51
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Ma C, Wang F, Han B, Zhong X, Si F, Ye J, Hsueh EC, Robbins L, Kiefer SM, Zhang Y, Hunborg P, Varvares MA, Rauchman M, Peng G. SALL1 functions as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer by regulating cancer cell senescence and metastasis through the NuRD complex. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:78. [PMID: 29625565 PMCID: PMC5889587 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0824-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SALL1 is a multi-zinc finger transcription factor that regulates organogenesis and stem cell development, but the role of SALL1 in tumor biology and tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. Methods We analyzed SALL1 expression levels in human and murine breast cancer cells as well as cancer tissues from different types of breast cancer patients. Using both in vitro co-culture system and in vivo breast tumor models, we investigated how SALL1 expression in breast cancer cells affects tumor cell growth and proliferation, metastasis, and cell fate. Using the gain-of function and loss-of-function strategies, we dissected the molecular mechanism responsible for SALL1 tumor suppressor functions. Results We demonstrated that SALL1 functions as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, which is significantly down-regulated in the basal like breast cancer and in estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) triple negative breast cancer patients. SALL1 expression in human and murine breast cancer cells inhibited cancer cell growth and proliferation, metastasis, and promoted cell cycle arrest. Knockdown of SALL1 in breast cancer cells promoted cancer cell growth, proliferation, and colony formation. Our studies revealed that tumor suppression was mediated by recruitment of the Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex by SALL1, which promoted cancer cell senescence. We further demonstrated that the mechanism of inhibition of breast cancer cell growth and invasion by SALL1-NuRD depends on the p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and mTOR signaling pathways. Conclusion Our studies indicate that the developmental control gene SALL1 plays a critical role in tumor suppression by recruiting the NuRD complex and thereby inducing cell senescence in breast cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-018-0824-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Women & Children's Hospital of Linyi, Shandong Medical College, Linyi, 276000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Fusheng Si
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Eddy C Hsueh
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Lynn Robbins
- VA Saint Louis Health Care System, John Cochran Division, St. Louis, MO, 63106, USA.,Department of Medicine, Washington University, Saint. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Susan M Kiefer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Pamela Hunborg
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Mark A Varvares
- Department of Otolaryngology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michael Rauchman
- VA Saint Louis Health Care System, John Cochran Division, St. Louis, MO, 63106, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Washington University, Saint. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
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52
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Chen H, He W. Human regulatory γδT cells and their functional plasticity in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:411-413. [PMID: 28845043 PMCID: PMC6052840 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, 100005, China.
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53
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Regulatory T cells trigger effector T cell DNA damage and senescence caused by metabolic competition. Nat Commun 2018; 9:249. [PMID: 29339767 PMCID: PMC5770447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the suppressive mechanisms used by regulatory T (Treg) cells is critical for the development of effective strategies for treating tumors and chronic infections. The molecular processes that occur in responder T cells that are suppressed by Treg cells are unclear. Here we show that human Treg cells initiate DNA damage in effector T cells caused by metabolic competition during cross-talk, resulting in senescence and functional changes that are molecularly distinct from anergy and exhaustion. ERK1/2 and p38 signaling cooperate with STAT1 and STAT3 to control Treg-induced effector T-cell senescence. Human Treg-induced T-cell senescence can be prevented via inhibition of the DNA damage response and/or STAT signaling in T-cell adoptive transfer mouse models. These studies identify molecular mechanisms of human Treg cell suppression and indicate that targeting Treg-induced T-cell senescence is a checkpoint for immunotherapy against cancer and other diseases associated with Treg cells. Regulatory T (Treg) cells can induce senescence of tumour-associated effector T cells, but it is not clear how. Here the authors show that Treg cells outcompete effector T cells for glucose uptake, resulting in activation of the DNA damage response in effector T cells.
