51
|
Metastasis of Cancer Stem Cells Developed in the Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6030073. [PMID: 31450740 PMCID: PMC6784246 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis develops when cancer cells spread from the primary site of a malignant tumor to the surrounding and distant tissues, and it is the most critical problem in cancer treatment. Our group developed cancer stem cells (CSCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the presence of a conditioned medium (CM) of cancer-derived cells. The CSCs were characterized by the formation of malignant tumors in vivo, followed by metastasis. In this study, CSCs converted from mouse iPSCs in the presence of CM from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line Huh7 cells. These converted cells (miPS-Huh7cm cells) were established as the metastatic cells. The generated CSCs were injected into the liver or spleen of nude mice. Almost one month after transplantation, the tumors were excised, and the primary cultured cells derived from the malignant tumors and metastatic nodules were evaluated by stemness and metastatic markers to compare their differences. The miPS-Huh7cm cells exhibited metastatic potential, and efficiently formed malignant tumors with lung and/or liver lesions in vivo, whereas the injected miPS formed teratoma. The primary cultured cells derived from the malignant tumors and metastatic nodules sustained the expression of stemness markers, such as Nanog, Klf4 and c-Myc, and acquired cancer stem markers, such as CD90, CD44 and ALDH1. Simultaneously, the expression of metastatic markers, such as Slug, Twist1 and vimentin, in primary cells derived from the malignant tumors, was higher than in metastatic nodules. The CSCs derived from iPSCs, forming malignant tumors and displaying high metastasis, will provide a good animal model to study the mechanisms of metastasis.
Collapse
|
52
|
Gurrapu S, Franzolin G, Fard D, Accardo M, Medico E, Sarotto I, Sapino A, Isella C, Tamagnone L. Reverse signaling by semaphorin 4C elicits SMAD1/5- and ID1/3-dependent invasive reprogramming in cancer cells. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/595/eaav2041. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins are a family of molecular signals that guide cell migration and are implicated in the regulation of cancer cells. In particular, transmembrane semaphorins are postulated to act as both ligands (“forward” mode) and signaling receptors (“reverse” mode); however, reverse semaphorin signaling in cancer is relatively less understood. Here, we identified a previously unknown function of transmembrane semaphorin 4C (Sema4C), acting in reverse mode, to elicit nonconventional TGF-β/BMP receptor activation and selective SMAD1/5 phosphorylation. Sema4C coimmunoprecipitated with TGFBRII and BMPR1, supporting its role as modifier of this pathway. Sema4C reverse signaling led to the increased abundance of ID1/3 transcriptional factors and to extensive reprogramming of gene expression, which suppressed the typical features of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in invasive carcinoma cells. This phenotype was nevertheless coupled with burgeoning metastatic behavior in vivo, consistent with evidence that Sema4C expression correlates with metastatic progression in human breast cancers. Thus, Sema4C reverse signaling promoted SMAD1/5- and ID1/3-dependent gene expression reprogramming and phenotypic plasticity in invasive cancer cells.
Collapse
|
53
|
From epithelial remodelling to carcinogenesis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 150:203-205. [PMID: 31381892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The novel cancer theory named 'the tissue organization field theory' (TOFT) suggests that carcinogenesis is a process analogous to embryonic development, whereby organs are formed through interactions among different cell types. The suggested 'morphological remodelling' of the epithelium under hypoxia in gut breathing fish (GBF) has many common features with carcinogenesis. It appears that research into the relationship among epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) as well as hypoxia and normoxia states in GBF fishes can be crucial in learning about the steering mechanisms of squamous epithelium proliferation, leading to a better understanding of carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
54
|
Okada A, Kondo M. Regeneration of the digestive tract of an anterior-eviscerating sea cucumber, Eupentacta quinquesemita, and the involvement of mesenchymal-epithelial transition in digestive tube formation. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2019; 5:21. [PMID: 31285838 PMCID: PMC6588844 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-019-0133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sea cucumbers (a class of echinoderms) exhibit a high capacity for regeneration, such that, following ejection of inner organs in a process called evisceration, the lost organs regenerate. There are two ways by which evisceration occurs in sea cucmber species: from the mouth (anterior) or the anus (posterior). Intriguingly, regenerating tissues are formed at both the anterior and posterior regions and extend toward the opposite ends, and merge to form a complete digestive tract. From the posterior side, the digestive tube regenerates extending a continuous tube from the cloaca, which remains at evisceration. In posteriorly-eviscerating species, the esophagus remains in the body, and a new tube regenerates continuously from it. However, in anterior-eviscerating species, no tubular tissue remains in the anterior region, raising the question of how the new digestive tube forms in the anterior regenerate. We addressed this question by detailed histological observations of the regenerating anterior digestive tract in a small sea cucumber, Eupentacta quinquesemita ("ishiko" in Japanese) after induced-evisceration. We found that an initial rudiment consisting of mesenchymal cells is formed along the edge of the anterior mesentery from the anterior end, and then, among the mesenchymal cells, multiple clusters of epithelial-like cells appears simultaneously and repeatedly in the extending region by mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) as visulalized using toluidine blue staining. Subsequently, multiple cavities were formed surrounded with these epithelial cells, and appeared to coalesce with each other to form into multiple lumens, and to eventually become a single tube. This anterior tube then fused to the tube regenerated from the posterior rudiment. Thus, we elucidated the process of regeneration of the anterior portion of the gut in an anteriorly eviscerating species, and suggest the involvement of MET and fusion of cavities/lumens in regeneration of the digestive tube.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akari Okada
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 1024 Koajiro Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225 Japan
| | - Mariko Kondo
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 1024 Koajiro Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225 Japan
- Center for Marine Biology, The University of Tokyo, 1024 Koajiro Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225 Japan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-8657 Bunkyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Herdy J, Schafer S, Kim Y, Ansari Z, Zangwill D, Ku M, Paquola A, Lee H, Mertens J, Gage FH. Chemical modulation of transcriptionally enriched signaling pathways to optimize the conversion of fibroblasts into neurons. eLife 2019; 8:e41356. [PMID: 31099332 PMCID: PMC6524968 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct conversion of human somatic fibroblasts into induced neurons (iNs) allows for the generation of functional neurons while bypassing any stem cell intermediary stages. Although iN technology has an enormous potential for modeling age-related diseases, as well as therapeutic approaches, the technology faces limitations due to variable conversion efficiencies and a lack of thorough understanding of the signaling pathways directing iN conversion. Here, we introduce a new all-in-one inducible lentiviral system that simplifies fibroblast transgenesis for the two pioneer transcription factors, Ngn2 and Ascl1, and markedly improves iN yields. Further, our timeline RNA-Seq data across the course of conversion has identified signaling pathways that become transcriptionally enriched during iN conversion. Small molecular modulators were identified for four signaling pathways that reliably increase the yield of iNs. Taken together, these advances provide an improved toolkit for iN technology and new insight into the mechanisms influencing direct iN conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Herdy
- Laboratory of GeneticsThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Simon Schafer
- Laboratory of GeneticsThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Yongsung Kim
- Laboratory of GeneticsThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Zoya Ansari
- Laboratory of GeneticsThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Dina Zangwill
- Laboratory of GeneticsThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Manching Ku
- University Hospital Freiberg, University of FreibergBreisgauGermany
| | - Apua Paquola
- Lieber Institute for Brain DevelopmentBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Hyungjun Lee
- Laboratory of GeneticsThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Laboratory of GeneticsThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
- Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBILeopold-Franzens-University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of GeneticsThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Marx U, Walles H, Hoffmann S, Lindner G, Horland R, Sonntag F, Klotzbach U, Sakharov D, Tonevitsky A, Lauster R. ‘Human-on-a-chip’ Developments: A Translational Cutting-edge Alternative to Systemic Safety Assessment and Efficiency Evaluation of Substances in Laboratory Animals and Man? Altern Lab Anim 2019; 40:235-57. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291204000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Marx
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Silke Hoffmann
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Lindner
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reyk Horland
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Sonntag
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | - Udo Klotzbach
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Roland Lauster
