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de Biase D, Acquaviva G, Visani M, Sanza V, Argento CM, De Leo A, Maloberti T, Pession A, Tallini G. Molecular Diagnostic of Solid Tumor Using a Next Generation Sequencing Custom-Designed Multi-Gene Panel. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10040250. [PMID: 32340363 PMCID: PMC7236002 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) allows parallel sequencing of multiple genes at a very high depth of coverage. The need to analyze a variety of targets for diagnostic/prognostic/predictive purposes requires multi-gene characterization. Multi-gene panels are becoming standard approaches for the molecular analysis of solid lesions. We report a custom-designed 128 multi-gene panel engineered to cover the relevant targets in 22 oncogene/oncosuppressor genes for the analysis of the solid tumors most frequently subjected to routine genotyping. A total of 1695 solid tumors were analyzed for panel validation. The analytical sensitivity is 5%. Analytical validation: (i) Accuracy: sequencing results obtained using the multi-gene panel are concordant using two different NGS platforms and single-gene approach sequencing (100% of 83 cases); (ii) Precision: consistent results are obtained in the samples analyzed twice with the same platform (100% of 20 cases). Clinical validation: the frequency of mutations identified in different tumor types is consistent with the published literature. This custom-designed multi-gene panel allows to analyze with high sensitivity and throughput 22 oncogenes/oncosuppressor genes involved in diagnostic/prognostic/predictive characterization of central nervous system tumors, non-small-cell lung carcinomas, colorectal carcinomas, thyroid nodules, pancreatic lesions, melanoma, oral squamous carcinomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.d.B.); (C.M.A.); (T.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Giorgia Acquaviva
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (V.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Michela Visani
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (V.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-2144717; Fax: +39-051-6363689
| | - Viviana Sanza
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (V.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Chiara M. Argento
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.d.B.); (C.M.A.); (T.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio De Leo
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (V.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Thais Maloberti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.d.B.); (C.M.A.); (T.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.d.B.); (C.M.A.); (T.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (V.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.)
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Mahdiannasser M, Haghpanah V, Damavandi E, Kabuli M, Tavangar SM, Larijani B, Ghadami M. Investigation of promoter methylation of FSCN1 gene and FSCN1 protein expression in differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2161-2169. [PMID: 32072403 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
FSCN1 gene encodes an actin-bundling protein, FSCN1, which is involved in formation of actin-based structures that contribute to cell migration. High levels of FSCN1 expression is observed in cells with extended membranes and protrusions. Moreover, up-regulation of FSCN1 has been reported in several epithelial carcinomas. Therefore, FSCN1 is thought to play a role in cell movement and invasion. However, the mechanism behind FSCN1 up-regulation is not known. We investigated the expression of FSCN1 using immunohistochemistry. Methylation-specific PCR was adopted to analyze the methylation status of FSCN1 promoter as a potential regulatory mechanism in FSCN1 expression. The samples included papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma and goiter samples (controls). Methylation of FSCN1 promoter was observed in 50% of follicular, 48.6% of papillary and 60% of controls. The promoter was unmethylated in 16.7% of follicular samples, 5.7% of papillary samples and 26.7% of controls. In the remaining 33.3% of follicular and 45.7% of papillary samples as well as 13.3% of controls, both methylated and unmethylated alleles were amplified, a condition referred to as semi-methylation. The results showed that FSCN1 promoter was significantly hypomethylated in papillary cases while the methylation status was not significantly altered in follicular cases. On the other hand, FSCN1 was expressed in only nine papillary samples. Regarding protein expression and methylation status, we suggest that hypomethylation of FSCN1 promoter in papillary thyroid carcinoma does not lead to overexpression of FSCN1 and that there might be other regulatory mechanisms involved in FSCN1 up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Mahdiannasser
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Haghpanah
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St, District 6, Tehran, Tehran Province, Iran.,Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elia Damavandi
- Specialized Medical Genetic Center (SMGC) of ACECR, 4th floor, No 65, Aboureihan St, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran.,Department of Photo Healing and Regeneration, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kabuli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Jalal Al Ahmad Junction, Karegar Shomali St, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St, District 6, Tehran, Tehran Province, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghadami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St, Tehran, Iran. .,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St, District 6, Tehran, Tehran Province, Iran. .,Cardiac Primary Research Center, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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53
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Bongiovanni M, Sykiotis GP, La Rosa S, Bisig B, Trimech M, Missiaglia E, Gremaud M, Salvatori Chappuis V, De Vito C, Sciarra A, Foulkes WD, Pusztaszeri M. Macrofollicular Variant of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma: A Rare Underappreciated Pitfall in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2020; 30:72-80. [PMID: 31701808 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Follicular-patterned thyroid nodules predominantly composed of macrofollicular structures without nuclear atypia are generally regarded as benign (i.e., hyperplastic nodules or follicular adenomas). In line with this concept, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) also assigns a benign connotation to the presence of macrofollicular structures, unless thyrocytes present papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)-related nuclear features that raise the possibility of a macrofollicular variant of PTC. However, cases showing macrofollicular architecture, capsular invasion, and no PTC features can also be observed. Methods: We describe the clinical, cytological, histological, and molecular genetic features of four cases of encapsulated follicular neoplasms that presented histologically with a predominant (>70%) macrofollicular architecture, but which also showed clear signs of capsular invasion, and thus were classified as macrofollicular variant of follicular thyroid carcinoma (MV-FTC). Results: Cytologically, macrofollicular structures were identified in all cases, leading to a benign FNAC diagnosis in three of the four cases. Due to increasing nodule size, thyroidectomy was performed in all cases. Histology showed focal and limited capsular invasion, without vascular invasion. Next-generation sequencing (custom 394 gene panel) of each tumor compared with matched normal DNA revealed a total of 7 somatic variants, including dual (likely biallelic) mutations in the DICER1 gene in 2 patients. The clinical outcome was excellent in all cases. Conclusions: Similar to the classical minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma, MV-FTC appears to behave indolently. MV-FTC has a high rate of false-negative FNAC results, but MV-FTC is very rare (<0.05% of all thyroidectomies) and apparently has an indolent behavior. Further studies comprising larger series are necessary to better clarify the biology of this diagnostically challenging rare tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bongiovanni
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerasimos P Sykiotis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Bisig
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mounir Trimech
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Missiaglia
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Claudio De Vito
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amedeo Sciarra
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Pusztaszeri
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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54
