SR, Soto-Pantoja DR, Cook KL. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway, the Unfolded Protein Response, Modulates Immune Function in the Tumor Microenvironment to Impact Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010169. [PMID: 31881743 PMCID: PMC6981480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in cancer therapy, several persistent issues remain. These include cancer recurrence, effective targeting of aggressive or therapy-resistant cancers, and selective treatments for transformed cells. This review evaluates the current findings and highlights the potential of targeting the unfolded protein response to treat cancer. The unfolded protein response, an evolutionarily conserved pathway in all eukaryotes, is initiated in response to misfolded proteins accumulating within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. This pathway is initially cytoprotective, allowing cells to survive stressful events; however, prolonged activation of the unfolded protein response also activates apoptotic responses. This balance is key in successful mammalian immune response and inducing cell death in malignant cells. We discuss how the unfolded protein response affects cancer progression, survival, and immune response to cancer cells. The literature shows that targeting the unfolded protein response as a monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapies increases the efficacy of these drugs; however, systemic unfolded protein response targeting may yield deleterious effects on immune cell function and should be taken into consideration. The material in this review shows the promise of both approaches, each of which merits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel U. Ramirez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | - David R. Soto-Pantoja
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Katherine L. Cook
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-336-716-2234
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Ebrahimi SM, Bathaie SZ, Faridi N, Taghikhani M, Nakhjavani M, Faghihzadeh S. L-lysine protects C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes against high glucose damages and stresses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225912. [PMID: 31856203 PMCID: PMC6922410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a hallmark of diabetes, which is associated with protein glycation and misfolding, impaired cell metabolism and altered signaling pathways result in endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). We previously showed that L-lysine (Lys) inhibits the nonenzymatic glycation of proteins, and protects diabetic rats and type 2 diabetic patients against diabetic complications. Here, we studied some molecular aspects of the Lys protective role in high glucose (HG)-induced toxicity in C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cell lines were differentiated into myotubes and adipocytes, respectively. Then, they were incubated with normal or high glucose (HG) concentrations in the absence/presence of Lys (1 mM). To investigate the role of HG and/or Lys on cell apoptosis, oxidative status, unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy, we used the MTT assay and flow cytometry, spectrophotometry and fluorometry, RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. In both cell lines, HG significantly reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis, accompanying with the significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, the spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), at both mRNA and protein levels, the phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p-eIf2α), and the Light chain 3 (LC3)II/LC3I ratio was also significantly increased. Lys alone had no significant effects on most of these parameters; but, treatment with HG plus Lys returned them all to, or close to, the normal values. The results indicated the protective role of Lys against glucotoxicity induced by HG in C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Mehdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Zahra Bathaie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Nassim Faridi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghikhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Nakhjavani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soghrat Faghihzadeh
- Department of Statistics, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Direito I, Fardilha M, Helguero LA. Contribution of the unfolded protein response to breast and prostate tissue homeostasis and its significance to cancer endocrine response. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:203-215. [PMID: 30596981 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant breast and prostate cancers remain a major clinical problem, new therapeutic approaches and better predictors of therapeutic response are clearly needed. Because of the involvement of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in cell proliferation and apoptosis evasion, an increasing number of publications support the hypothesis that impairments in this network trigger and/or exacerbate cancer. Moreover, UPR activation could contribute to the development of drug resistance phenotypes in both breast and prostate cancers. Therefore, targeting this pathway has recently emerged as a promising strategy in anticancer therapy. This review addresses the contribution of UPR to breast and prostate tissues homeostasis and its significance to cancer endocrine response with focus on the current progress on UPR research related to cancer biology, detection, prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine (iBiMED), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Zhu HD, Liu L, Deng H, Li ZB, Sheng JQ, He XX, Tian DA, Li PY. Astrocyte elevated gene 1 (AEG-1) promotes anoikis resistance and metastasis by inducing autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:5084-5095. [PMID: 31691973 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte elevated gene 1 (AEG-1) is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is strongly associated with tumor metastasis. Anoikis resistance and autophagy may play an important role in the survival of circulating tumor cells. However, the relationship among AEG-1, anoikis resistance, autophagy, and metastasis in HCC is still not clear. The results of this study indicate that AEG-1 expression is increased in HCC cell lines grown in suspension culture. AEG-1 could enhance anoikis resistance to promote the survival of detached HCC cells. Moreover, the anoikis resistance appears to be partly dependent on autophagy. Regulating AEG-1 expression changed the autophagy levels to modulate anoikis resistance, likely acting via the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP signaling axis. Finally, inhibiting autophagy by RNA interference prevented the AEG-1-promoted metastasis of HCC xenografts to the liver and lungs of nude mice. Taken together, AEG-1 is a key contributor to anoikis resistance and metastasis by inducing autophagy in vitro and in vivo, and it may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Dan Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng-Bo Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Qi Sheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Xing He
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - De-An Tian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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57
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Liu Y, Wang X, Zhen Z, Yu Y, Qiu Y, Xiang W. GRP78 regulates milk biosynthesis and the proliferation of bovinemammaryepithelial cells through the mTOR signaling pathway. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2019; 24:57. [PMID: 31660059 PMCID: PMC6805561 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-019-0181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a member of the HSP70 protein family and a key endoplasmic reticulum chaperone. It has been revealed to play important roles both in the maturation, folding and transport of proteins and in cellproliferation. However, its involvement in milk biosynthesis or the proliferation of bovine primary mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) has yet to be established. METHODS The expressions of GRP78 in BMECs stimulated with methionine, leucine, estrogen and prolactin were determined using western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. To explore the function of GRP78 in BMECs, the protein was overexpressed or knocked down, respectively using an overexpression vector or an siRNA mixture transfected into cells cultured in vitro. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell proliferation and cell activity. The contents of lactose and triglyceride (TG) secreted from the treated BMECs were measured using lactose and TG assay kits, respectively. Western blotting analysis was used to measure the β-casein content and the protein levels of the signaling molecules known to be involved in milk biosynthesis and cell proliferation. RESULTS GRP78overexpression significantly stimulated milk protein and milk fat synthesis, enhanced cell proliferation, positively regulated the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and increased the amount of protein of cyclinD1andsterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). GRP78 knockdown after siRNA transfection had the opposite effects. We further found that GRP78 was located in the cytoplasm of BMECs, and that stimulating methionine, leucine, estrogen and prolactin expression led to a significant increase in the protein expression of GRP78 in BMECs. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that GRP78 is an important regulator of milk biosynthesis and the proliferation of BMECs through the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | | | - Zhen Zhen
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanbo Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Youwen Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Co-Operation between Aneuploidy and Metabolic Changes in Driving Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184611. [PMID: 31540349 PMCID: PMC6770258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations from the normal set of chromosomes are extremely common as cells progress toward tumourigenesis. Similarly, we expect to see disruption of normal cellular metabolism, particularly in the use of glucose. In this review, we discuss the connections between these two processes: how chromosomal aberrations lead to metabolic disruption, and vice versa. Both processes typically result in the production of elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, so we particularly focus on their role in mediating oncogenic changes.
