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Zhang J, Qian Z, Wu X, Ding Y, Li J, Lu C, Shen Y. Juanlimycins A and B, Ansamycin Macrodilactams from Streptomyces sp. Org Lett 2014; 16:2752-5. [PMID: 24797062 DOI: 10.1021/ol501072t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanli Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zhengyi Qian
- State
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Xingkang Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yanjiao Ding
- Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Jianfang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
- School
of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, PR China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
- State
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
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Sensi P, Terenzi E. Recent Development in the Chemotherapy of Mycobacterial Infections. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.197500058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Synthesis and evaluation of α-ketotriazoles and α,β-diketotriazoles as inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:167-73. [PMID: 24016834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two series of α-ketotriazole and α,β-diketotriazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antitubercular and cytotoxic activities. Among them, two α,β-diketotriazole compounds, 6b and 9b, exhibited good activities (minimum inhibitory concentration = 7.6 μM and 6.9 μM, respectively) on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains and presented no cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ > 50 μM) on colorectal cancer HCT116 and normal fibroblast GM637H cell lines. These two compounds represent promising leads for further optimization.
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Rifampicin Resistance: Fitness Costs and the Significance of Compensatory Evolution. Antibiotics (Basel) 2013; 2:206-16. [PMID: 27029299 PMCID: PMC4790335 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics2020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy years after the introduction of antibiotic chemotherapy to treat tuberculosis, problems caused by drug-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis have become greater than ever. The discovery and development of novel drugs and drug combination therapies will be critical to managing these problematic infections. However, to maintain effective therapy in the long-term and to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past, it is essential that we understand how resistance to antibiotics evolves in M. tuberculosis. Recent studies in genomics and genetics, employing both clinical isolates and model organisms, have revealed that resistance to the frontline anti-tuberculosis drug, rifampicin, is very strongly associated with the selection of fitness compensatory mutations in the different subunits of RNA polymerase. This mode of resistance evolution may also apply to other drugs, and knowledge of the rates and mechanisms could be used to design improved diagnostics and by tracking the evolution of infectious strains, to inform the optimization of therapies.
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In vivo/in vitro pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of spray-dried poly-(dl-lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles encapsulating rifampicin and isoniazid. Int J Pharm 2013; 444:10-7. [PMID: 23357255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly-(dl-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles were prepared by a double emulsion solvent evaporation spray-drying technique and coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG 1% v/v). The PLGA nanoparticles had a small size (229±7.6 to 382±23.9nm), uniform size distribution and positive zeta potential (+12.45±4.53mV). In vitro/in vivo assays were performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) performance of these nanoparticles following nanoencapsulation of the anti-tuberculosis drugs rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH). The results demonstrated the potential for the reduction in protein binding of these drugs by protection in the polymer core. Furthermore, in vitro efficacy was demonstrated using Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb.) (strain H37Rv). Sustained drug release over seven days were observed for these drugs following once-off oral administration in mice with subsequent drug distribution of up to 10 days in the liver and lungs for RIF and INH, respectively. It was concluded by these studies combined with our previous reports that spray-dried PLGA nanoparticles demonstrate potential for the improvement of tuberculosis chemotherapy by nanoencapsulation of anti-tuberculosis drugs.
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Phase behavior of rifampicin in cholesterol-based liquid crystals and polyethylene glycol. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:804-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gonçalves JE, Ballerini Fernandes M, Chiann C, Gai MN, De Souza J, Storpirtis S. Effect of pH, mucin and bovine serum on rifampicin permeability through Caco-2 cells. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2012; 33:316-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang Chiann
- Mathematics and Statistics Institute; University of São Paulo; São Paulo; SP; Brazil
| | - Maria Nella Gai
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Chile; Santiago; Chile
| | - Jacqueline De Souza
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto; MG; Brazil
| | - Sílvia Storpirtis
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo; SP; Brazil
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Villemagne B, Crauste C, Flipo M, Baulard AR, Déprez B, Willand N. Tuberculosis: the drug development pipeline at a glance. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 51:1-16. [PMID: 22421275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major disease causing every year 1.8 million deaths worldwide and represents the leading cause of mortality resulting from a bacterial infection. Introduction in the 60's of first-line drug regimen resulted in the control of the disease and TB was perceived as defeating. However, since the progression of HIV leading to co-infection with AIDS and the emergence of drug resistant strains, the need of new anti-tuberculosis drugs was not overstated. However in the past 40 years any new molecule did succeed in reaching the market. Today, the pipeline of potential new treatments has been fulfilled with several compounds in clinical trials or preclinical development with promising activities against sensitive and resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Compounds as gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, metronidazole or linezolid already used against other bacterial infections are currently evaluated in clinical phases 2 or 3 for treating tuberculosis. In addition, analogues of known TB drugs (PA-824, OPC-67683, PNU-100480, AZD5847, SQ609, SQ109, DC-159a) and new chemical entities (TMC207, BTZ043, DNB1, BDM31343) are under development. In this review, we report the chemical synthesis, mode of action when known, in vitro and in vivo activities and clinical data of all current small molecules targeting tuberculosis.