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Zhang S, O'Regan R, Xu W. The emerging role of mediator complex subunit 12 in tumorigenesis and response to chemotherapeutics. Cancer 2019; 126:939-948. [PMID: 31869450 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional dysregulation induced by disease-defining genetic alterations of proteins in transcriptional machinery is a key feature of cancers. Mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) is the central architectural subunit in the kinase module of Mediator, a large transcriptional regulatory complex that controls essential steps of transcription. Emerging evidence links deregulated MED12 to human cancers. MED12 is frequently mutated in benign tumors and cancers. Although the missense mutations of MED12 in benign tumors disrupt the kinase activity of Mediator, MED12 mutations in cancers could eliminate the interaction between Mediator complex and RNA polymerase II, leading to severe transcriptional misregulation. Aberrant expression of MED12 is associated with the prognosis of various types of human cancers. Loss of MED12 function has been associated with the development of resistance to chemotherapeutics. Moreover, MED12 is modified by posttranscriptional regulations. Arginine methylation of MED12 has been shown to regulate MED12-mediated transcriptional regulation and response to chemotherapeutics in human cancer cell lines. In this mini-review, the authors provide an overview of the roles of MED12 in the development of benign and malignant tumors as well as its roles in chemoresistance. The studies of MED12 exemplify that aberrant transcriptional programming is a therapeutic vulnerability for certain types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Zhang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruth O'Regan
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wei Xu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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55
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Boufraqech M, Nilubol N. Multi-omics Signatures and Translational Potential to Improve Thyroid Cancer Patient Outcome. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1988. [PMID: 31835496 PMCID: PMC6966476 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in high-throughput molecular and multi-omics technologies have improved our understanding of the molecular changes associated with thyroid cancer initiation and progression. The translation into clinical use based on molecular profiling of thyroid tumors has allowed a significant improvement in patient risk stratification and in the identification of targeted therapies, and thereby better personalized disease management and outcome. This review compiles the following: (1) the major molecular alterations of the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome found in all subtypes of thyroid cancer, thus demonstrating the complexity of these tumors and (2) the great translational potential of multi-omics studies to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA;
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56
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Filetti S, Durante C, Hartl D, Leboulleux S, Locati LD, Newbold K, Papotti MG, Berruti A. Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:1856-1883. [PMID: 31549998 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/diagnosis
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/epidemiology
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/therapy
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/therapy
- Follow-Up Studies
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary/diagnosis
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary/epidemiology
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary/pathology
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary/therapy
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/diagnosis
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/epidemiology
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/pathology
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- S Filetti
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Durante
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D Hartl
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif
| | - S Leboulleux
- Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - L D Locati
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - K Newbold
- Head and Neck Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M G Papotti
- Department of Pathology, University of Turin, Turin
| | - A Berruti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Medical Oncology Unit, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
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57
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Perera D, Ghossein R, Camacho N, Senbabaoglu Y, Seshan V, Li J, Bouvier N, Boucai L, Viale A, Socci ND, Untch BR, Gonen M, Knauf J, Fagin JA, Berger M, Tuttle RM. Genomic and Transcriptomic Characterization of Papillary Microcarcinomas With Lateral Neck Lymph Node Metastases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4889-4899. [PMID: 31237614 PMCID: PMC6733494 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Most papillary microcarcinomas (PMCs) are indolent and subclinical. However, as many as 10% can present with clinically significant nodal metastases. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Characterization of the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of PMCs presenting with or without clinically important lymph node metastases. SUBJECTS AND SAMPLES Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded PMC samples from 40 patients with lateral neck nodal metastases (pN1b) and 71 patients with PMC with documented absence of nodal disease (pN0). OUTCOME MEASURES To interrogate DNA alterations in 410 genes commonly mutated in cancer and test for differential gene expression using a custom NanoString panel of 248 genes selected primarily based on their association with tumor size and nodal disease in the papillary thyroid cancer TCGA project. RESULTS The genomic landscapes of PMC with or without pN1b were similar. Mutations in TERT promoter (3%) and TP53 (1%) were exclusive to N1b cases. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differential expression of 43 genes in PMCs with pN1b compared with pN0. A random forest machine learning-based molecular classifier developed to predict regional lymph node metastasis demonstrated a negative predictive value of 0.98 and a positive predictive value of 0.72 at a prevalence of 10% pN1b disease. CONCLUSIONS The genomic landscape of tumors with pN1b and pN0 disease was similar, whereas 43 genes selected primarily by mining the TCGA RNAseq data were differentially expressed. This bioinformatics-driven approach to the development of a custom transcriptomic assay provides a basis for a molecular classifier for pN1b risk stratification in PMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilmi Perera
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Yasin Senbabaoglu
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Juan Li
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nancy Bouvier
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Laura Boucai
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Agnes Viale
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Brian R Untch
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mithat Gonen
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey Knauf
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James A Fagin
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Berger
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - R Michael Tuttle
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: R. Michael Tuttle, MD, Endocrinology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021. E-mail:
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Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common cancer in the endocrine system. Recent advances, using next-generation sequencing, have shed light on the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer. Constitutional activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway through RAS mutation, BRAF mutation, and/or fusions involving receptor tyrosine kinase (eg, (REarranged during Transfection) RET-PTC) plays a central role in tumorigenesis and opens doors to promising tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Several molecular signatures, such as TERT promoter mutation and TP53 mutation, are associated with tumor progression. This article provides a concise and updated summary of the main genetic alterations in thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Ma B, Jiang H, Wen D, Hu J, Han L, Liu W, Xu W, Shi X, Wei W, Liao T, Wang Y, Lu Z, Wang Y, Ji Q. Transcriptome Analyses Identify a Metabolic Gene Signature Indicative of Dedifferentiation of Papillary Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3713-3725. [PMID: 30942873 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Metabolic reprogramming is a common feature of tumorigenesis. It remains unknown concerning the expression pattern of metabolism-associated genes in dedifferentiated thyroid cancer (DDTC). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify a useful signature to indicate dedifferentiation of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). DESIGN AND SETTING We used one discovery and two validation cohorts to screen out aberrant metabolic genes in DDTC, and further used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort to search for independent risk factors for the low-differentiated phenotype of PTC as a signature of dedifferentiation. The prediction of the signature for DDTC was validated in the TCGA cohort and the combined Gene Expression Omnibus cohort. We also analyzed the correlations of the signature risk score with clinicopathological features of PTC. Gene set enrichment analyses were performed in the TCGA cohort. RESULTS Significant enrichment of metabolic pathways correlated with differentiation status of PTC. A signature of metabolic genes including LPCAT2, ACOT7, HSD17B8, PDE8B, and ST3GAL1 was discovered and validated across three cohorts. The signature was not only predictive of DDTC but also significantly associated with BRAFV600E mutation (P < 0.001), T3/T4 stage (P < 0.001), extrathyroidal extension (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), and tumor/lymph node/metastasis III/IV stage (P < 0.001) in PTC. Downregulations of LPCAT2 expression (P = 0.009) and ST3GAL1 expression (P = 0.005) increased risks of decreased disease-free survival for patients. Furthermore, the signature was implicated in a number of oncogenic biological pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that metabolic deregulations mediate dedifferentiation of PTC, and that the metabolic gene signature can be used as a biomarker for DDTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ma