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54
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Zhao Y, Niu C, Cui J. Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells: friend or foe in cancer development? J Transl Med 2018; 16:3. [PMID: 29316940 PMCID: PMC5761189 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND γδ T cells are a distinct subgroup of T cells containing T cell receptors (TCRs) γ and TCR δ chains with diverse structural and functional heterogeneity. As a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, γδ T cells participate in various immune responses during cancer progression. Because of their direct/indirect antitumor cytotoxicity and strong cytokine production ability, the use of γδ T cells in cancer immunotherapy has received a lot of attention over the past decade. MAIN TEXT Despite the promising potential of γδ T cells, the efficacy of γδ T cell immunotherapy is limited, with an average response ratio of only 21%. In addition, research over the past 2 years has shown that γδ T cells could also promote cancer progression by inhibiting antitumor responses, and enhancing cancer angiogenesis. As a result, γδ T cells have a dual effect and can therefore be considered as being both "friends" and "foes" of cancer. In order to solve the sub-optimal efficiency problem of γδ T cell immunotherapy, we review recent observations regarding the antitumor and protumor activities of major structural and functional subsets of human γδ T cells, describing how these subsets are activated and polarized, and how these events relate to subsequent effects in cancer immunity. A mixture of both antitumor or protumor γδ T cells used in adoptive immunotherapy, coupled with the fact that γδ T cells can be polarized from antitumor cells to protumor cells appear to be the likely reasons for the mild efficacy seen with γδ T cells. CONCLUSION The future holds the promise of depleting the specific protumor γδ T cell subgroup before therapy, choosing multi-immunocyte adoptive therapy, modifying the cytokine balance in the cancer microenvironment, and using a combination of γδ T cells adoptive immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Zhao
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Niu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 People’s Republic of China
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55
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Dou J, Wang Z, Ma L, Peng B, Mao K, Li C, Su M, Zhou C, Peng G. Baicalein and baicalin inhibit colon cancer using two distinct fashions of apoptosis and senescence. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20089-20102. [PMID: 29732005 PMCID: PMC5929448 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein and baicalin are active components of the Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and both have broad anti-tumor activity. However, how and whether baicalein and baicalin inhibit colon cancer is unclear. Here we demonstrate that baicalein and baicalin can significantly inhibit human colon cancer cell growth and proliferation. Furthermore, both can induce cell cycle arrest, and suppress cancer cell colony formation and migration. The suppressive effects are mechanistically due to the induction of colon cancer cell apoptosis and senescence mediated by baicalein and baicalin, respectively. Furthermore, we revealed that baicalin-induced senescence in tumor cells is due to its inhibition of telomerase reverse transcriptase expression in tumor cells, and that MAPK ERK and p38 signaling pathways are causatively involved in the regulation of colon cancer cell apoptosis and senescence mediated by baicalein and baicalin. In addition, our in vivo studies using human colon cancer cells in humanized mouse xenograft models, further demonstrated that baicalein and baicalin can induce tumor cell apoptosis and senescence, resulting in inhibition of tumorigenesis and growth of colon cancer in vivo. These data clearly suggest that baicalein and baicalin have potent anti-cancer effects against human colon cancer and could be potential novel and effective target drugs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Leon Ma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Bo Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Ke Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chengqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Changlin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
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56
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Lo Presti E, Di Mitri R, Pizzolato G, Mocciaro F, Dieli F, Meraviglia S. γδ cells and tumor microenvironment: A helpful or a dangerous liason? J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:485-492. [PMID: 29345336 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0717-275rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that have been implicated in immunosurveillance against infections and tumors. γδ T cells are endowed with antitumor activities, and hence several γδ T cell-based small-scale clinical trials have been conducted either by in vivo activation by intravenous administration of aminobiphosphonates or by adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded γδ T cells. Although both these strategies have yielded promising results, there are a number of limitations associated with each of them which, if overcome may help to further improve efficacy. One of the most important limits is the possible polarization of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells toward different γδ T cells population with functional activities that help the progression and spread of the tumor. Here, we review the modalities and the possible mechanisms involved in the polarization of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells upon interaction with several components of the tumor microenvironment and discuss their implications for the manipulation of γδ T cells in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Mitri
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Arnas Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pizzolato
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Filippo Mocciaro
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Arnas Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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57
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Bocian K, Kiernozek E, Domagała-Kulawik J, Korczak-Kowalska G, Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Drela N. Expanding Diversity and Common Goal of Regulatory T and B Cells. I: Origin, Phenotype, Mechanisms. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:501-520. [PMID: 28477096 PMCID: PMC5688216 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T and B cells is critical to limit autoimmunity, excessive inflammation, and pathological immune response to conventional antigens or allergens. Both types of regulatory cells are intensively investigated, however, their development and mechanisms of action are still not completely understood. Both T and B regulatory cells represent highly differentiated populations in terms of phenotypes and origin, however, they use similar mechanisms of action. The most investigated CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are characterized by the expression of Foxp3+ transcription factor, which is not sufficient to maintain their lineage stability and suppressive function. Currently, it is considered that specific epigenetic changes are critical for defining regulatory T cell stability in the context of their suppressive function. It is not yet known if similar epigenetic regulation determines development, lineage stability, and function of regulatory B cells. Phenotype diversity, confirmed or hypothetical developmental pathways, multiple mechanisms of action, and role of epigenetic changes in these processes are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bocian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Kiernozek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Grażyna Korczak-Kowalska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stelmaszczyk-Emmel
