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Wang R, Qin S, Chen Y, Li Y, Chen C, Wang Z, Zheng R, Wu Q. Enhanced anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects of metronomic cyclophosphamide combined with Endostar in a xenograft model of human lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:439-45. [PMID: 22641525 PMCID: PMC3583573 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC has reached a therapeutic plateau. More effective strategies must be explored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of metronomic chemotherapy combined with an angiogenesis inhibitor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A total of 114 BALB/c nude mice were inoculated subcutaneously with human NSCLC cells (A549), and when xenograft tumors were palpable, mice were randomly injected with saline as controls (Ctrl), or treated with metronomic cyclophosphamide (MET CPA), recombinant human endostatin, Endostar (Endo), MET CPA combined with Endostar (MET CPA + Endo) or maximum tolerance dose of CPA (MTD CPA), respectively. The growth of xenograft tumors and mouse survival were monitored. The frequency of peripheral blood circulating endothelial cells (CECs), microvessel density (MVD) and pericyte coverage was determined using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. In comparison with the controls, treatment with either drug significantly inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors in mice. Treatment with MET CPA or Endostar, but not with MTD CPA, significantly reduced the frequency of peripheral blood total and viable CECs and the value of MVD. Endostar also considerably reduced pericyte coverage in xenograft tumors. Moreover, MET CPA combined with Endostar further reduced the frequency of peripheral blood CECs, the value of MVD, and pericyte coverage, with concomitant delay in tumor growth and extension of mouse survival. Our results indicate that MET CPA combined with Endostar results in enhanced anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects in a xenograft model of human lung cancer. Combined therapy with metronomic chemotherapy and an angiogenesis inhibitor may serve as a promising treatment strategy for patients with advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China
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Wu H, Xu JB, He YL, Peng JJ, Zhang XH, Chen CQ, Li W, Cai SR. Tumor-associated macrophages promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106:462-8. [PMID: 22488237 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to investigate whether and how macrophages recruited to tumor microenvironments (tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs) were involved in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). METHODS TAMs, microvessel density (MVD), and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in 115 cases of GC tissue were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of CD68, CD34, and D2-40, respectively. Preoperative blood samples from 43 patients were obtained to detect serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-C. A co-culture system was also developed to study effects and underlying mechanisms of THP-1 macrophages on SGC7901 GC cells. RESULTS TAMs numbers were closely related to serosa invasion, lymph node metastasis and tumor, nodes, and metastases stage and a positive correlation existed between the TAMs count and MVD and LVD. Additionally, TAMs were associated with preoperative serum levels of VEGF and VEGF-C, the expression of VEGF and VEGF-C protein in macrophages was up-regulated in the co-culture system, and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway in macrophages induced a significant reduction in the expression of VEGF and VEGF-C in both macrophages and GC cells (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS TAMs may promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of GC, possibly by enhancing VEGF and VEGF-C expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Rink M, Cha EK, Green D, Hansen J, Robinson BD, Lotan Y, Sagalowsky AI, Chun FK, Karakiewicz PI, Fisch M, Scherr DS, Shariat SF. Biomolecular Predictors of Urothelial Cancer Behavior and Treatment Outcomes. Curr Urol Rep 2012; 13:122-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11934-012-0237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Patil A, Sable R, Kothari R. Occurrence, biochemical profile of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoforms and their functions in endochondral ossification. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1298-308. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Li X, Liu B, Xiao J, Yuan Y, Ma J, Zhang Y. Roles of VEGF-C and Smad4 in the lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic metastasis, and prognosis in colon cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15:2001-10. [PMID: 21786062 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We combined two different signal pathways on transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-Smad and vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C)/VEGF receptors for exploring changes in pathway members and their influence on lymphangiogenesis and clinicopathological features. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of TGF-β1, TGF-βRII, Smad4, VEGF-C, and VEGFR-3 was immunohistochemically evaluated in 147 colon cancer patients who were followed up for 5 years. RESULTS Lymphatic vessel density in colon cancer tissues was significantly higher than in normal colonic tissues. Smad4 expression negatively correlated with lymphatic vessel count and VEGF-C expression. VEGF-C expression positively correlated with lymphatic vessel count. Analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method indicated that patients with VEGF-C-positive tumors had significantly shorter overall survival and tumor-free survival time than those with VEGF-C-negative tumors. Patients with Smad4-negative tumors had significantly shorter overall survival and tumor-free survival time than those with Smad4-positive tumors. CONCLUSIONS Both Smad4 and VEGF-C are involved in lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Smad4 and VEGF-C expression may be clinically useful indicators for prognostic evaluation in colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Li
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, China
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Erythroid Differentiation Regulator 1, an Interleukin 18-Regulated Gene, Acts as a Metastasis Suppressor in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2096-104. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Matsushita K, Cha EK, Matsumoto K, Baba S, Chromecki TF, Fajkovic H, Sun M, Karakiewicz PI, Scherr DS, Shariat SF. Immunohistochemical biomarkers for bladder cancer prognosis. Int J Urol 2011; 18:616-29. [PMID: 21771101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is an especially complex and heterogeneous disease with a broad spectrum of histologic findings and potentially lethal behavior. Despite advances in surgical techniques, as well as intravesical and systemic therapies, up to 30% of patients with non-muscle-invasive UCB and 50% of patients with muscle-invasive UCB experience disease progression, recurrence, and eventual death. Standard prognostic features, such as pathologic stage and grade, have limited ability to predict the outcomes of this heterogeneous population. Current risk-stratification algorithms using clinical and pathologic parameters are limited in their prognostic ability. Molecular medicine holds the promise that clinical outcomes will be improved by more accurate prognostication and directing therapy towards the mechanisms and targets associated with the growth of an individual patient's tumor. Immunohistochemical analysis of biomarker expression has provided insight into the molecular pathogenesis of UCB and offers the potential for improving clinical decision making. Numerous candidate immunohistochemical biomarkers for patients with UCB have been identified, with those relating to the cell cycle and apoptosis/cell proliferation being the most extensively studied. The present review discusses the most promising immunohistochemical biomarkers. Special attention is paid to recent data from a multi-institutional collaboration that has implemented a regulated, phased biomarker discovery and validation pathway. Because UCB tumorigenesis and progression is a process involving multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations, multiple biomarkers need to be integrated into a prognostic signature to accurately predict outcomes. There is no doubt that biomarkers will eventually guide our clinical decision making regarding follow-up scheduling and treatment choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Yang H, Kim C, Kim MJ, Schwendener RA, Alitalo K, Heston W, Kim I, Kim WJ, Koh GY. