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Nwosu ZC, Ebert MP, Dooley S, Meyer C. Caveolin-1 in the regulation of cell metabolism: a cancer perspective. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:71. [PMID: 27852311 PMCID: PMC5112640 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is an oncogenic membrane protein associated with endocytosis, extracellular matrix organisation, cholesterol distribution, cell migration and signaling. Recent studies reveal that CAV1 is involved in metabolic alterations – a critical strategy adopted by cancer cells to their survival advantage. Consequently, research findings suggest that CAV1, which is altered in several cancer types, influences tumour development or progression by controlling metabolism. Understanding the molecular interplay between CAV1 and metabolism could help uncover druggable metabolic targets or pathways of clinical relevance in cancer therapy. Here we review from a cancer perspective, the findings that CAV1 modulates cell metabolism with a focus on glycolysis, mitochondrial bioenergetics, glutaminolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeribe Chike Nwosu
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany.,Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
| | - Matthias Philip Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany.,Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
| | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany. .,Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany.
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52
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Wang Z, Wang N, Liu P, Peng F, Tang H, Chen Q, Xu R, Dai Y, Lin Y, Xie X, Peng C, Situ H. Caveolin-1, a stress-related oncotarget, in drug resistance. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37135-50. [PMID: 26431273 PMCID: PMC4741920 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is both a tumor suppressor and an oncoprotein. Cav-1 overexpression was frequently confirmed in advanced cancer stages and positively associated with ABC transporters, cancer stem cell populations, aerobic glycolysis activity and autophagy. Cav-1 was tied to various stresses including radiotherapy, fluid shear and oxidative stresses and ultraviolet exposure, and interacted with stress signals such as AMP-activated protein kinase. Finally, a Cav-1 fluctuation model during cancer development is provided and Cav-1 is suggested to be a stress signal and cytoprotective. Loss of Cav-1 may increase susceptibility to oncogenic events. However, research to explore the underlying molecular network between Cav-1 and stress signals is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Neng Wang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Univeristy Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengxi Liu
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu Peng
- Pharmacy College, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Univeristy Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianjun Chen
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Univeristy Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Pharmacy College, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honglin Situ
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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53
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Karantanos T, Karanika S, Wang J, Yang G, Dobashi M, Park S, Ren C, Li L, Basourakos SP, Hoang A, Efstathiou E, Wang X, Troncoso P, Titus M, Broom B, Kim J, Corn PG, Logothetis CJ, Thompson TC. Caveolin-1 regulates hormone resistance through lipid synthesis, creating novel therapeutic opportunities for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:46321-46334. [PMID: 27331874 PMCID: PMC5216801 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is overexpressed in aggressive and metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) and induces PCa cell proliferation. Androgens mediate lipid synthesis through acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). We investigated the Cav-1-mediated lipid synthesis in the development of castration resistance, and identified novel therapeutic opportunities. Using the PBCre+;Ptenloxp/loxp;PBCav-1+ mouse model we found that Cav-1 induction increased cancer incidence and growth, and ACC1-FASN expression in intact and castrated mice. We demonstrated that Cav-1 regulated ACC1 and FASN expression in an AR-independent way and increased palmitate synthesis using western blot analysis, qRT-PCR and mass spectrometry in vitro. By using FASN siRNA and C-75, we found that FASN inhibition was more effective in Cav-1-overexpressing cells. This inhibition was abrogated by ACC1si RNA, revealing the role of malonyl-CoA, an ACC1 product, as a mediator of cytotoxicity. Cav-1 was associated with ACC1 in human tumors and ACC1, FASN, and Cav-1 expression were increased in metastatic PCa compared to primary tumors and normal prostate epithelium. Palmitoleate and oleate levels were higher in BMA from patients with metastatic PCa who responded poorly to abiraterone acetate. Our findings suggest that Cav-1 promotes hormone resistance through the upregulation of ACC1-FASN and lipid synthesis under androgen deprivation, suggesting that FASN inhibition could be used to treat PCa that demonstrates Cav-1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Karantanos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
- Current address: General Internal Medicine Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Styliani Karanika
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
- Current address: Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Masato Dobashi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Chengzhen Ren
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Likun Li
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Spyridon P. Basourakos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Anh Hoang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Eleni Efstathiou
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Patricia Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Mark Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Bradley Broom