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Mittal V. Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Metastasis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 13:395-412. [PMID: 29414248 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 852] [Impact Index Per Article: 170.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related deaths; therefore, the prevention and treatment of metastasis are fundamental to improving clinical outcomes. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), an evolutionarily conserved developmental program, has been implicated in carcinogenesis and confers metastatic properties upon cancer cells by enhancing mobility, invasion, and resistance to apoptotic stimuli. Furthermore, EMT-derived tumor cells acquire stem cell properties and exhibit marked therapeutic resistance. Given these attributes, the complex biological process of EMT has been heralded as a key hallmark of carcinogenesis, and targeting EMT pathways constitutes an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. However, demonstrating the necessity of EMT for metastasis in vivo has been technically challenging, and recent efforts to demonstrate a functional contribution of EMT to metastasis have yielded unexpected results. Therefore, determining the functional role of EMT in metastasis remains an area of active investigation. Studies using improved lineage tracing systems, dynamic in vivo imaging, and clinically relevant in vivo models have the potential to uncover the direct link between EMT and metastasis. This review focuses primarily on recent advances in and emerging concepts of the biology of EMT in metastasis in vivo and discusses future directions in the context of novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mittal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Yoo KH, Yim HE, Bae ES, Hong YS. Angiotensin inhibition in the developing kidney; tubulointerstitial effect. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:724-730. [PMID: 30700837 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade during nephrogenesis causes a broad range of renal mal-development. Here, we hypothesized that disruption of renal lymphangiogenesis may contribute to tubulointerstitial alterations after RAS blockade during kidney maturation. METHODS Newborn rat pups were treated with enalapril (30 mg/kg/day) or vehicle for 7 days after birth. Lymphangiogenesis was assessed via immunostaining and/or immunoblots for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3, Podoplanin, and Ki-67. The intrarenal expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1, FGF-2, FGF receptor (R)-1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and fibroblast-specific protein (FSP)-1 was also determined. Sirius Red staining was performed to evaluate interstitial collagen deposition. RESULTS On postnatal day 8, renal lymphangiogenesis was disrupted by neonatal enalapril treatment. The expression of podoplanin and Ki-67 decreased in enalapril-treated kidneys. While the expression of VEGF-C was decreased, the levels of VEGFR-3 receptor increased following enalapril treatment. Enalapril treatment also reduced the renal expression of FGF-1, FGF-2, and FGFR-1. Enalapril-treated kidneys exhibited profibrogenic properties with increased expression of α-SMA and FSP-1 and enhanced deposition of interstitial collagen. CONCLUSION Enalapril treatment during postnatal renal maturation can disrupt renal lymphangiogenesis along with tubulointerstitial changes, which may result in a pro-fibrotic environment in the developing rat kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kee Hwan Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Hyung Eun Yim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
| | - Eun Soo Bae
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Young Sook Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Defining rules for cancer cell proliferation in TRAIL stimulation. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2019; 5:5. [PMID: 30792889 PMCID: PMC6377620 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-019-0084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their self-organizing evolutionary plasticity, cancers remain evasive to modern treatment strategies. Previously, for sensitizing tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-resistant human fibrosarcoma (HT1080), we developed and validated a dynamic computational model that showed the inhibition of protein kinase (PK)C, using bisindolylmaleimide (BIS) I, enhances apoptosis with 95% cell death. Although promising, the long-term effect of remaining ~ 5% cells is a mystery. Will they remain unchanged or are they able to proliferate? To address this question, here we adopted a discrete spatiotemporal cellular automata model utilizing simple rules modified from the famous "Conway's game of life". Based on three experimental initializations: cell numbers obtained from untreated (high), treatment with TRAIL only (moderate), and treatment with TRAIL and BIS I (low), the simulations show cell proliferation in time and space. Notably, when all cells are fixed in their initial space, the proliferation is rapid for high and moderate cell numbers, however, slow and steady for low number of cells. However, when mesenchymal-like random movement was introduced, the proliferation becomes significant even for low cell numbers. Experimental verification showed high proportion of mesenchymal cells in TRAIL and BIS I treatment compared with untreated or TRAIL only treatment. In agreement with the model with cell movement, we observed rapid proliferation of the remnant cells in TRAIL and BIS I treatment over time. Hence, our work highlights the importance of mesenchymal-like cellular movement for cancer proliferation. Nevertheless, re-treatment of TRAIL and BIS I on proliferating cancers is still largely effective.
Collapse
|
60
|
Differential expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in stomach and diverticulum of Otocinclus affinis (Steindachner, 1877) as a potential element of the epithelium remodeling mechanism. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:151-155. [PMID: 30528348 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is suggested that due to the several stomach modifications, Otocinculus affinis (dwarf sucking catfish) possess the ability to breathe air during hypoxia, however, the exact mechanism remains unknown. The aim of this study was detailed analysis of the expression of EGFR in the stomach and diverticulum of the O. affinis at the mRNA and protein levels together with the immunohistochemical localization of EGFR in these organs. The intensity of band fluorescence corresponding to the EGFR gene expression level is significantly higher in the stomach than in the diverticulum. Further, quantitative analysis of EGFR protein abundance also revealed its higher synthesis in the stomach than in the diverticulum and the immunohistochemistry method confirmed these results. As regional localization of respiratory function in gut air-breathing fishes seems to be connected with "morphological remodeling" of the epithelium of their gut, the present research demonstrated the potential efficiency of the O. affinis stomach as a respiratory organ. Having the potential possibility to create an air-blood barrier in the gastrointestinal tract allowing gas diffusion and respiration in hypoxic states seems to be very beneficial for these fish. It seems that facultative gut air breathing fish species are a relevant vertebrate model for high throughput screening, vascular biology and evolution.
Collapse
|
61
|
Cho ES, Kang HE, Kim NH, Yook JI. Therapeutic implications of cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:14-24. [PMID: 30649699 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-01108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) comprises an essential biological process involving cancer progression as well as initiation. While the EMT has been regarded as a phenotypic conversion from epithelial to mesenchymal cells, recent evidence indicates that it plays a critical role in stemness, metabolic reprogramming, immune evasion and therapeutic resistance of cancer cells. Interestingly, several transcriptional repressors including Snail (SNAI1), Slug (SNAI2) and the ZEB family constitute key players for EMT in cancer as well as in the developmental process. Note that the dynamic conversion between EMT and epithelial reversion (mesenchymal-epithelial transition, MET) occurs through variable intermediate-hybrid states rather than being a binary process. Given the close connection between oncogenic signaling and EMT repressors, the EMT has emerged as a therapeutic target or goal (in terms of MET reversion) in cancer therapy. Here we review the critical role of EMT in therapeutic resistance and the importance of EMT as a therapeutic target for human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunae Sandra Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Eun Kang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
de Almeida LF, Coimbra TM. When Less or More Isn't Enough: Renal Maldevelopment Arising From Disequilibrium in the Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:296. [PMID: 31380328 PMCID: PMC6650528 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental and nutritional factors during fetal and neonatal life can have long-lasting effects on renal functions and physiology and susceptibility to kidney disease in adulthood. All components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are highly expressed in the kidneys during the period of renal development. The RAS plays a central role in the regulation of various cellular growth factors and stimulates adhesion molecules and cellular migration. The use of antagonists of this system during fetal development represents a major risk factor for hypertension, renal vascular dysfunction, and kidney medulla atrophy in adulthood. The inappropriate activation of the RAS by vitamin D (VitD) deficiency has been studied in recent years. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between circulating VitD levels and blood pressure, plasma and renin activity, and an increase in angiotensin II and the receptor AT1. These data raise new questions about the importance of the integrity of the RAS during development since RAS pathway inhibitors and VitD deficiency have opposing functions. This is a literature review on the possible mechanisms by which antagonists of the RAS and VitD deficiency during fetal development provoke disturbances in kidney structure and function. Potential mechanisms are presented and discussed, and the possible pathways by which an imbalanced maternal RAS may negatively impact fetal development and have consequences in adulthood are also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Ferreira de Almeida
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Terezila Machado Coimbra
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Meyer-Schaller N, Heck C, Tiede S, Yilmaz M, Christofori G. Foxf2 plays a dual role during transforming growth factor beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition by promoting apoptosis yet enabling cell junction dissolution and migration. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:118. [PMID: 30285803 PMCID: PMC6167826 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The most life-threatening step during malignant tumor progression is reached when cancer cells leave the primary tumor mass and seed metastasis in distant organs. To infiltrate the surrounding tissue and disseminate throughout the body, single motile tumor cells leave the tumor mass by breaking down cell-cell contacts in a process called epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). An EMT is a complex molecular and cellular program enabling epithelial cells to abandon their differentiated phenotype, including cell-cell adhesion and cell polarity, and to acquire mesenchymal features and invasive properties. Methods We employed gene expression profiling and functional experiments to study transcriptional control of transforming growth factor (TGF)β-induced EMT in normal murine mammary gland epithelial (NMuMG) cells. Results We identified that expression of the transcription factor forkhead box protein F2 (Foxf2) is upregulated during the EMT process. Although it is not required to gain mesenchymal markers, Foxf2 is essential for the disruption of cell junctions and the downregulation of epithelial markers in NMuMG cells treated with TGFβ. Foxf2 is critical for the downregulation of E-cadherin by promoting the expression of the transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin, Zeb1 and Zeb2, while repressing expression of the epithelial maintenance factor Id2 and miRNA 200 family members. Moreover, Foxf2 is required for TGFβ-mediated apoptosis during EMT by the transcriptional activation of the proapoptotic BH3-only protein Noxa and by the negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated survival signaling through direct repression of its ligands betacellulin and amphiregulin. The dual function of Foxf2 during EMT is underscored by the finding that high Foxf2 expression correlates with good prognosis in patients with early noninvasive stages of breast cancer, but with poor prognosis in advanced breast cancer. Conclusions Our data identify the transcription factor Foxf2 as one of the important regulators of EMT, displaying a dual function in promoting tumor cell apoptosis as well as tumor cell migration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-1043-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Meyer-Schaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.,Present address: Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Heck
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.,Present address: Integra Biosciences AG, Zizers, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Tiede