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Dorvash M, Farahmandnia M, Tavassoly I. A Systems Biology Roadmap to Decode mTOR Control System in Cancer. Interdiscip Sci 2019; 12:1-11. [PMID: 31531812 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-019-00347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical protein in the regulation of cell fate decision making, especially in cancer cells. mTOR acts as a signal integrator and is one of the main elements of interactions among the pivotal cellular processes such as cell death, autophagy, metabolic reprogramming, cell growth, and cell cycle. The temporal control of these processes is essential for the cellular homeostasis and dysregulation of mTOR signaling pathway results in different phenotypes, including aging, oncogenesis, cell survival, cell growth, senescence, quiescence, and cell death. In this paper, we have proposed a systems biology roadmap to study mTOR control system, which introduces the theoretical and experimental modalities to decode temporal and dynamical characteristics of mTOR signaling in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Dorvash
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmandnia
- Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iman Tavassoly
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Dorvash M, Farahmandnia M, Mosaddeghi P, Farahmandnejad M, Saber H, Khorraminejad-Shirazi M, Azadi A, Tavassoly I. Dynamic modeling of signal transduction by mTOR complexes in cancer. J Theor Biol 2019; 483:109992. [PMID: 31493485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.109992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Signal integration has a crucial role in the cell fate decision and dysregulation of the cellular signaling pathways is a primary characteristic of cancer. As a signal integrator, mTOR shows a complex dynamical behavior which determines the cell fate at different cellular processes levels, including cell cycle progression, cell survival, cell death, metabolic reprogramming, and aging. The dynamics of the complex responses to rapamycin in cancer cells have been attributed to its differential time-dependent inhibitory effects on mTORC1 and mTORC2, the two main complexes of mTOR. Two explanations were previously provided for this phenomenon: 1-Rapamycin does not inhibit mTORC2 directly, whereas it prevents mTORC2 formation by sequestering free mTOR protein (Le Chatelier's principle). 2-Components like Phosphatidic Acid (PA) further stabilize mTORC2 compared with mTORC1. To understand the mechanism by which rapamycin differentially inhibits the mTOR complexes in the cancer cells, we present a mathematical model of rapamycin mode of action based on the first explanation, i.e., Le Chatelier's principle. Translating the interactions among components of mTORC1 and mTORC2 into a mathematical model revealed the dynamics of rapamycin action in different doses and time-intervals of rapamycin treatment. This model shows that rapamycin has stronger effects on mTORC1 compared with mTORC2, simply due to its direct interaction with free mTOR and mTORC1, but not mTORC2, without the need to consider other components that might further stabilize mTORC2. Based on our results, even when mTORC2 is less stable compared with mTORC1, it can be less inhibited by rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Dorvash
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmandnia
- Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pouria Mosaddeghi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mitra Farahmandnejad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hosein Saber
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammadhossein Khorraminejad-Shirazi
- Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iman Tavassoly
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Santana-Codina N, Marcé-Grau A, Muixí L, Nieva C, Marro M, Sebastián D, Muñoz JP, Zorzano A, Sierra A. GRP94 Is Involved in the Lipid Phenotype of Brain Metastatic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163883. [PMID: 31395819 PMCID: PMC6720951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaptation may happen in response to the pressure exerted by the microenvironment and is a key step in survival of metastatic cells. Brain metastasis occurs as a consequence of the systemic dissemination of tumor cells, a fact that correlates with poor prognosis and high morbidity due to the difficulty in identifying biomarkers that allow a more targeted therapy. Previously, we performed transcriptomic analysis of human breast cancer patient samples and evaluated the differential expression of genes in brain metastasis (BrM) compared to lung, bone and liver metastasis. Our network approach identified upregulation of glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) as well as proteins related to synthesis of fatty acids (FA) in BrM. Here we report that BrM cells show an increase in FA content and decreased saturation with regard to parental cells measured by Raman spectroscopy that differentiate BrM from other metastases. Moreover, BrM cells exerted a high ability to oxidize FA and compensate hypoglycemic stress due to an overexpression of proteins involved in FA synthesis and degradation (SREBP-1, LXRα, ACOT7). GRP94 ablation restored glucose dependence, down-regulated ACOT7 and SREBP-1 and decreased tumorigenicity in vivo. In conclusion, GRP94 is required for the metabolic stress survival of BrM cells, and it might act as a modulator of lipid metabolism to favor BrM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Santana-Codina
- Biological Clues of the Invasive and Metastatic Phenotype Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, E-08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallés, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Marcé-Grau
- Biological Clues of the Invasive and Metastatic Phenotype Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, E-08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Muixí
- Biological Clues of the Invasive and Metastatic Phenotype Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, E-08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Nieva
- Biological Clues of the Invasive and Metastatic Phenotype Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, E-08908 Barcelona, Spain
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Marro
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sebastián
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Muñoz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angels Sierra
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX-CRBC-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer-IDIBAPS, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Fang Y, Xu R, Zhai B, Hou C, Ma N, Wang L, Han G, Jiang Z, Wang R. Gm40600 suppressed SP 2/0 isograft tumor by reducing Blimp1 and Xbp1 proteins. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:700. [PMID: 31311517 PMCID: PMC6636126 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM), characterized by cancerous proliferation of plasmablasts (PB) and plasma cells (PC), remains incurable in many patients. Differentially expressed molecules between MM PCs and healthy PCs have been explored in order to identify novel targets for treating MM. In the present study, we searched for novel MM therapeutic targets by comparing mRNA expression patterns between the Mus musculus myeloma plasmablast-like SP 2/0 cell line and LPS-induced PB/PC. Methods Gene expression profiles of LPS-induced PB/PC and SP 2/0 cells were determined using RNA-sequencing. A predicted gene (Gm40600) was found to be expressed at a low level in SP 2/0 cells. To study the role of Gm40600 in malignant PC, Gm40600 cDNA was cloned into a lentiviral vector (LV201) containing a puromycin selectable marker that was then transfected into SP 2/0 cells. Stable Gm40600-expressing SP 2/0 cells were selected using puromycin. The effect of Gm40600 on SP 2/0 cell proliferation, cell cycle/apoptosis, and tumor progression was assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), flow cytometry (FACS), and the SP 2/0 isograft mouse model, respectively. The effect of Gm40600 on mRNA and protein expression was evaluated by RNA-sequencing and western blotting, respectively. Results We found that SP 2/0 cells expressed lower level of Gm40600 mRNA as compared to LPS-induced PB/PC. Overexpression of Gm40600 significantly suppressed SP 2/0 cell proliferation and isograft tumor progression in an isograft mouse model by promoting apoptosis. In addition, Gm40600 overexpression suppressed transcription of the gene encoding Bcl2. Gm40600 overexpression also reduced the expression of PC-associated transcription factors Blimp1 and Xbp1, which promote transcription of the gene that encodes Bcl2. Conclusions Gm40600 reduced SP 2/0 cell proliferation and isograft tumor growth and progression by suppressing Blimp1 and Xbp1-mediated Bcl2 transcription to induce apoptosis. Thus, regulation of a human homolog of Gm40600, or associated factors, may be a potential therapeutic approach for treating MM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5848-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bing Zhai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China.,Department of Geriatric Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Renxi Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Wei Y, Huang J. Role of estrogen and its receptors mediated-autophagy in cell fate and human diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105380. [PMID: 31078693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that morbidity of several diseases varies between males and females. This difference likely arises due to sex-related hormones. Estrogen, a primary female sex steroid hormone, plays a critical role in mediating many of the physiological functions like growth, differentiation, metabolism, and cell death. Recently, it has been demonstrated that estrogen mediates autophagy through its receptors (ERs) namely ERα, ERβ, and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). However, the specific role of estrogen and its receptors mediated-autophagy in cell fate and human diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular disease and nervous system disease remains unclear. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the complex role of estrogen and its receptors-mediated autophagy in different cell lines and human diseases. In addition, we further discuss the key signaling molecules governing the role of ERs in autophagy. This review will serve as the basis for a proposed model of autophagy constituting a new frontier in estrogen-related human diseases. Here, we discuss the dual role of ERα in classical and non-classical autophagy through B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3). Next, we review the role of ERβ in pro-survival pathways through the promotion of autophagy under stress conditions. We further discuss activation of GPER via estrogen often mediates autophagy or mitophagy suppression, respectively. In summary, we believe that understanding the relationship between estrogen and its receptors mediated-autophagy on cell fate and human diseases will provide insightful knowledge for future therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Clarke R, Tyson JJ, Tan M, Baumann WT, Jin L, Xuan J, Wang Y. Systems biology: perspectives on multiscale modeling in research on endocrine-related cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R345-R368. [PMID: 30965282 PMCID: PMC7045974 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drawing on concepts from experimental biology, computer science, informatics, mathematics and statistics, systems biologists integrate data across diverse platforms and scales of time and space to create computational and mathematical models of the integrative, holistic functions of living systems. Endocrine-related cancers are well suited to study from a systems perspective because of the signaling complexities arising from the roles of growth factors, hormones and their receptors as critical regulators of cancer cell biology and from the interactions among cancer cells, normal cells and signaling molecules in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, growth factors, hormones and their receptors are often effective targets for therapeutic intervention, such as estrogen biosynthesis, estrogen receptors or HER2 in breast cancer and androgen receptors in prostate cancer. Given the complexity underlying the molecular control networks in these cancers, a simple, intuitive understanding of how endocrine-related cancers respond to therapeutic protocols has proved incomplete and unsatisfactory. Systems biology offers an alternative paradigm for understanding these cancers and their treatment. To correctly interpret the results of systems-based studies requires some knowledge of how in silico models are built, and how they are used to describe a system and to predict the effects of perturbations on system function. In this review, we provide a general perspective on the field of cancer systems biology, and we explore some of the advantages, limitations and pitfalls associated with using predictive multiscale modeling to study endocrine-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - John J Tyson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics & Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - William T Baumann