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Barry CE. Lessons from seven decades of antituberculosis drug discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 11:1216-25. [PMID: 21401509 DOI: 10.2174/156802611795429158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite massive global efforts tuberculosis rates continue to climb and drug-resistance rates are rising to alarming levels. Discovering new agents for treating this bacterial pathogen poses unique challenges, but these challenges have been faced throughout the entire modern history of research into anti-infectives. This review looks back at every decade since the 1940s and summarizes the most important drugs developed during each decade highlighting the lessons learned during these successful medicinal chemistry programs. Looking forward we must accelerate the integration of these past lessons with the impressive advances that have been made in the basic understanding of the biology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCID, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Pyta K, Przybylski P. MALDI-TOF tandem mass spectrometric analysis of novel aza-analogues of semi-synthetic ansamycin antibiotic--rifampicin. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:751-756. [PMID: 21766394 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Kim HR, Hwang SS, Kim EC, Lee SM, Yang SC, Yoo CG, Kim YW, Han SK, Shim YS, Yim JJ. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant bacterial infection among patients with tuberculosis. J Hosp Infect 2010; 77:134-7. [PMID: 20850896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Given that anti-tuberculosis medication itself has antibacterial activity and that broad-spectrum antibiotics are frequently used, the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria among patients being treated for tuberculosis (TB) is likely. We used a case-control design to study the clinical predictors of MDR bacterial infection among TB patients. Both cases and controls were selected from among patients who were diagnosed and treated as having TB between 1 January 1996 and 31 August 2006. TB patients with MDR bacterial infection were included as cases and those with non-MDR bacterial infection were included as controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to elucidate the risk factors for MDR bacterial infection. During the study period 3667 patients were diagnosed with, and treated for, TB. A total of 123 experienced episodes of bacterial infection, of whom 59 (48.0%) were infected by an MDR strain at least once. The presence of chronic renal failure [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 4.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37-18.01] and the use of antimicrobials other than typical anti-TB drugs within three months (adjusted OR: 4.37; 95% CI: 1.74-10.95) were independent risk factors for MDR bacterial infection. Bacterial infection in TB patients is commonly multidrug resistant. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of MDR bacterial infection among TB patients with chronic renal failure or recent use of other antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-R Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Early bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of PA-824 in smear-positive tuberculosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3402-7. [PMID: 20498324 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01354-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PA-824 is a novel nitroimidazo-oxazine being evaluated for its potential to improve tuberculosis (TB) therapy. This randomized study evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and extended early bactericidal activity of PA-824 in drug-sensitive, sputum smear-positive, adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Fifteen patients per cohort received 1 of 4 doses of oral PA-824: 200, 600, 1,000, or 1,200 mg per day for 14 days. Eight subjects received once daily standard antituberculosis treatment as positive control. The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean rate of change in log CFU of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum incubated on agar plates from serial overnight sputum collections, expressed as log10 CFU/day/ml (+/-standard deviation [SD]). The drug demonstrated increases that were dose linear but less than dose proportional in serum concentrations in doses from 200 to 1,000 mg daily. Dosing of 1,200 mg gave no additional exposure compared to 1,000 mg daily. The mean daily CFU fall under standard treatment was 0.148 (+/-0.055), consistent with that found in previous studies. The mean daily fall under PA-824 was 0.098 (+/-0.072) and was equivalent for all four dosages. PA-824 appeared safe and well tolerated; the incidence of adverse events potentially related to PA-824 appeared dose related. We conclude that PA-824 demonstrated bactericidal activity over the dose range of 200 to 1,200 mg daily over 14 days. Because maximum efficacy was unexpectedly achieved at the lowest dosage tested, the activity of lower dosages should now be explored.