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Jeri Kim
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Paul G. Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Timothy C. Thompson
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
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Yen CY, Huang HW, Shu CW, Hou MF, Yuan SSF, Wang HR, Chang YT, Farooqi AA, Tang JY, Chang HW. DNA methylation, histone acetylation and methylation of epigenetic modifications as a therapeutic approach for cancers. Cancer Lett 2016; 373:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Liu WR, Jin L, Tian MX, Jiang XF, Yang LX, Ding ZB, Shen YH, Peng YF, Gao DM, Zhou J, Qiu SJ, Dai Z, Fan J, Shi YH. Caveolin-1 promotes tumor growth and metastasis via autophagy inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016. [PMID: 26206578 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caveolin-1 is a member of the caveolae family of membrane proteins. Although some researchers have investigated the function of Caveolin-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma, the mechanism of Caveolin-1 action and its prognostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma remain unclear. METHODS Caveolin-1 expression was measured in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and tissues using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. In in vitro experiments, Caveolin-1 was depleted using a short hairpin RNA lentiviral vector, and tumor cell behavior was analyzed. The effect of Caveolin-1 on hepatocellular carcinoma cell autophagy was investigated. Prognostic value of Caveolin-1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in two cohorts that included a total of 721 hepatocellular carcinoma patients. RESULTS We found that Caveolin-1 was overexpressed in highly metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and tumor tissues. Moreover, Caveolin-1 promoted hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis and inhibited autophagy. Finally, Caveolin-1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues was inversely correlated with patient overall survival and time to recurrence. CONCLUSION Our data obtained from cell lines suggest an oncogenic role for Caveolin-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma, Caveolin-1 contributed to hepatocellular carcinoma cell autophagy deficiency. Furthermore, Caveolin-1 may function as a novel prognostic indicator for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative resection, and combination of targeted therapy aimed at Caveolin-1 and autophagy modulation may represent an effective way to treat hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ren Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Xin Tian
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Fei Jiang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu-Xiao Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Bin Ding
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Hao Shen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Fei Peng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Mei Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Jian Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Dai
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Hong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
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Yang H, Guan L, Li S, Jiang Y, Xiong N, Li L, Wu C, Zeng H, Liu Y. Mechanosensitive caveolin-1 activation-induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway promotes breast cancer motility, invadopodia formation and metastasis in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 7:16227-47. [PMID: 26919102 PMCID: PMC4941310 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are subjected to fluid shear stress during passage through the venous and lymphatic system. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a principal structural component of caveolar membrane domains, contributes to cancer development but its mechanobiological roles under low shear stress (LSS) conditions remain largely unknown. Here, we identified Cav-1 is mechanosensitive to LSS exposure, and its activation-induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling promotes motility, invadopodia formation and metastasis of breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Application of LSS (1.8 and 4.0 dynes/cm2) to MDA-MB-231 cells significantly increased the cell motility, invadopodia formation, MT1-MMP expression, ECM degradation, and also induced a sustained activation of Cav-1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascades. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin-caused caveolae destruction markedly decreased LSS-induced activation of both Cav-1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, leading to suppress MT1-MMP expression, inhibit invadopodia formation and ECM degradation, suggesting that caveolae integrity also involved in metastasis. Immunocytochemical assay showed that LSS induces the Cav-1 clustering in lipid rafts and co-localization of Cav-1 and MT1-MMP on invadopodia. Immunofluorescence confocal analysis demonstrated that Cav-1 activation were required for the acquisition of a polarized phenotype in MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, Cav-1 knockdown significantly suppressed tumor colonization in the lungs and distant metastases in animal models. Our findings highlight the importance of Cav-1 in hematogenous metastasis, and provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of mechanotransduction induced by LSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Center for Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Liuyuan Guan
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Niya Xiong
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Wu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Center for Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Hongjuan Zeng
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Center for Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Center for Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, P.R. China