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jianhua Xuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, Virginia, USA
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Yang H, Wen Y, Zhang M, Liu Q, Zhang H, Zhang J, Lu L, Ye T, Bai X, Xiao G, Wang M. MTORC1 coordinates the autophagy and apoptosis signaling in articular chondrocytes in osteoarthritic temporomandibular joint. Autophagy 2019; 16:271-288. [PMID: 31007149 PMCID: PMC6984599 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1606647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A switch from autophagy to apoptosis is implicated in chondrocytes during the osteoarthritis (OA) progression with currently unknown mechanism(s). In this study we utilized a flow fluid shear stress (FFSS) model in cultured chondrocytes and a unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) animal model. We found that both FFSS and UAC actively induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) chondrocytes, as demonstrated by dramatic increases in expression of HSPA5, p-EIF2AK3, p-ERN1 and ATF6. Interestingly, both FFSS and UAC activated not only pro-death p-EIF2AK3-mediated ERS-apoptosis programs but also pro-survival p-ERN1-mediated autophagic flux in chondrocytes. Data from FFSS demonstrated that MTORC1, a downstream of p-ERN1, suppressed autophagy but promoted p-EIF2AK3 mediated ERS-apoptosis. Data from UAC model demonstrated that at early stage both the p-ERN1 and p-EIF2AK3 were activated and MTORC1 was inhibited in TMJ chondrocytes. At late stage, MTORC1-p-EIF2AK3-mediated ERS apoptosis were predominant, while p-ERN1 and autophagic flux were inhibited. Inhibition of MTORC1 by TMJ local injection of rapamycin in rats or inducible ablation of MTORC1 expression selectively in chondrocytes in mice promoted chondrocyte autophagy and suppressed apoptosis, and reduced TMJ cartilage loss induced by UAC. In contrast, MTORC1 activation by TMJ local administration of MHY1485 or genetic deletion of Tsc1, an upstream MTORC1 suppressor, resulted in opposite effects. Collectively, our results establish that aberrant mechanical loading causes cartilage degeneration by activating, at least in part, the MTORC1 signaling which modulates the autophagy and apoptosis programs in TMJ chondrocytes. Thus, inhibition of MTORC1 provides a novel therapeutic strategy for prevention and treatment of OA. Abbreviations : ACTB: actin beta; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; BECN1: beclin 1; BFL: bafilomycin A1; CASP12: caspase 12; CASP3: caspase 3; DAPI: 4ʹ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DDIT3: DNA-damage inducible transcript 3; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERS: endoplasmic reticulum stress; ERN1/IRE1: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; FFSS: flow fluid shear stress; HSPA5/GRP78/BiP: heat shock protein 5; LAMP2: lysosome-associated membrane protein 2; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; OA: osteoarthritis; PRKAA1/2/AMPK1/2: protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1/2 catalytic subunit; RPS6: ribosomal protein S6; Rapa: rapamycin; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TG: thapsigargin; TMJ: temporomandibular joints; TSC1/2: tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2; UAC: unilateral anterior crossbite; UPR: unfolded protein response; XBP1: x-box binding protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Sisinni L, Pietrafesa M, Lepore S, Maddalena F, Condelli V, Esposito F, Landriscina M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Breast Cancer: The Balance between Apoptosis and Autophagy and Its Role in Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040857. [PMID: 30781465 PMCID: PMC6412864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response activated by the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its uncontrolled activation is mechanistically responsible for several human pathologies, including metabolic, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Indeed, ER stress and the downstream UPR activation lead to changes in the levels and activities of key regulators of cell survival and autophagy and this is physiologically finalized to restore metabolic homeostasis with the integration of pro-death or/and pro-survival signals. By contrast, the chronic activation of UPR in cancer cells is widely considered a mechanism of tumor progression. In this review, we focus on the relationship between ER stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in human breast cancer and the interplay between the activation of UPR and resistance to anticancer therapies with the aim to disclose novel therapeutic scenarios. The hypothesis that autophagy and UPR may provide novel molecular targets in human malignancies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Sisinni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Michele Pietrafesa
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Silvia Lepore
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Francesca Maddalena
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Valentina Condelli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
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67
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Zhao D, Yang J, Han K, Liu Q, Wang H, Liu Y, Huang X, Zhang L, Li Y. The unfolded protein response induced by Tembusu virus infection. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:34. [PMID: 30670030 PMCID: PMC6343269 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tembusu virus (TMUV), classified in the genus Flavivirus, causes reduced egg production and neurological problems in poultry. Flavivirus replication depends on the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induces ER stress that leads to activation of the cellular unfolded protein response (UPR), an important signalling pathway that regulates many biological functions involved in viral pathogenesis and innate immunity. However, the mechanism of TMUV-induced UPR activation remains unclear. Results In this study, we systematically investigated the three UPR pathways in TMUV-infected BHK-21 cells. Our results showed that expression of glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) and GRP94 was upregulated during the course of TMUV infection. We then demonstrated that TMUV activated the PERK pathway in the early stage of infection, resulting in upregulation of ATF4, GADD34 and CHOP, with CHOP induction leading to caspase-3 activation. We also found the IRE1 pathway to be activated, leading to splicing of X box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA and enhanced expression of p58IPK. Finally, we observed increased expression of ATF6 and activity of ER stress-response elements, suggesting stimulation of the ATF6 pathway. In addition, ATF6 pathway activation correlated with the induction of downstream chaperones calnexin, calreticulin, ERp57 and PDI. UPR activity was also observed by the marked elevation in GRP78 and sXBP1 levels in TMUV-infected DF-1 cells. Conclusions This is the first report that TMUV infection-induced ER stress activates three branches of the UPR, and these results lay the foundation for elucidating the pathogenesis of TMUV and understanding the inherent mechanism of TMUV infection as well as the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaikai Han
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtao Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhuo Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijiao Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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68
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Sengupta S, Sevigny CM, Bhattacharya P, Jordan VC, Clarke R. Estrogen-Induced Apoptosis in Breast Cancers Is Phenocopied by Blocking Dephosphorylation of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 Alpha (eIF2α) Protein. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:918-928. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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69
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Cao XF, Dai YJ, Liu MY, Yuan XY, Wang CC, Huang YY, Liu WB, Jiang GZ. High-fat diet induces aberrant hepatic lipid secretion in blunt snout bream by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated IRE1/XBP1 pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:213-223. [PMID: 30553054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to understand the effect of high-fat diet challenge on lipid transport and endoplasmic reticulum stress in blunt snout bream. Ninety fish (average weight: 41.84 ± 0.07 g) were randomly fed a control diet (6% fat) or a high-fat diet (11% fat) for 9 weeks. The growth performance and feed utilization efficiency were evaluated at the end of the trial. The liver samples of both groups were harvested for molecular analysis and histological evaluation. Compared to the Control group, the high-fat diet group showed no effects on either growth performance or energy intake in blunt snout bream. However, high-fat diet resulted in a massive accumulation of lipid and pathological structural alternations, and disrupted expression of lipid transport-related genes and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver of the fish. In vitro, after exposure of the isolated primary hepatocytes from blunt snout bream to oleic acid, the cells showed increased intracellular TG accumulation, decreased VLDL secretion, which was attributed to altered expression levels of lipid transport-related genes through the activated IRE1/XBP1 signaling. The oleic acid-induced detrimental effects were alleviated by co-incubating the cells with an IER1 inhibitor, 4μ8c. In conclusion, high-fat diet could lead to aberrant lipid secretion by activating the ER stress-associated IRE1/XBP1 pathway. Inhibiting the activity of IRE1 represents a promising target to rescue the side-effects of high-fat diet on the liver function of blunt snout bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Zhen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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70
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Novel Rhodanine Derivative, 5-[4-(4-Fluorophenoxy) phenyl]methylene-3-{4-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) propoxy]phenyl}-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone dihydrochloride, Induces Apoptosis via Mitochondria Dysfunction and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112895. [PMID: 30404185 PMCID: PMC6278386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that 5-[4-(4-fluorophenoxy) phenyl] methylene-3-{4-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl}-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone dihydrochloride (KSK05104) has potent, selective and metabolically stable IKKβ inhibitory activities. However, the apoptosis-inducing of KSK05104 and its underlying mechanism have not yet been elucidated in human colon cancer cells. We show that KSK05104 triggered apoptosis, as indicated by externalization of Annexin V-targeted phosphatidylserine residues in HT-29 and HCT-116 cells. KSK05104 induced the activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3, and the cleavage of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). KSK05104-induced apoptosis was significantly suppressed by pretreatment with z-VAD-fmk (a broad caspase inhibitor). KSK05104 also induced release of cytochrome c (Cyt c), apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), and endonuclease G (Endo G) by damaging mitochondria, resulting in caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic cell death. KSK05104 triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and changed the intracellular calcium level ([Ca2+]i). Interestingly, treatment with KSK05104 activated not only ER stress marker proteins including inositol-requiring enzyme 1-alpha (IRE-1α) and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), but also μ-calpain, and caspase-12 in a time-dependent manner. KSK05104-induced apoptosis substantially decreased in the presence of BAPTA/AM (an intracellular calcium chelator). Taken together, these results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress contribute to KSK05104-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells.