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Becker C, Dressman JB, Junginger HE, Kopp S, Midha KK, Shah VP, Stavchansky S, Barends DM. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: rifampicin. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2252-67. [PMID: 19160441 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of new multisource and reformulated immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing rifampicin as the only Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) are reviewed. Rifampicin's solubility and permeability, its therapeutic use and index, pharmacokinetics, excipient interactions and reported BE/bioavailability (BA) problems were taken into consideration. Solubility and absolute BA data indicate that rifampicin is a BCS Class II drug. Of special concern for biowaiving is that many reports of failure of IR solid oral dosage forms of rifampicin to meet BE have been published and the reasons for these failures are yet insufficiently understood. Moreover, no reports were identified in which in vitro dissolution was shown to be predictive of nonequivalence among products. Therefore, a biowaiver based approval of rifampicin containing IR solid oral dosage forms cannot be recommended for either new multisource drug products or for major scale-up and postapproval changes (variations) to existing drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Becker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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66
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of traditional systemic therapies for psoriasis is limited by various side effects, toxicity, drug-drug interactions, and the need for frequent laboratory monitoring. In animal models, rifampicin causes immunosuppression and in conventional doses it suppresses the T-cell function. OBJECTIVE To show that rifampicin has a therapeutic effect in eruptive psoriasis and to try to explain its mode of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 76 patients (34 men and 42 women, aged between 12 and 68 years) with eruptive psoriasis were enrolled in the study. They were divided into two groups according to the evidence of a concomitant streptococcal infection. Rifampicin was administered orally in a 600 mg daily dosage for at least 60 days. Only emollients were given for topical therapy. RESULTS A statistical (chi-squared test) analysis was done and it could be concluded that improvement in the two groups was statistically indistinguishable (p = 0.892), while comparison with the control group showed a significant difference (p = 0.00082). CONCLUSION The results express that there is no statistically significant difference between the treating groups and the effect of rifampicin could not be related only to its antimicrobial properties. Its therapeutic effect most probably is due to its immunosuppressive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Tsankov
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Faculty, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Gumbo T, Louie A, Deziel MR, Liu W, Parsons LM, Salfinger M, Drusano GL. Concentration-dependent Mycobacterium tuberculosis killing and prevention of resistance by rifampin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3781-8. [PMID: 17724157 PMCID: PMC2151424 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01533-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifampin is a cornerstone of modern antituberculosis therapy. However, rifampin's half-life of 3 h is believed to limit its utility for intermittent therapy, so new congeners with long half-lives are being developed. Using an in vitro pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of tuberculosis, we examined the relationships between rifampin exposure, microbial killing of log-phase-growth Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and suppression of resistance. Rifampin's microbial killing was linked to the area under the concentration-time curve-to-MIC ratio. The suppression of resistance was associated with the free peak concentration (C(max))-to-MIC ratio and not the duration that the rifampin concentration was above MIC. Rifampin prevented resistance to itself at a free C(max)/MIC ratio of > or =175. The postantibiotic effect duration was > or =5.2 days and was most closely related to the C(max)/MIC ratio (r(2) = 0.96). To explain rifampin's concentration-dependent effect, we examined the kinetics of rifampin entry into M. tuberculosis. Rifampin achieved concentration-dependent intracellular steady-state concentrations within 15 min. Our results suggest that doses of rifampin higher than those currently employed would optimize the effect of rifampin, if patients could tolerate them. Another major implication is that in the design of new rifampin congeners for intermittent therapy, the important properties may include (i) the efficient entry of the rifamycin into M. tuberculosis, (ii) the achievement of a free C(max)/MIC of >175 that can be tolerated by patients, and (iii) a long postantibiotic effect duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawanda Gumbo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA.