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyi Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Wen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqian Hu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Han
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanlin Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibo Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Shi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Wei
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Liao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwu Lu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghai Ji
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Montero‐Conde C, Graña‐Castro O, Martín‐Serrano G, Martínez‐Montes ÁM, Zarzuela E, Muñoz J, Torres‐Perez R, Pita G, Cordero‐Barreal A, Leandro‐García LJ, Letón R, López de Silanes I, Guadalix S, Pérez‐Barrios A, Hawkins F, Guerrero‐Álvarez A, Álvarez‐Escolá C, Regojo‐Zapata RM, Calsina B, Remacha L, Roldán‐Romero JM, Santos M, Lanillos J, Jordá M, Riesco‐Eizaguirre G, Zafon C, González‐Neira A, Blasco MA, Al‐Shahrour F, Rodríguez‐Antona C, Cascón A, Robledo M. Hsa‐miR‐139‐5p is a prognostic thyroid cancer marker involved in HNRNPF‐mediated alternative splicing. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:521-530. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Montero‐Conde
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | | | | | | | - Eduardo Zarzuela
- Proteomics Core Unit and Proteored‐ISCIIISpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Core Unit and Proteored‐ISCIIISpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - Rafael Torres‐Perez
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - Guillermo Pita
- CEGEN UnitSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - Alfonso Cordero‐Barreal
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - Luis J. Leandro‐García
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - Rocío Letón
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | | | - Sonsoles Guadalix
- Endocrinology and Nutrition DepartmentHospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | | | - Federico Hawkins
- Endocrinology and Nutrition DepartmentHospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | | | | | | | - Bruna Calsina
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Remacha
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - Juan M. Roldán‐Romero
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - María Santos
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Lanillos
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - Mireia Jordá
- Program for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of CancerGermans Trias i Pujol Research Institute Barcelona Spain
| | - Garcilaso Riesco‐Eizaguirre
- Endocrinology and Nutrition DepartmentHospital Universitario de Móstoles Madrid Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC)Institute of Health Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Universidad Francisco de Vitoria Madrid Spain
| | - Carles Zafon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit and Endocrinology DepartmentHospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)Institute of Health Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | | | - Maria A. Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - Fátima Al‐Shahrour
- Bioinformatics UnitSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | | | - Alberto Cascón
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)Institute of Health Carlos III Madrid Spain
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61
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Dufour C, Perbet R, Leblond P, Vasseur R, Stechly L, Pierache A, Reyns N, Touzet G, Le Rhun E, Vinchon M, Maurage CA, Escande F, Renaud F. Identification of prognostic markers in diffuse midline gliomas H3K27M-mutant. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:179-190. [PMID: 31348837 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric diffuse midline gliomas are devastating diseases. Among them, diffuse midline gliomas H3K27M-mutant are associated with worse prognosis. However, recent studies have highlighted significant differences in clinical behavior and biological alterations within this specific subgroup. In this context, simple markers are needed to refine the prognosis of diffuse midline gliomas H3K27M-mutant and guide the clinical management of patients. The aims of this study were (i) to describe the molecular, immunohistochemical and, especially, chromosomal features of a cohort of diffuse midline gliomas and (ii) to focus on H3K27M-mutant tumors to identify new prognostic markers. Patients were retrospectively selected from 2001 to 2017. Tumor samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (including H3K27me3, EGFR, c-MET and p53), next-generation sequencing and comparative genomic hybridization array. Forty-nine patients were included in the study. The median age at diagnosis was 9 years, and the median overall survival (OS) was 9.4 months. H3F3A or HIST1H3B mutations were identified in 80% of the samples. Within the H3K27M-mutant tumors, PDGFRA amplification, loss of 17p and a complex chromosomal profile were significantly associated with worse survival. Three prognostic markers were identified in diffuse midline gliomas H3K27M-mutant: PDGFRA amplification, loss of 17p and a complex chromosomal profile. These markers are easy to detect in daily practice and should be considered to refine the prognosis of this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Dufour
- Institute of Pathology, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Lille University Hospital, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Romain Perbet
- Institute of Pathology, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Lille University Hospital, Lille, F-59000, France.,Univ Lille, Inserm, UMR 1172 - JPARC - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Pierre Leblond
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Romain Vasseur
- Univ Lille, Inserm, UMR 1172 - JPARC - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Laurence Stechly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Lille University Hospital, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Adeline Pierache
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Management, Lille University Hospital, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Nicolas Reyns
- Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Lille University Hospital, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Gustavo Touzet
- Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Lille University Hospital, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Emilie Le Rhun
- Univ Lille, Inserm, U-1192, Lille, F-59000, France.,Department of Neuro-Oncology and Neurosurgery, Lille University Hospital, Lille, F-59000, France.,Department of Neurology, Breast Cancer, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Matthieu Vinchon
- Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Lille University Hospital, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Claude-Alain Maurage
- Institute of Pathology, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Lille University Hospital, Lille, F-59000, France.,Univ Lille, Inserm, UMR 1172 - JPARC - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Fabienne Escande
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Lille University Hospital, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Florence Renaud
- Institute of Pathology, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Lille University Hospital, Lille, F-59000, France.,Univ Lille, Inserm, UMR 1172 - JPARC - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, F-59000, France
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62
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Mohibi S, Chen X, Zhang J. Cancer the'RBP'eutics-RNA-binding proteins as therapeutic targets for cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 203:107390. [PMID: 31302171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a critical role in the regulation of various RNA processes, including splicing, cleavage and polyadenylation, transport, translation and degradation of coding RNAs, non-coding RNAs and microRNAs. Recent studies indicate that RBPs not only play an instrumental role in normal cellular processes but have also emerged as major players in the development and spread of cancer. Herein, we review the current knowledge about RNA binding proteins and their role in tumorigenesis as well as the potential to target RBPs for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakur Mohibi
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, United States
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, United States.