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Szostakowska M, Trębińska-Stryjewska A, Grzybowska EA, Fabisiewicz A. Resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer: molecular mechanisms and future goals. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 173:489-497. [PMID: 30382472 PMCID: PMC6394602 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-5023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The majority of breast cancers (BCs) are characterized by the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα+). ERα acts as ligand-dependent transcription factor for genes associated with cell survival, proliferation, and tumor growth. Thus, blocking the estrogen agonist effect on ERα is the main strategy in the treatment of ERα+ BCs. However, despite the development of targeted anti-estrogen therapies for ER+ BC, around 30–50% of early breast cancer patients will relapse. Acquired resistance to endocrine therapy is a great challenge in ER+ BC patient treatment. Discussion Anti-estrogen resistance is a consequence of molecular changes, which allow for tumor growth irrespective of estrogen presence. Those changes may be associated with ERα modifications either at the genetic, regulatory or protein level. Additionally, the activation of alternate growth pathways and/or cell survival mechanisms can lead to estrogen-independence and endocrine resistance. Conclusion This comprehensive review summarizes molecular mechanisms associated with resistance to anti-estrogen therapy, focusing on genetic alterations, stress responses, cell survival mechanisms, and cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szostakowska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Trębińska-Stryjewska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Anna Grzybowska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fabisiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, Warsaw, Poland.
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72
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Systems biology primer: the basic methods and approaches. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:487-500. [PMID: 30287586 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systems biology is an integrative discipline connecting the molecular components within a single biological scale and also among different scales (e.g. cells, tissues and organ systems) to physiological functions and organismal phenotypes through quantitative reasoning, computational models and high-throughput experimental technologies. Systems biology uses a wide range of quantitative experimental and computational methodologies to decode information flow from genes, proteins and other subcellular components of signaling, regulatory and functional pathways to control cell, tissue, organ and organismal level functions. The computational methods used in systems biology provide systems-level insights to understand interactions and dynamics at various scales, within cells, tissues, organs and organisms. In recent years, the systems biology framework has enabled research in quantitative and systems pharmacology and precision medicine for complex diseases. Here, we present a brief overview of current experimental and computational methods used in systems biology.
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Autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR) regulate mammary gland involution by restraining apoptosis-driven irreversible changes. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:40. [PMID: 30345078 PMCID: PMC6186758 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The postnatal mammary gland undergoes repeated cycles of proliferation and cell death, most notably when the fully differentiated (lactating) gland dedifferentiates to a prelactation state. Accumulation of milk proteins in the secretory epithelium creates the stress signal that triggers this process (involution). How this stress is perceived, and the cellular processes that are subsequently activated, remain unclear. We now report that Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), autophagy, and apoptosis related genes cluster separately during lactation and involution in the mouse mammary gland. Time-course experiments in rodents show that autophagy and UPR signaling are tightly co-regulated at the transition from reversible to irreversible involution. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine or genetic deletion of one ATG7 allele enhanced progression of mammary involution into the irreversible phase, as characterized by an early/precocious induction of apoptosis. These are the first preclinical in vivo data in support of a clinical trial testing an autophagy inhibitor for prevention of intraductal breast malignancy progression to invasive breast cancer. In marked contrast, stimulation of autophagy by low dose tunicamycin treatment reduced apoptosis and extended the reversible phase of involution by sustaining the secretory epithelium. Autophagy stimulators could be used short-term to promote lactation in women experiencing difficulties or irregularities in nursing. Taken together, these data indicate that UPR and autophagy play a key role in regulating the balance between cell survival and apoptosis during normal mammary gland regression.
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Sevoflurane relieves hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting the expression of Grp78. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180549. [PMID: 30217942 PMCID: PMC6172422 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This article aimed to study the role of sevoflurane pre-conditioning in hepatic ischemia–reperfusion and its potential mechanism. Methods: Rat liver ischemia–reperfusion model was constructed. Serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6 concentrations were detected by ELISA. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nitric oxide (NO) in liver homogenate were determined. Hematoxylin–Eosin (HE) staining, Tunel, and immunohistochemistry were performed. Ischemia–reperfusion hepatocyte model was established. Cells transfection was conducted. Apoptosis was observed by flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting analysis were used. Results: Compared with I/R group, liver damage degree, liver cell apoptosis, and glucose regulatory protein 78 (Grp78) expression was obviously reduced in rats of SEV group. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 concentrations were also significantly increased (P<0.01). MDA and NO concentrations were dramatically lower (P<0.01) and SOD concentration was significantly higher (P<0.01). Apoptosis rate, Grp78, PERK, eIF2α, and p-c-JNK/JNK expression was also significantly decreased (P<0.01). Sevoflurane significantly reduced apoptosis and expression of PERK, eIF2α, p-c-JNK/JNK by inhibiting the expression of Grp78 (P<0.01). Conclusion: Sevoflurane relieves hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury by inhibiting the expression of Grp78.
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Sannino S, Guerriero CJ, Sabnis AJ, Stolz DB, Wallace CT, Wipf P, Watkins SC, Bivona TG, Brodsky JL. Compensatory increases of select proteostasis networks after Hsp70 inhibition in cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.217760. [PMID: 30131440 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells thrive when challenged with proteotoxic stress by inducing components of the protein folding, proteasome, autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Consequently, specific molecular chaperones have been validated as targets for anti-cancer therapies. For example, inhibition of Hsp70 family proteins (hereafter Hsp70) in rhabdomyosarcoma triggers UPR induction and apoptosis. To define how these cancer cells respond to compromised proteostasis, we compared rhabdomyosarcoma cells that were sensitive (RMS13) or resistant (RMS13-R) to the Hsp70 inhibitor MAL3-101. We discovered that endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy were activated in RMS13-R cells, suggesting that resistant cells overcome Hsp70 ablation by increasing misfolded protein degradation. Indeed, RMS13-R cells degraded ERAD substrates more rapidly than RMS cells and induced the autophagy pathway. Surprisingly, inhibition of the proteasome or ERAD had no effect on RMS13-R cell survival, but silencing of select autophagy components or treatment with autophagy inhibitors restored MAL3-101 sensitivity and led to apoptosis. These data indicate a route through which cancer cells overcome a chaperone-based therapy, define how cells can adapt to Hsp70 inhibition, and demonstrate the value of combined chaperone and autophagy-based therapies.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sannino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | - Amit J Sabnis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Donna Beer Stolz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Callen T Wallace
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Kim C, Kim B. Anti-Cancer Natural Products and Their Bioactive Compounds Inducing ER Stress-Mediated Apoptosis: A Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081021. [PMID: 30081573 PMCID: PMC6115829 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second biggest cause of death worldwide. Despite a number of studies being conducted, the effective mechanism for treating cancer has not yet been fully understood. The tumor-microenvironment such as hypoxia, low nutrients could disturb function of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to maintain cellular homeostasis, ultimately leading to the accumulation of unfolded proteins in ER, so-called ER stress. The ER stress has a close relation with cancer. ER stress initiates unfolded protein response (UPR) to re-establish ER homeostasis as an adaptive pathway in cancer. However, persistent ER stress triggers the apoptotic pathway. Therefore, blocking the adaptive pathway of ER stress or facilitating the apoptotic pathway could be an anti-cancer strategy. Recently, natural products and their derivatives have been reported to have anti-cancer effects via ER stress. Here, we address mechanisms of ER stress-mediated apoptosis and highlight strategies for cancer therapy by utilizing ER stress. Furthermore, we summarize anti-cancer activity of the natural products via ER stress in six major types of cancers globally (lung, breast, colorectal, gastric, prostate and liver cancer). This review deepens the understanding of ER stress mechanisms in major cancers as well as the suppressive impact of natural products against cancers via ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmin Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
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Santos M, Pereira PM, Varanda AS, Carvalho J, Azevedo M, Mateus DD, Mendes N, Oliveira P, Trindade F, Pinto MT, Bordeira-Carriço R, Carneiro F, Vitorino R, Oliveira C, Santos MAS. Codon misreading tRNAs promote tumor growth in mice. RNA Biol 2018; 15:773-786. [PMID: 29558247 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2018.1454244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and tRNA modifying enzymes are common in cancer, raising the hypothesis that protein synthesis efficiency and accuracy (mistranslation) are compromised in tumors. We show here that human colon tumors and xenograft tumors produced in mice by two epithelial cancer cell lines mistranslate 2- to 4-fold more frequently than normal tissue. To clarify if protein mistranslation plays a role in tumor biology, we expressed mutant Ser-tRNAs that misincorporate Ser-at-Ala (frequent error) and Ser-at-Leu (infrequent error) in NIH3T3 cells and investigated how they responded to the proteome instability generated by the amino acid misincorporations. There was high tolerance to both misreading tRNAs, but the Ser-to-Ala misreading tRNA was a more potent inducer of cell transformation, stimulated angiogenesis and produced faster growing tumors in mice than the Ser-to-Leu misincorporating tRNA. Upregulation of the Akt pathway and the UPR were also observed. Most surprisingly, the relative expression of both misreading tRNAs increased during tumor growth, suggesting that protein mistranslation is advantageous in cancer contexts. These data highlight new features of protein synthesis deregulation in tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Santos
- a Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal.,b Expression Regulation in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal.,c Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Patricia M Pereira
- a Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal.,b Expression Regulation in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal
| | - A Sofia Varanda
- a Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal.,b Expression Regulation in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal.,c Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- b Expression Regulation in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal.,c Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Mafalda Azevedo
- b Expression Regulation in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal
| | - Denisa D Mateus
- b Expression Regulation in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal
| | - Nuno Mendes
- b Expression Regulation in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal.,c Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Patricia Oliveira
- b Expression Regulation in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal.,c Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Fábio Trindade
- a Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal.,d Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Marta Teixeira Pinto
- b Expression Regulation in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal.,c Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Renata Bordeira-Carriço
- b Expression Regulation in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal.,c Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- b Expression Regulation in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal.,c Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,e Dept. of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- a Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- b Expression Regulation in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal.,c Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,e Dept. of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Manuel A S Santos
- a Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
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Transcriptomic response of breast cancer cells to anacardic acid. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8063. [PMID: 29795261 PMCID: PMC5966448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anacardic acid (AnAc), a potential dietary agent for preventing and treating breast cancer, inhibited the proliferation of estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells. To characterize potential regulators of AnAc action, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated for 6 h with purified AnAc 24:1n5 congener followed by next generation transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-seq) and network analysis. We reported that AnAc-differentially regulated miRNA transcriptomes in each cell line and now identify AnAc-regulated changes in mRNA and lncRNA transcript expression. In MCF-7 cells, 80 AnAc-responsive genes were identified, including lncRNA MIR22HG. More AnAc-responsive genes (886) were identified in MDA-MB-231 cells. Only six genes were commonly altered by AnAc in both cell lines: SCD, INSIG1, and TGM2 were decreased and PDK4, GPR176, and ZBT20 were increased. Modeling of AnAc-induced gene changes suggests that AnAc inhibits monounsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in both cell lines and increases endoplasmic reticulum stress in MDA-MB-231 cells. Since modeling of downregulated genes implicated NFκB in MCF-7, we confirmed that AnAc inhibited TNFα-induced NFκB reporter activity in MCF-7 cells. These data identify new targets and pathways that may account for AnAc’s anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity.