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nadzieja Drela
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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58
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Hammerl D, Smid M, Timmermans AM, Sleijfer S, Martens JWM, Debets R. Breast cancer genomics and immuno-oncological markers to guide immune therapies. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 52:178-188. [PMID: 29104025 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness of the importance of tumor - immune cell interactions to the evolution and therapy responses of breast cancer (BC). Not surprisingly, numerous studies are currently assessing the clinical value of immune modulation for BC patients. However, till now durable clinical responses are only rarely observed. It is important to realize that BC is a heterogeneous disease comprising several histological and molecular subtypes, which cannot be expected to be equally immunogenic and therefore not equally sensitive to single immune therapies. Here we review the characteristics of infiltrating leukocytes in healthy and malignant breast tissue, the prognostic and predictive values of immune cell subsets across different BC subtypes and the various existing immune evasive mechanisms. Furthermore, we describe the presence of certain groups of antigens as putative targets for treatment, evaluate the outcomes of current clinical immunotherapy trials, and finally, we propose a strategy to better implement immuno-oncological markers to guide future immune therapies in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hammerl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A M Timmermans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Sleijfer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Debets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC - Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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59
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Fleming C, Morrissey S, Cai Y, Yan J. γδ T Cells: Unexpected Regulators of Cancer Development and Progression. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:561-570. [PMID: 28780933 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a role for gamma delta (γδ) T cells as unexpected drivers of tumor development and progression. These protumoral γδ T cells are abundant in the tumor microenvironment in both mouse and human. They promote tumor progression by: (i) inducing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis via cytokine production; (ii) functioning as regulatory T (Treg)/T helper 2 (Th2)-like cells; (iii) interfering with dendritic cell (DC) effector function; and (iv) inhibiting antitumor adaptive T cell immunity via the programmed death-1 (PD-1)-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) pathway. Understanding how these cells are regulated and what their specific role in cancer is will provide insight for the development of approaches that specifically target these cells and can thereby improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fleming
- Department of Medicine, Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Samantha Morrissey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yihua Cai
- Department of Medicine, Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Medicine, Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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60
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Chitadze G, Oberg HH, Wesch D, Kabelitz D. The Ambiguous Role of γδ T Lymphocytes in Antitumor Immunity. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:668-678. [PMID: 28709825 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells play a role in immune surveillance because they recognize stress-induced surface molecules and metabolic intermediates that are frequently dysregulated in transformed cells. Hence, γδ T cells have attracted much interest as effector cells in cell-based immunotherapy. Recently, however, it has been realized that γδ T cells can also promote tumorigenesis through various mechanisms including regulatory activity and IL-17 production. In this review we outline both the pathways involved in cancer cell recognition and killing by γδ T cells as well as current evidence for their protumorigenic activity in various models. Finally, we discuss strategies to improve the tumor reactivity of γδ T cells and to counteract their protumorigenic activities, which should open improved perspectives for their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guranda Chitadze
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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61
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Abstract
In contrast to conventional T lymphocytes, which carry an αβ T-cell receptor and recognize antigens as peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I or class II molecules, human γδ T cells recognize different metabolites such as non-peptidic pyrophosphate molecules that are secreted by microbes or overproduced by tumor cells. Hence, γδ T cells play a role in immunosurveillance of infection and cellular transformation. Until recently, it has been unknown how the γδ T-cell receptor senses such pyrophosphates in the absence of known antigen-presenting molecules. Recent studies from several groups have identified a unique role of butyrophilin (BTN) protein family members in this process, notably of BTN3A1. BTNs are a large family of transmembrane proteins with diverse functions in lipid secretion and innate and adaptive immunity. Here we discuss current models of how BTN molecules regulate γδ T-cell activation. We also address the implications of these recent findings on the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies based on the activation of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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62
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Ravelli A, Roviello G, Cretella D, Cavazzoni A, Biondi A, Cappelletti MR, Zanotti L, Ferrero G, Ungari M, Zanconati F, Bottini A, Alfieri R, Petronini PG, Generali D. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and breast cancer: Beyond the prognostic and predictive utility. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695023. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the immune system as a potent anti-tumor defense has been consolidated in recent times, and novel immune-related therapies are today demonstrating a strong clinical benefit in the setting of several solid neoplasms. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes reflect the attempt of the host to eradicate malignancies, and during the last decades, they have been shown to possess an interesting prognostic utility for breast cancer, especially in case of HER2 positive and triple-negative molecular subtypes. In parallel, the clinical evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has been shown to effectively predict treatment outcomes in both neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. Currently, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are promising further predictive utility in view of novel immune-related therapeutic strategies which are coming into the clinical setting launching a solid rationale for the future next-generation treatment options. In this scenario, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes might represent an important resource for the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic strategy, as well as further evaluations of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and the immunoediting process would eventually provide new insights to augment therapeutic success. Considering these perspectives, we review the potential utility of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the definition of breast cancer prognosis and in the prediction of treatment outcomes, along with the new promising molecular-based therapeutic discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ravelli