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57
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Chen C, Zhang LG, Liu J, Han H, Chen N, Yao AL, Kang SS, Gao WX, Shen H, Zhang LJ, Li YP, Cao FH, Li ZG. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed proteins in prostate cancer based on proteomics data. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:1545-57. [PMID: 27051295 PMCID: PMC4803245 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s98807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We mined the literature for proteomics data to examine the occurrence and metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa) through a bioinformatics analysis. We divided the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) into two groups: the group consisting of PCa and benign tissues (P&b) and the group presenting both high and low PCa metastatic tendencies (H&L). In the P&b group, we found 320 DEPs, 20 of which were reported more than three times, and DES was the most commonly reported. Among these DEPs, the expression levels of FGG, GSN, SERPINC1, TPM1, and TUBB4B have not yet been correlated with PCa. In the H&L group, we identified 353 DEPs, 13 of which were reported more than three times. Among these DEPs, MDH2 and MYH9 have not yet been correlated with PCa metastasis. We further confirmed that DES was differentially expressed between 30 cancer and 30 benign tissues. In addition, DEPs associated with protein transport, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and the extracellular matrix (ECM)–receptor interaction pathway were prevalent in the H&L group and have not yet been studied in detail in this context. Proteins related to homeostasis, the wound-healing response, focal adhesions, and the complement and coagulation pathways were overrepresented in both groups. Our findings suggest that the repeatedly reported DEPs in the two groups may function as potential biomarkers for detecting PCa and predicting its aggressiveness. Furthermore, the implicated biological processes and signaling pathways may help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of PCa carcinogenesis and metastasis and provide new targets for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Urology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Guo Zhang
- Department of Urology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Urology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Urology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Urology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Liang Yao
- Department of Urology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-San Kang
- Department of Urology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Xing Gao
- Department of Urology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Modern Technology and Education Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Peng Li
- Department of Urology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Hong Cao
- Department of Urology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Guo Li
- Department of Medical Research Center, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Geriatric Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
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58
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Zhu X, Zhang Y, Li Q, Yang L, Zhang N, Ma S, Zhang K, Song J, Guan F. β-Carotene Induces Apoptosis in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines via the Cav-1/AKT/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 30:148-57. [PMID: 26733226 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
β-carotene, a type of terpenoid, has many metabolic and physiological functions. In particular, β-carotene has an antitumor effect. However, the efficacy of β-carotene against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. In our study, β-carotene inhibited the growth of ESCC cells and downregulated expression of the Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) protein. Cav-1 protein was expressed only in ESCC cells, not in Het-1A cells. Moreover, β-carotene triggered apoptosis, induced cell cycle G0⁄G1 phase arrest, and inhibited cell migration. To explore the mechanism involved in these processes, we further examined the effect of β-carotene on the Cav-1-mediated AKT/NF-κB pathway. The results showed that the level of AKT and NF-κB phosphorylation was dramatically inhibited, which led to an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Correspondingly, the activity of Caspase-3 was also enhanced. These data suggest that β-carotene has an antiproliferative role in ESCC cells and may be a promising chemotherapeutic agent for use against ESCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanting Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jishi Song
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
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59
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Botting GM, Rastogi I, Chhabra G, Nlend M, Puri N. Mechanism of Resistance and Novel Targets Mediating Resistance to EGFR and c-Met Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136155. [PMID: 26301867 PMCID: PMC4547756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) against EGFR and c-Met are initially effective when administered individually or in combination to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, the overall efficacies of TKIs are limited due to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, it is important to elucidate mechanisms of EGFR and c-Met TKI resistance in order to develop more effective therapies. Model NSCLC cell lines H1975 and H2170 were used to study the similarities and differences in mechanisms of EGFR/c-Met TKI resistance. H1975 cells are positive for the T790M EGFR mutation, which confers resistance to current EGFR TKI therapies, while H2170 cells are EGFR wild-type. Previously, H2170 cells were made resistant to the EGFR TKI erlotinib and the c-Met TKI SU11274 by exposure to progressively increasing