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mahmut Yilmaz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.,Present address: Roche Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Christofori
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Chen Z, Ai L, Mboge MY, McKenna R, Frost CJ, Heldermon CD, Frost SC. UFH-001 cells: A novel triple negative, CAIX-positive, human breast cancer model system. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:598-608. [PMID: 29561695 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1449612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cell lines are an important resource for research, and are often used as in vitro models of human diseases. In response to the mandate that all cells should be authenticated, we discovered that the MDA-MB-231 cells that were in use in our lab, did not validate based on the alleles of 9 different markers (STR Profile). We had been using this line as a model of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) that has the ability to form tumors in immuno-compromised mice. Based on marker analysis, these cells most closely resembled the MCF10A line, which are a near diploid and normal mammary epithelial line. Yet, the original cells express carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) both constitutively and in response to hypoxia and are features that likely drive the aggressive nature of these cells. Thus, we sought to sub-purify CAIX-expressing cells using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). These studies have revealed a new line of cells that we have name UFH-001, which have the TNBC phenotype, are positive for CAIX expression, both constitutively and in response to hypoxia, and behave aggressively in vivo. These cells may be useful for exploring mechanisms that underlie progression, migration, and metastasis of this phenotype. In addition, constitutive expression of CAIX allows its evaluation as a therapeutic target, both in vivo and in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Chen
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Gainesville , FL
| | - Lingbao Ai
- b Department of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL
| | - Mam Y Mboge
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Gainesville , FL
| | - Robert McKenna
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Gainesville , FL
| | | | - Coy D Heldermon
- b Department of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL
| | - Susan C Frost
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Gainesville , FL
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Kinoshita S, Koizumi N, Ueno M, Okumura N, Imai K, Tanaka H, Yamamoto Y, Nakamura T, Inatomi T, Bush J, Toda M, Hagiya M, Yokota I, Teramukai S, Sotozono C, Hamuro J. Injection of Cultured Cells with a ROCK Inhibitor for Bullous Keratopathy. N Engl J Med 2018. [PMID: 29539291 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1712770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corneal endothelial cell (CEC) disorders, such as Fuchs's endothelial corneal dystrophy, induce abnormal corneal hydration and result in corneal haziness and vision loss known as bullous keratopathy. We investigated whether injection of cultured human CECs supplemented with a rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor into the anterior chamber could increase CEC density. METHODS We performed an uncontrolled, single-group study involving 11 persons who had received a diagnosis of bullous keratopathy and had no detectable CECs. Human CECs were cultured from a donor cornea; a total of 1×106 passaged cells were supplemented with a ROCK inhibitor (final volume, 300 μl) and injected into the anterior chamber of the eye that was selected for treatment. After the procedure, patients were placed in a prone position for 3 hours. The primary outcome was restoration of corneal transparency, with a CEC density of more than 500 cells per square millimeter at the central cornea at 24 weeks after cell injection. Secondary outcomes were a corneal thickness of less than 630 μm and an improvement in best corrected visual acuity equivalent to two lines or more on a Landolt C eye chart at 24 weeks after cell injection. RESULTS At 24 weeks after cell injection, we recorded a CEC density of more than 500 cells per square millimeter (range, 947 to 2833) in 11 of the 11 treated eyes (100%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 72 to 100), of which 10 had a CEC density exceeding 1000 cells per square millimeter. A corneal thickness of less than 630 μm (range, 489 to 640) was attained in 10 of the 11 treated eyes (91%; 95% CI, 59 to 100), and an improvement in best corrected visual acuity of two lines or more was recorded in 9 of the 11 treated eyes (82%; 95% CI, 48 to 98). CONCLUSIONS Injection of human CECs supplemented with a ROCK inhibitor was followed by an increase in CEC density after 24 weeks in 11 persons with bullous keratopathy. (Funded by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development and others; UMIN number, UMIN000012534 .).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kinoshita
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Koizumi
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Morio Ueno
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Okumura
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kojiro Imai
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Inatomi
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - John Bush
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Munetoyo Toda
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michio Hagiya
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Isao Yokota
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Teramukai
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Hamuro
- From the Departments of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology (S.K., T.N., M.T., M.H.), Ophthalmology (M.U., K.I., H.T., Y.Y., T.I., J.B., C.S., J.H.), and Biostatistics (I.Y., S.T.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University (N.K., N.O.) - both in Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
The impact of acute inflammation on progression and metastasis in pancreatic cancer animal model. Surg Oncol 2018; 27:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
67
|
Barui A, Chowdhury F, Pandit A, Datta P. Rerouting mesenchymal stem cell trajectory towards epithelial lineage by engineering cellular niche. Biomaterials 2018; 156:28-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
68
|
Kosmidis C, Sapalidis K, Koletsa T, Kosmidou M, Efthimiadis C, Anthimidis G, Varsamis N, Michalopoulos N, Koulouris C, Atmatzidis S, Liavas L, Strati TM, Koimtzis G, Tsakalidis A, Mantalovas S, Zarampouka K, Florou M, Giannakidis DE, Georgakoudi E, Baka S, Zarogoulidis P, Man YG, Kesisoglou I. Interferon-γ and Colorectal Cancer: an up-to date. J Cancer 2018; 9:232-238. [PMID: 29344268 PMCID: PMC5771329 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer still remains the third cause of cancer death among cancer patients. Early diagnosis is crucial and they can be either endoscopic or with blood biomarkers. Endoscopic methods consist of gastroscopy and colonoscopy, however; in recent years, endoscopic ultrasound is being used. The microenvironment is very important for the successful delivery of the treatment. Several proteins and hormones play a crucial role in the efficiency of the treatment. In the current mini review we will focus on interferon-γ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoforos Kosmidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Konstantinos Sapalidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Triantafyllia Koletsa
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Kosmidou
- 1st Internal Medicine Division, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioaninna, Medical School
| | | | - George Anthimidis
- Surgery Department, "Interbalkan" European Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Varsamis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Nikolaos Michalopoulos
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Charilaos Koulouris
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Stefanos Atmatzidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Lazaros Liavas
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Titika-Marina Strati
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Georgios Koimtzis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Alexandros Tsakalidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Stylianos Mantalovas
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Katerina Zarampouka
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Florou
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Dimitrios E Giannakidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Eleni Georgakoudi
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Sofia Baka
- Oncology Department, "Interbalkan" European Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary - Oncology Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yan-Gao Man
- Research Laboratory and International Collaboration, Bon Secours Cancer Institute, VA, USA
| | - Isaac Kesisoglou
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Škovierová H, Okajčeková T, Strnádel J, Vidomanová E, Halašová E. Molecular regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in tumorigenesis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1187-1200. [PMID: 29286071 PMCID: PMC5819928 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies over the past two decades have focused on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its role in the development of metastasis. Certain studies highlighted the importance of EMT in the dissemination of tumor cells and metastasis of epithelium-derived carcinomas. Tumor metastasis is a multistep process during which tumor cells change their morphology, and start to migrate and invade distant sites. The present review discusses the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to EMT in embryogenesis, fibrosis and tumorigenesis. Additionally, the signaling pathways that initiate EMT through transcriptional factors responsible for the activation and suppression of various genes associated with cancer cell migration were investigated. Furthermore, the important role of the epigenetic modifications that regulate EMT and the reverse process, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) are discussed. MicroRNAs are key regulators of various intracellular processes and current knowledge of EMT has significantly improved due to microRNA characterization. Their effect on signaling pathways and the ensuing events that occur during EMT at the molecular level is becoming increasingly recognized. The current review also highlights the role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and CTC clusters, and their ability to form metastases. In addition, the biological properties of different types of circulating cells based on their tumor-forming potential are compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrieta Škovierová
- Biomedical Center Martin, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin 03601, Slovakia
| | - Terézia Okajčeková
- Biomedical Center Martin, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin 03601, Slovakia
| | - Ján Strnádel
- Biomedical Center Martin, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin 03601, Slovakia
| | - Eva Vidomanová
- Biomedical Center Martin, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin 03601, Slovakia
| | - Erika Halašová