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 suppresses lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in bladder cancer. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:36. [PMID: 21481239 PMCID: PMC3080348 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most bladder cancer patients experience lymphatic metastasis in the course of disease progression, yet the relationship between lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis is not well known. The aim of this study is to elucidate underlying mechanisms of how expanded lymphatic vessels and tumor microenvironment interacts each other and to find effective therapeutic options to inhibit lymphatic metastasis. Results The orthotopic urinary bladder cancer (OUBC) model was generated by intravesical injection of MBT-2 cell lines. We investigated the angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and CD11b+/CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) by using immunofluorescence staining. OUBC displayed a profound lymphangiogenesis and massive infiltration of TAM in primary tumor and lymphatic metastasis in lymph nodes. TAM flocked near lymphatic vessels and express higher levels of VEGF-C/D than CD11b- cells. Because VEGFR-3 was highly expressed in lymphatic vascular endothelial cells, TAM could assist lymphangiogenesis by paracrine manner in bladder tumor. VEGFR-3 expressing adenovirus was administered to block VEGF-C/D signaling pathway and clodronate liposome was used to deplete TAM. The blockade of VEGF-C/D with soluble VEGF receptor-3 markedly inhibited lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in OUBC. In addition, the depletion of TAM with clodronate liposome exerted similar effects on OUBC. Conclusion VEGF-C/D are the main factors of lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in bladder cancer. Moreover, TAM plays an important role in these processes by producing VEGF-C/D. The inhibition of lymphangiogenesis could provide another therapeutic target to inhibit lymphatic metastasis and recurrence in patients with invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanseul Yang
- National Research Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Eldesoky A, Shouma A, Mosaad Y, Elhawary A. Clinical relevance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in patients with colorectal cancer. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:170-3. [PMID: 21546718 PMCID: PMC3122085 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.80378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Some biological factors play a role in stimulation of malignant growth, metastasis and angiogenesis; however, their clinical relevance has not yet been well established for most of them. This work was aimed at studying the clinical relevance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Preoperative serum levels of VEGF and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immuno-assay in 35 CRC patients and in 30 healthy controls. RESULTS CRC patients with or without metastasis had significantly higher VEGF and IL-6 levels than healthy controls (all P < 0.001). Patients with advanced clinical stage had significantly higher levels of VEGF and IL-6 than those with early clinical stage (all P < 0.001). Also, patients with metastatic disease had significantly higher VEGF and IL-6 levels than those with localized disease (all P < 0.001). The diagnostic accuracy for invasiveness was 83% for VEGF (cut off value = 240 pg/ml) and 66% for IL-6 (cut off value = 6.7 pg/ml), with sensitivity 79% and 74% and specificity 68% and 59%, respectively. CONCLUSION In CRC patients, preoperative measurement of serum VEGF and Il-6 may prove useful non-invasive diagnostic indicators associated with advanced clinical stage and tumor metastasis that warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Eldesoky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Specialized Medical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Ashraf Shouma
- Department of General Surgery, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Yousef Mosaad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Amira Elhawary
- Department of Pathology, Mansoura University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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Kitano H, Kageyama SI, Hewitt SM, Hayashi R, Doki Y, Ozaki Y, Fujino S, Takikita M, Kubo H, Fukuoka J. Podoplanin expression in cancerous stroma induces lymphangiogenesis and predicts lymphatic spread and patient survival. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:1520-7. [PMID: 20923309 DOI: 10.5858/2009-0114-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Podoplanin is a mucin-type glycoprotein and a lymphatic endothelial marker. Immunohistochemical staining for podoplanin is currently used as a routine pathologic diagnosis tool in Japan to identify lymphatic invasion of cancer cells. Recent reports suggest that podoplanin and other proangiogenic molecules are expressed in stromal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. OBJECTIVE To analyze the distribution of podoplanin expression in tumor stroma and its clinical and biologic significance. DESIGN We performed immunohistochemistry for podoplanin on tissue microarrays from 1350 cases of 14 common cancer types. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-seven of 662 cases (43%) showed podoplanin expression in the stromal cells within cancer nests. Stromal podoplanin expression in 14 common cancer types was significantly associated with tumor stage (P < .001), lymph node metastases (P < .001), lymphatic invasion (P = .02), and venous invasion (P < .001). The stromal cells positive for podoplanin were also positive for α-smooth muscle actin but negative for desmin, confirming a myofibroblasts phenotype. In contrast, myofibroblasts in inflammatory fibrotic lung diseases were podoplanin negative. Lymphatic vessel density was greater in the stromas with podoplanin expression than in the stroma lacking podoplanin-expressing stromal cells (P = .01). Survival data were available for non-small cell lung cancer. Stromal podoplanin expression was associated with poorer prognosis in adenocarcinoma (P < .001) and remains statistically significant after adjustment for sex, age, and stage (P = .01). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that podoplanin expression in stromal myofibroblasts may function as a proangiogenic biomarker and may serve as a predictive marker of lymphatic/vascular spread of cancer cells and a prognostic marker of patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Kitano
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
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Sasahira T, Yamamoto K, Kurihara M, Bhawal UK, Chihara Y, Kirita T, Kuniyasu H. The roles of HMGB1 related angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in oral cancer. Oncol Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-010-0065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is the hallmark of colon cancer progression, and is considered one of the most important prognostic factors. Recently, there has been growing evidence that tumor lymphangiogenesis (formation of new lymphatic vessels) plays an important role in this process. Here, we review the latest findings of the role of lymphangiogenesis in colorectal cancer progression, and discuss its clinical application as a biomarker and target for new therapy. Understanding the molecular pathways that regulate lymphangiogenesis is mandatory to pave the way for the development of new therapies for cancer. In the future, tailored treatments consisting of combinations of chemotherapy, other targeted therapies, and anti-lymphangiogenesis agents will hopefully improve patient outcomes. This progression to the clinic must be guided by new avenues of research, such as the identification of biomarkers that predict response to treatment.