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Tan F, Zhu H, He X, Yu N, Zhang X, Xu H, Pei H. Role of TXNDC5 in tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer cells: In vivo and in vitro evidence. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:935-945. [PMID: 29749460 PMCID: PMC6034924 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin domain‑containing 5 (TXNDC5) is reportedly overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and is therefore considered an oncogene. However, the role of TXNDC5 in CRC tumorigenesis remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the role of TXNDC5 in CRC tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Analyses of patient tissue samples revealed a positive association between the expression of hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α) or TXNDC5 and the TNM stage of CRC. In addition, a positive correlation between the expression levels of HIF‑1α and TXNDC5 was observed in CRC tissues. Furthermore, culturing RKO and HCT‑116 human CRC cell lines under hypoxic conditions significantly increased the expression levels of HIF‑1α and TXNDC5, whereas knockdown of HIF‑1α abolished the hypoxia‑induced expression of TXNDC5. Knockdown of TXNDC5 significantly decreased cell proliferation and colony formation, and incre-ased apoptosis of both cell lines. Furthermore, knockdown of TXNDC5 markedly increased hypoxia‑induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the expression of hypoxia‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER) markers (CCAAT‑enhancer‑binding protein homologous protein, glucose‑regulated protein 78 and activating transcription factor 4) and apoptotic markers (B‑cell lymphoma 2‑associated X protein and cleaved caspase‑8). In addition, the expression levels of TXNDC5 were significantly increased in tumor tissues compared with in adenoma and normal tissues in a mouse model of CRC tumorigenesis. In conclusion, the in vivo data demonstrated that TXNDC5 is overexpressed in CRC tissues, and this overexpression may be associated with unfavorable clinicopathological features. The in vitro data indicated that hypoxia may induce TXNDC5 expression via upregulating HIF‑1α; this effect promoted CRC cell proliferation and survival under hypoxic conditions, likely via inhibiting hypoxia‑induced ROS/ER stress signaling. These findings suggested that TXNDC5 functions as an important stress survival factor to maintain tumorigenesis of CRC cells under hypoxia by regulating hypoxia‑induced ROS/ER stress signaling. The present study provided novel insights into the role of TXNDC5 in the tumorigenesis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbo Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Mammary, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Nanhui Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xingwen Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Haifan Xu
- Department of Mammary and Thyroid, The First Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Haiping Pei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Simabuco FM, Morale MG, Pavan IC, Morelli AP, Silva FR, Tamura RE. p53 and metabolism: from mechanism to therapeutics. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23780-23823. [PMID: 29805774 PMCID: PMC5955117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor cell changes itself and its microenvironment to adapt to different situations, including action of drugs and other agents targeting tumor control. Therefore, metabolism plays an important role in the activation of survival mechanisms to keep the cell proliferative potential. The Warburg effect directs the cellular metabolism towards an aerobic glycolytic pathway, despite the fact that it generates less adenosine triphosphate than oxidative phosphorylation; because it creates the building blocks necessary for cell proliferation. The transcription factor p53 is the master tumor suppressor; it binds to more than 4,000 sites in the genome and regulates the expression of more than 500 genes. Among these genes are important regulators of metabolism, affecting glucose, lipids and amino acids metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and growth factors signaling. Wild-type and mutant p53 may have opposing effects in the expression of these metabolic genes. Therefore, depending on the p53 status of the cell, drugs that target metabolism may have different outcomes and metabolism may modulate drug resistance. Conversely, induction of p53 expression may regulate differently the tumor cell metabolism, inducing senescence, autophagy and apoptosis, which are dependent on the regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and/or ROS induction. The interplay between p53 and metabolism is essential in the decision of cell fate and for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M. Simabuco
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian G. Morale
- Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isadora C.B. Pavan
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P. Morelli
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando R. Silva
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo E. Tamura
- Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li Z, Rouse R. Co-sequencing and novel delayed anti-correlation identify function for pancreatic enriched microRNA biomarkers in a rat model of acute pancreatic injury. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:297. [PMID: 29699496 PMCID: PMC5922017 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Co-sequencing of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) across a time series (1, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h post injury) was used to identify potential miRNA-gene interactions during pancreatic injury, associate serum and tissue levels of candidate miRNA biomarkers of pancreatic injury, and functionally link these candidate miRNA biomarkers to observed histopathology. RNAs were derived from pancreatic tissues obtained in experiments characterizing the serum levels of candidate miRNA biomarkers in response to acute pancreatic injury in rats. Results No correlation was discovered between tissue and serum levels of the miRNAs. A combination of differential gene expression, novel delayed anti-correlation analysis and experimental database interrogation was used to identify messenger RNAs and miRNAs that experienced significant expression change across the time series, that were negatively correlated, that were complementary in sequence, and that had experimentally supported relationships. This approach yielded a complex signaling network for future investigation and a link for the specific candidate miRNA biomarkers, miR-216a-5p and miR-217-5p, to cellular processes that were in fact the prominent histopathology observations in the same experimental samples. RNA quality bias by treatment was observed in the study samples and a statistical correction was applied. The relevance and impact of that correction on significant results is discussed. Conclusion The described approach allowed extraction of miRNA function from genomic data and defined a mechanistic anchor for these miRNAs as biomarkers. Functional and mechanistic conclusions are supported by histopathology findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4657-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Li
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Applied Regulatory Science, HFD-910, White Oak Federal Research Center, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Rodney Rouse
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Applied Regulatory Science, HFD-910, White Oak Federal Research Center, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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Alasiri G, Fan LYN, Zona S, Goldsbrough IG, Ke HL, Auner HW, Lam EWF. ER stress and cancer: The FOXO forkhead transcription factor link. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 462:67-81. [PMID: 28572047 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular organelle with central roles in maintaining proteostasis due to its involvement in protein synthesis, folding, quality control, distribution and degradation. The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen causes 'ER stress' and threatens overall cellular proteostasis. To restore ER homeostasis, cells evoke an evolutionarily conserved adaptive signalling and gene expression network collectively called the 'unfolded protein response (UPR)', a complex biological process which aims to restore proteostasis. When ER stress is overwhelming and beyond rectification, the normally pro-survival UPR can shift to induce cell termination. Emerging evidence from mammalian, fly and nematode worm systems reveals that the FOXO Forkhead proteins integrate upstream ER stress and UPR signals with the transcriptional machinery to decrease translation, promote cell survival/termination and increase the levels of ER-resident chaperones and of ER-associated degradation (ERAD) components to restore ER homeostasis. The high rates of protein synthesis/translation associated with cancer cell proliferation and metabolism, as well as mutations resulting in aberrant proteins, also induce ER stress and the UPR. While the pro-survival side of the UPR underlies its ability to sustain and promote cancers, its apoptotic functions can be exploited for cancer therapies by offering the chance to 'flick the proteostatic switch'. To this end, further studies are required to fully reevaluate the roles and regulation of these UPR signalling molecules, including FOXO proteins and their targets, in cancer initiation and progression as well as the effects on inhibiting their functions in cancer cells. This information will help to establish these UPR signalling molecules as possible therapeutic targets and putative biomarkers in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glowi Alasiri
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lavender Yuen-Nam Fan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stefania Zona
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Hui-Ling Ke
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Holger Werner Auner