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Abstract
Since after the first streptomycin 1944 trials, anti-tuberculous chemotherapy research has been focused upon establishing drug combination regimens capable of overcoming drug resistance and amenable to ambulatory treatment in resource strapped countries. The first milestone being the 1959 Madras trial comparing home and sanatorium treatment in South India. Subsequently, the MRC trials led Fox and Mitchison to indicate rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide as the first line drugs for short course, 6 month, regimens and the 1982 Hong Kong Chest Service trials established intermittent therapy as the ambulatory treatment standard for directly observed therapy (DOT). The rising of the HIV epidemic at the beginning of the 1980s has refuelled tuberculosis spread in Africa and Asia and contributed to the expansion of drug-resistant tuberculosis worldwide making the development of new drugs and drug regimens for ambulatory treatment a top priority. Led by biotechnological advances, molecular biology has been brought into TB laboratory diagnosis for the highly sensitive and specific rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in biological samples. The field of immunological diagnosis of TB infection, dominated since the early 1900s by the intradermal tuberculin reaction has been put back in motion by the discovery of M. tuberculosis-specific proteins and peptides, now employed in blood tests of high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of latent TB which may help with the identification of contacts at higher risk of active disease and the eradication of epidemic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Saltini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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Bhowruth V, Dover LG, Besra GS. 4Tuberculosis Chemotherapy: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 45:169-203. [PMID: 17280904 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(06)45504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veemal Bhowruth
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Graham KC, Lebelle MJ, Wilson WL. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Rifampin and Related Impurities in Pharmaceutical Formulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483917908060069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Barluenga J, Aznar F, García AB, Cabal MP, Palacios JJ, Menéndez MA. New rifabutin analogs: Synthesis and biological activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5717-22. [PMID: 16987658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, and biological evaluation of a series of novel rifamycin derivatives, Rifastures (RFA) with potent anti-tuberculosis activity are presented. Some of these derivatives showed higher in vitro activity than rifabutin and rifampicin against not only Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains but also against MAC and Mycobacterium kansasii.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Barluenga
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica Enrique Moles, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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Hasan S, Daugelat S, Rao PSS, Schreiber M. Prioritizing genomic drug targets in pathogens: application to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Comput Biol 2006; 2:e61. [PMID: 16789813 PMCID: PMC1475714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a software program that weights and integrates specific properties on the genes in a pathogen so that they may be ranked as drug targets. We applied this software to produce three prioritized drug target lists for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, a disease for which a new drug is desperately needed. Each list is based on an individual criterion. The first list prioritizes metabolic drug targets by the uniqueness of their roles in the M. tuberculosis metabolome (“metabolic chokepoints”) and their similarity to known “druggable” protein classes (i.e., classes whose activity has previously been shown to be modulated by binding a small molecule). The second list prioritizes targets that would specifically impair M. tuberculosis, by weighting heavily those that are closely conserved within the Actinobacteria class but lack close homology to the host and gut flora. M. tuberculosis can survive asymptomatically in its host for many years by adapting to a dormant state referred to as “persistence.” The final list aims to prioritize potential targets involved in maintaining persistence in M. tuberculosis. The rankings of current, candidate, and proposed drug targets are highlighted with respect to these lists. Some features were found to be more accurate than others in prioritizing studied targets. It can also be shown that targets can be prioritized by using evolutionary programming to optimize the weights of each desired property. We demonstrate this approach in prioritizing persistence targets. The search for drugs to prevent or treat infections remains an urgent focus in infectious disease research. A new software program has been developed by the authors of this article that can be used to rank genes as potential drug targets in pathogens. Traditional prioritization approaches to drug target identification, such as searching the literature and trying to mentally integrate varied criteria, can quickly become overwhelming for the drug discovery researcher. Alternatively, one can computationally integrate different criteria to create a ranking function that can help to identify targets. The authors demonstrate the applicability of this approach on the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the organism that causes tuberculosis (TB), a disease for which new drug treatments are especially needed because of emerging drug-resistant strains. The experiences gained from this work will be useful for both wet-lab and informatics scientists working in infectious disease research; first, it demonstrates that ample public data already exist on the M. tuberculosis genome that can be tuned effectively for prioritizing drug targets. Second, the output from numerous freely available bioinformatics tools can be pushed to achieve these goals. Third, the methodology can easily be extended to other pathogens of interest. Currently studied TB targets are also highlighted in terms of the authors' ranking system, which should be useful for researchers focusing on TB drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiul Hasan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), Chromos, Singapore
| | - Sabine Daugelat
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), Chromos, Singapore
| | | | - Mark Schreiber
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), Chromos, Singapore