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63
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Dettmer MS, Schmitt A, Komminoth P, Perren A. [Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma : An underdiagnosed entity. German version]. DER PATHOLOGE 2019; 40:227-234. [PMID: 31093689 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-019-0613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs) are a rare subtype of thyroid carcinomas that are biologically situated between well-differentiated papillary/follicular thyroid carcinomas and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (ATCs).The diagnosis of conventional as well as oncocytic poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma is difficult and often missed in daily routine. The current WHO criteria to allow the diagnosis of PDTCs are based on the results of a consensus meeting held in Turin in 2006. Even a minor poorly differentiated component of only 10% of a given carcinoma significantly affects patient prognosis and the oncocytic subtype may even have a worse outcome. Immunohistochemistry is not much help and is mostly used to exclude a medullary thyroid carcinoma with calcitonin and to establish a follicular cell of origin via thyroglobulin staining.Due to the concept of stepwise dedifferentiation, there is a vast overlap of different molecular alterations like BRAF, RAS, CTNNB1, TP53 and others between different thyroid carcinoma subtypes. A distinctive molecular tumor profile is therefore currently not available.PDTCs have a unique miRNA signature, which separates them from other thyroid carcinomas.The average relapse free survival is less than one year and about 50% of patients die of the disease. Modern tyrosine kinase inhibitors offer in conjunction with powerful molecular diagnostic new chances in these difficult to treat carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Dettmer
- Institut für Pathologie, Universität Bern, Murtenstraße 31, 3008, Bern, Schweiz.
| | - A Schmitt
- Institut für Pathologie, Universität Bern, Murtenstraße 31, 3008, Bern, Schweiz
| | - P Komminoth
- Institut für Pathologie, Stadtspital Triemli, Birmensdorferstraße 497, 8063, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - A Perren
- Institut für Pathologie, Universität Bern, Murtenstraße 31, 3008, Bern, Schweiz
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64
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Leboulleux S, Dupuy C, Lacroix L, Attard M, Grimaldi S, Corre R, Ricard M, Nasr S, Berdelou A, Hadoux J, Hartl D, Terroir M, Baudin E, Schlumberger M, Al Ghuzlan A. Redifferentiation of a BRAFK601E-Mutated Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patient with Dabrafenib and Trametinib Treatment. Thyroid 2019; 29:735-742. [PMID: 30880598 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A 59-year-old woman with locally invasive poorly differentiated thyroid cancer with synchronous lung, mediastinal, and bone metastases and a somatic BRAFK601E mutation with contraindication for antiangiogenic drugs was treated with dabrafenib and trametinib. During treatment, serum levels of thyroglobulin increased as early as day 7 up to 10-fold over baseline at week 4. Concurrently, clinical hyperthyroidism occurred, with free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine levels increasing to 6.6 and 4.4 times their upper reference limit. Fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography at one and two months after treatment initiation showed a PERCIST metabolic response with a 82% decrease in fludeoxyglucose uptake, whereas disease remained morphologically stable according to RECIST criteria. A diagnostic radioactive iodine whole-body scan performed when the patient was thyrotoxic with an undetectable serum thyrotropin level, in the absence of any exogenous thyrotropin stimulation, showed high radioactive iodine uptake in the lung, mediastinum, and skull metastases. A biopsy performed two months after treatment initiation showed a more differentiated growth pattern and a decrease in the mitotic activity compared to baseline. An increase of thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase was observed at both the protein and mRNA levels. Sodium-iodide symporter mRNA expression increased by >750 times over its initial level, and sodium-iodide symporter protein expression became detectable under treatment. A decrease in general status due to thyrotoxicosis led to treatment discontinuation. Thyrotoxicosis resolved rapidly and radioactive iodine uptake decreased by >90%. This clinical case shows that redifferentiation itself is not necessarily associated with an antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leboulleux
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Corinne Dupuy
- 2 UMR 8200 CNRS, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Ludovic Lacroix
- 3 Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie Attard
- 4 Department of Radiology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Serena Grimaldi
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Raphaël Corre
- 2 UMR 8200 CNRS, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Marcel Ricard
- 5 Department of Physics, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Sarah Nasr
- 3 Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Amandine Berdelou
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Hadoux
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Dana Hartl
- 6 Department of Surgery, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie Terroir
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Baudin
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Martin Schlumberger
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Abir Al Ghuzlan
- 3 Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
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65
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Identification of Targetable Lesions in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer by Genome Profiling. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030402. [PMID: 30909364 PMCID: PMC6468430 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare and extremely malignant tumor with no available cure. The genetic landscape of this malignancy has not yet been fully explored. In this study, we performed whole exome sequencing and the RNA-sequencing of fourteen cases of ATC to delineate copy number changes, fusion gene events, and somatic mutations. A high frequency of genomic amplifications was seen, including 29% of cases having amplification of CCNE1 and 9% of CDK6; these events may be targetable by cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibition. Furthermore, 9% harbored amplification of TWIST1, which is also a potentially targetable lesion. A total of 21 fusion genes in five cases were seen, none of which were recurrent. Frequent mutations included TP53 (55%), the TERT promoter (36%), and ATM (27%). Analyses of mutational signatures showed an involvement of processes that are associated with normal aging, defective DNA mismatch repair, activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID)/apolipoprotein B editing complex (APOBEC) activity, failure of DNA double-strand break repair, and tobacco exposure. Taken together, our results shed new light on the tumorigenesis of ATC and show that a relatively large proportion (36%) of ATCs harbor genetic events that make them candidates for novel therapeutic approaches. When considering that ATC today has a mortality rate of close to 100%, this is highly relevant from a clinical perspective.