- Biomedical Center Martin, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin 03601, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Socorro M, Criscimanna A, Riva P, Tandon M, Prasadan K, Guo P, Humar A, Husain SZ, Leach SD, Gittes GK, Esni F. Identification of Newly Committed Pancreatic Cells in the Adult Mouse Pancreas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17539. [PMID: 29235528 PMCID: PMC5727523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent epithelial cells with high Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity have been previously reported to exist in the adult pancreas. However, whether they represent true progenitor cells remains controversial. In this study, we isolated and characterized cells with ALDH activity in the adult mouse or human pancreas during physiological conditions or injury. We found that cells with ALDH activity are abundant in the mouse pancreas during early postnatal growth, pregnancy, and in mouse models of pancreatitis and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Importantly, a similar population of cells is found abundantly in healthy children, or in patients with pancreatitis or T1D. We further demonstrate that cells with ALDH activity can commit to either endocrine or acinar lineages, and can be divided into four sub-populations based on CD90 and Ecadherin expression. Finally, our in vitro and in vivo studies show that the progeny of ALDH1+/CD90−/Ecad− cells residing in the adult mouse pancreas have the ability to initiate Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox (Pdx1) expression for the first time. In summary, we provide evidence for the existence of a sortable population of multipotent non-epithelial cells in the adult pancreas that can commit to the pancreatic lineage following proliferation and mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mairobys Socorro
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA.,Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA
| | - Angela Criscimanna
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA.,Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA
| | - Patricia Riva
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA.,Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA
| | - Manuj Tandon
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA.,Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA.,Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA
| | - Ping Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA.,Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Road, 3SCR6.4621, Houston, Texas, 77054, USA
| | - Abhinav Humar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA
| | - Sohail Z Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA
| | - Steven D Leach
- Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA.,Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA
| | - Farzad Esni
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA. .,Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA. .,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15244, USA. .,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15123, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Scimeca M, Antonacci C, Toschi N, Giannini E, Bonfiglio R, Buonomo CO, Pistolese CA, Tarantino U, Bonanno E. Breast Osteoblast-like Cells: A Reliable Early Marker for Bone Metastases From Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 18:e659-e669. [PMID: 29306659 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of bone metastasis from breast cancer results from a functional interaction between tumor cells and osteoclasts or osteoblasts. The main aim of this study was therefore to test the hypothesis that the appearance of breast osteoblast-like cells (BOLCs) in primary mammary lesions is a precursor (and hence an early predictor) of the formation of breast cancer metastases to bone. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, we collected 64 breast infiltrating carcinomas, 50 breast benignant lesions, and 10 biopsies of bone metastasis selected from patients with infiltrated carcinoma. Immunohistochemical, western blot, and ultrastructural analysis allowed us to investigate the presence of BOLCs in breast cancer lesions and metastatic sites. RESULTS We established the presence of a high amount of breast cancer cells that underwent mesenchymal transformation in infiltrating carcinomas. In addition, our results demonstrated that the microenvironment of breast cancer is very similar to the microenvironment of bone. We noted a significantly higher expression of BMP-2/4 and PTX3 in breast-infiltrating carcinomas compared with benign lesions. Moreover, we also identified numerous BOLCs positive to RANKL and Vitamin D receptor. Thanks to ultrastructural analysis, we also revealed the presence of BOLCs at the metastatic site. CONCLUSIONS The identification of breast cancer cells with high affinity for a bone environment opens new perspectives on prevention and therapy of bone metastases from breast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; OrchideaLab S.r.l., Morlupo, Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Antonacci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Giannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Bonfiglio
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Bonanno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; TMALab s.r.l., Spin-off of University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Liu Q, Zhang H, Jiang X, Qian C, Liu Z, Luo D. Factors involved in cancer metastasis: a better understanding to "seed and soil" hypothesis. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:176. [PMID: 29197379 PMCID: PMC5712107 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis has intrigued researchers for more than 100 years. Despite the development of technologies and therapeutic strategies, metastasis is still the major cause of cancer-related death until today. The famous "seed and soil" hypothesis is widely cited and accepted, and it still provides significant instructions in cancer research until today. To our knowledge, there are few reviews that comprehensively and correlatively focus on both the seed and soil factors involved in cancer metastasis; moreover, despite the fact that increasingly underlying mechanisms and concepts have been defined recently, previous perspectives are appealing but may be limited. Hence, we reviewed factors involved in cancer metastasis, including both seed and soil factors. By integrating new concepts with the classic hypothesis, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the "seed and soil" hypothesis and to conceptualize the framework for understanding factors involved in cancer metastasis. Based on a dynamic overview of this field, we also discuss potential implications for future research and clinical therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- Queen Mary School, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Bayi Road, No.461, 330006, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiyun Qian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Bayi Road, No.461, 330006, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Bayi Road, No.461, 330006, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Daya Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Bayi Road, No.461, 330006, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Bayi Road, No.461, 330006, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Dominguez C, David JM, Palena C. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inflammation at the site of the primary tumor. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:177-184. [PMID: 28823497 PMCID: PMC5698091 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth and progression are the products of complex signaling networks between different cell types within the tumor and its surrounding stroma. In particular, established tumors are known to stimulate an inflammatory reaction via the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that favor the recruitment of a range of infiltrating immune cell populations into the tumor microenvironment. While potentially able to exert tumor control, this inflammatory reaction is typically seized upon by the tumor to promote its own growth and progression towards metastasis. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding how an established tumor can initiate an inflammatory response via the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6 and IL-8, and their roles in cancer metastasis. In particular, the role of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a phenotypic switch observed in carcinomas that promotes progression towards metastasis, is discussed here in relation to cancer inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charli Dominguez
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Justin M David
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Chen KG, Johnson KR, McKay RDG, Robey PG. Concise Review: Conceptualizing Paralogous Stem-Cell Niches and Unfolding Bone Marrow Progenitor Cell Identities. Stem Cells 2017; 36:11-21. [PMID: 28948674 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lineage commitment and differentiation of skeletal stem cells/bone marrow stromal cells (SSCs/BMSCs, often called bone marrow-derived "mesenchymal stem/stromal" cells) offer an important opportunity to study skeletal and hematopoietic diseases, and for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Currently, many studies in this field have relied on cell lineage tracing methods in mouse models, which have provided a significant advancement in our knowledge of skeletal and hematopoietic stem-cell niches in bone marrow (BM). However, there is a lack of agreement in numerous fundamental areas, including origins of various BM stem-cell niches, cell identities, and their physiological roles in the BM. In order to resolve these issues, we propose a new hypothesis of "paralogous" stem-cell niches (PSNs); that is, progressively altered parallel niches within an individual species throughout the life span of the organism. A putative PSN code seems to be plausible based on analysis of transcriptional signatures in two representative genes that encode Nes-GFP and leptin receptors, which are frequently used to monitor SSC lineage development in BM. Furthermore, we suggest a dynamic paralogous BM niche (PBMN) model that elucidates the coupling and uncoupling mechanisms between BM stem-cell niches and their zones of active regeneration during different developmental stages. Elucidation of these PBMNs would enable us to resolve the existing controversies, thus paving the way to achieving precision regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical applications based on these BM cell resources. Stem Cells 2018;36:11-21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kory R Johnson
- Information Technology and Bioinformatics Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Lo UG, Lee CF, Lee MS, Hsieh JT. The Role and Mechanism of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Prostate Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102079. [PMID: 28973968 PMCID: PMC5666761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer (PCa), similar to many other cancers, distant organ metastasis symbolizes the beginning of the end disease, which eventually leads to cancer death. Many mechanisms have been identified in this process that can be rationalized into targeted therapy. Among them, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is originally characterized as a critical step for cell trans-differentiation during embryo development and now recognized in promoting cancer cells invasiveness because of high mobility and migratory abilities of mesenchymal cells once converted from carcinoma cells. Nevertheless, the underlying pathways leading to EMT appear to be very diverse in different cancer types, which certainly represent a challenge for developing effective intervention. In this article, we have carefully reviewed the key factors involved in EMT of PCa with clinical correlation in hope to facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategy that is expected to reduce the disease mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U-Ging Lo