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Ma Y, Hou Y, Liu B, Li X, Yang S, Ma J. Intratumoral Lymphatics and Lymphatic Vessel Invasion Detected by D2-40 Are Essential for Lymph Node Metastasis in Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:1847-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Dhawan D, Craig BA, Cheng L, Snyder PW, Mohammed SI, Stewart JC, Zheng R, Loman RA, Foster RS, Knapp DW. Effects of short-term celecoxib treatment in patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1371-7. [PMID: 20423998 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-grade invasive transitional cell carcinoma (InvTCC) kills >14,000 people yearly in the United States, and better therapy is needed. Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is overexpressed in bladder cancer. Cox inhibitors have caused remission of InvTCC in animal studies, and cancer regression was associated with doubling of the apoptotic index in the tumor. The purpose of this study was to determine the apoptosis-inducing effects of celecoxib (a Cox-2 inhibitor) in InvTCC in humans. Patients (minimum of 10 with paired tumor samples) with InvTCC who had elected to undergo cystectomy were enrolled. The main study end point was induction of apoptosis in tumor tissues. Patients received celecoxib (400 mg twice daily p.o. for a minimum of 14 days) between the time of diagnosis [transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)] and the time of cystectomy (standard frontline treatment for InvTCC). Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay and immunohistochemistry were done on TURBT and cystectomy samples. Of 13 cases treated with celecoxib, no residual invasive cancer was identified in 3 patients at the time of cystectomy (post celecoxib). Of the 10 patients with residual cancer, 7 had induction of apoptosis in their tumor. Induction of apoptosis was less frequent (3 of 13 cases; P < 0.04) in control patients not receiving a Cox inhibitor. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the tumor cells decreased more frequently (P < 0.026) in the treated patients as compared with nontreated control cases. The biological effects of celecoxib treatment (increased apoptosis) justify further study of the antitumor effects of Cox-2 inhibitors in InvTCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Dhawan
- Department Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA
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Inamoto T, Czerniak BA, Dinney CP, Kamat AM. Cytoplasmic mislocalization of the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 is a prognostic factor in bladder cancer. Cancer 2010; 116:340-6. [PMID: 19908257 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nurr1 belongs to a novel class of orphan nuclear receptors (the NR4A family). The authors have previously shown that Nurr1 is important in carcinogenesis. In the current study, they examined the clinicopathologic relevance of expression patterns of Nurr1 in bladder tumors. METHODS Nurr1 expression was determined using immunohistochemical staining in a bladder cancer tissue array (145 tumors). Tumors were classified according to Nurr1 protein levels in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Disease-specific survival and recurrence-free survival were investigated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards analysis in multivariate models and correlated with variables such as tumor stage, growth pattern, and clinical outcome (recurrence and survival). In vitro, Nurr1 was examined for its role in bladder cancer cell proliferation and migration using small interfering RNA silencing. RESULTS Nurr1 expression in tumor cells correlated with increasing tumor stage and invasive growth pattern. Disease-specific survival was significantly shorter in patients whose tumors demonstrated a high level of cytoplasmic Nurr1 compared with those with lower levels of cytoplasmic Nurr1 expression. Furthermore, cytoplasmic Nurr1 expression level was found to be an independent predictor of disease-specific survival (odds ratio, 4.894; P < .001). In vitro, silencing of endogenous Nurr1 attenuated the migration of bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS The expression of Nurr1 in the cytoplasm correlates with adverse outcome and is an independent prognostic marker for tumor progression and survival in patients with bladder cancer. This might represent a novel target in bladder cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Inamoto
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Afonso J, Santos LL, Amaro T, Lobo F, Longatto-Filho A. The aggressiveness of urothelial carcinoma depends to a large extent on lymphovascular invasion--the prognostic contribution of related molecular markers. Histopathology 2010; 55:514-24. [PMID: 19912357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Bladder cancer is the second most common malignancy of the urogenital region. The majority of bladder cancer deaths occur as a consequence of metastatic disease. Blood vessel density (BVD), a surrogate marker for angiogenesis, has been shown to be predictive of progression and poor prognosis, as well as lymphatic vessel density (LVD). The aim of this study was to evaluate, in human urothelial bladder cancer (UBC), the clinical and prognostic significance of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and lymphovascular invasion, assessed with the use of specific immunohistochemical markers. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry for CD31 (a blood vessel endothelial cell marker), D2-40 (a lymphatic vessel endothelial cell marker), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-receptor 3 antibodies was performed in 83 patients with urothelial carcinoma who underwent radical cystectomy. The classic histopathological characteristics, associated with lymphovascular invasion and loco-regional dissemination, had a negative influence on 5-year overall survival (OS) rates. BVD and LVD were correlated with advanced and poorly differentiated UBC with lymphovascular invasion. Blood vessel invasion (BVI) by malignant emboli assessed by CD31 staining, and lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) by isolated malignant cells assessed by D2-40 staining significantly affected OS. VEGF-C overexpression was correlated with both BVI and LVI by single malignant cells assessed by CD31 and D2-40, respectively. BVI by malignant emboli assessed by CD31 staining remained as an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS Patients with UBC with embolic BVI assessed by CD31 and LVI by isolated malignant cells assessed by D2-40 have a worse prognosis and may benefit from adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Afonso
- Instituto Superior de Saúde do Alto Ave, Isave, Portugal
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Holmqvist A, Gao J, Adell G, Carstensen J, Sun XF. The location of lymphangiogenesis is an independent prognostic factor in rectal cancers with or without preoperative radiotherapy. Ann Oncol 2009; 21:512-517. [PMID: 19889620 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis are essential for tumour development and progression. The lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and blood vessel density (BVD) and their relationship to outcome have been studied extensively, however the clinical significance of the location of LVD/BVD in tumour is not known. In the present study, the location and degree of LVD/BVD and their relationship to preoperative radiotherapy (RT), clinicopathological, histopathological and biological factors were studied in rectal cancer patients participating in a Swedish clinical trial of preoperative RT. PATIENTS AND METHODS The location and degree of LVD/BVD were analysed in primary tumours (n = 138/140) and in their subgroups of non-RT (n = 74) and RT (n = 64/66). Further, the degree of LVD/BVD was examined in the corresponding distant normal mucosa (n = 35/31) and adjacent normal mucosa (n = 72/91). All sections were immunohistochemically examined by using D2-40 and CD34 antibodies. RESULTS In the whole series of the patients, a higher LVD at the periphery was related to negative p53 expression (P = 0.03) and favourable survival independent of tumour-node-metastasis stage, differentiation and p53 expression (P = 0.03). LVD was increased in p53-negative tumours after RT (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION LVD at the periphery of the tumour was an independent prognostic factor in rectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Holmqvist
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine.
| | - J Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | - G Adell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | - J Carstensen
- Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - X-F Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
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Expression of VEGF in urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma in an Iraqi population subjected to depleted uranium: an immunohistochemical study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2009; 17:307-11. [PMID: 19151604 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3181941794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpression and the grade, size, and recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in the south of Iraq, which includes regions that have been exposed to high levels of depleted uranium. The study also sought to evaluate whether there is any biomarker in the expression that could be correlated with the increased incidence of this type of cancer in the exposed areas. Samples of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue from 54 patients (41 males and 13 females) with TCC and from 32 patients with benign bladder lesions (cystitis) used as controls were included in this study. The avidin-biotin complex method was used for immunohistochemical detection of VEGF. VEGF immunoexpression was positive in 77.77% of TCC but was not found in benign bladder lesions (cystitis) (P<0.05). VEGF immunostaining was positively correlated with grade, stage, and recurrence of TCC but the findings were not statistically significant (P>0.05). These findings support the role of VEGF in the carcinogenesis of TCC regarding evolution, behavior, and aggressiveness. Hence, VEGF could be considered as a poor prognostic parameter in bladder cancer. No positive correlation between immunohistochemical expression and the high incidence of TCC was detected (R=<0.3). The study further concludes that immunohistochemical expression of the VEGF gene in TCC bladder cancer does not differ from similar cancers found in other parts of the world where there has been no known exposure to depleted uranium.