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66
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Ibrahimpasic T, Ghossein R, Shah JP, Ganly I. Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland: Current Status and Future Prospects. Thyroid 2019; 29:311-321. [PMID: 30747050 PMCID: PMC6437626 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) is a rare but clinically highly significant entity because it accounts for most fatalities from non-anaplastic follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. Due to the relative rarity of the disease and heterogeneous diagnostic criteria, studies on PDTC have been limited. In light of the evolution of ultra-deep next-generation sequencing technologies and through correlation of clinicopathologic and genomic characteristics of PDTC, an improved understanding of the biology of PDTC has been facilitated. Here, the diagnostic criteria, clinicopathologic characteristics, management, and outcomes in PDTC, as well as genomic drivers in PDTC reported in recent next-generation sequencing studies, are reviewed. In addition, future prospects in improving the outcomes in PDTC patients are reviewed. SUMMARY PDTC patients tend to present with adverse clinicopathologic characteristics: older age, male predominance, advanced locoregional disease, and distant metastases. Surgery with clearance of all gross disease can achieve satisfactory locoregional control. However, the majority of PDTC patients die of distant disease. Five-year disease-specific survival for PDTC patients has been reported at 66%. On multivariate analysis, reported predictors of poor survival in PDTC patients have been older age (>45 years), T4a pathological stage, extrathyroidal extension, high mitotic rate, tumor necrosis, and distant metastasis at presentation. BRAFV600E or RAS mutations (27% and 24% of cases, respectively) remain mutually exclusive main drivers in PDTC. TERT promoter mutations represent the most common alteration in PDTC (40%). Mutation in translation initiation factor EIF1AX (11%) and tumor suppressor TP53 (16%) have also been reported in PDTC. High rates of novel mutations (MED12 and RBM10) have been reported in fatal PDTC (15% and 12%, respectively). Chromosome 1q gains represent the most common arm-level alterations in PDTC, and those patients show worse survival rates. Chromosome 22q losses are also found in PDTC and show strong association with RAS mutation. CONCLUSIONS These new insights into the clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics of PDTC, together with further advancement in ultra-deep sequencing technologies, will be conducive in narrowing the focus in order to develop novel targeted therapies and improve the outcomes in PDTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Ibrahimpasic
- Department of Surgery, Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ronald Ghossein
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jatin P. Shah
- Department of Surgery, Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ian Ganly
- Department of Surgery, Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Address correspondence to: Ian Ganly, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
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67
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Landa I, Knauf JA. Mouse Models as a Tool for Understanding Progression in Braf V600E-Driven Thyroid Cancers. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2019; 34:11-22. [PMID: 30784243 PMCID: PMC6435851 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2019.34.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of next generation sequencing (NGS) has led to marked advancement of our understanding of genetic events mediating the initiation and progression of thyroid cancers. The NGS studies have confirmed the previously reported high frequency of mutually-exclusive oncogenic alterations affecting BRAF and RAS proto-oncogenes in all stages of thyroid cancer. Initially identified by traditional sequencing approaches, the NGS studies also confirmed the acquisition of alterations that inactivate tumor protein p53 (TP53) and activate phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) in advanced thyroid cancers. Novel alterations, such as those in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter and mating-type switching/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) complex, are also likely to promote progression of the BRAFV600E-driven thyroid cancers. A number of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of BRAFV600E-driven thyroid cancer have been developed to investigate thyroid tumorigenesis mediated by oncogenic BRAF and to explore the role of genetic alterations identified in the genomic analyses of advanced thyroid cancer to promote tumor progression. This review will discuss the various GEMMs that have been developed to investigate oncogenic BRAFV600E-driven thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Landa
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Knauf
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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68
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Landa I, Pozdeyev N, Korch C, Marlow LA, Smallridge RC, Copland JA, Henderson YC, Lai SY, Clayman GL, Onoda N, Tan AC, Garcia-Rendueles MER, Knauf JA, Haugen BR, Fagin JA, Schweppe RE. Comprehensive Genetic Characterization of Human Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines: A Validated Panel for Preclinical Studies. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3141-3151. [PMID: 30737244 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid cancer cell lines are valuable models but have been neglected in pancancer genomic studies. Moreover, their misidentification has been a significant problem. We aim to provide a validated dataset for thyroid cancer researchers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) and analyzed the transcriptome of 60 authenticated thyroid cell lines and compared our findings with the known genomic defects in human thyroid cancers. RESULTS Unsupervised transcriptomic analysis showed that 94% of thyroid cell lines clustered distinctly from other lineages. Thyroid cancer cell line mutations recapitulate those found in primary tumors (e.g., BRAF, RAS, or gene fusions). Mutations in the TERT promoter (83%) and TP53 (71%) were highly prevalent. There were frequent alterations in PTEN, PIK3CA, and of members of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, mismatch repair, cell-cycle checkpoint, and histone methyl- and acetyltransferase functional groups. Copy number alterations (CNA) were more prevalent in cell lines derived from advanced versus differentiated cancers, as reported in primary tumors, although the precise CNAs were only partially recapitulated. Transcriptomic analysis showed that all cell lines were profoundly dedifferentiated, regardless of their derivation, making them good models for advanced disease. However, they maintained the BRAFV600E versus RAS-dependent consequences on MAPK transcriptional output, which correlated with differential sensitivity to MEK inhibitors. Paired primary tumor-cell line samples showed high concordance of mutations. Complete loss of p53 function in TP53 heterozygous tumors was the most prominent event selected during in vitro immortalization. CONCLUSIONS This cell line resource will help inform future preclinical studies exploring tumor-specific dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Landa
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nikita Pozdeyev
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Laura A Marlow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Robert C Smallridge
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.,Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Ying C Henderson
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen Y Lai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Naoyoshi Onoda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Jeffrey A Knauf
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Bryan R Haugen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James A Fagin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rebecca E Schweppe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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69
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de Biase D, Torricelli F, Ragazzi M, Donati B, Kuhn E, Visani M, Acquaviva G, Pession A, Tallini G, Piana S, Ciarrocchi A. Not the same thing: metastatic PTCs have a different background than ATCs. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:1370-1379. [PMID: 30400028 PMCID: PMC6280609 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but highly aggressive form of thyroid cancer. By contrast, differentiated papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) only rarely behave aggressively and develop distant metastasis. Whether distantly metastatic PTC (DM-PTC) and ATC share a common genetic background is still to be defined. We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to explore the genetic background of a cohort of ATC and DM-PTC and a group of well-differentiated PTCs that did not developed distant metastasis as control (ctrl-PTC). A panel of 128 amplicons within 21 thyroid cancer-related genes was analyzed in a set of 151 thyroid cancer samples including 66 ATCs and DM-PTCs. We showed that the ATC/DM-PTC group had an overall mutational load higher than ctrl-PTCs and that ATCs and DM-PTCs are characterized by a different genetic background, with the exception of mutations in the TERT promoter that were overrepresented in both ATCs (61.1%) and DM-PTCs (48.2%) vs non-aggressive ctrl-PTCs (7.6%). In ATCs, TERT promoter mutations were frequently associated with TP53 mutations, while in the DM-PTCs no significant co-occurrence was observed. No significant association of MED12 mutations with aggressiveness of thyroid cancer was observed in our analysis. Finally, correlation analysis showed that increasing number of mutations negatively impact on patient overall survival also within the ATC and DM-PTC group. In conclusions, overall our analysis further highlights the relevance of TERT promoter mutations in driving aggressiveness and provides new pieces of information in the definition of aggressiveness evolution of thyroid cancer lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Ciarrocchi or D de Biase: or