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Xu J, Wan E, Kim CJ, Floss HG, Mahmud T. Identification of tailoring genes involved in the modification of the polyketide backbone of rifamycin B by Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2005; 151:2515-2528. [PMID: 16079331 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rifamycin B biosynthesis by Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699 involves a number of unusual modification reactions in the formation of the unique polyketide backbone and decoration of the molecule. A number of genes believed to be involved in the tailoring of rifamycin B were investigated and the results confirmed that the formation of the naphthalene ring moiety of rifamycin takes place during the polyketide chain extension and is catalysed by Rif-Orf19, a 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate hydroxylase-like protein. The cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase encoded by rif-orf5 is required for the conversion of the Delta12, 29 olefinic bond in the polyketide backbone of rifamycin W into the ketal moiety of rifamycin B. Furthermore, Rif-Orf3 may be involved in the regulation of rifamycin B production, as its knock-out mutant produced about 40 % more rifamycin B than the wild-type. The work also revealed that many of the genes located in the cluster are not involved in rifamycin biosynthesis, but might be evolutionary remnants carried over from an ancestral lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
| | - Eva Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3507, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
| | - Chang-Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
| | - Heinz G Floss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
| | - Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3507, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
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76
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz G Floss
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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77
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Knight JL, Mekler V, Mukhopadhyay J, Ebright RH, Levy RM. Distance-restrained docking of rifampicin and rifamycin SV to RNA polymerase using systematic FRET measurements: developing benchmarks of model quality and reliability. Biophys J 2004; 88:925-38. [PMID: 15542547 PMCID: PMC1305165 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.050187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We are developing distance-restrained docking strategies for modeling macromolecular complexes that combine available high-resolution structures of the components and intercomponent distance restraints derived from systematic fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements. In this article, we consider the problem of docking small-molecule ligands within macromolecular complexes. Using simulated FRET data, we have generated a series of benchmarks that permit estimation of model accuracy based on the quantity and quality of FRET-derived distance restraints, including the number, random error, systematic error, distance distribution, and radial distribution of FRET-derived distance restraints. We find that expected model accuracy is 10 A or better for models based on: i), > or =20 restraints with up to 15% random error and no systematic error, or ii), > or =20 restraints with up to 15% random error, up to 10% systematic error, and a symmetric radial distribution of restraints. Model accuracies can be improved to 5 A or better by increasing the number of restraints to > or =40 and/or by optimizing the distance distribution of restraints. Using experimental FRET data, we have defined the positions of the binding sites within bacterial RNA polymerase of the small-molecule inhibitors rifampicin (Rif) and rifamycin SV (Rif SV). The inferred binding sites for Rif and Rif SV were located with accuracies of, respectively, 7 and 10 A relative to the crystallographically defined binding site for Rif. These accuracies agree with expectations from the benchmark simulations and suffice to indicate that the binding sites for Rif and Rif SV are located within the RNA polymerase active-center cleft, overlapping the binding site for the RNA-DNA hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Knight
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the BioMaPS Institute for Quantitative Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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78
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Calleja I, Blanco-Príeto MJ, Ruz N, Renedo MJ, Dios-Viéitez MC. High-performance liquid-chromatographic determination of rifampicin in plasma and tissues. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1031:289-94. [PMID: 15058595 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A HPLC-UV method has been developed for assaying rifampicin in plasma and liver. The assay involved a liquid-liquid extraction procedure with dichloromethane-pentane (1:1). An Ultrabase-C18 column and a simple mobile phase consisting of a water (pH 2.27)-acetonitrile (40:60, v/v) mixture were used. The flow-rate was 1 ml/min and the effluent was monitored at 333 nm. Results from the HPLC analyses showed that the assay method is linear in the ranges 0.1-1 and 1-50 microg/ml for plasma, and 0.6-40 microg/g for liver. Intra- and inter-day R.S.D. were below 15% for all the sample types. Recoveries averaged 83 and 95% for plasma and liver, respectively. The method is being successfully applied to determine rifampicin in plasma and liver samples taken during pharmacokinetic studies in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Calleja
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
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79
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Tsankov N, Angelova I. Rifampin in dermatology. Dis Mon 2004; 50:369-80. [PMID: 15280868 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2004.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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80
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Schraufnagel DE. Treatment of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18937-1_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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81
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Hartmann GR, Heinrich P, Kollenda MC, Skrobranek B, Tropschug M, Weiß W. Molecular Mechanism of Action of the Antibiotic Rifampicin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198510093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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82
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Tsankov
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sofia University of Medicine, Bulgaria.