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Bolenz C, Fernández MI, Tilki D, Herrmann E, Heinzelbecker J, Ergün S, Ströbel P, Reich O, Michel MS, Trojan L. The role of lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic tumour spread of urological cancers. BJU Int 2009; 104:592-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Deng J, Liang H, Sun D, Pan Y, Wang B, Guo Y. Vascular endothelial growth factor-D is correlated with hepatic metastasis from gastric cancer after radical gastrectomy. Surgery 2009; 146:896-905. [PMID: 19744460 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D), the activating ligand for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), has been identified as an important endogenic tumor-associated lymphangiogenic factors which can promote lymphatic metastasis from primary tumor. Lymphatic metastasis, which is the most common metastatic method of gastric cancer (GC), is still deemed a potentially relative indicator of distant metastasis from GC. We hypothesize that VEGF-D is associated with hepatic metastasis (HM) from GC after radical gastrectomy by promoting lymphatic metastasis and/or hematogenous metastasis. METHODS This study included 150 GC patients who underwent radical gastrectomy (75 cases presented with HM and 75 cases presented without any recurrences). VEGF-D, VEGF-C, VEGF-A, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, and microvessel density (MVD) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Besides, clinicopathologic variables and prognosis of GC patients were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Significant associations were seen between Lauren classification and HM, VEGF-D and HM, VEGFR-3 and HM, MVD and HM, and between nodal status and HM. VEGF-D remained an independent factor for HM from GC after radical gastrectomy. Further significant association was evaluated between high-grade VEGF-D expression and short disease-free survival of HM from GC after radical gastrectomy. CONCLUSION VEGF-D, which can induce lymphangiogenesis specifically in many kinds of malignant diseases, is an important factor for predicting HM from GC following radical gastrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Deng
- Department of Gastric Cancer Surgery, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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71
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Royston D, Jackson DG. Mechanisms of lymphatic metastasis in human colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Pathol 2009; 217:608-19. [PMID: 19253334 DOI: 10.1002/path.2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of lymphatic vessels by colorectal cancer (CRC) and its subsequent spread to draining lymph nodes is a key determinant of prognosis in this common and frequently fatal malignancy. Although tumoural lymphangiogenesis is assumed to contribute to this process, review of the current literature fails to support any notion of a simple correlation between lymphatic vessel density and CRC metastasis. Furthermore, attempts to correlate the expression of various lymphangiogenic growth factors, most notably VEGF-C and VEGF-D, with the lymphatic metastasis of CRC have provided contradictory results. Recent evidence from animal and human models of tumour metastasis suggests that complex functional and biochemical interactions between the microvasculature of tumours and other cell types within the tumour microenvironment may play a pivotal role in the behaviour of commonly metastasizing tumours. Indeed, previous insights into tumoural blood vessels have provided candidate markers of tumoural angiogenesis that are currently the subject of intense investigation as future therapeutic targets. In this review article we survey the current evidence relating lymphangiogenesis and lymphangiogenic growth factor production to metastasis by CRC, and attempt to provide some insight into the apparent discrepancies within the literature. In particular, we also discuss some new and provocative insights into the properties of tumoural lymphatics suggesting that they have specific expression profiles distinct from those of normal lymphatic vessels and that appear to promote metastasis. These findings raise the exciting prospect of future biomarkers of lymphatic metastasis and identify potential targets for new generation anti-tumour therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Royston
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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Margulis V, Shariat SF, Matin SF, Kamat AM, Zigeuner R, Kikuchi E, Lotan Y, Weizer A, Raman JD, Wood CG. Outcomes of radical nephroureterectomy: a series from the Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Collaboration. Cancer 2009; 115:1224-33. [PMID: 19156917 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 795] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature on upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has been limited to small, single center studies. A large series of patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy for UTUC were studied, and variables associated with poor prognosis were identified. METHODS Data on 1363 patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy at 12 academic centers were collected. All pathologic slides were re-reviewed by genitourinary pathologists according to strict criteria. RESULTS Pathologic review revealed renal pelvis location (64%), necrosis (21.6%), lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (24.8%), concomitant carcinoma in situ (28.7%), and high-grade disease (63.7%). A total of 590 patients (43.3%) underwent concurrent, lymphadenectomy and 135 (9.9%) were lymph node (LN) -positive. Over a mean follow-up of 51 months, 379 (28%) patients experienced disease recurrence outside of the bladder and 313 (23%) died of UTUC. The 5-year recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival probabilities (+/-SD) were 69%+/-1% and 73%+/-1%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, high tumor grade (hazards ratio [HR]: 2.0, P<.001), advancing pathologic T stage (P-for-trend<.001), LN metastases (HR: 1.8, P<.001), infiltrative growth pattern (HR: 1.5, P<.001), and LVI (HR: 1.2, P=.041) were associated with disease recurrence. Similarly, patient age (HR: 1.1, P=.001), high tumor grade (HR: 1.7, P=.001), increasing pathologic T stage (P-for-trend<.001), LN metastases (HR: 1.7, P<.001), sessile architecture (HR: 1.5, P=.002), and LVI (HR: 1.4, P=.02) were independently associated with cancer-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS Radical nephroureterectomy provided durable local control and cancer-specific survival in patients with localized UTUC. Pathologic tumor grade, T stage, LN status, tumor architecture, and LVI were important prognostic variables associated with oncologic outcomes, which could potentially be used to select patients for adjuvant systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Margulis
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Coşkun U, Akyürek N, Dursun A, Yamaç D. Peritumoral lymphatic microvessel density associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in gastric carcinoma. J Surg Res 2009; 164:110-5. [PMID: 19628230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis are critical processes for tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, and are crucial for therapeutic strategies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical significance of lymphangiogenesis and its regulation in gastric carcinomas. METHODS The lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in 65 gastric carcinoma cases was investigated by immunohistochemistry using D2-40 antibody, and evaluated with prognostic parameters. The intratumoral microvessel density (MVD), using CD31 antibody, was assessed and correlated with LVD. RESULTS D2-40 identified peritumoral lymphatics in all cases, and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) ranged from 3 to 19 (median, 5; mean ± SD, 7.69 ± 4.67). The peritumoral LVD significantly correlated with large tumor size (P=0.0001), lymph node metastasis (P=0.004), visceral organ metastasis (P=0.0001), and TNM stage (P=0.001). Survival was also significantly lower in patients with high LVD tumors than in patients with low LVD tumors (P=0.04). Among various clinicopathologic characteristics, CD31 expression was associated only with lymph node metastasis (P=0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between CD31 and D2-40. CONCLUSION Our study showed that lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in the progression of gastric carcinoma. Therefore, D2-40, as an indicator for tumor lymphangiogenesis, may serve as a prognostic marker in gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Coşkun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gazi University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.