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Eric Wing-Fai Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Shi D, Zhu Y, Niu P, Zhou J, Chen H. Raptor mediates the antiproliferation of cardamonin by mTORC1 inhibition in SKOV3 cells. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:757-767. [PMID: 29445291 PMCID: PMC5810526 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s155065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cardamonin inhibits the proliferation of SKOV3 cells by suppressing the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). However, the mechanism of cardamonin on mTORC1 inhibition has not been well demonstrated. The regulatory-associated protein of TOR (Raptor) is an essential component of mTORC1. Here, we investigated the role of Raptor in the mTORC1 inhibition effect of cardamonin in SKOV3 cells. Methods The expression of Raptor was knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA). The expressions of specific binding proteins of mTORC1 were analyzed by Western blotting, and the cell proliferation was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Results Rapamycin, AZD8055, and cardamonin inhibited the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Different from rapamycin and AZD8055, cardamonin suppressed the phosphorylation and protein expression of Raptor. Transfected with Raptor siRNA, the mTOR activation and proliferation of SKOV3 cells were decreased, and these effects were strengthened by cardamonin in Raptor siRNA SKOV3 cells. Cardamonin interfered with the lysosomal colocalization of mTOR with lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2), which was also hindered by Raptor siRNA. Furthermore, cardamonin strengthened the inhibitory effect on the lysosomal localization of mTOR in Raptor siRNA cells. Conclusion Our results suggested that Raptor mainly mediated the inhibition of cardamonin on mTORC1 in SKOV3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohua Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yanting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Peiguang Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jintuo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huajiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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84
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Lee YR, Kuo SH, Lin CY, Fu PJ, Lin YS, Yeh TM, Liu HS. Dengue virus-induced ER stress is required for autophagy activation, viral replication, and pathogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2018; 8:489. [PMID: 29323257 PMCID: PMC5765116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) utilizes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for replication and assembling. Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen leads to ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). Three branches of UPRs temporally modulated DENV infection. Moreover, ER stress can also induce autophagy. DENV infection induces autophagy which plays a promotive role in viral replication has been reported. However, the role of ER stress in DENV-induced autophagy, viral titer, and pathogenesis remain unclear. Here, we reveal that ER stress and its downstream UPRs are indispensable for DENV-induced autophagy in various human cells. We demonstrate that PERK-eIF2α and IRE1α-JNK signaling pathways increased autophagy and viral load after DENV infection. However, ATF6-related pathway showed no effect on autophagy and viral replication. IRE1α-JNK downstream molecule Bcl-2 was phosphorylated by activated JNK and dissociated from Beclin 1, which playing a critical role in autophagy activation. These findings were confirmed as decreased viral titer, attenuated disease symptoms, and prolonged survival rate in the presence of JNK inhibitor in vivo. In summary, we are the first to reveal that DENV2-induced ER stress increases autophagy activity, DENV replication, and pathogenesis through two UPR signaling pathways both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ray Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Chiayi Christian Hospital, 600, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Han Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yen Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chiayi Christian Hospital, 600, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jung Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Trai-Ming Yeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Sheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Tainan, Taiwan.
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85
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Livezey M, Kim JE, Shapiro DJ. A New Role for Estrogen Receptor α in Cell Proliferation and Cancer: Activating the Anticipatory Unfolded Protein Response. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:325. [PMID: 29963013 PMCID: PMC6013567 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells react to a variety of stresses, including accumulation of unfolded or misfolded protein, by activating the endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) stress sensor, the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is highly conserved and plays a key role in the maintenance of protein folding quality control and homeostasis. In contrast to the classical reactive mode of UPR activation, recent studies describe a hormone-activated anticipatory UPR. In this pathway, mitogenic hormones, such as estrogen (E2), epidermal growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor rapidly activate the UPR in anticipation of a future need for increased protein folding capacity upon cell proliferation. Here, we focus on this recently unveiled pathway of E2-estrogen receptor α (ERα) action. Notably, rapid activation of the anticipatory UPR pathway is essential for subsequent activation of the E2-ERα regulated transcription program. Moreover, activation of the UPR at diagnosis is a powerful prognostic marker in ERα positive breast cancer. Furthermore, in cells containing ERα mutations that confer estrogen independence and are common in metastatic breast cancer, the UPR is constitutively activated and linked to antiestrogen resistance. Lethal ERα-dependent hyperactivation of the anticipatory UPR represents a promising therapeutic approach exploited by a new class of small molecule ERα biomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Livezey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - David J. Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: David J. Shapiro,
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86
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de Freitas Junior JCM, Morgado-Díaz JA. The role of N-glycans in colorectal cancer progression: potential biomarkers and therapeutic applications. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19395-413. [PMID: 26539643 PMCID: PMC4991391 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in glycosylation, which is one of the most common protein post-translational modifications, are considered to be a hallmark of cancer. N-glycans can modulate cell migration, cell-cell adhesion, cell signaling, growth and metastasis. The colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and the correlation between CRC progression and changes in the pattern of expression of N-glycans is being considered in the search for new biomarkers. Here, we review the role of N-glycans in CRC cell biology. The perspectives on emerging N-glycan-related anticancer therapies, along with new insights and challenges, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Andrés Morgado-Díaz
- Cellular Biology Program, Structural Biology Group, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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87
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Yang Y, Liu L, Naik I, Braunstein Z, Zhong J, Ren B. Transcription Factor C/EBP Homologous Protein in Health and Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1612. [PMID: 29230213 PMCID: PMC5712004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), known also as DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 and as growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 153 (GADD153), is induced in response to certain stressors. CHOP is universally acknowledged as a main conduit to endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Ongoing research established the existence of CHOP-mediated apoptosis signaling networks, for which novel downstream targets are still being determined. However, there are studies that contradict this notion and assert that apoptosis is not the only mechanism by which CHOP plays in the development of pathologies. In this review, insights into the roles of CHOP in pathophysiology are summarized at the molecular and cellular levels. We further focus on the newest advances that implicate CHOP in human diseases including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and notably, fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ishan Naik
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zachary Braunstein
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Boxu Ren
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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88
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Abstract
The efficient production, folding, and secretion of proteins is critical for cancer cell survival. However, cancer cells thrive under stress conditions that damage proteins, so many cancer cells overexpress molecular chaperones that facilitate protein folding and target misfolded proteins for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome or autophagy pathway. Stress response pathway induction is also important for cancer cell survival. Indeed, validated targets for anti-cancer treatments include molecular chaperones, components of the unfolded protein response, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and autophagy. We will focus on links between breast cancer and these processes, as well as the development of drug resistance, relapse, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, A320 Langley Hall, 4249 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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89