- UO Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, US Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AO Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
- Unit of Experimental Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Roviello
- Section of Pharmacology and University Center DIFF—Drug Innovation Forward Future, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniele Cretella
- Unit of Experimental Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavazzoni
- Unit of Experimental Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biondi
- Unit of Experimental Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Cappelletti
- UO Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, US Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AO Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Laura Zanotti
- UO Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, US Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AO Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ferrero
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, AO Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Marco Ungari
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, AO Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Zanconati
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Bottini
- UO Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, US Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AO Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Roberta Alfieri
- Unit of Experimental Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Petronini
- Unit of Experimental Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Generali
- UO Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, US Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AO Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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63
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Hu G, Wu P, Cheng P, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Yu X, Shao X, Wu D, Ye J, Zhang T, Wang X, Qiu F, Yan J, Huang J. Tumor-infiltrating CD39 +γδTregs are novel immunosuppressive T cells in human colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1277305. [PMID: 28344891 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1277305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes immune suppression through recruiting and expanding suppressive immune cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) to facilitate cancer progression. In this study, we identify a novel CD39+ γδTreg in human colorectal cancer (CRC). CD39+ γδTregs are the predominant regulatory T cells and have more potent immunosuppressive activity than CD4+ or CD8+ Tregs via the adenosine-mediated pathway but independent of TGF-β or IL-10. They also secrete cytokines including IL-17A and GM-CSF, which may chemoattract myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs), thus establishing an immunosuppressive network. We further demonstrate that tumor-derived TGF-β1 induces CD39+ γδT cells from paired normal colon tissues to produce more adenosine and become potent immunosuppressive T cells. Moreover, CD39+ γδTreg infiltration is positively correlated with TNM stage and other unfavorable clinicopathological features, implicating that CD39+ γδTregs are one of the key players in establishment of immunosuppressive TME in human CRC that may be critical for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Hu
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pin Wu
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pu Cheng
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyan Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Shao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Dang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuming Qiu
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jian Huang
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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64
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Human γδT-cell subsets and their involvement in tumor immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:245-253. [PMID: 27890919 PMCID: PMC5360884 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cells are a conserved population of innate lymphocytes with diverse structural and functional heterogeneity that participate in various immune responses during tumor progression. γδT cells perform potent immunosurveillance by exerting direct cytotoxicity, strong cytokine production and indirect antitumor immune responses. However, certain γδT-cell subsets also contribute to tumor progression by facilitating cancer-related inflammation and immunosuppression. Here, we review recent observations regarding the antitumor and protumor roles of major structural and functional subsets of human γδT cells, describing how these subsets are activated and polarized, and how these events relate to subsequent function in tumor immunity. These studies provide insights into the manipulation of γδT-cell function to facilitate more targeted approaches for tumor therapy.
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Ma Y, Lei H, Tan J, Xuan L, Wu X, Liu Q. Characterization of γδ regulatory T cells from peripheral blood in patients with multiple myeloma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:594-601. [PMID: 27793666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
γδ regulatory T cells are able to inhibit the activation and function of T cells involved in antigen-specific immune responses. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of γδ regulatory T cells in inhibiting anti-tumor immune responses in patients diagnosed as multiple myeloma (MM). We measured the levels of γδ T cells, the distribution and clonally amplified TCR Vγ and VδT cells in peripheral blood of healthy donors, patients recently diagnosed with MM, and MM patients in remission cohorts. In addition, we evaluated the ability of γδ regulatory T cells to inhibit the proliferation of CD4+CD25- T cells and detected the expression of immunoregulatory-associated molecules. We found that the levels of γδ regulatory T cells from the peripheral blood in patients of MM were significantly higher than those in healthy donors. Comparison of γδT regulatory cells function in MM and healthy donors showed similarly inhibitory effects on the proliferation of T cells. Additionally, TLR8 expression level increased significantly in MM patients compared to healthy donors, while the expression levels of Foxp3, CD25, CTLA4, GITR, GATA3 and Tbet in MM patients and healthy donors showed no significant difference. Taken together, our study reveals the potential role of γδ regulatory T cells in inhibiting anti-tumor immune responses in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Ma
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510010, China; Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Huyi Lei
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Li Xuan
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qifa Liu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510010, China.