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Abnormal lymphangiogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:3958-63. [PMID: 19237567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813368106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, debilitating respiratory disease whose pathogenesis is poorly understood. In IPF, the lung parenchyma undergoes extensive remodeling. We hypothesized that lymphangiogenesis is part of lung remodeling and sought to characterize pathways leading to lymphangiogenesis in IPF. We found that the diameter of lymphatic vessels in alveolar spaces in IPF lung tissue correlated with disease severity, suggesting that the alveolar microenvironment plays a role in the lymphangiogenic process. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from subjects with IPF, we found short-fragment hyaluronic acid, which induced migration and proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), processes required for lymphatic vessel formation. To determine the origin of LECs in IPF, we isolated macrophages from the alveolar spaces; CD11b(+) macrophages from subjects with IPF, but not those from healthy volunteers, formed lymphatic-like vessels in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that in the alveolar microenvironment of IPF, soluble factors such as short-fragment hyaluronic acid and cells such as CD11b(+) macrophages contribute to lymphangiogenesis. These results improve our understanding of lymphangiogenesis and tissue remodeling in IPF and perhaps other fibrotic diseases as well.
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75
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Thelen A, Jonas S, Benckert C, Weichert W, Schott E, Bötcher C, Dietz E, Wiedenmann B, Neuhaus P, Scholz A. Tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis correlates with prognosis after resection of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1222-30. [PMID: 19224279 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental results from animal models as well as studies of human cancers indicate a critical role for tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis in tumor progression. However, its significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well established. METHODS We analyzed tissue specimens from healthy liver (n = 36), cirrhotic liver (n = 24), and HCC (n = 60) by immunohistochemistry, using antibody D2-40 specific for lymphendothelia. We subsequently quantified lymphatic microvessel density (LVD). The LVD was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics of the tumors as well as survival and disease-free survival of the patients. RESULTS In contrast to healthy as well as cirrhotic liver, lymphangiogenesis was induced in HCC. Lymphatic vessels were detected in the intratumoral septa as well as within the bulk of tumor cells. Tumors with high LVD (24 of 60) had developed significantly more frequently in cirrhotic livers (P = 0.001) and were more frequently restricted to one liver lobe (P = 0.04). Univariate analysis revealed high LVD as a marker for reduced survival and disease-free survival disadvantage (median >60 vs. 21 months, P = 0.018, and 19 vs. 8 months, P = 0.047, respectively). In multivariate analysis, LVD showed a trend toward association with reduced survival (P = 0.059) and represented an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS Tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis is involved in neovascularization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Quantitative analysis of LVD demonstrated a significant influence of lymphangiogenesis on survival and established LVD as an independent predictor of disease-free survival. Quantification of LVD may be helpful in identifying patients with a high risk of tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Thelen
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Inoue A, Moriya H, Katada N, Tanabe S, Kobayashi N, Watanabe M, Okayasu I, Ohbu M. Intratumoral lymphangiogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and relationship with regulatory factors and prognosis. Pathol Int 2008; 58:611-9. [PMID: 18801080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2008.02279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The clinical and pathological significance of intratumoral lymphangiogenesis (ITL) with human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) remains unclear, as does the role of signaling molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A,C, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A, and p53, in the regulation of ITL. Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was significantly increased in VEGF-A and VEGF-C immunohistochemical score 1 and 2-3 groups as compared to the score 0 group and also with high of VEGF-A, VEGF-C and PDGF-A mRNA expression. Both LVD and blood vessel density (BVD) were significantly greater in the p53 gene mutant group than in the wild-type group. Lymph node metastasis was significantly more frequent with than without ITL and Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated a significantly poorer prognosis. Multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard method showed that invasion depth, lymph node metastasis and ITL were independent prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Inoue
- Department of Biological Structure, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato, Kanagawa, Japan
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Bolenz C, Fernández MI, Trojan L, Hoffmann K, Herrmann E, Steidler A, Weiss C, Ströbel P, Alken P, Michel MS. Lymphangiogenesis occurs in upper tract urothelial carcinoma and correlates with lymphatic tumour dissemination and poor prognosis. BJU Int 2008; 103:1040-6. [PMID: 18990139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.08135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the lymphatic vessel density and to determine the functional and prognostic significance of tumoral lymphatic vessels in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 65 patients who had a radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for UTUC between 1997 and 2004. All pathological slides were re-evaluated by one reference pathologist and clinical data were reviewed. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) were stained immunohistochemically using D2-40. The lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was described in representative intratumoral (ITLVD), peritumoral (PTLVD) and non-tumoral (NTLVD) areas. Random samples were selected for double-immunostaining with D2-40 and CD-34 (to distinguish blood and lymphatic vessels) and the proliferation marker Ki-67 to detect lymphangiogenesis. The primary outcome measures were disease-specific survival (DSS) and disease recurrence (urothelial and/or distant). RESULTS The median (interquartile range) PTLVD was 4.0 (3.0-6.3), and significantly higher than that for ITLVD, of 0.3 (0-1.7) (P < 0.001), and NTLVD, of 3 (2.0-3.7) (P < 0.001). Both a higher ITLVD and PTLVD, the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (each P < 0.001) and a high tumour grade (P = 0.004) were associated with reduced DSS on univariate analysis. A higher PTLVD (P = 0.028) and the presence of LVI (P = 0.020) independently predicted reduced DSS on multivariate analysis. IT and PT lymphatic vessels showed proliferating LECs in all analysed samples. CONCLUSION Lymphangiogenesis is present in UTUC, as shown by a significantly increased PTLVD and proliferating LECs. Our findings suggest functional relevance of PT lymphatic vessels during lymphatic tumour spread. PTLVD is a potential novel prognostic factor for DSS in UTUC, and further prospective studies will be needed to determine the effect of its routine evaluation on clinical outcomes of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bolenz