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Cheng-Fan Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Song W, Mazzieri R, Yang T, Gobe GC. Translational Significance for Tumor Metastasis of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1106. [PMID: 28955335 PMCID: PMC5601389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment determines development and progression of many cancers. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is fundamental to tumor progression and metastasis not only by increasing invasiveness but also by increasing resistance to cell death, senescence, and various cancer therapies; determining inflammation and immune surveillance; and conferring stem cell properties. It does this by enabling polarized epithelial cells to transform into cells with a mesenchymal, and therefore motile, phenotype. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key cells of the tumor microenvironment that orchestrate the connection between inflammation and cancer. Activation of EMT often requires crosstalk between cancer cells and components of the local tumor microenvironment, including TAMs. In this review, clinical and experimental evidence is presented for control of TAMs in promoting cancer cell invasion and migration and their interaction with the EMT process in the metastatic cascade. The translational significance of these findings is that the signaling pathways that interconnect TAMs and EMT-modified cancer cells may represent promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of tumor metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Song
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Roberta Mazzieri
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tao Yang
- Discipline of Pathology, The Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,SydPath, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Tzanakakis G, Kavasi RM, Voudouri K, Berdiaki A, Spyridaki I, Tsatsakis A, Nikitovic D. Role of the extracellular matrix in cancer-associated epithelial to mesenchymal transition phenomenon. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:368-381. [PMID: 28758355 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program is a crucial component in the processes of morphogenesis and embryonic development. The transition of epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype is associated with numerous structural and functional changes, including loss of cell polarity and tight cell-cell junctions, the acquisition of invasive abilities, and the expression of mesenchymal proteins. The switch between the two phenotypes is involved in human pathology and is crucial for cancer progression. Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are multi-component networks that surround cells in tissues. These networks are obligatory for cell survival, growth, and differentiation as well as tissue organization. Indeed, the ECM suprastructure, in addition to its supportive role, can process and deliver a plethora of signals to cells, which ultimately regulate their behavior. Importantly, the ECM derived signals are critically involved in the process of EMT during tumorigenesis. This review discusses the multilayer interaction between the ECM and the EMT process, focusing on contributions of discrete mediators, a strategy that may identify novel potential target molecules. Developmental Dynamics 247:368-381, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Rafaela-Maria Kavasi
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kallirroi Voudouri
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioanna Spyridaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Igarashi T, Araki K, Yokobori T, Altan B, Yamanaka T, Ishii N, Tsukagoshi M, Watanabe A, Kubo N, Handa T, Hosouchi Y, Nishiyama M, Oyama T, Shirabe K, Kuwano H. Association of RAB5 overexpression in pancreatic cancer with cancer progression and poor prognosis via E-cadherin suppression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12290-12300. [PMID: 28103577 PMCID: PMC5355344 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a common type of cancer with poor prognosis worldwide. Postoperative survival depends on the existence of metastasis. Elucidation of the mechanism underlying cancer progression is important to improve prognosis. The RAS-associated protein RAB5 activates intracellular membrane trafficking, and RAB5 expression is correlated to progression and epithelial mesenchymal transition in various cancers. The expression of RAB5 and E-cadherin in 111 pancreatic cancer samples was investigated by immunohistochemical staining, and the relationship among RAB5 expression, clinicopathological factors, and E-cadherin expression was assessed. Furthermore, RAB5 suppression analysis by siRNA was performed to determine the roles of RAB5 in morphological change, proliferation potency, cell migration ability, and invasiveness of the pancreatic cancer cell line. High RAB5 expression correlated with the presence of lymphatic invasion and venous invasion and low E-cadherin expression. Patients with high RAB5 expression had a poorer prognosis than those with low RAB5 expression. RAB5 suppression in pancreatic cancer cells enhanced E-cadherin expression; changed cell morphology from spindle to round; and inhibited proliferation, invasion, and cell migration. RAB5 contributes to poor prognosis and progression in pancreatic cancer patients. It may be a promising candidate for individualized therapy in refractory pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takamichi Igarashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.,Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Araki
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.,Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Bolag Altan
- Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamanaka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.,Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Norihiro Ishii
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.,Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mariko Tsukagoshi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.,Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.,Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Norio Kubo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.,Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tadashi Handa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hosouchi
- Department of Surgery and Laparoscopic Surgery, Gunma Prefecture Saiseikai-Maebashi Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nishiyama
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.,Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Integrative Center of General Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Hugo HJ, Gunasinghe NPAD, Hollier BG, Tanaka T, Blick T, Toh A, Hill P, Gilles C, Waltham M, Thompson EW. Epithelial requirement for in vitro proliferation and xenograft growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells: oncogenic rather than tumor-suppressive role of E-cadherin. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:86. [PMID: 28750639 PMCID: PMC5530912 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with downregulated E-cadherin and frequently with decreased proliferation. Proliferation may be restored in secondary metastases by mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). We tested whether E-cadherin maintains epithelial proliferation in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells, facilitating metastatic colonization in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. METHODS EMT/MET markers were assessed in xenograft tumors by immunohistochemistry. Stable E-cadherin manipulation was effected by transfection and verified by Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Effects of E-cadherin manipulation on proliferation and chemomigration were assessed in vitro by performing sulforhodamine B assays and Transwell assays, respectively. Invasion was assessed by Matrigel outgrowth; growth in vivo was assessed in SCID mice; and EMT status was assessed by qPCR. Hypoxic response of E-cadherin knockdown cell lines was assessed by qPCR after hypoxic culture. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), one- and two-way ANOVA with posttests, and paired Student's t tests were performed to determine significance (p < 0.05). RESULTS EMT occurred at the necrotic interface of MDA-MB-468 xenografts in regions of hypoxia. Extratumoral deposits (vascular and lymphatic inclusions, local and axillary nodes, and lung metastases) strongly expressed E-cadherin. MDA-MB-468 cells overexpressing E-cadherin were more proliferative and less migratory in vitro, whereas E-cadherin knockdown (short hairpin CDH1 [shCDH1]) cells were more migratory and invasive, less proliferative, and took longer to form tumors. shCDH1-MDA-MB-468 xenografts did not contain the hypoxia-induced necrotic areas observed in wild-type (WT) and shSCR-MDA-MB-468 tumors, but they did not exhibit an impaired hypoxic response in vitro. Although vimentin expression was not stimulated by E-cadherin knockdown in 2D or 3D cultures, xenografts of these cells were globally vimentin-positive rather than exhibiting regional EMT, and they expressed higher SNA1 than their in vitro counterparts. E-cadherin suppression caused a trend toward reduced lung metastasis, whereas E-cadherin overexpression resulted in the reverse trend, consistent with the increased proliferation rate and predominantly epithelial phenotype of MDA-MB-468 cells outside the primary xenograft. This was also originally observed in WT xenografts. Furthermore, we found that patients with breast cancer that expressed E-cadherin were more likely to have metastases. CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin expression promotes growth of primary breast tumors and conceivably the formation of metastases, supporting a role for MET in metastasis. E-cadherin needs to be reevaluated as a tumor suppressor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Hugo
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - N P A D Gunasinghe
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B G Hollier
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - T Tanaka
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - T Blick
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - A Toh
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - P Hill
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - C Gilles
- Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA)-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M Waltham
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - E W Thompson
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Stemm M, Beck C, Mannem R, Neilson J, Klein MJ. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of bone with prominent rhabdoid component. Ann Diagn Pathol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
81
|
He S, Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Yang X, Li Y, Sun H, Lin L, Fan K, Liang L, Feng C, Wang F, Zhang X, Guo Y, Pei D, Zheng H. Sequential EMT-MET induces neuronal conversion through Sox2. Cell Discov 2017; 3:17017. [PMID: 28580167 PMCID: PMC5450022 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct neuronal conversion can be achieved with combinations of small-molecule compounds and growth factors. Here, by studying the first or induction phase of the neuronal conversion induced by defined 5C medium, we show that the Sox2-mediated switch from early epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to late mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) within a high proliferation context is essential and sufficient for the conversion from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to TuJ+ cells. At the early stage, insulin and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced cell proliferation, early EMT, the up-regulation of Stat3 and Sox2, and the subsequent activation of neuron projection. Up-regulated Sox2 then induced MET and directed cells towards a neuronal fate at the late stage. Inhibiting either stage of this sequential EMT-MET impaired the conversion. In addition, Sox2 could replace sequential EMT-MET to induce a similar conversion within a high proliferation context, and its functions were confirmed with other neuronal conversion protocols and MEFs reprogramming. Therefore, the critical roles of the sequential EMT-MET were implicated in direct cell fate conversion in addition to reprogramming, embryonic development and cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songwei He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengdan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lilong Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lining Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengqian Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuhui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiping Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Jie XX, Zhang XY, Xu CJ. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, circulating tumor cells and cancer metastasis: Mechanisms and clinical applications. Oncotarget 2017; 8:81558-81571. [PMID: 29113414 PMCID: PMC5655309 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) endows epithelial cells with enhanced motility and invasiveness, allowing them to participate in many physiological and pathological processes. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to the generation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in epithelial cancers because it increases tumor cell invasiveness, promotes tumor cell intravasation and ensures tumor cell survival in the peripheral system. Although the contribution of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition to tumor cell invasiveness has been confirmed, the role epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition plays in metastasis remains debated. As a favorable material for a “liquid biopsy”, circulating tumor cells have been shown to have promising values in the clinical management of tumors. Furthermore, an increasing number of studies have begun to explore the value of CTC-related biomarkers, and some studies have found that the expression of EMT and stemness markers in circulating tumor cells, in addition to CTC detection, can provide more information on tumor diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Jie