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66
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Espinoza JA, Jabeen S, Batra R, Papaleo E, Haakensen V, Timmermans Wielenga V, Møller Talman ML, Brunner N, Børresen-Dale AL, Gromov P, Helland Å, Kristensen VN, Gromova I. Cytokine profiling of tumor interstitial fluid of the breast and its relationship with lymphocyte infiltration and clinicopathological characteristics. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1248015. [PMID: 28123884 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1248015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of many immune cell subpopulations and is an important factor in the malignant progression of neoplasms, particularly breast cancer (BC). However, the cytokine networks that coordinate various regulatory events within the BC interstitium remain largely uncharacterized. Moreover, the data obtained regarding the origin of cytokine secretions, the levels of secretion associated with tumor development, and the possible clinical relevance of cytokines remain controversial. Therefore, we profiled 27 cytokines in 78 breast tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) samples, 43 normal interstitial fluid (NIF) samples, and 25 matched serum samples obtained from BC patients with Luminex xMAP multiplex technology. Eleven cytokines exhibited significantly higher levels in the TIF samples compared with the NIF samples: interleukin (IL)-7, IL-10, fibroblast growth factor-2, IL-13, interferon (IFN)γ-inducible protein (IP-10), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-β, IL-1β, chemokine ligand 5 (RANTES), vascular endothelial growth factor, and IL-12. An immunohistochemical analysis further demonstrated that IL-1RA, IP-10, IL-10, PDGF-β, RANTES, and VEGF are widely expressed by both cancer cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), whereas IP-10 and RANTES were preferentially abundant in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) compared to Luminal A subtype cancers. The latter observation corresponds with the high level of TILs in the TNBC samples. IL-1β, IL-7, IL-10, and PDGFβ also exhibited a correlation between the TIF samples and matched sera. In a survival analysis, high levels of IL-5, a hallmark TH2 cytokine, in the TIF samples were associated with a worse prognosis. These findings have important implications for BC immunotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Espinoza
- SciLifeLab, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shakila Jabeen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Richa Batra
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Computational Biology Laboratory, Unit of Statistics, Bioinformatics and Registry, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Computational Biology Laboratory, Unit of Statistics, Bioinformatics and Registry , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilde Haakensen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital , Oslo, Norway
| | - Vera Timmermans Wielenga
- Department of Pathology, Center of Diagnostic Investigations, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj-Lis Møller Talman
- Department of Pathology, Center of Diagnostic Investigations, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Brunner
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Pavel Gromov
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Genome Integrity Unit, Cancer Proteomics Group , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vessela N Kristensen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Irina Gromova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Genome Integrity Unit, Cancer Proteomics Group , Copenhagen, Denmark
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67
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Payne KK. Lymphocyte-mediated Immune Regulation in Health and Disease: The Treg and γδ T Cell Co-conspiracy. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:767-775. [PMID: 27617588 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1213278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The significance of lymphocytes functioning to mediate immunological tolerance has garnered increasing appreciation during the last several decades. CD4+ CD25+ α/ β T cells have arguably been the most extensively studied regulatory lymphocyte to date, perhaps owing to the dramatic phenotype observed mice and humans with mutated Foxp3. However, emerging studies suggest that the lineage of regulatory lymphocytes is quite robust. Most notably, while γδ T cells are more traditionally regarded as mediators of cytotoxic function, they are beginning to be regarded as potential negative regulators of immunity. While regulatory γ/δ T cells may possess a degree of transcriptional overlap with 'classical Tregs', there remains less clarity in regard to the mechanisms driving the suppressive potential of these cells. In this review, I will discuss the role of Tregs in establishing tolerance in the steady state as well as disease, and how their accumulation and function may be modulated by myeloid cells in the local microenvironment. I will also discuss the necessity to extend our understanding of the regulatory nature of γδ T cells, which may lead to the unearthing of novel paradigms of immunity, perhaps most notably with respect to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle K Payne
- a Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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68
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Huang Y, Ma C, Zhang Q, Ye J, Wang F, Zhang Y, Hunborg P, Varvares MA, Hoft DF, Hsueh EC, Peng G. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have opposing roles in breast cancer progression and outcome. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17462-78. [PMID: 25968569 PMCID: PMC4627321 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cancer Immunoediting concept has provided critical insights suggesting dual functions of immune system during the cancer initiation and development. However, the dynamics and roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of breast cancer remain unclear. Here we utilized two murine breast cancer models (4T1 and E0771) and demonstrated that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were increased and involved in immune responses, but with distinct dynamic trends in breast cancer development. In addition to cell number increases, CD4+ T cells changed their dominant subsets from Th1 in the early stages to Treg and Th17 cells in the late stages of the cancer progression. We also analyzed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration in primary breast cancer tissues from cancer patients. We observed that CD8+ T cells are the key effector cell population mediating effective anti-tumor immunity resulting in better clinical outcomes. In contrast, intra-tumoral CD4+ T cells have negative prognostic effects on breast cancer patient outcomes. These studies indicate that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have opposing roles in breast cancer progression and outcomes, which provides new insights relevant for the development of effective cancer immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children's Health Care Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi, P. R. China.,Molecular Biology Experimental Center, Shandong Medical College, Linyi, P. R. China
| | - Qunyuan Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pamela Hunborg
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark A Varvares
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel F Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eddy C Hsueh
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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69