- Department of Urology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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Liu B, Ma J, Wang X, Su F, Li X, Yang S, Ma W, Zhang Y. Lymphangiogenesis and Its Relationship With Lymphatic Metastasis and Prognosis in Malignant Melanoma. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:1227-35. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), and its receptors (VEGFR1, 2) in normal and pathologic conditions of the human thymus. Ann Anat 2008; 190:238-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lymphangiogenesis and Angiogenesis in Conventional Renal Cell Carcinoma: Association with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors A to D Immunohistochemistry. Urology 2008; 71:749-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mohammed RAA, Ellis IO, Elsheikh S, Paish EC, Martin SG. Lymphatic and angiogenic characteristics in breast cancer: morphometric analysis and prognostic implications. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 113:261-73. [PMID: 18293084 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists regarding the topography of lymph vessels in breast cancer, their usefulness as prognostic factors, relationship with angiogenesis and whether active lymphangiogenesis occurs within the tumour. A series of 177 well-characterized breast cancers, with long term follow up, were stained with D2-40, CD31 and CD34. Distribution of lymphatics and lymph vessel density (LVD) were assessed in three areas, intratumoural, peripheral and peritumoural and correlated with clinicopathological criteria and patient prognosis. Microvessel density (MVD) was assessed and correlated with LVD. Double immunohistochemical staining with D2-40 and MIB-1 was carried out to assess the proliferative status of lymphatics and of the tumour emboli within. Peritumoural lymphatics were detected in all tumours whereas peripheral and intratumoural lymphatics were detected in 86 and 41% of specimens, respectively. Tumours with higher total LVD were significantly associated with the presence of lymph node (LN) metastasis and shorter overall survival (OS). In multivariate analysis, tumour grade, LN status and the presence of lymphovascular invasion, but not LVD, were independent poor prognostic factors. No association was found between LVD and MVD. Proliferating lymphatics were detected in 29% of specimens and were significantly associated with dense inflammatory infiltrate. In conclusion, lymphatics are located primarily in the peritumoural and peripheral areas in breast cancer and seem to play an important role in disease progression by being routes for tumour dissemination. The lack of correlation between lymphangiogenic and angiogenic characteristics suggests two distinct processes and the presence of active lymphangiogenesis, albeit in a small portion of specimens, may have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab A A Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Gao Y, Zhong WX, Mu DB, Yuan YP, Zhang YH, Yu JM, Sun LP, Wang L, Li YH, Zhang JB, Zhao Y, Cai SP, Zhou GY. Distributions of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in gastrointestinal intramucosal tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:1117-23. [PMID: 18202892 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in gastrointestinal cancers has been investigated in many studies, their distribution characteristics in gastrointestinal intramucosal tumors have not been well addressed. METHODS We evaluated the blood microvessel density (BMVD) and lymphatic microvessel density (LMVD) by immunostaining with monoclonal antibodies of CD34 and D2-40 in 37 patients with stomach intramucosal carcinoma and 28 patients with colorectal intramucosal neoplasia. Microvessels with endothelial cells labeled by CD34 but not by D2-40 were recognized as blood microvessels; and microvessels with endothelial cells labeled by both CD34 and D2-40 were recognized as lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, the relationships between expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-C, and BMVD, LMVD were investigated as well. RESULTS The LMVD was significantly higher in peritumoral tissues than in corresponding normal tissues in gastrointestinal intramucosal tumors (20.87 versus 14.56, P = 0.003). However, there was no significant difference in the BMVD between peritumoral tissues and corresponding normal tissues (P = 0.166). The BMVD in peritumoral tissues was higher in patients with lymph node metastases than in patients without lymph nodes metastases (P = 0.047). Our results did not show significant association between VEGF, VEGF-C and BMVD, LMVD. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the increase of lymphangiogenesis seems superior to the increase of angiogenesis in gastrointestinal intramucosal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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Yoshida S, Saito K, Koga F, Yokoyama M, Kageyama Y, Masuda H, Kobayashi T, Kawakami S, Kihara K. C-reactive protein level predicts prognosis in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy. BJU Int 2008; 101:978-81. [PMID: 18190628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of C-reactive protein (CRP) level on the prognosis of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy (ChRT), as it is increasingly recognized that the presence of a systemic inflammatory response is associated with poor survival in various malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS The clinical records of 88 patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma (cT2-4 N0M0) treated with ChRT were reviewed retrospectively. ChRT comprised external beam radiotherapy to the bladder (40 Gy) with two cycles of cisplatin (50-100 mg) at 3-week intervals. Elevated CRP was defined as > 0.5 mg/dL. The survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and a multivariate analysis was used to identify significant factors associated with prognosis, using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS During the median (range) follow-up of 33 (3-117) months, 19 patients died from bladder cancer; the 5-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) rate was 73%. Ten patients had a high CRP level before ChRT (> or = 0.5 mg/dL) and their CSS rate was significantly worse than that in the remaining patients (P = 0.003). Multivariate analysis showed that CRP and cT stage were independent prognostic indicators for CSS, with a hazard ratio of 1.80 (95% confidence interval 1.01-2.97; P = 0.046). Among 10 patients in those with elevated CRP the CRP levels became normal after ChRT in six, of whom all but one was alive with no evidence of recurrence or metastasis during the follow-up. By contrast, all four with no CRP normalization after ChRT died within 2 years. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge this is the first study to report that elevation of CRP before treatment predicts a poor prognosis in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer who are receiving ChRT. Furthermore, failure of CRP levels to normalize after ChRT was associated with extremely poor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Thelen A, Scholz A, Benckert C, Weichert W, Dietz E, Wiedenmann B, Neuhaus P, Jonas S. Tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis correlates with lymph node metastases and prognosis in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:791-9. [PMID: 18172731 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis has been shown to promote nodal spread and is of prognostic significance in some tumor entities. Currently, nothing is known about the impact of lymphangiogenesis on progression and prognosis in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS We analyzed tissue specimens of normal liver and hilar cholangiocarcinoma (n = 60) by immunohistochemistry using the lymphendothelial-specific antibody D2-40 and subsequently quantified lymphatic microvessel density (LVD). The LVD was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and recurrence pattern of the tumors as well as patients' survival. RESULTS In contrast to the low abundance of lymphatic vessels in nontransformed liver tissue, we found an induction of lymphangiogenesis in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Tumors with a high LVD (34 out of 60) had a significant higher incidence of lymph node involvement (p < 0.001), perivascular (p = 0.017), and perineural (p = 0.033) lymphangiosis and local recurrence (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a high LVD was identified to be a significant overall (three-year: 24.4% versus 90.5%; five-year: 7.0% versus 76.4%; p < 0.001) and disease-free (three-year: 8.3% versus 76.6%; five-year: 5.9% versus 61.4%; p < 0.001) survival disadvantage, with LVD representing an independent prognostic factor for survival (p < 0.001) in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Lymphangiogenesis is associated with increased frequency of tumor cells in lymphatics and lymph nodes in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The prognostic importance of tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis was reflected by LVD serving as an independent prognostic factor. In addition, lymphangiogenesis may represent a potential target in the development of new therapeutic approaches in hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Thelen