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83
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Reisbig RR, Woody AYM, Woody RW. Rifampicin as a spectroscopic probe of the mechanism of RNA polymerase from E. coli. Biochemistry 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bi00530a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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84
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Abstract
There is increasing concern in many countries about the problem of drug-resistant tuberculosis, particularly so because no new classes of drugs have been developed for the treatment of tuberculosis since the 1960s. Although drug resistance is thought to be fairly common in some countries and rare in others, the global extent of this condition is not precisely known. This problem is currently being investigated by a combined initiative of the World Health Organization and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Recently, there have been advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of drug-resistant tuberculosis. With the sequencing of the whole genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the possibility of new targets for drug development has emerged. For the present, however, cure rates on average remain modest, and nonadherence with chemotherapy remains a major problem. Drug resistance is a man-made problem and efforts to prevent it through directly observed therapy, short course are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Willcox
- Respiratory Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa
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85
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Funayama S, Cordell GA. Ansamycin antibioticsA discovery, classification, biosynthesis and biological activities. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART D) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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86
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Natural products with polyene amide structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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87
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Shishoo CJ, Shah SA, Rathod IS, Savale SS, Kotecha JS, Shah PB. Stability of rifampicin in dissolution medium in presence of isoniazid. Int J Pharm 1999; 190:109-23. [PMID: 10528103 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rifampicin (RIF) hydrolyzes in acidic medium to form insoluble and poorly absorbed 3-Formyl rifamycin SV (3-FRSV). This study describes development of two principally different methods, Dual Wavelength UV-Vis. spectrophotometry (DW spectrophotometry) and HPTLC, to determine 3-FRSV in presence of RIF. Using DW spectrophotometry, RIF was estimated by using wavelengths 475.0 and 507.0 nm and 3-FRSV was estimated using 457.0 and 492.0 nm. In HPTLC method, a mixture of chloroform:methanol:water (80:20:2.5 v/v) was used as the mobile phase to resolve 3-FRSV from RIF and 3-FRSV was quantified at 333 nm. The linearity range for 3-FRSV was 2-10 microg/ml and 50-250 ng/spot for DW spectrophotometric method and HPTLC method, respectively, and 5-50 microg/ml for RIF using DW spectrophotometric method. Both the methods were found to be specific, accurate and reproducible. The proposed methods were successfully applied to determine the rate of degradation of RIF to 3-FRSV in dissolution medium (0.1 N HCl) and also in presence of isoniazid (INH). The rate of degradation of RIF in presence of INH was almost two times more than that of RIF alone. These methods were utilized to study the stability of RIF in market formulations of RIF and RIF with INH in dissolution medium. It has been observed that RIF degrades by 12.4% to form 3-FRSV (RIF formulations) while in presence of INH the degradation is catalyzed to about 21.5% (RIF+INH formulations), in 45 min. Thus, lower concentration of RIF may be available for absorption leading to poor bioavailability of RIF from combination dosage forms (RIF+INH) as compared to formulations containing only RIF. It is proposed that specific analytical method should be used to measure RIF in presence of 3-FRSV in a dissolution study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Shishoo
- Department of Quality Assurance, L.M. College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 4011, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, India.