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Jian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Park PG, Jo SJ, Kim MJ, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Park CK, Kim H, Lee KY, Kim H, Park JH, Dong SM, Lee JM. Role of LOXL2 in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and colorectal cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80325-80335. [PMID: 29113306 PMCID: PMC5655201 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most dangerous types of malignant tumors, and cancer metastasis is a major factor in the failure of CRC therapy. Recently, LOXL2 (lysyl oxidase-like 2) has been shown to represent a regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in different cancer types. However, LOXL2 has not been reported to be involved in CRC metastasis. In this study, we demonstrated that LOXL2 expression is strongly correlated with the rate of CRC metastasis, it participates in the regulation of EMT-related molecule expression in CRC cells in vitro, and it is involved in migratory potential alterations. Additionally, tissue microarray analysis of CRC patients showed an increase in the probability of developing CRC distant metastasis and a decrease in the survival rate of patients with high LOXL2 expression. The results obtained in this study indicate that LOXL2 is involved in the development and progression of CRC metastasis, and therefore, its expression levels may represent a useful prognostic marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Gu Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ji Jo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hae Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Keun Park
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kang Young Lee
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoguen Kim
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeon Han Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Myung Dong
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,IMK Bio-Convergence R&D Center, International Vaccine Institute SNU Research Park, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Von Stetina SE, Liang J, Marnellos G, Mango SE. Temporal regulation of epithelium formation mediated by FoxA, MKLP1, MgcRacGAP, and PAR-6. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2042-2065. [PMID: 28539408 PMCID: PMC5509419 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryo morphogenesis, minor epithelia are generated after, and then form bridges between, major epithelia (e.g., epidermis and gut). In Caenorhabditis elegans, this delay is regulated by four proteins that control production and localization of polarity proteins: the pioneer factor PHA-4/FoxA, kinesin ZEN-4/MKLP1, its partner CYK-4/MgcRacGAP, and PAR-6. To establish the animal body plan, embryos link the external epidermis to the internal digestive tract. In Caenorhabditis elegans, this linkage is achieved by the arcade cells, which form an epithelial bridge between the foregut and epidermis, but little is known about how development of these three epithelia is coordinated temporally. The arcade cell epithelium is generated after the epidermis and digestive tract epithelia have matured, ensuring that both organs can withstand the mechanical stress of embryo elongation; mistiming of epithelium formation leads to defects in morphogenesis. Using a combination of genetic, bioinformatic, and imaging approaches, we find that temporal regulation of the arcade cell epithelium is mediated by the pioneer transcription factor and master regulator PHA-4/FoxA, followed by the cytoskeletal regulator and kinesin ZEN-4/MKLP1 and the polarity protein PAR-6. We show that PHA-4 directly activates mRNA expression of a broad cohort of epithelial genes, including junctional factor dlg-1. Accumulation of DLG-1 protein is delayed by ZEN-4, acting in concert with its binding partner CYK-4/MgcRacGAP. Our structure–function analysis suggests that nuclear and kinesin functions are dispensable, whereas binding to CYK-4 is essential, for ZEN-4 function in polarity. Finally, PAR-6 is necessary to localize polarity proteins such as DLG-1 within adherens junctions and at the apical surface, thereby generating arcade cell polarity. Our results reveal that the timing of a landmark event during embryonic morphogenesis is mediated by the concerted action of four proteins that delay the formation of an epithelial bridge until the appropriate time. In addition, we find that mammalian FoxA associates with many epithelial genes, suggesting that direct regulation of epithelial identity may be a conserved feature of FoxA factors and a contributor to FoxA function in development and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Von Stetina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge; MA 02138
| | - Jennifer Liang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge; MA 02138
| | - Georgios Marnellos
- Informatics and Scientific Applications, Science Division, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge; MA 02138
| | - Susan E Mango
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge; MA 02138
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Rao A, Herr DR. G protein-coupled receptor GPR19 regulates E-cadherin expression and invasion of breast cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1318-1327. [PMID: 28476646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including cancer initiation and progression. Within this family, approximately 140 GPCRs have no known endogenous ligands and these "orphan" GPCRs remain poorly characterized. The orphan GPCR GPR19 was identified and cloned 2 decades ago, but relatively little is known about its physio-pathological relevance. We observed its expression to be elevated in breast cancers and therefore sought to investigate its potential role in breast cancer pathology. In this work, we show that overexpression of GPR19 drives mesenchymal-like breast cancer cells to adopt an epithelial-like phenotype, as demonstrated by the upregulation in E-cadherin expression and changes in functional behavior. We confirm a previous report that a peptide, adropin, is an endogenous ligand for GPR19. We further show that adropin-mediated activation of GPR19 activates the MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, which is essential for the observed upregulation in E-cadherin and accompanying phenotypic changes. The recapitulation of epithelial characteristics at the secondary tumor sites is now understood to be an essential step in the colonization process. Taken together our work shows for the first time that GPR19 plays a potential role in metastasis by promoting the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) through the ERK/MAPK pathway, thus facilitating colonization of metastatic breast tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angad Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Liao L, Song M, Li X, Tang L, Zhang T, Zhang L, Pan Y, Chouchane L, Ma X. E3 Ubiquitin Ligase UBR5 Drives the Growth and Metastasis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2090-2101. [PMID: 28330927 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are at high risk for recurrence and metastasis at an early time despite standard treatment, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic modalities. Here, we report for the first time a distinctive and profound role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 in the growth and metastasis of TNBC. An analysis of primary TNBC specimen by whole-exon sequencing revealed strong gene amplifications of UBR5 associated with the disease. UBR5 overexpression in TNBC tissues was confirmed at mRNA and protein levels. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of ubr5 in an experimental murine mammary carcinoma model of TNBC dramatically abrogated tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, which could be reversed completely via reconstitution with wild-type UBR5 but not a catalytically inactive mutant. Loss of UBR5 caused an impairment in angiogenesis within the tumor, associated with increased apoptosis, necrosis, and growth arrest. Absence of UBR5 in the tumor triggered aberrant epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, principally via abrogated expression of E-cadherin, which resulted in severely reduced tumor metastasis to secondary organs. Use of NOD/SCID mice revealed that tumor-derived UBR5 facilitated tumor growth in a manner completely dependent upon immune cells in the microenvironment, whereas it promoted metastasis in a tumor cell-autonomous fashion. Our findings unveil UBR5 as a novel and critical regulator of tumor growth, metastasis, and immune response and highlight the potential for UBR5 as an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of highly aggressive breast and ovarian cancers that fail conventional therapy. Cancer Res; 77(8); 2090-101. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiu Liao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hunan Clinical Meditech Research Center for Breast Cancer, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hunan Clinical Meditech Research Center for Breast Cancer, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hunan Clinical Meditech Research Center for Breast Cancer, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihang Pan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lotfi Chouchane
- Laboratory of Genetic Medicine and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hunan Clinical Meditech Research Center for Breast Cancer, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Kühnöl CD, Würfel C, Staege MS, Kramm C. Snail homolog 1 is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like processes in human glioblastoma cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3882-3888. [PMID: 28529599 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in neurosurgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the outcome of patients with glioblastoma remains poor. The migration of tumor cells from the primary tumor site with subsequent invasion of these cells into the surrounding normal brain tissue is frequently responsible for relapse and treatment failure. The present study hypothesized that snail homolog 1 (SNAI1), a factor critically involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human carcinoma cells, may also contribute to an invasive EMT-like phenotype of glioblastoma cells. The majority of glioblastoma cell lines investigated in the present study expressed SNAI1 at basal levels. The present study overexpressed SNAI1 in glioblastoma cell lines by lentiviral transfer of human SNAI1 complementary DNA. In addition, the inhibition of SNAI1 expression was achieved by lentiviral transfer of a short hairpin RNA specific for SNAI1. SNAI1 overexpression increased proliferation of one of the cell lines, U251MG, but exhibited only a weak effect on the migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells. However, downregulation of SNAI1 significantly decreased the invasive capacity of all investigated cell lines. In parallel, regained expression of E-cadherin, a marker that is usually lost during EMT, was observed subsequent to SNAI1 knockdown in the glioblastoma cell lines U87MG and U251MG. The data of the present study suggest that certain key genes of the EMT in carcinoma are also involved in the migration and invasion of human glioblastoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caspar D Kühnöl