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Yu X, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Wu P, Qiu F, Huang J. Prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Oncol 2016; 18:497-506. [PMID: 26459255 PMCID: PMC4823351 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer to affect women in the world. Studies showed tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes can exhibit both beneficial and harmful effects on the biology and clinical outcome of breast cancer, the conclusion still remains incomplete. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and breast cancer. METHODS A comprehensive search strategy was used to search relevant literatures in PubMed and the ISI Web of Science. The correlation among TILs and breast cancer clinicopathological features and prognosis was analyzed by using Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0. RESULT Seventeen eligible studies consisting of 12,968 participants were included. We found that higher value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes had no relationship with breast cancer clinicopathological variables. Interestingly, it was correlated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in majority (pooled RR 2.43, 95% CI 1.99-2.97). Moreover, higher value of total tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (both intraepithelial and stromal) was associated with better prognosis (pooled HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.83-0.94), whereas some subtypes predicted a worse prognosis. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis indicated that high value of total TILs is not associated with breast cancer clinicopathological features, but can predict a favorable outcome for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in majority except for hormone receptor (-) subtype. And higher total TILs (both intraepithelial TILs and stromal TILs) may be the potential better prognostic indicators, while some subtypes like PD-1(+) TILs and Foxp3(+) TILs show a worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Yu
- />Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 China
- />Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - Z. Zhang
- />Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 China
- />Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 China
- />Department of Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - Z. Wang
- />Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - P. Wu
- />Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - F. Qiu
- />Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 China
- />Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - J. Huang
- />Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 China
- />Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 China
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70
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Abstract
Immunotherapy is now evolving into a major therapeutic option for cancer patients. Such clinical advances also promote massive interest in the search for novel immunotherapy targets, and to understand the mechanism of action of current drugs. It is projected that a series of novel immunotherapy agents will be developed and assessed for their therapeutic activity. In light of this, in vivo experimental mouse models that recapitulate human malignancies serve as valuable tools to validate the efficacy and safety profile of immunotherapy agents, before their transition into clinical trials. In this review, we will discuss the major classes of experimental mouse models of cancer commonly used for immunotherapy assessment and provide examples to guide the selection of appropriate models. We present some new data concerning the utility of a carcinogen-induced tumor model for comparing immunotherapies and combining immunotherapy with chemotherapy. We will also highlight some recent advances in experimental modeling of human malignancies in mice that are leading towards personalized therapy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Foong Ngiow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Thomas
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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71
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Abstract
The clinical relevance of the host immune system in breast cancer has long been unexplored. Studies developed over the past decade have highlighted the biological heterogeneity of breast cancer, prompting researchers to investigate whether the role of the immune system in this malignancy is similar across different molecular subtypes of the disease. The presence of high levels of lymphocytic infiltration has been consistently associated with a more-favourable prognosis in patients with early stage triple-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer. These infiltrates seem to reflect favourable host antitumour immune responses, suggesting that immune activation is important for improving survival outcomes. In this Review, we discuss the composition of the immune infiltrates observed in breast cancers, as well as data supporting the clinical relevance of host antitumour immunity, as represented by lymphocytic infiltration, and how this biomarker could be used in the clinical setting. We also discuss the rationale for enhancing immunity in breast cancer, including early data on the efficacy of T-cell checkpoint inhibition in this setting.
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72
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Hu Y, Cui Q, Luo C, Luo Y, Shi J, Huang H. A promising sword of tomorrow: Human γδ T cell strategies reconcile allo-HSCT complications. Blood Rev 2015; 30:179-88. [PMID: 26654098 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is potentially a curative therapeutic option for hematological malignancies. In clinical practice, transplantation associated complications greatly affected the final therapeutical outcomes. Currently, primary disease relapse, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infections remain the three leading causes of a high morbidity and mortality in allo-HSCT patients. Various strategies have been investigated in the past several decades including human γδ T cell-based therapeutical regimens. In different microenvironments, human γδ T cells assume features reminiscent of classical Th1, Th2, Th17, NKT and regulatory T cells, showing diverse biological functions. The cytotoxic γδ T cells could be utilized to target relapsed malignancies, and recently regulatory γδ T cells are defined as a novel implement for GVHD management. In addition, human γδ Τ cells facilitate control of post-transplantation infections and participate in tissue regeneration and wound healing processes. These features potentiate γδ T cells a versatile therapeutical agent to target transplantation associated complications. This review focuses on insights of applicable potentials of human γδ T cells reconciling complications associated with allo-HSCT. We believe an improved understanding of pertinent γδ T cell functions would be further exploited in the design of innovative immunotherapeutic approaches in allo-HSCT, to reduce mortality and morbidity, as well as improve quality of life for patients after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Qu Cui
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Hematology, Jinhua Central Hospital, No. 351 Mingyue Road, Jinhua 312000, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jimin Shi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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73
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Abstract
With the promise of T cell-based therapy for cancer finally becoming reality, this Review focuses on the less-studied γδ T cell lineage and its diverse responses to tumours. γδ T cells have well-established protective roles in cancer, largely on the basis of their potent cytotoxicity and interferon-γ production. Besides this, recent studies have revealed a series of tumour-promoting functions that are linked to interleukin-17-producing γδ T cells. Here, we integrate the current knowledge from both human and mouse studies to highlight the potential of γδ T cell modulation to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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74