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Reinhardt F, Franken A, Fehm T, Neubauer H. Navigation through inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity of endocrine resistance mechanisms in breast cancer: A potential role for Liquid Biopsies? Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317731511. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317731511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of breast cancers are hormone receptor positive due to the expression of the estrogen and/or progesterone receptors. Endocrine therapy is a major treatment option for all disease stages of hormone receptor–positive breast cancer and improves overall survival. However, endocrine therapy is limited by de novo and acquired resistance. Several factors have been proposed for endocrine therapy failures, which include molecular alterations in the estrogen receptor pathway, altered expression of cell-cycle regulators, autophagy, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as a consequence of tumor progression and selection pressure. It is essential to reveal and monitor intra- and intertumoral alterations in breast cancer to allow optimal therapy outcome. Endocrine therapy navigation by molecular profiling of tissue biopsies is the current gold standard but limited in many reasons. “Liquid biopsies” such as circulating-tumor cells and circulating-tumor DNA offer hope to fill that gap in allowing non-invasive serial assessment of biomarkers predicting success of endocrine therapy regimen. In this context, this review will provide an overview on inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity of endocrine resistance mechanisms and discuss the potential role of “liquid biopsies” as navigators to personalize treatment methods and prevent endocrine treatment resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Reinhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - André Franken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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90
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Teng Y, Zhao H, Gao L, Zhang W, Shull AY, Shay C. FGF19 Protects Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via Activation of FGFR4-GSK3β-Nrf2 Signaling. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6215-6225. [PMID: 28951455 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in tumor cells, an event that can promote progression, but it is unknown how tumor cells adapt to this stress. In this study, we show that the fibroblast growth factor FGF19, a gene frequently amplified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), facilitates a survival response to ER stress. Levels of FGF19 expression were increased in stressed HCC cells in culture and in a mouse xenograft model. Induction of ER stress required the transcription factor ATF4, which directly bound the FGF19 promoter. In cells where ER stress was induced, FGF19 overexpression promoted HCC cell survival and increased resistance to apoptosis, whereas FGF19 silencing counteracted these effects. Mechanistic investigations implicated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) in regulating nuclear accumulation of the stress-regulated transcription factor Nrf2 activated by FGF19. Our findings show how FGF19 provides a cytoprotective role against ER stress by activating a FGFR4-GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling cascade, with implications for targeting this signaling node as a candidate therapeutic regimen for HCC management. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6215-25. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia. .,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Huakan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Wenfa Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Austin Y Shull
- Department of Biology, Presbyterian College, Clinton, South Carolina
| | - Chloe Shay
- Emory Children's Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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91
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Mozdoori N, Safarian S, Sheibani N. Augmentation of the cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles by MTCP conjugation: Non-canonical apoptosis and autophagy induction in human adenocarcinoma breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:949-959. [PMID: 28576071 PMCID: PMC6018014 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles are very toxic, but their agglomeration reduces their lethal cytotoxic effects. Here we tested the hypothesis that conjugation of ZnO nanoparticles via Meso-Tetra (4-Carboxyphenyl) Porphyrin (MTCP) could provide electrostatic or steric stabilization of ZnO nanoparticles and increase their cytotoxic effects. The cytotoxicity and cell death induction were assessed using two human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468). The MTT results indicated that the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles was significantly increased upon MTCP conjugation. Annexin/PI and real time RT-PCR results demonstrated that the ZnO-MTCP nanoparticles induced cell death via different non-canonical pathways that are under ca2+ control. Calcium signaling could regulate lysosomal dependent apoptosis and death autophagy, and killing of the two selected types of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Mozdoori
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Safarian
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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92
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Belalcazar A, Shaib WL, Farren MR, Zhang C, Chen Z, Yang L, Lesinski GB, El-Rayes BF, Nagaraju GP. Inhibiting heat shock protein 90 and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway impairs metabolic homeostasis and leads to cell death in human pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer 2017; 123:4924-4933. [PMID: 28841232 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway play crucial roles in the homeostasis of pancreatic cancer cells. This study combined for the first time the HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib (Gan) and the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib (Carf) to target key mechanisms of homeostasis in pancreatic cancer. It was hypothesized that Gan plus Carf would elicit potent antitumor activity by modulating complementary homeostatic processes. METHODS In vitro and in vivo effects of this combination on mechanisms of cell growth and viability were evaluated with human pancreatic cancer cell lines (MIA PaCa-2 and HPAC). RESULTS Combined treatment with Gan and Carf significantly decreased cell viability. The mechanism varied by cell line and involved G2 -M cell-cycle arrest accompanied by a consistent reduction in key cell-cycle regulatory proteins and concomitant upregulation of p27. Further studies revealed increased autophagy markers, including the upregulation of autophagy related 7 and light chain 3 cleavage, and evidence of apoptosis (increased Bax expression and processing of caspase 3). Immunoblot analyses confirmed the modulation of other pathways that influence cell viability, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and nuclear factor κB. Finally, the treatment of athymic mice bearing HPAC tumors with Gan and Carf significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo. An immunoblot analysis of freshly isolated tumors from animals at the end of the study confirmed in vivo modulation of key signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal Gan plus Carf to be a promising combination with synergistic antiproliferative, apoptotic, and pro-autophagy effects in preclinical studies of pancreatic cancer and will further the exploration of the utility of this treatment combination in clinical trials. Cancer 2017;123:4924-33. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Belalcazar
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Walid L Shaib
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matthew R Farren
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chao Zhang
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhengjia Chen
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lily Yang
- Surgery, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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93
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Cook KL, Soto-Pantoja DR. "UPRegulation" of CD47 by the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway controls anti-tumor immune responses. Biomark Res 2017; 5:26. [PMID: 28815041 PMCID: PMC5557514 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-017-0105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that targeting the unfolded protein response (UPR) protein GRP78 down-regulates CD47 expression, resulting in increased tumor macrophage infiltration and inhibited resistance to anti-estrogen therapy. We now show new data indicating that anti-estrogen therapy regulates CD47 expression and implicates its ligand, thrombospondin-1, in regulation of tumor macrophage infiltration. Moreover, GRP78 and CD47 co-expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, suggesting the existence of crosstalk between UPR and immunity that regulates therapeutic responses in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Cook
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA.,Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - David R Soto-Pantoja
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA.,Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
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94
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Unfolded protein response signaling impacts macrophage polarity to modulate breast cancer cell clearance and melanoma immune checkpoint therapy responsiveness. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80545-80559. [PMID: 29113324 PMCID: PMC5655219 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress pathway controlled by GRP78 to mediate IRE1, PERK, and ATF6 signaling. We show that targeting GRP78, IRE1, and PERK differentially regulates macrophage polarization. Specifically, PERK targeting enhanced macrophage proliferation and macrophage-mediated killing but not GRP78 or IRE1. Targeting UPR in cancer cells also differentially affected macrophage cytolytic capacity. Tumoral IRE1 or GRP78 inhibition enhanced macrophage-mediated cancer cell clearance. Conditioned media from GRP78-silenced cancer cells caused reciprocal regulation of CD80 and CD206, suggesting control of plasticity by secreted factors. GRP78 targeting in mice resulted in a cytokine shift and increased tumoral CD80+/CD68+ cells, suggesting an M1-like profile. Targeting UPR in both macrophage and cancer cells indicates that PERK or GRP78 reduction enhances macrophage clearance of cancer cells. Recent evidence suggests that macrophage polarization influences immune checkpoint therapy resistance. To determine whether UPR effects immunotherapy resistance, analysis of matched melanoma patient PBMC before/after developing ipilimumab resistance demonstrated increased UPR signaling and an M2-like macrophage population, supporting a novel role of UPR signaling and innate immune regulation in anti-CTLA-4 therapy resistance. These data suggest that targeting GRP78 or PERK promotes an anti-tumor immune response by either directly promoting macrophage cytolytic activity or indirectly by shifting tumoral cytokine secretion.