concentrations of TKIs. In H2170 and H1975 TKI-resistant cells, key Wnt and mTOR proteins were found to be differentially modulated. Wnt signaling transducer, active β-catenin was upregulated in TKI-resistant H2170 cells when compared to parental cells. GATA-6, a transcriptional activator of Wnt, was also found to be upregulated in resistant H2170 cells. In H2170 erlotinib resistant cells, upregulation of inactive GSK3β (p-GSK3β) was observed, indicating activation of Wnt and mTOR pathways which are otherwise inhibited by its active form. However, in H1975 cells, Wnt modulators such as active β-catenin, GATA-6 and p-GSK3β were downregulated. Additional results from MTT cell viability assays demonstrated that H1975 cell proliferation was not significantly decreased after Wnt inhibition by XAV939, but combination treatment with everolimus (mTOR inhibitor) and erlotinib resulted in synergistic cell growth inhibition. Thus, in H2170 cells and H1975 cells, simultaneous inhibition of key Wnt or mTOR pathway proteins in addition to EGFR and c-Met may be a promising strategy for overcoming EGFR and c-Met TKI resistance in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Botting
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ichwaku Rastogi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marie Nlend
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Neelu Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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60
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Ni Y, Zhou Y, Zhou M, Zhang L. Akt and cAMP response element binding protein mediate 17β-estradiol regulation of glucose transporter 3 expression in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Neurosci Lett 2015; 604:58-63. [PMID: 26240989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impaired glucose uptake is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and glucose transporter 3 (Glut3) is the major neuronal glucose transporter. Estrogens contribute its theorized protective role against AD. The present studies aimed to examine the effect of 17β-estradiol (E2, the natural estrogen) on Glut3 expression and the underlying mechanisms by using human SH-SY5Y cell line. The results demonstrated that E2 increased Glut3 expression. E2 could stimulate the activation of Akt signaling pathway and the subsequent phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Akt/CREB pathway mediated E2-induced increase in Glut3 expression. These results suggested the mechanisms underlying E2-induced increase in Glut3 expression in human SH-SY5Y cell line and might provide the new data for elucidating the neuroprotective role of E2 against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Ni
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingming Zhou
- College of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, 226007 Jiangsu, China
| | - Luping Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xi si Road 20, Nantong, 226002 Jiangsu, China.
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Lu W, Li Y. Salinomycin suppresses LRP6 expression and inhibits both Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling in breast and prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1799-807. [PMID: 24905570 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling at the cell surface results in inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), leading to activation of mTORC1 signaling in cancer cells. The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-6 (LRP6) is an essential Wnt co-receptor for Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Salinomycin is a novel small molecule inhibitor of LRP6. In the present study, we found that LRP6 overexpression induced mTORC1 signaling activation in cancer cells, and that salinomycin was not only a potent Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor, but also a strong mTORC1 signaling antagonist in breast and prostate cancer cells. Mechanistically, salinomycin activated GSK3β in cancer cells. Moreover, salinomycin was able to suppress the expression of cyclin D1 and survivin, two targets of both Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling, in prostate and breast cancer cells, and displayed remarkable anticancer activity. Our results present novel mechanisms underlying salinomycin-mediated cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Lu
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35255
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Caveolin-1 regulates lung cancer stem-like cell induction and p53 inactivation in carbon nanotube-driven tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3541-54. [PMID: 24939878 PMCID: PMC4116501 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may represent targets for carcinogenic initiation by chemical and environmental agents. Recent studies have raised a concern over the potential carcinogenicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), one of the most commonly used engineered nanomaterials with asbestos-like properties. Here, we show that chronic (6-month) exposure of human lung epithelial cells to single-walled (SW) CNTs at the workplace-relevant concentration induced an emergence of lung CSCs, as indicated by the induction of CSC tumor spheres and side population (SP). These CSCs, which were found to overexpress tumor promoter caveolin-1 (Cav-1), displayed aggressive cancer phenotypes of apoptosis resistance and enhanced cell invasion and migration compared with their non-CSC counterpart. Using gene manipulation strategies, we reveal for the first time that Cav-1 plays an essential role in CSC regulation and aggressiveness of SWCNT-transformed cells partly through p53 dysregulation, consistent with their suggested role by microarray and gene ontology analysis. Cav-1 not only promoted tumorigenesis in a xenograft mouse model but also metastasis of the transformed cells to neighboring tissues. Since CSCs are crucial to the initiation and early development of carcinogenesis, our findings on CSC induction by SWCNTs and Cav-1 could aid in the early detection and risk assessment of the disease.