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Roth MD, Harui A. Human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes cooperatively regulate prostate tumor growth in a humanized mouse model. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:12. [PMID: 25901284 PMCID: PMC4404579 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complex interactions that occur between human tumors, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and the systemic immune system are likely to define critical factors in the host response to cancer. While conventional animal models have identified an array of potential anti-tumor therapies, mouse models often fail to translate into effective human treatments. Our goal is to establish a humanized tumor model as a more effective pre-clinical platform for understanding and manipulating TIL. Methods The immune system in NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγnull (NSG) mice was reconstituted by the co-administration of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) or subsets (CD4+ or CD8+) and autologous human dendritic cells (DC), and animals simultaneously challenged by implanting human prostate cancer cells (PC3 line). Tumor growth was evaluated over time and the phenotype of recovered splenocytes and TIL characterized by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Serum levels of circulating cytokines and chemokines were also assessed. Results A tumor-bearing huPBL-NSG model was established in which human leukocytes reconstituted secondary lymphoid organs and promoted the accumulation of TIL. These TIL exhibited a unique phenotype when compared to splenocytes with a predominance of CD8+ T cells that exhibited increased expression of CD69, CD56, and an effector memory phenotype. TIL from huPBL-NSG animals closely matched the features of TIL recovered from primary human prostate cancers. Human cytokines were readily detectible in the serum and exhibited a different profile in animals implanted with PBL alone, tumor alone, and those reconstituted with both. Immune reconstitution slowed but could not eliminate tumor growth and this effect required the presence of CD4+ T cell help. Conclusions Simultaneous implantation of human PBL, DC and tumor results in a huPBL-NSG model that recapitulates the development of human TIL and allows an assessment of tumor and immune system interaction that cannot be carried out in humans. Furthermore, the capacity to manipulate individual features and cell populations provides an opportunity for hypothesis testing and outcome monitoring in a humanized system that may be more relevant than conventional mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roth
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690 USA
| | - Airi Harui
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690 USA
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75
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Van Acker HH, Anguille S, Van Tendeloo VF, Lion E. Empowering gamma delta T cells with antitumor immunity by dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1021538. [PMID: 26405575 PMCID: PMC4570126 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1021538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are the all-rounders of our immune-system with their major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted cytotoxicity, capacity to secrete immunosti-mulatory cytokines and ability to promote the generation of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine therapy has the prospective to harness these unique features of the γδ T cells in the fight against cancer. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge on DC-mediated γδ T cell activation and related opportunities for tumor immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H Van Acker
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR); Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp ; Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR); Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp ; Antwerp, Belgium ; Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine; Antwerp University Hospital ; Edegem, Belgium
| | - Viggo F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR); Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp ; Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR); Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp ; Antwerp, Belgium ; Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine; Antwerp University Hospital ; Edegem, Belgium
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76
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Immune evasion in cancer: Mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S185-S198. [PMID: 25818339 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1009] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immune evasion is a major stumbling block in designing effective anticancer therapeutic strategies. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding how cancers evade destructive immunity, measures to counteract tumor escape have not kept pace. There are a number of factors that contribute to tumor persistence despite having a normal host immune system. Immune editing is one of the key aspects why tumors evade surveillance causing the tumors to lie dormant in patients for years through "equilibrium" and "senescence" before re-emerging. In addition, tumors exploit several immunological processes such as targeting the regulatory T cell function or their secretions, antigen presentation, modifying the production of immune suppressive mediators, tolerance and immune deviation. Besides these, tumor heterogeneity and metastasis also play a critical role in tumor growth. A number of potential targets like promoting Th1, NK cell, γδ T cell responses, inhibiting Treg functionality, induction of IL-12, use of drugs including phytochemicals have been designed to counter tumor progression with much success. Some natural agents and phytochemicals merit further study. For example, use of certain key polysaccharide components from mushrooms and plants have shown to possess therapeutic impact on tumor-imposed genetic instability, anti-growth signaling, replicative immortality, dysregulated metabolism etc. In this review, we will discuss the advances made toward understanding the basis of cancer immune evasion and summarize the efficacy of various therapeutic measures and targets that have been developed or are being investigated to enhance tumor rejection.
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77
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Mittal R, Chen CW, Lyons JD, Margoles LM, Liang Z, Coopersmith CM, Ford ML. Murine lung cancer induces generalized T-cell exhaustion. J Surg Res 2015; 195:541-9. [PMID: 25748104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is known to modulate tumor-specific immune responses by establishing a microenvironment that leads to the upregulation of T-cell inhibitory receptors, resulting in the progressive loss of function and eventual death of tumor-specific T-cells. However, the ability of cancer to impact the functionality of the immune system on a systemic level is much less well characterized. Because cancer is known to predispose patients to infectious complications including sepsis, we hypothesized that the presence of cancer alters pathogen-directed immune responses on a systemic level. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed systemic T-cell coinhibitory receptor expression, cytokine production, and apoptosis in mice with established subcutaneous lung cancer tumors and in unmanipulated mice without cancer. RESULTS Results indicated that the frequencies of programmed death-1-positive, B and T lymphocyte attenuator-positive, and 2B4(+) cells in both the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell compartments were increased in mice with localized cancer relative to non-cancer controls, and the frequencies of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells expressing multiple different inhibitory receptors were increased in cancer animals relative to non-cancer controls. Additionally, 2B4(+)CD8(+) T-cells in cancer mice exhibited reduced interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, whereas B and T lymphocyte attenuator-positive CD8(+) T-cells in cancer mice exhibited reduced interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor. Conversely, CD4(+) T-cells in cancer animals demonstrated an increase in the frequency of annexin V(+) apoptotic cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that the presence of cancer induces systemic T-cell exhaustion and generalized immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mittal