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Van den Eynden GG, Van der Auwera I, Van Laere SJ, Trinh XB, Colpaert CG, van Dam P, Dirix LY, Vermeulen PB, Van Marck EA. Comparison of molecular determinants of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in lymph node metastases and in primary tumours of patients with breast cancer. J Pathol 2007; 213:56-64. [PMID: 17674348 DOI: 10.1002/path.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are complex processes, driven by multiple factors. In primary breast tumours (PTs), VEGFA, -C and -D are the most important (lymph)angiogenic factors. The induction of lymphangiogenesis in axillary lymph node (LN) metastases of patients with breast cancer was described recently. To compare the molecular determinants of (lymph)angiogenesis in LN metastases and PTs of breast cancer patients, RNA was isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of a metastatically involved and uninvolved LN and the PT from 26 lymph node-positive patients. The expression of 12 (lymph)angiogenic markers was measured by qRT-PCR. Expression was correlated with tumour cell proliferation, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, quantified by tumour cell proliferation fraction (TCP%) and (lymphatic) endothelial cell proliferation fraction [(L)ECP%]. TCP%, ECP% and LECP% were assessed on immunohistochemical double stains for CD34/Ki-67 and D2-40/Ki-67, respectively. In involved LNs, the relative gene expression levels of PROX1 (p < 0.001) and FGF2 (p = 0.008) were decreased and the expression levels of VEGFA (p = 0.01) and PDGFB (p = 0.002) were increased compared to uninvolved LNs. The expression of most markers was increased in PTs compared to involved LNs. In metastatically involved LNs, the expression of VEGFA correlated with ECP% (r = 0.54, p = 0.009) and LECP% (r = 0.76, p < 0.001). In PTs, VEGFA correlated only with ECP% (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). VEGFD correlated with peritumoural LECP% (r = 0.61, p = 0.001) and with VEGFC (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis confirmed the expression of VEGFA as an independent predictor of ECP% in both PTs and LN metastases and of LECP% in LN metastases. The expression of VEGFD, but not of VEGFA, independently predicted peritumoural LECP% in PTs. Our results confirm existing data that, in PTs, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are respectively driven by VEGFA and VEGFD. In contrast, in LN metastases, both processes seem to be driven by VEGFA. Lymphangiogenesis in PTs and in LN metastases might thus be driven by different factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Van den Eynden
- Translational Cancer Research Group at Laboratory of Pathology, University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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87
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Dai J, Rabie ABM. VEGF: an essential mediator of both angiogenesis and endochondral ossification. J Dent Res 2007; 86:937-50. [PMID: 17890669 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708601006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During bone growth, development, and remodeling, angiogenesis as well as osteogenesis are closely associated processes, sharing some essential mediators. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was initially recognized as the best-characterized endothelial-specific growth factor, which increased vascular permeability and angiogenesis, and it is now apparent that this cytokine regulates multiple biological functions in the endochondral ossification of mandibular condylar growth, as well as long bone formation. The complexity of VEGF biology is paralleled by the emerging complexity of interactions between VEGF ligands and their receptors. This narrative review summarizes the family of VEGF-related molecules, including 7 mammalian members, namely, VEGF, placenta growth factor (PLGF), and VEGF-B, -C, -D, -E, and -F. The biological functions of VEGF are mediated by at least 3 corresponding receptors: VEGFR-1/Flt-1, VEGFR-2/Flk-1, VEGFR-3/Flt-4 and 2 co-receptors of neuropilin (NRP) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Current findings on endochondral ossification are also discussed, with emphasis on VEGF-A action in osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and chondroclasts/osteoclasts and regulatory mechanisms involving oxygen tension, and some growth factors and hormones. Furthermore, the therapeutic implications of recombinant VEGF-A protein therapy and VEGF-A gene therapy are evaluated. Abbreviations used: VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; PLGF, placenta growth factor; NRP, neuropilin; HSPGs, heparan sulfate proteoglycans; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; ECM, extracellular matrix; RTKs, receptor tyrosine kinases; ERK, extracellular signal kinases; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dai
- The Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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88
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Miyahara M, Tanuma JI, Sugihara K, Semba I. Tumor lymphangiogenesis correlates with lymph node metastasis and clinicopathologic parameters in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 2007; 110:1287-94. [PMID: 17674352 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and microvessel density (MVD) are important parameters for assessing the malignant potential of tumors and patient survival. In this report, the authors defined LVD as the density of D2-40-positive lymphatic vessels and MVD as the density of CD105-positive microvessels per unit area of tissue. It was reported previously that vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) is a major modulator of LVD and MVD. The objectives of this study were to clarify the clinical and prognostic significance of both LVD and MVD in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to elucidate the lymphangiogenic and angiogenic activities of VEGF-C in cancer tissues. METHODS In total, 110 OSCC tissue samples were evaluated for LVD, MVD, and expression of VEGF-C using immunohistochemistry. Correlations among these parameters and clinicopathologic factors were examined. RESULTS LVD was significantly higher in tumors that had very high expression of VEGF-C compared with tumors that had no/weak expression of VEGF-C. LVD correlated well with lymph node metastasis (P < .001). MVD was correlated significantly with positive lymph node metastasis (P < .001) but not with VEGF-C expression. In contrast, high expression of VEGF-C was correlated significantly with advanced tumor status (P = .041). Survival rates were lower in patients who had higher LVD (P < .001), higher MVD (P = .0028), and strong VEGF-C expression (P = .048). CONCLUSIONS Lymphangiogenesis predominantly influenced metastasis-free survival. The current results suggested that LVD is a more useful tool than MVD and VEGF-C for deciding on therapeutic strategies in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Miyahara
- Department of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Science, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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89
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Fernández MI, Bolenz C, Trojan L, Steidler A, Weiss C, Alken P, Grobholz R, Michel MS. Prognostic implications of lymphangiogenesis in muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 2007; 53:571-8. [PMID: 17804149 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aim of the study was to describe and evaluate the association of lymph vessel density with clinicopathological parameters and survival in patients with muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. METHODS The data on 108 patients with muscle-invasive bladder TCC, who underwent radical cystectomy, were reviewed retrospectively. Sections were analysed immunohistochemically for D2-40, a specific lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) marker. Counts of lymph vessels were taken in intratumoural and peritumoural areas as well as in normal tissue. To detect proliferating LECs, we performed a double immunostaining for D2-40 and the proliferation marker Ki-67. RESULTS Peritumoural vessels were observed in 105 (97.2%) sections and intratumoural vessels in 65 (60.2%). Higher intratumoural lymph vesseI density (LVD) correlated significantly with poor histological differentiation (p=0.01). Higher peritumoural LVD showed a significant association with the presence of lymph node metastasis (p=0.0004). However, LVDs had no statistically significant influence on survival. Intratumoural and peritumoural lymph vessels showed proliferating LECs in varying proportions in all examined samples. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to suggest the existence of proliferating lymph vessels, and, therefore, of lymphangiogenesis in bladder TCC. To our knowledge, it is also the first to confirm a strong correlation of higher peritumoural LVD with the presence of lymph nodes in clinically localized invasive bladder TCC. These findings indicate that lymphangiogenesis may contribute to tumour dissemination and thus provide a potential target for bladder cancer therapy.