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Abstract
WNT signaling was discovered in tumor models and has been recognized as a regulator of cancer development and progression for over 3 decades. Recent work has highlighted a critical role for WNT signaling in the metabolic homeostasis of mammals, where its misregulation has been heavily implicated in diabetes. While the majority of WNT metabolism research has focused on nontransformed tissues, the role of WNT in cancer metabolism remains underinvestigated. Cancer is also a metabolic disease where oncogenic signaling pathways regulate energy production and macromolecular synthesis to fuel rapidly proliferating tumors. This review highlights the emerging evidence for WNT signaling in the reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism and examines the role of these signaling pathways as mediators of tumor bioenergetics.
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Shvets E, Ludwig A, Nichols BJ. News from the caves: update on the structure and function of caveolae. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 29:99-106. [PMID: 24908346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent data from the study of the cell biology of caveolae have provided insights both into how these flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane are formed and how they may function in different contexts. This review discusses experiments that analyse the composition and ultrastructural distribution of protein complexes responsible for generating caveolae, that suggest functions for caveolae in response to mechanical stress or damage to the plasma membrane, that show that caveolae may have an important role during the signalling events for regulation of metabolism, and that imply that caveolae can act as endocytic vesicles at the plasma membrane. We also highlight unexpected roles for caveolar proteins in regulating circadian rhythms and new insights into the way in which caveolae may be involved in fatty acid uptake in the intestine. Current outstanding questions in the field are emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Lu W, Lin C, Li Y. Rottlerin induces Wnt co-receptor LRP6 degradation and suppresses both Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling in prostate and breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1303-9. [PMID: 24607787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling can result in up-regulation of mTORC1 signaling in cancer cells. The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-6 (LRP6) is an essential Wnt co-receptor for Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We found that rottlerin, a natural plant polyphenol, suppressed LRP6 expression and phosphorylation, and inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of rottlerin on LRP6 expression/phosphorylation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were confirmed in human prostate cancer PC-3 and DU145 cells and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and T-47D cells. Mechanistically, rottlerin promoted LRP6 degradation, but had no effects on LRP6 transcriptional activity. In addition, rottlerin-mediated LRP6 down-regulation was unrelated to activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Importantly, we also found that rottlerin inhibited mTORC1 signaling in prostate and breast cancer cells. Finally, we demonstrated that rottlerin was able to suppress the expression of cyclin D1 and survivin, two targets of both Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling, in prostate and breast cancer cells, and displayed remarkable anticancer activity with IC(50) values between 0.7 and 1.7 μM for prostate cancer PC-3 and DU145 cells and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and T-47D cells. The IC(50) values are comparable to those shown to suppress the activities of Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling in prostate and breast cancer cells. Our data indicate that rottlerin is a novel LRP6 inhibitor and suppresses both Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling in prostate and breast cancer cells, and that LRP6 represents a potential therapeutic target for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
| | - Cuihong Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yonghe Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA.