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John D Lyons
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lindsay M Margoles
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Craig M Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery and Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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78
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Tyler CJ, Doherty DG, Moser B, Eberl M. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells: Innate adaptors of the immune system. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:10-21. [PMID: 25659480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells are gaining center stage as important effector and regulatory cells that orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are amongst the best understood unconventional T cells, as they are easily accessible in peripheral blood, can readily be expanded and manipulated in vitro, respond to microbial infections in vivo and can be exploited for novel tumor immunotherapies. We here review findings that suggest that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, and possibly other unconventional human T cells, play an important role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity by promoting the activation and differentiation of various types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and even turning into APCs themselves, and thereby pave the way for antigen-specific effector responses and long-term immunological memory. Although the direct physiological relevance for most of these mechanisms still needs to be demonstrated in vivo, these findings may have implications for novel therapies, diagnostic tests and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Tyler
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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79
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Wesch D, Peters C, Siegers GM. Human gamma delta T regulatory cells in cancer: fact or fiction? Front Immunol 2014; 5:598. [PMID: 25477885 PMCID: PMC4238407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While gamma delta T cell (γδTc) anticancer immunotherapies are being developed, recent reports suggest a regulatory role for γδTc tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This mini-review surveys available evidence, determines strengths and weaknesses thereof and suggest directions for further exploration. We focus on human γδTc, as mouse and human γδTc repertoires differ. Regulatory γδTc are defined and compared to conventional Tregs and their roles in health and disease (focusing in on cancer) are discussed. We contrast the suggested regulatory roles for γδTc in breast and colorectal cancer with their cytotoxic capabilities in other malignancies, emphasizing the context dependence of γδTc functional plasticity. Since γδTc can be induced to exhibit regulatory properties (in some cases reversible), we carefully scrutinize experimental procedures in published reports. As γδTc garner increasing interest for their therapeutic potential, it is critical that we appreciate the full extent of their role(s) and interactions with other cell types in both the circulation and the tumor microenvironment. A comprehensive understanding will enable manipulation of γδTc to improve anti-tumor efficacy and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
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80
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Yan J, Huang J. Innate γδT17 cells convert cancer-elicited inflammation into immunosuppression through myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e953423. [PMID: 25610744 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.953423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been linked to cancer development and metastasis. We have recently demonstrated that γδ T cells are the major cellular source of IL-17 (γδT17) and accumulation of γδT17 cells correlates with human colorectal cancer progression through recruitment and expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, thus converting tumor-elicited inflammation into immunosuppression.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- DAMP, danger-associated molecular pattern
- DC, dendritic cell
- GM-CSF
- IL-17
- KO, knock out
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- PMN, polymorphonuclear
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- inflammation
- myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- tumor progression
- γδ T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Medicine; Tumor Immunobiology Program ; James Graham Brown Cancer Center; University of Louisville School of Medicine ; Louisville, KY USA
| | - Jian Huang
- Cancer Institute; Department of Oncology ; The Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine ; Hangzhou, China
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81
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Mittal R, Wagener M, Breed ER, Liang Z, Yoseph BP, Burd EM, Farris AB, Coopersmith CM, Ford ML. Phenotypic T cell exhaustion in a murine model of bacterial infection in the setting of pre-existing malignancy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93523. [PMID: 24796533 PMCID: PMC4010417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While much of cancer immunology research has focused on anti-tumor immunity both systemically and within the tumor microenvironment, little is known about the impact of pre-existing malignancy on pathogen-specific immune responses. Here, we sought to characterize the antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response following a bacterial infection in the setting of pre-existing pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Mice with established subcutaneous pancreatic adenocarcinomas were infected with Listeria monocytogenes, and antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses were compared to those in control mice without cancer. While the kinetics and magnitude of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell expansion and accumulation was comparable between the cancer and non-cancer groups, bacterial antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and total CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in cancer mice exhibited increased expression of the coinhibitory receptors BTLA, PD-1, and 2B4. Furthermore, increased inhibitory receptor expression was associated with reduced IFN-γ and increased IL-2 production by bacterial antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the cancer group. Taken together, these data suggest that cancer's immune suppressive effects are not limited to the tumor microenvironment, but that pre-existing malignancy induces phenotypic exhaustion in T cells by increasing expression of coinhibitory receptors and may impair pathogen-specific CD8+ T cell functionality and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mittal
- Department of Surgery and Emory Center for Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maylene Wagener
- Department of Surgery and Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elise R. Breed
- Department of Surgery and Emory Center for Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Surgery and Emory Center for Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benyam P. Yoseph
- Department of Surgery and Emory Center for Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eileen M. Burd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alton B. Farris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Craig M. Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery and Emory Center for Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Department of Surgery and Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Scheper W, Gründer C, Straetemans T, Sebestyen Z, Kuball J. Hunting for clinical translation with innate-like immune cells and their receptors. Leukemia 2013; 28:1181-90. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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83
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