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Carina Würfel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Christof Kramm
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Georg August University Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Schwabe T, Li X, Gaul U. Dynamic analysis of the mesenchymal-epithelial transition of blood-brain barrier forming glia in Drosophila. Biol Open 2017; 6:232-243. [PMID: 28108476 PMCID: PMC5312092 DOI: 10.1242/bio.020669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, many epithelia are formed by a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Here, we examine the major stages and underlying mechanisms of MET during blood-brain barrier formation in Drosophila. We show that contact with the basal lamina is essential for the growth of the barrier-forming subperineurial glia (SPG). Septate junctions (SJs), which provide insulation of the paracellular space, are not required for MET, but are necessary for the establishment of polarized SPG membrane compartments. In vivo time-lapse imaging reveals that the Moody GPCR signaling pathway regulates SPG cell growth and shape, with different levels of signaling causing distinct phenotypes. Timely, well-coordinated SPG growth is essential for the uniform insertion of SJs and thus the insulating function of the barrier. To our knowledge, this is the first dynamic in vivo analysis of all stages in the formation of a secondary epithelium, and of the key role trimeric G protein signaling plays in this important morphogenetic process. Summary: This study examines the major steps and underlying mechanisms of mesenchymal-epithelial transition of the blood-brain-barrier forming glia in Drosophila, including the role of basal lamina, septate junctions and of trimeric G protein signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schwabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich 81377, Germany.,Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, 10065-6399 NY, USA
| | - Ulrike Gaul
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich 81377, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Farahmand L, Darvishi B, Majidzadeh‐A K, Madjid Ansari A. Naturally occurring compounds acting as potent anti-metastatic agents and their suppressing effects on Hedgehog and WNT/β-catenin signalling pathways. Cell Prolif 2017; 50:e12299. [PMID: 27669681 PMCID: PMC6529111 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous remarkable achievements in the field of anti-cancer therapy, tumour relapse and metastasis still remain major obstacles in improvement of overall cancer survival, which may be at least partially owing to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Multiple signalling pathways have been identified in EMT; however, it appears that the role of the Hedgehog and WNT/β-catenin pathways are more prominent than others. These are well-known preserved intracellular regulatory pathways of different cellular functions including proliferation, survival, adhesion and differentiation. Over the last few decades, several naturally occurring compounds have been identified to significantly obstruct several intermediates in Hedgehog and WNT/β-catenin signalling, eventually resulting in suppression of signal transduction. This article highlights the current state of knowledge associated with Hedgehog and WNT/β-catenin, their involvement in metastasis through EMT processes and introduction of the most potent naturally occurring agents with capability of suppressing them, eventually overcoming tumour relapse, invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Farahmand
- Cancer Genetics DepartmentBreast Cancer Research CenterACECRTehranIran
| | - B. Darvishi
- Recombinant Proteins DepartmentBreast Cancer Research CenterACECRTehranIran
| | - K. Majidzadeh‐A
- Cancer Genetics DepartmentBreast Cancer Research CenterACECRTehranIran
- Tasnim Biotechnology Research Center (TBRC)school of medicineAJA University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - A. Madjid Ansari
- Cancer Alternative and Complementary Medicine DepartmentBreast Cancer Research CenterACECRTehranIran
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Merzoug-Larabi M, Spasojevic C, Eymard M, Hugonin C, Auclair C, Karam M. Protein kinase C inhibitor Gö6976 but not Gö6983 induces the reversion of E- to N-cadherin switch and metastatic phenotype in melanoma: identification of the role of protein kinase D1. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:12. [PMID: 28056869 PMCID: PMC5217271 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-3007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is a highly metastatic type of cancer that is resistant to all standard anticancer therapies and thus has a poor prognosis. Therefore, metastatic melanoma represents a significant clinical problem and requires novel and effective targeted therapies. The protein kinase C (PKC) family comprises multiple isoforms of serine/threonine kinases that possess distinct roles in cancer development and progression. In this study, we determined whether inhibition of PKC could revert a major process required for melanoma progression and metastasis; i.e. the E- to N-cadherin switch. Methods The cadherin switch was analyzed in different patient-derived primary tumors and their respective metastatic melanoma cells to determine the appropriate cellular model (aggressive E-cadherin-negative/N-cadherin-positive metastasis-derived melanoma cells). Next, PKC inhibition in two selected metastatic melanoma cell lines, was performed by using either pharmacological inhibitors (Gö6976 and Gö6983) or stable lentiviral shRNA transduction. The expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin was determined by western blot. The consequences of cadherin switch reversion were analyzed: cell morphology, intercellular interactions, and β-catenin subcellular localization were analyzed by immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy; cyclin D1 expression was analyzed by western blot; cell metastatic potential was determined by anchorage-independent growth assay using methylcellulose as semi-solid medium and cell migration potential by wound healing and transwell assays. Results Gö6976 but not Gö6983 reversed the E- to N-cadherin switch and as a consequence induced intercellular interactions, profound morphological changes from elongated mesenchymal-like to cuboidal epithelial-like shape, β-catenin translocation from the nucleus to the plasma membrane inhibiting its oncogenic function, and reverting the metastatic potential of the aggressive melanoma cells. Comparison of the target spectrum of these inhibitors indicated that these observations were not the consequence of the inhibition of conventional PKCs (cPKCs), but allowed the identification of a novel serine/threonine kinase, i.e. protein kinase Cμ, also known as protein kinase D1 (PKD1), whose specific inhibition allows the reversion of the metastatic phenotype in aggressive melanoma. Conclusion In conclusion, our study suggests, for the first time, that while cPKCs don’t embody a pertinent therapeutic target, inhibition of PKD1 represents a novel attractive approach for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-3007-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Spasojevic
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235, France.,Département de Génétique, Institut Curie, Unité de Pharmacogénomique, Paris, 75248, France
| | - Marianne Eymard
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235, France
| | - Caroline Hugonin
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235, France
| | - Christian Auclair
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235, France
| | - Manale Karam
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235, France. .,Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, 5825, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Sullivan R, Maresh G, Zhang X, Salomon C, Hooper J, Margolin D, Li L. The Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles As Communication Vehicles within the Tumor Microenvironment and Beyond. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:194. [PMID: 28848498 PMCID: PMC5550719 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors evolve in complex and dynamic microenvironments that they rely on for sustained growth, invasion, and metastasis. Within this space, tumor cells and non-malignant cells are in frequent communication. One specific mode of communication that has gained recent attention is the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are lipid bilayer-bound vehicles that are released from the cell membrane and carry nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to neighboring or distant cells. EVs have been demonstrated to influence a multitude of processes that aid in tumor progression including cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, metastasis, immunoediting, and drug resistance. The ubiquitous involvement of EVs on cancer progression makes them very suitable targets for novel therapeutics. Furthermore, they are being studied as specific markers for cancer diagnostics, prognosis, and even as chemotherapy drug-delivery systems. This review focuses on the most recent advances in EV knowledge, some current and potential problems with their use, and some proposed solutions to consider for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sullivan
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Grace Maresh
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - John Hooper
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Margolin
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Ochsner Clinical School, School of Medicine, University Queensland, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Ochsner Clinical School, School of Medicine, University Queensland, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Li Li,
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Osteopontin facilitates tumor metastasis by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2564. [PMID: 28032860 PMCID: PMC5261026 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis leads to high mortality; therefore, understanding the mechanisms that underlie tumor metastasis is crucial. Generally seen as a secretory protein, osteopontin (OPN) is involved in multifarious pathophysiological events. Here, we present a novel pro-metastatic role of OPN during metastatic colonization. Unlike secretory OPN (sOPN), which triggers the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) to initiate cancer metastasis, intracellular/nuclear OPN (iOPN) induces the mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) to facilitate the formation of metastases. Nuclear OPN is found to interact with HIF2α and impact the subsequent AKT1/miR-429/ZEB cascade. In vivo assays confirm that the progression of metastatic colonization is accompanied by the nuclear accumulation of OPN and the MET process. Furthermore, evidence of nuclear OPN in the lung metastases is exhibited in clinical specimens. Finally, VEGF in the microenvironment was shown to induce the translocation of OPN into the nucleus through a KDR/PLCγ/PKC-dependent pathway. Taken together, our results describe the pleiotropic roles of OPN in the tumor metastasis cascade, which indicate its potential as an effective target for both early and advanced tumors.