| | - Federica Torricelli
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Moira Ragazzi
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Donati
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Kuhn
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Michela Visani
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Acquaviva
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simonetta Piana
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Ciarrocchi or D de Biase: or
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Escobar-Hoyos L, Knorr K, Abdel-Wahab O. Aberrant RNA Splicing in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2018; 3:167-185. [PMID: 32864546 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RNA splicing, the enzymatic process of removing segments of premature RNA to produce mature RNA, is a key mediator of proteome diversity and regulator of gene expression. Increased systematic sequencing of the genome and transcriptome of cancers has identified a variety of means by which RNA splicing is altered in cancer relative to normal cells. These findings, in combination with the discovery of recurrent change-of-function mutations in splicing factors in a variety of cancers, suggest that alterations in splicing are drivers of tumorigenesis. Greater characterization of altered splicing in cancer parallels increasing efforts to pharmacologically perturb splicing and early-phase clinical development of small molecules that disrupt splicing in patients with cancer. Here we review recent studies of global changes in splicing in cancer, splicing regulation of mitogenic pathways critical in cancer transformation, and efforts to therapeutically target splicing in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Escobar-Hoyos
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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71
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Pinto N, Prokopec SD, Vizeacoumar F, Searle K, Lowerison M, Ruicci KM, Yoo J, Fung K, MacNeil D, Lacefield JC, Leong HS, Mymryk JS, Barrett JW, Datti A, Boutros PC, Nichols AC. Lestaurtinib is a potent inhibitor of anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line models. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207152. [PMID: 30419054 PMCID: PMC6231667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare and lethal human malignancy with no known effective therapies in the majority of cases. Despite the use of conventional treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation and surgical resection, this disease remains almost universally fatal. In the present study, we identified the JAK2 inhibitor Lestaurtinib as a potent compound when testing against 13 ATC cell lines. Lestaurtinib demonstrated a potent antiproliferative effect in vitro at nanomolar concentrations. Furthermore, Lestaurtinib impeded cell migration and the ability to form colonies from single cells using scratch-wound and colony formation assays, respectively. Flow cytometry was used for cell cycle analysis following drug treatment and demonstrated arrest at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, indicative of a cytostatic effect. In vivo studies using the chick chorioallantoic membrane xenograft models demonstrated that treatment with Lestaurtinib resulted in a significant decrease in endpoint tumor volume and vascularity using power Doppler ultrasound imaging. Overall, this study provides evidence that Lestaurtinib is a potent antiproliferative agent with potential antiangiogenic activity that warrants further investigation as a targeted therapy for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pinto
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Matthew Lowerison
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kara M. Ruicci
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Yoo
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Fung
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle MacNeil
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim C. Lacefield
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hon S. Leong
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John W. Barrett
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Network Biology Collaborative Centre, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paul C. Boutros
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony C. Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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72
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Han LP, Wang CP, Han SL. Overexpression of RBM10 induces osteosarcoma cell apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation and migration. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34 Focus issue F1:81-86. [PMID: 30403180 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/201834f114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor with high incidence in adolescence and poor prognosis. RBM10, a member of RBPs, was reported to be a tumor suppressor in many kinds of cancers. However, the roles of RBM10 in osteosarcoma remain unknown. In this study, we found that overexpression of RBM10 decreased osteosarcoma cell proliferation and colony formation in soft agar, and inhibited osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion. Our results also revealed that RBM10 overexpression induced osteosarcoma cell apoptosis via the inhibition of Bcl-2, the activation of caspase-3, and the transcription and production of TNF-α. Our results indicated that RBM10 acts as a tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma. This could enable to define a new strategy for diagnosis and treatment of patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, 41 Longtou Rd, Zaozhuang 277100, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Cun-Ping Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, 41 Longtou Rd, Zaozhuang 277100, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Si-Lin Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, 41 Longtou Rd, Zaozhuang 277100, Shandong, P.R. China
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73
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Zhu X, Holmsen E, Park S, Willingham MC, Qi J, Cheng SY. Synergistic effects of BET and MEK inhibitors promote regression of anaplastic thyroid tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35408-35421. [PMID: 30459933 PMCID: PMC6226043 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited options for treatment. Targeting epigenetic modifications via interfering with the interaction between the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins and acetylated histones by using BET inhibitors (e.g., JQ1) has shown some efficacy in thyroid cancer. To improve the efficacy, an inhibitor of MEK, trametinib, was tested together with JQ1 as a combined treatment via cell-based approaches and xenograft studies. We examined the effects of combined treatment of JQ1 and trametinib on the proliferation of human ATC cell lines (THJ-11T and THJ-16) in vitro. We further evaluated the effects of the combined treatment on tumor development in vivo using mouse xenograft models. We elucidated the underlying molecular pathways affected by double treatment. We showed that the combined treatment totally blocked proliferation, while either JQ1 or trametinib alone only had partial effects. Combined treatment suppressed MYC expression more than single treatment, resulting in decreased expression of pro-survival regulators and increased pro-apoptotic regulators to collaboratively induce apoptosis. In xenograft studies, single treatment only partially inhibited tumor growth, but the combined treatment inhbited tumor growth by >90%. The reduction of tumor growth was mediated by synergistic suppression of MYC, to affect apoptotic regulators to markedly promote tumor apoptosis. Combined treatment of BET and MEK-ERK inhibitors was more effective to treat ATC than single targeted treatment. Synergistic suppression of MYC transcription via collaborative actions on chromatin modifications suggested that targeting epigenetic modifications could provide novel treatment opportunities for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erik Holmsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sunmi Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark C Willingham
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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74
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Lamartina L, Grani G, Durante C, Borget I, Filetti S, Schlumberger M. Follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer - what should (and what should not) be done. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14:538-551. [PMID: 30069030 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The treatment paradigm for thyroid cancer has shifted from a one-size-fits-all approach to more personalized protocols that range from active surveillance to total thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine remnant ablation. Accurate surveillance tools are available, but follow-up protocols vary widely between centres and clinicians, owing to the lack of clear, straightforward recommendations on the instruments and assessment schedule that health-care professionals should adopt. For most patients (that is, those who have had an excellent response to the initial treatment and have a low or intermediate risk of tumour recurrence), an infrequent assessment schedule is sufficient (such as a yearly determination of serum levels of TSH and thyroglobulin). Select patients will benefit from second-line imaging and more frequent assessments. This Review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the surveillance tools and follow-up strategies that clinicians use as a function of the initial treatment and each patient's risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Lamartina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Grani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Cosimo Durante
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Isabelle Borget
- Department of Biostatistic and Epidemiology, Gustave Roussy and University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Sebastiano Filetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Schlumberger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.