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Takeda I, Takahashi T, Ochi K, Kurashige T, Shinozaki Y, Nakamori M, Arihiro K, Maruyama H, Matsumoto M. Fiber type-specific expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 in human skeletal muscles. Pathobiology 2014; 81:94-9. [PMID: 24457908 DOI: 10.1159/000357238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gene expression patterns differ in the two types of skeletal muscle fiber. The Wnt signaling pathway, which includes low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), has been associated with cell differentiation and glucose metabolism in skeletal muscles. We examined the relationships between muscle fiber types and LRP6 expression. METHODS Adenosine triphosphatase was assayed histochemically, and the levels of expression of LRP6 and myosin were analyzed immunohistochemically, in frozen sections of muscle fiber obtained from 16 muscle biopsy samples. The expression pattern of LRP6 in C2C12 cells was assayed by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS LRP6 was expressed only in type II fibers. Type IIc fibers showed variations in LRP6 expression. Expression of LRP6 was observed at the stage of myoblast differentiation. CONCLUSION Antibody to LRP6 may be useful for identifying type II skeletal muscle fibers. LRP6 may influence glucose metabolism in type II fibers of human skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Takeda
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Fong JT, Jacobs RJ, Moravec DN, Uppada SB, Botting GM, Nlend M, Puri N. Alternative signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets for overcoming EGFR and c-Met inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78398. [PMID: 24223799 PMCID: PMC3817236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) against EGFR/c-Met in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been shown to be effective in increasing patient progression free survival (PFS), but their efficacy is limited due to the development of resistance and tumor recurrence. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying development of drug resistance in NSCLC is necessary for developing novel and effective therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcome. This study aims to understand the mechanism of EGFR/c-Met tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in NSCLC. H2170 and H358 cell lines were made resistant to SU11274, a c-Met inhibitor, and erlotinib, an EGFR inhibitor, through step-wise increases in TKI exposure. The IC50 concentrations of resistant lines exhibited a 4–5 and 11–22-fold increase for SU11274 and erlotinib, respectively, when compared to parental lines. Furthermore, mTOR and Wnt signaling was studied in both cell lines to determine their roles in mediating TKI resistance. We observed a 2–4-fold upregulation of mTOR signaling proteins and a 2- to 8-fold upregulation of Wnt signaling proteins in H2170 erlotinib and SU11274 resistant cells. H2170 and H358 cells were further treated with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus and the Wnt inhibitor XAV939. H358 resistant cells were inhibited by 95% by a triple combination of everolimus, erlotinib and SU11274 in comparison to 34% by a double combination of these drugs. Parental H2170 cells displayed no sensitivity to XAV939, while resistant cells were significantly inhibited (39%) by XAV939 as a single agent, as well as in combination with SU11274 and erlotinib. Similar results were obtained with H358 resistant cells. This study suggests a novel molecular mechanism of drug resistance in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Fong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States
| | - Ryan J. Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States
| | - David N. Moravec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States
| | - Srijayaprakash B. Uppada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States
| | - Gregory M. Botting
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States
| | - Marie Nlend
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Neelu Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States
- * E-mail:
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Prostate cancer progression after androgen deprivation therapy: mechanisms of castrate resistance and novel therapeutic approaches. Oncogene 2013; 32:5501-11. [PMID: 23752182 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men in Western societies. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a critical survival pathway for prostate cancer cells, and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the principal treatment for patients with locally advanced and metastatic disease. Although a majority of patients initially respond to ADT, most will eventually develop castrate resistance, defined as disease progression despite serum testosterone levels of <20 ng/dl. The recent discovery that AR signaling persists during systemic castration via intratumoral production of androgens led to the development of novel anti-androgen therapies including abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide. Although these agents effectively palliate symptoms and prolong life, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer remains incurable. An increased understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of castrate resistance is therefore needed to develop novel therapeutic approaches for this disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature on the biology and treatment of castrate-resistant prostate cancer.
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