Collapse
|
93
|
Zhu P, Zhang YM, Yin X, Zhang XH, Wang F, Zhang JJ, Yan W, Xi Y, Wan JB, Kang JX, Zou ZQ, Bu SZ. Endogenously synthesized n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fat-1 transgenic mice suppress B16F10 melanoma lung metastasis by impairing mesenchymal to epithelial transition. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
94
|
Liu F, Gu LN, Shan BE, Geng CZ, Sang MX. Biomarkers for EMT and MET in breast cancer: An update. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4869-4876. [PMID: 28105194 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis and recurrence are the leading cause of mortality due to breast cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Understanding the breast cancer metastasis mechanism is important for early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The seeding and growth of breast cancer cells at sites distinct from the primary tumor is a complex and multistage process. Recently, it has been reported that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) are the main mechanisms for breast cancer metastasis. During EMT, carcinoma cells shed their differentiated epithelial characteristics, including cell-cell adhesion, polarity and lack of motility, and acquire mesenchymal traits, including motility and invasiveness. This review has summarized the studies of known EMT biomarkers in the context of breast cancer progression. These biomarkers include EMT-related genes, proteins, microRNAs and kinases. In general, the findings of these studies suggest that EMT markers are associated with the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Further studies on the link between EMT markers and breast cancer will contribute to identify biomarkers for predicting early breast cancer metastasis as well as to provide new ideas for the treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Tumor Research Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China; Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Gu
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Bao-En Shan
- Tumor Research Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China; Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Zhi Geng
- Breast Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Xiang Sang
- Tumor Research Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China; Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Che D, Zhou T, Lan Y, Xie J, Gong H, Li C, Feng J, Hong H, Qi W, Ma C, Wu Q, Yang X, Gao G. High glucose-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition contributes to the upregulation of fibrogenic factors in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1815-1822. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
96
|
Pieniazek M, Donizy P, Halon A, Leskiewicz M, Matkowski R. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers in skin melanoma patients. Biomark Med 2016; 10:975-85. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate secreted protein acidic and rich in cystein (SPARC) and neural cadherin (NCAD), which are associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition in primary skin melanoma and nodal metastases and their prognostic impact in melanoma patients. Methods: Expression of proteins was assessed by immunochemistry in archival paraffin samples from 103 primary melanoma tumors and 16 nodal metastases. Results: Increased expression of SPARC and NCAD in primary skin melanoma was associated with decreased overall survival, adverse clinicopathological features and particularly with microsatellitosis (SPARC) and ulceration (NCAD). In univariate Cox regression analysis, both biomarkers were significantly associated with the risk of death; the multivariate Cox regression analysis identified no significance. Conclusion: The most important result of our study was that we confirmed the strict correlation between SPARC and NCAD expression and clinicopathological parameters related with melanoma progression, which is a specific clinical equivalent of the molecular mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition process and confirms its key role in the disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Pieniazek
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tadeusz Koszarowski Regional Oncology Center, Opole, Katowicka 66a, Poland
| | - Piotr Donizy
- Department of Pathomorphology & Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50–556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Halon
- Department of Pathomorphology & Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50–556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Leskiewicz
- Department of Statistics, Wroclaw University of Economics, Komandorska 118–120, 53–345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Matkowski
- Department of Oncology & Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, pl. Hirszfelda 12, 53–413 Wroclaw, Poland
- Lower Silesian Oncology Centre, pl. Hirszfelda 12, 53–413 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Zhang L, Wang D, Li Y, Liu Y, Xie X, Wu Y, Zhou Y, Ren J, Zhang J, Zhu H, Su Z. CCL21/CCR7 Axis Contributed to CD133+ Pancreatic Cancer Stem-Like Cell Metastasis via EMT and Erk/NF-κB Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158529. [PMID: 27505247 PMCID: PMC4978474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor metastasis is driven by malignant cells and stromal cell components of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be responsible for metastasis by altering the tumor microenvironment. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes contribute to specific stages of the metastatic cascade, promoted by cytokines and chemokines secreted by stromal cell components in the tumor microenvironment. C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) interacts with its ligand, chemokine ligand 21(CCL21), to mediate metastasis in some cancer cells lines. This study investigated the role of CCL21/CCR7 in promoting EMT and metastasis of cluster of differentiation 133+ (CD133+) pancreatic cancer stem-like cells. Methods Panc-1, AsPC-1, and MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells were selected because of their aggressive invasive potentials. CCR7 expression levels were examined in total, CD133+ and CD133− cell fractions by Immunofluorescence analysis and real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The role of CCL21/CCR7 in mediating metastasis and survival of CD133+ pancreatic cancer stem-like cells was detected by Transwell assays and flow cytometry, respectively. EMT and lymph node metastasis related markers (E-cadherin, N- cadherin, LYVE-1) were analyzed by western blot. CCR7 expression levels were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and RT-qPCR in resected tumor tissues, metastatic lymph nodes, normal lymph nodes and adjacent normal tissues from patients with pancreatic carcinoma. Results CCR7 expression was significantly increased in CD133+ pancreatic cancer stem-like cells, resected pancreatic cancer tissues, and metastatic lymph nodes, compared with CD133− cancer cells, adjacent normal tissues and normal lymph nodes, respectively. CCL21/CCR7 promoted metastasis and survival of CD133+ pancreatic cancer stem-like cells and regulated CD133+ pancreatic cancer stem-like cells metastasis by modulating EMT and Erk/NF-κB pathway. Conclusions These results indicate a specific role for CCL21/CCR7 in promoting EMT and metastasis in CD133+ pancreatic cancer stem-like cells. Furthermore the data also indicated the potential importance of developing therapeutic strategies targeting cancer stem-like cells and CCL21/CCR7 for reducing metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- * E-mail: (DW); (HZ); (ZS)
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Department of Central laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- * E-mail: (DW); (HZ); (ZS)
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- * E-mail: (DW); (HZ); (ZS)
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Gene Expression and Proteome Analysis as Sources of Biomarkers in Basal Cell Carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:9831237. [PMID: 27578920 PMCID: PMC4992754 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9831237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the world's leading skin cancer in terms of frequency at the moment and its incidence continues to rise each year, leading to profound negative psychosocial and economic consequences. UV exposure is the most important environmental factor in the development of BCC in genetically predisposed individuals, this being reflected by the anatomical distribution of lesions mainly on sun-exposed skin areas. Early diagnosis and prompt management are of crucial importance in order to prevent local tissue destruction and subsequent disfigurement. Although various noninvasive or minimal invasive techniques have demonstrated their utility in increasing diagnostic accuracy of BCC and progress has been made in its treatment options, recurrent, aggressive, and metastatic variants of BCC still pose significant challenge for the healthcare system. Analysis of gene expression and proteomic profiling of tumor cells and of tumoral microenvironment in various tissues strongly suggests that certain molecules involved in skin cancer pathogenic pathways might represent novel predictive and prognostic biomarkers in BCC.
Collapse
|
99
|
Fisher ML, Adhikary G, Xu W, Kerr C, Keillor JW, Eckert RL. Type II transglutaminase stimulates epidermal cancer stem cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20525-39. [PMID: 25971211 PMCID: PMC4653023 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that has recently been implicated as having a role in ECS cell survival. In the present study we investigate the role of TG2 in regulating epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ECS cells. Our studies show that TG2 knockdown or treatment with TG2 inhibitor, results in a reduced EMT marker expression, and reduced cell migration and invasion. TG2 has several activities, but the most prominent are its transamidase and GTP binding activity. Analysis of a series of TG2 mutants reveals that TG2 GTP binding activity, but not the transamidase activity, is required for expression of EMT markers (Twist, Snail, Slug, vimentin, fibronectin, N-cadherin and HIF-1α), and increased ECS cell invasion and migration. This coupled with reduced expression of E-cadherin. Additional studies indicate that NF&#ξ03BA;B signaling, which has been implicated as mediating TG2 impact on EMT in breast cancer cells, is not involved in TG2 regulation of EMT in skin cancer. These studies suggest that TG2 is required for maintenance of ECS cell EMT, invasion and migration, and suggests that inhibiting TG2 GTP binding/G-protein related activity may reduce skin cancer tumor survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wen Xu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Candace Kerr
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Braks JAM, Spiegelberg L, Koljenovic S, Ridwan Y, Keereweer S, Kanaar R, Wolvius EB, Essers J. Optical Imaging of Tumor Response to Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment and Irradiation in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 17:633-42. [PMID: 25724406 PMCID: PMC4768231 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is used in the treatment of radiation-induced tissue injury but its effect on (residual) tumor tissue is indistinct and therefore investigated in this study. Procedures Orthotopic FaDu tumors were established in mice, and the response of the (irradiated) tumors to HBOT was monitored by bioluminescence imaging. Near infrared fluorescence imaging using AngioSense750 and Hypoxisense680 was applied to detect tumor vascular permeability and hypoxia. Results HBOT treatment resulted in accelerated growth of non-irradiated tumors, but mouse survival was improved. Tumor vascular leakiness and hypoxia were enhanced after HBOT, whereas histological characteristics, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers, and metastatic incidence were not influenced. Conclusions Squamous cell carcinoma responds to HBOT with respect to tumor growth, vascular permeability, and hypoxia, which may have implications for its use in cancer patients. The ability to longitudinally analyze tumor characteristics highlights the versatility and potential of optical imaging methods in oncological research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11307-015-0834-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A M Braks
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Linda Spiegelberg
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Senada Koljenovic
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yanto Ridwan
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Keereweer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 1738, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eppo B Wolvius
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|