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75
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Urbanski L, Leclair N, Anczuków O. Alternative-splicing defects in cancer: Splicing regulators and their downstream targets, guiding the way to novel cancer therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2018; 9:e1476. [PMID: 29693319 PMCID: PMC6002934 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Defects in alternative splicing are frequently found in human tumors and result either from mutations in splicing-regulatory elements of specific cancer genes or from changes in the regulatory splicing machinery. RNA splicing regulators have emerged as a new class of oncoproteins and tumor suppressors, and contribute to disease progression by modulating RNA isoforms involved in the hallmark cancer pathways. Thus, dysregulation of alternative RNA splicing is fundamental to cancer and provides a potentially rich source of novel therapeutic targets. Here, we review the alterations in splicing regulatory factors detected in human tumors, as well as the resulting alternatively spliced isoforms that impact cancer hallmarks, and discuss how they contribute to disease pathogenesis. RNA splicing is a highly regulated process and, as such, the regulators are themselves tightly regulated. Differential transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of splicing factors modulates their levels and activities in tumor cells. Furthermore, the composition of the tumor microenvironment can also influence which isoforms are expressed in a given cell type and impact drug responses. Finally, we summarize current efforts in targeting alternative splicing, including global splicing inhibition using small molecules blocking the spliceosome or splicing-factor-modifying enzymes, as well as splice-switching RNA-based therapeutics to modulate cancer-specific splicing isoforms. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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76
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Pozdeyev N, Gay LM, Sokol ES, Hartmaier R, Deaver KE, Davis S, French JD, Borre PV, LaBarbera DV, Tan AC, Schweppe RE, Fishbein L, Ross JS, Haugen BR, Bowles DW. Genetic Analysis of 779 Advanced Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3059-3068. [PMID: 29615459 PMCID: PMC6030480 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To define the genetic landscape of advanced differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and identify genetic alterations of potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance.Experimental Design: The genetic profiles of 583 advanced differentiated and 196 ATCs generated with targeted next-generation sequencing cancer-associated gene panels MSK-IMPACT and FoundationOne were analyzed.Results: ATC had more genetic alterations per tumor, and pediatric papillary thyroid cancer had fewer genetic alterations per tumor when compared with other thyroid cancer types. DNA mismatch repair deficit and activity of APOBEC cytidine deaminases were identified as mechanisms associated with high mutational burden in a subset of differentiated thyroid cancers and ATCs. Copy number losses and mutations of CDKN2A and CDKN2B, amplification of CCNE1, amplification of receptor tyrosine kinase genes KDR, KIT, and PDGFRA, amplification of immune evasion genes CD274, PDCD1LG2, and JAK2, and activating point mutations in small GTPase RAC1 were associated with ATC. An association of KDR, KIT, and PDGFRA amplification with the sensitivity of thyroid cancer cells to lenvatinib was shown in vitro Three genetically distinct types of ATCs are proposed.Conclusions: This large-scale analysis describes genetic alterations in a cohort of thyroid cancers enriched in advanced cases. Many novel genetic events previously not seen in thyroid cancer were found. Genetic alterations associated with anaplastic transformation were identified. An updated schematic of thyroid cancer genetic evolution is proposed. Clin Cancer Res; 24(13); 3059-68. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Pozdeyev
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaags School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laurie M Gay
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ethan S Sokol
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ryan Hartmaier
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kelsi E Deaver
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephanie Davis
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jena D French
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaags School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pierre Vanden Borre
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel V LaBarbera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaags School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaags School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rebecca E Schweppe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaags School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lauren Fishbein
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaags School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Bryan R Haugen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaags School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel W Bowles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaags School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Chen H, Luthra R, Routbort MJ, Patel KP, Cabanillas ME, Broaddus RR, Williams MD. Molecular Profile of Advanced Thyroid Carcinomas by Next-Generation Sequencing: Characterizing Tumors Beyond Diagnosis for Targeted Therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1575-1584. [PMID: 29695638 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) for molecular diagnostics allows simultaneous testing of activating oncogenes and tumor suppressor mutations in multiple signal pathways. Extended mutational profiling of advanced thyroid cancers may enhance considerations for targeted therapies. We analyzed clinically derived molecular profiling of 216 patients with advanced thyroid carcinoma using NGS (Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine) from April 2012 to February 2014. We examined substitutions and small indels in 46 or 50 cancer-related genes using Ampliseq Cancer Hotspot panel in respect to tumor diagnosis and clinical correlations.Mutations were common in advanced thyroid carcinomas 154 (71%) predominately in targetable MAPK pathway (146/216, 68%), and several PI3K/AKT pathway (8, 4%; six as comutations). BRAF V600E mutation associated with papillary (94/139, 68%), poorly differentiated (4/39, 10%), and anaplastic (3/12, 25%) carcinomas. NRAS mutations occurred in follicular (5/12, 42%) and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (12/39, 31%). Tumor suppressor mutations (16, 7%) occurred predominantly in TP53 in Hurthle cell (2/5, 40%, the only mutation), in anaplastic (3/12, 25%) and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (4/39, 10%) some as comutations and in papillary thyroid carcinoma (5/139, 4%) always a comutation. Kaplan-Meier analysis of patients with poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma containing activating mutations who received targeted therapeutics showed improved survival compared to similarly treated patients without mutations in targetable pathways (P = 0.02). In conclusion, MAPK pathway is the predominant target for therapy in advance thyroid carcinomas; adding NGS enables the identification of comutations associated with resistance (PI3K/AKT). Within poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma, the molecular profile may hold prognostic value in the era of targeted therapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(7); 1575-84. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rajyalakshmi Luthra
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark J Routbort
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Keyur P Patel
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria E Cabanillas
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Russell R Broaddus