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90
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Qian F, Li YP, Sheng X, Zhang ZC, Song R, Dong W, Cao SX, Hua ZC, Xu Q. PRL-3 siRNA inhibits the metastasis of B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17592549 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00076.qian] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) has been proposed to promote the invasion of tumor cells to metastasis sites. However, the effect of PRL-3 on spontaneous metastasis has not been clearly demonstrated, and whether PRL-3 could become a new therapeutic target in malignant tumor is still unknown. In this study, we used PRL-3 siRNA as a molecular medicine to specifically reduce the expression of PRL-3 in B16-BL6 cells, a highly metastatic melanoma cell line. In vitro, PRL-3 siRNA significantly inhibited cell adhesion and migration, but had no effect on cell proliferation. In the spontaneous metastatic tumor model in vivo, PRL-3 siRNA treatment remarkably inhibited the proliferation of primary tumor, prevented tumor cells from invading the draining lymph nodes, and prolonged the life span of mice. Therefore, our results indicate that PRL-3 plays a critical role in promoting the whole process of spontaneous metastasis and tumor growth initiation, and that inhibiting PRL-3 will improve malignant tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, the Model Animal Genetics Research Center, Nanjing University, China
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91
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Herrmann E, Eltze E, Bierer S, Hertle L, Wülfing C. [Lymphangiogenesis axis in bladder carcinoma. An analysis with tissue microarray technology]. Urologe A 2007; 46:1254-6. [PMID: 17676294 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-007-1492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Herrmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum, Albert-Schweitzer Strasse 33, 48149 Münster.
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92
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Sasahira T, Kirita T, Bhawal UK, Ikeda M, Nagasawa A, Yamamoto K, Kuniyasu H. The expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products is associated with angiogenesis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2007; 450:287-95. [PMID: 17235565 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-006-0359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is associated with cancer progression in several human cancers. In this study, we examined the roles of RAGE in the angiogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). RAGE concentration was examined in 20 OSCC tumors by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The microvessel density (MVD) and lymph vessel density (LVD) were examined by immunostaining. Concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-C were examined in tumor tissues by ELISA. Tumoral RAGE concentration was associated with higher tumor MVD (P = 0.0123) and tumor VEGF concentration (P = 0.0344), but not with LVD and VEGF-C concentration. Treatment with RAGE ligand, high-mobility group box (HMGB)-1 increased the secretion of VEGF but not that of VEGF-C in human OSCC cell lines, HSC-3 and HSC-4. The effect of HMGB-1 was abrogated by RAGE down-regulation by antisense S-oligodeoxynucleic acid. These results suggest that RAGE expression is closely associated to angiogenesis in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Sasahira
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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93
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Van der Auwera I, Cao Y, Tille JC, Pepper MS, Jackson DG, Fox SB, Harris AL, Dirix LY, Vermeulen PB. First international consensus on the methodology of lymphangiogenesis quantification in solid human tumours. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:1611-25. [PMID: 17117184 PMCID: PMC2360768 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is the primary pathway of metastasis for most human cancers. Recent research efforts in studying lymphangiogenesis have suggested the existence of a relationship between lymphatic vessel density and patient survival. However, current methodology of lymphangiogenesis quantification is still characterised by high intra- and interobserver variability. For the amount of lymphatic vessels in a tumour to be a clinically useful parameter, a reliable quantification technique needs to be developed. With this consensus report, we therefore would like to initiate discussion on the standardisation of the immunohistochemical method for lymphangiogenesis assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Van der Auwera
- Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp, Laboratory of Pathology, University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem 2650, Belgium; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Y Cao
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis Research, Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - J C Tille
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis Research, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - M S Pepper
- NetCare Molecular Medicine Institute, Unitas Hospital and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - D G Jackson
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - S B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victoria 8006, Australia
| | - A L Harris
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - L Y Dirix
- Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp, Laboratory of Pathology, University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem 2650, Belgium; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - P B Vermeulen
- Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp, Laboratory of Pathology, University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem 2650, Belgium; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
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94
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Ho MC, Chen CN, Lee H, Hsieh FJ, Shun CT, Chang CL, Lai YT, Lee PH. Placenta growth factor not vascular endothelial growth factor A or C can predict the early recurrence after radical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2006; 250:237-49. [PMID: 17137709 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the expression of PlGF in tumor tissue and clinical outcomes in HCC patients. Tumor PlGF and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF-C mRNA were analyzed. Results demonstrated that patients with PlGF expression levels higher than median tended to have early recurrence compared to patients with PlGF expression lower than median (P=.031). In patients with AJCC stage II-III disease, this difference was even more significant (P=.002). In contrast, VEGF-A and VEGF-C could not predict early recurrence-free survival. Since PlGF expression correlated with early recurrence of HCC, PlGF may be an important prognostic indicator in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chih Ho
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
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95
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Blei F. Literature Watch. Lymphat Res Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2006.4.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francine Blei
- NYU Medical Center, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Medical Coordinator, Vascular Anomaly Program, New York, NY
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96
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Kanda S, Miyata Y, Kanetake H. Current status and perspective of antiangiogenic therapy for cancer: urinary cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2006; 11:90-107. [PMID: 16622744 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-006-0565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is considered a prerequisite for solid tumor growth. Antiangiogenic therapy reduces tumor size and extends host survival in a number of preclinical animal models. However, in humans antiangiogenic therapy is a poor promoter of tumor regression and has shown minimal effect on patient survival. In urinary cancers, such as renal cell cancer, prostate cancer, and bladder cancer, advanced refractory disease is a good candidate for antiangiogenic therapy because of its resistance to ordinary chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy. Unique characteristics of molecular mechanisms underlie the induction of angiogenesis in urinary cancers. In this review, we summarize these unique mechanisms and review the results of clinical trials of antiangiogenic therapy for these cancers, discussing prospects and problems relating to antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kanda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Endothelial Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.
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