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95
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Meier-Stephenson V, Riemer J, Narendran A. The HIV protease inhibitor, nelfinavir, as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of refractory pediatric leukemia. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:2581-2593. [PMID: 28553123 PMCID: PMC5440076 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s136484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Refractory pediatric leukemia remains one of the leading causes of death in children. Intensification of current chemotherapy regimens to improve the outcome in these children is often limited by the effects of drug resistance and cumulative toxicity. Hence, the search for newer agents and novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed to formulate the next-generation early-phase clinical trials for these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive library of antimicrobials, including eight HIV protease inhibitors (nelfinavir [NFV], saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, amprenavir, atazanavir, lopinavir, and darunavir), was tested against a panel of pediatric leukemia cells by in vitro growth inhibition studies. Detailed target modulation studies were carried out by Western blot analyses. In addition, drug synergy experiments with conventional and novel antitumor agents were completed to identify effective treatment regimens for future clinical trials. RESULTS Several of the HIV protease inhibitors showed cytotoxicity at physiologically relevant concentrations (half-maximal inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1-24 µM). In particular, NFV was found to exhibit the most potent antileukemic properties across all cell lines tested. Mechanistic studies show that NFV leads to the induction of autophagy and apoptosis possibly through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Furthermore, interference with cell signaling pathways, including Akt and mTOR, was also noted. Finally, drug combination studies have identified agents with potential for synergy with NFV in its antileukemic activity. These include JQ1 (BET inhibitor), AT101 (Bcl-2 family inhibitor), and sunitinib (TK inhibitor). CONCLUSION Here, we show data demonstrating the potential of a previously unexplored group of drugs to address an unmet therapeutic need in pediatric oncology. The data presented provide preclinical supportive evidence and rationale for future studies of these agents for refractory leukemia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Meier-Stephenson
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary.,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital
| | - Justin Riemer
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary.,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital
| | - Aru Narendran
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary.,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital.,Pediatric Oncology Experimental Therapeutics Investigators Consortium (POETIC) Laboratory, Calgary, AB, Canada
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96
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Tian J, Liu R, Qu Q. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress on cisplatin resistance in ovarian carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1437-1443. [PMID: 28454274 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential site of cellular homeostasis regulation. ER stress (ERS) may induce autophagy in tumor cells that escape from apoptosis. The present study examined the effects and mechanism of ERS on cisplatin (DDP) sensitivity in ovarian carcinoma. SKOV3 tumor cells treated with Saquinavir were subjected to western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis to determine protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Beclin 1. MTT assay was used to analyze the influence of Saquinavir on DDP resistance in SKOV3 cells. Saquinavir induced glucose-regulated protein 78 expression, which is a marker of ERS. Following treatment with various doses of Saquinavir, the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to DDP decreased significantly. Protein and mRNA expression levels of mTOR and Beclin 1 in SKOV3 cells were increased when the cells were exposed to Saquinavir or DDP for 24 h. Moreover, mTOR and Beclin 1 expression levels were highest in the Saquinavir + DDP group (0.684±0.072 and 0.6467±0.0468, respectively). SKOV3 tumor cells were also exposed to the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), and different concentrations of Saquinavir. Analysis of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of DDP after this treatment demonstrated that IC50 values were significantly decreased compared with Saquinavir alone (P<0.001), suggesting that the sensitivity to DDP was improved in ovarian cancer cells after 3-MA exposure. These findings demonstrated that Saquinavir is able to induce ERS in SKOV3 cells effectively, and ER-induced stress may decrease the sensitivity of DDP in SKOV3 cells. Furthermore, ERS may regulate cell autophagy through the mTOR and Beclin 1 pathways, leading to a reduction in the sensitivity of DDP in SKOV3 cells. ERS in tumor cells and autophagy may be a potential target to improve the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy and reduce drug resistance in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Gynaecology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Gynaecology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Quanxin Qu
- Department of Gynaecology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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97
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Yang JL, Lien JC, Chen YY, Hsu SC, Chang SJ, Huang AC, Amagaya S, Funayana S, Wood WG, Kuo CL, Chung JG. Crude extract of Euphorbia formosana induces apoptosis of DU145 human prostate cancer cells acts through the caspase-dependent and independent signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1600-1611. [PMID: 26122529 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men and the second highest contributor of male cancer mortality. The crude extract of Euphorbia formosana (CEEF) has been used for treatment of different diseases but the cytotoxic effects of CEEF on human cancer cells have not been reported. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine effects of CEEF on cell cycle distribution and induction of apoptosis in DU145 human prostate cancer cells in vitro. Contrast-phase microscope was used for examining cell morphological changes. Flow cytometric assays were used for cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, and Ca2+ production and mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm ). Western blotting was used for examining protein expression of cell cycle and apoptosis associated proteins. Real-time PCR was used for examining mRNA levels of caspase-3, -8, and -9, AIF, and Endo G. Confocal laser microscope was used to examine the translocation of AIF, Endo G, and cytochrome in DU145 cells after CEEF exposure. CEEF-induced cell morphological changes, decreased the percentage of viable cells, and induced S phase arrest and apoptosis in DU145 cells. Furthermore, CEEF promoted RAS and Ca2+ production and reduced ΔΨm levels. Real-time QPCR confirmed that CEEF promoted the mRNA expression of caspase-3 and -9, AIF and Endo G and we found that AIF and Endo G and cytochrome c were released from mitochondria. Taken together, CEEF-induced cytotoxic effects via ROS production, induced S phase arrest and induction of apoptosis through caspase-dependent and independent and mitochondria-dependent pathways in DU245 cancer cells. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1600-1611, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Long Yang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yin Chen
- Department of Chinese-Western Medicine Integration, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jen Chang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Medicine Nursing and Management College, Yilan, 266, Taiwan
| | - Sakae Amagaya
- Department of Kampo Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinji Funayana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - W Gibson Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, School of Medicine, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan.
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98
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Rajapaksa G, Thomas C, Gustafsson JÅ. Estrogen signaling and unfolded protein response in breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 163:45-50. [PMID: 27045680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) confers resistance to anti-estrogens and chemotherapeutics in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive and triple-negative breast cancers. Among the regulators of the UPR in breast cancer is estrogen signaling. Estrogen regulates major components of the UPR and ER expression is associated with the sensitivity of tumor cells to UPR-regulated apoptosis. Recent studies have confirmed the crosstalk between the ERs and UPR and suggest novel therapeutic strategies that combine targeting of both signaling pathways. These remedies may be more effective in repressing oncogenic adaptive mechanisms and benefit patients with resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani Rajapaksa
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Christoforos Thomas
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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99
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Sumis A, Cook KL, Andrade FO, Hu R, Kidney E, Zhang X, Kim D, Carney E, Nguyen N, Yu W, Bouker KB, Cruz I, Clarke R, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Social isolation induces autophagy in the mouse mammary gland: link to increased mammary cancer risk. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:839-56. [PMID: 27550962 PMCID: PMC5894876 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation is a strong predictor of early all-cause mortality and consistently increases breast cancer risk in both women and animal models. Because social isolation increases body weight, we compared its effects to those caused by a consumption of obesity-inducing diet (OID) in C57BL/6 mice. Social isolation and OID impaired insulin and glucose sensitivity. In socially isolated, OID-fed mice (I-OID), insulin resistance was linked to reduced Pparg expression and increased neuropeptide Y levels, but in group-housed OID fed mice (G-OID), it was linked to increased leptin and reduced adiponectin levels, indicating that the pathways leading to insulin resistance are different. Carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis was significantly higher in I-OID mice than in the other groups, but cancer risk was also increased in socially isolated, control diet-fed mice (I-C) and G-OID mice compared with that in controls. Unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling (GRP78; IRE1) was upregulated in the mammary glands of OID-fed mice, but not in control diet-fed, socially isolated I-C mice. In contrast, expression of BECLIN1, ATG7 and LC3II were increased, and p62 was downregulated by social isolation, indicating increased autophagy. In the mammary glands of socially isolated mice, but not in G-OID mice, mRNA expressions of p53 and the p53-regulated autophagy inducer Dram1 were upregulated, and nuclear p53 staining was strong. Our findings further indicated that autophagy and tumorigenesis were not increased in Atg7(+/-) mice kept in social isolation and fed OID. Thus, social isolation may increase breast cancer risk by inducing autophagy, independent of changes in body weight.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autophagy/genetics
- Autophagy/physiology
- Autophagy-Related Protein 7/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Diet
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- Female
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/psychology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Obese
- Mice, Transgenic
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/pathology
- Risk Factors
- Social Isolation
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Sumis
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Katherine L Cook
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Department of SurgeryWake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fabia O Andrade
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Emma Kidney
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Dominic Kim
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Elissa Carney
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nguyen Nguyen
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kerrie B Bouker
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Idalia Cruz
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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100
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Inaba Y, Ueno N, Numata M, Zhu X, Messer JS, Boone DL, Fujiya M, Kohgo Y, Musch MW, Chang EB. Soluble bioactive microbial mediators regulate proteasomal degradation and autophagy to protect against inflammation-induced stress. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G634-G647. [PMID: 27514476 PMCID: PMC5142193 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00092.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium breve and other Gram-positive gut commensal microbes protect the gastrointestinal epithelium against inflammation-induced stress. However, the mechanisms whereby these bacteria accomplish this protection are poorly understood. In this study, we examined soluble factors derived from Bifidobacterium breve and their impact on the two major protein degradation systems within intestinal epithelial cells, proteasomes and autophagy. Conditioned media from gastrointestinal Gram-positive, but not Gram-negative, bacteria activated autophagy and increased expression of the autophagy proteins Atg5 and Atg7 along with the stress response protein heat shock protein 27. Specific examination of media conditioned by the Gram-positive bacterium Bifidobacterium breve (Bb-CM) showed that this microbe produces small molecules (<3 kDa) that increase expression of the autophagy proteins Atg5 and Atg7, activate autophagy, and inhibit proteasomal enzyme activity. Upregulation of autophagy by Bb-CM was mediated through MAP kinase signaling. In vitro studies using C2BBe1 cells silenced for Atg7 and in vivo studies using mice conditionally deficient in intestinal epithelial cell Atg7 showed that Bb-CM-induced cytoprotection is dependent on autophagy. Therefore, this work demonstrates that Gram-positive bacteria modify protein degradation programs within intestinal epithelial cells to promote their survival during stress. It also reveals the therapeutic potential of soluble molecules produced by these microbes for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Inaba
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ueno
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Numata
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Life Style and Digestive Diseases, Kagoshima Medical University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeannette S Messer
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David L Boone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kohgo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Mark W Musch
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
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