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michelle D Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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78
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Shah S, Boucai L. Effect of Age on Response to Therapy and Mortality in Patients With Thyroid Cancer at High Risk of Recurrence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:689-697. [PMID: 29220531 PMCID: PMC5800839 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Age at diagnosis has been identified as a major determinant of thyroid cancer-specific survival, with older patients being at higher risk for mortality, but the association of age with risk of recurrence has not been studied to date. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of a patient's age on response to therapy and disease-specific mortality in a cohort of thyroid cancer patients at high risk of recurrence, as defined by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) risk stratification system. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of 320 patients, median age 49.3 years, with follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma classified at ATA high risk and followed for a median of 7 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Association of age with response to therapy, overall mortality, disease-specific mortality, and timing of metastases. RESULTS Age was a major determinant of response to therapy. There was a significantly larger percentage of excellent responders among young patients (age <55) than among old patients (age ≥55), 40.3% vs 27.5%, P = 0.002, respectively, whereas the proportion of structural incomplete responders was higher in the old group compared with the young group, 53% vs 33%, P = 0.002, respectively. ATA high-risk young patients with a structural incomplete response to therapy had a significantly better disease-specific survival than old patients (74% vs 12%, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Age was a key predictor of response to therapy and disease-specific survival in ATA high-risk thyroid cancer patients. Its incorporation as a variable in the ATA risk stratification system would improve its power to predict response to therapy as well as mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Laura Boucai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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79
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Loiselle JJ, Sutherland LC. RBM10: Harmful or helpful-many factors to consider. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:3809-3818. [PMID: 29274279 PMCID: PMC5901003 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RBM10 is an RNA binding motif (RBM) protein expressed in most, if not all, human and animal cells. Interest in RBM10 is rapidly increasing and its clinical importance is highlighted by its identification as the causative agent of TARP syndrome, a developmental condition that significantly impacts affected children. RBM10's cellular functions are beginning to be explored, with initial studies demonstrating a tumor suppressor role. Very recently, however, contradictory results have emerged, suggesting a tumor promoter role for RBM10. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on RBM10, and address this dichotomy in RBM10 function. Furthermore, we discuss what may be regulating RBM10 function, particularly the importance of RBM10 alternative splicing, and the relationship between RBM10 and its paralogue, RBM5. As RBM10‐related work is gaining momentum, it is critical that the various aspects of RBM10 molecular biology revealed by recent studies be considered moving forward. It is only if these recent advances in RBM10 structure and function are considered that a clearer insight into RBM10 function, and the disease states with which RBM10 mutation is associated, will be gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J Loiselle
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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80
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An update on the status of molecular testing for the indeterminate thyroid nodule and risk stratification of differentiated thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2018; 30:8-15. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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81
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Acquaviva G, Visani M, Repaci A, Rhoden KJ, de Biase D, Pession A, Giovanni T. Molecular pathology of thyroid tumours of follicular cells: a review of genetic alterations and their clinicopathological relevance. Histopathology 2018; 72:6-31. [PMID: 29239040 DOI: 10.1111/his.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Knowledge of the molecular pathology of thyroid tumours originating from follicular cells has greatly advanced in the past several years. Common molecular alterations, such as BRAF p.V600E, RAS point mutations, and fusion oncogenes (RET-PTC being the prototypical example), have been, respectively, associated with conventional papillary carcinoma, follicular-patterned tumours (follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, and the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma/non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features), and with papillary carcinomas from young patients and arising after exposure to ionising radiation, respectively. The remarkable correlation between genotype and phenotype shows how specific, mutually exclusive molecular changes can promote tumour development and initiate a multistep tumorigenic process that is characterised by aberrant activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-PTEN-AKT signalling. Molecular alterations are becoming useful biomarkers for diagnosis and risk stratification, and as potential treatment targets for aggressive forms of thyroid carcinoma. What follows is a review of the principal genetic alterations of thyroid tumours originating from follicular cells and of their clinicopathological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Acquaviva
- Anatomical Pathology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Visani
- Anatomical Pathology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Repaci
- Endocrinology Unit, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kerry J Rhoden
- Medical Genetics Unit, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tallini Giovanni
- Anatomical Pathology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Janjua N, Wreesmann VB. Aggressive differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2017; 44:367-377. [PMID: 29169931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancer is characteristically associated with an innocuous clinical course, but a minority of cases may manifest surprisingly aggressive behaviour. Such aggressive DTC are directly responsible for the majority of thyroid cancer related deaths. Moreover, they contribute indirectly to increased DTC-related morbidity, because our inability to differentiate these tumours from innocuous DTC at an early stage fuels a significant degree of DTC overtreatment around the globe. In the present paper we describe how improved understanding of the clinicopathological thyroid tumour progression model and optimization of clinical staging systems continues to improve our ability to diagnose and treat aggressive DTC. Early recognition of aggressive DTC allows instillation of an aggressive management strategy which is based upon surgical-oncologic completeness, and minimization of treatment-related sequelae through continued development of reconstructive options and focussed delivery of adjuvant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Janjua
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Portsmouth Hospitals Trust, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK.
| | - Volkert B Wreesmann
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Portsmouth Hospitals Trust, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
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