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88
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Quan S, Venter H, Dabbs ER. Ribosylative inactivation of rifampin by Mycobacterium smegmatis is a principal contributor to its low susceptibility to this antibiotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:2456-60. [PMID: 9371349 PMCID: PMC164144 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.11.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium smegmatis inactivates rifampin by ribosylating this antibiotic. The gene responsible for this ability was cloned and was shown to confer low-level resistance to this antibiotic (MIC increase, about 12-fold) in related organisms. A 600-bp subclone responsible for ribosylating activity and resistance carried an open reading frame of 429 bp. Targeted disruption of the gene in M. smegmatis resulted in mutants with much increased susceptibility to rifampin (MICs of 1.5 instead of 20 microg/ml) as well as the loss of antibiotic-inactivating ability. Also, disruption of this gene led to a much lower frequency of occurrence of spontaneous high-level rifampin-resistant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Quan
- Genetics Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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89
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Takai S, Takeda K, Nakano Y, Karasawa T, Furugoori J, Sasaki Y, Tsubaki S, Higuchi T, Anzai T, Wada R, Kamada M. Emergence of rifampin-resistant Rhodococcus equi in an infected foal. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:1904-8. [PMID: 9196223 PMCID: PMC229871 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.7.1904-1908.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the emergence of rifampin resistance in Rhodococcus equi strains isolated from foals and their environment in Japan, we compared the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities to rifampin of 640 isolates from 64 infected foals and 98 soil isolates from their horse-breeding farms. As a control, 39 human isolates from patients with and without AIDS were also tested for susceptibility to rifampin. All of the isolates showed rifampin sensitivity, except isolates from one infected foal and two patients with AIDS that showed rifampin resistance. To investigate the emergence of rifampin-resistant R. equi in the infected foal, which had received rifampin monotherapy for a month before euthanasia, 99 isolates of R. equi from the lesions and 20 isolates from the intestinal contents of the one foal with rifampin-resistant organisms were analyzed for rifampin susceptibilities, pathogenicities, and ribotypes. Of the 99 isolates from the lesions, all of which were virulent R. equi strains containing a virulence plasmid with a size of 85 or 90 kb, 90 (91%) isolates were rifampin resistant (MIC, > or = 12.5 microg/ml). On the other hand, of the 20 isolates from the intestinal contents, 11 (55%) isolates showed rifampin resistance (MIC, > or = 25 microg/ml), and 5 of them were avirulent R. equi strains. Among these 101 rifampin-resistant R. equi isolates with and without virulence plasmids characterized by ribotyping, 58 were type I, 20 were type II, 11 were type III, and 12 were type IV. These results demonstrated that at least eight different rifampin-resistant R. equi strains emerged concurrently and respectively from the different lesions and intestinal contents of the infected foal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takai
- Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan.
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90
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Andersen SJ, Quan S, Gowan B, Dabbs ER. Monooxygenase-like sequence of a Rhodococcus equi gene conferring increased resistance to rifampin by inactivating this antibiotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:218-21. [PMID: 8980786 PMCID: PMC163691 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.1.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A DNA clone from Rhodococcus equi conferring low-level rifampin resistance through the ability to inactivate this antibiotic via its decomposition was identified. The iri (inactivation of rifampin) gene consisted of an open reading frame of 1,437 bp encoding a 479-amino-acid sequence strongly resembling those of monooxygenases acting upon phenolic compounds or involved in polyketide antibiotic synthesis. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the gene conferred resistance to a > 50-micrograms/ml concentration of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Andersen
- Genetics Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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91
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Bartolucci C, Cellai L, Martuccio C, Rossi A, Segre AL, Savu SR, Silvestro L. Synthesis of Glycosylrifamycins, a new type of semisynthetic rifamycins. Helv Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19960790611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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92
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Baker WR, Mitscher LA, Arain TM, Shawar R, Stover CK. Chapter 17. Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Anti-mycobacterial Agents. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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93
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The effect of high and low fat meals on the absorption of rifampicin from the gastrointestinal tract in volunteer subjects. Int J Pharm 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)90323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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94
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Harding SM, Bailey WC. Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-8321-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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95
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Walash MI, Belal F, Metwally ME, Hefnawy MM. Spectrophotometric Determination Of Rifampin in the Presence of its Degradation Products in Pharmaceutical Preparations. ANAL LETT 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719308017439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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96
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Tsankov
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sofia Faculty of Medicine, Bulgaria
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97
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Yazawa K, Mikami Y, Maeda A, Akao M, Morisaki N, Iwasaki S. Inactivation of rifampin by Nocardia brasiliensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:1313-7. [PMID: 8328779 PMCID: PMC187958 DOI: 10.1128/aac.37.6.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifampin was glycosylated by a pathogenic species of Nocardia, i.e., Nocardia brasiliensis. The structures of two glycosylated compounds (RIP-1 and RIP-2) isolated from the culture broth of the bacterium were determined to be 3-formyl-23-(O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl])rifamycin SV and 23-(O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl])rifampin, respectively. Both compounds lacked antimicrobial activity against other gram-positive bacteria as well as the Nocardia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yazawa
- Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, Japan
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98
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Kinetics for degradation of rifampicin, an azomethine-containing drug which exhibits reversible hydrolysis in acidic solutions. Int J Pharm 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(92)90355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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99
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Gurumurthy P, Rahman F, Narayana AS, Sarma GR. Salivary levels of isoniazid and rifampicin in tuberculous patients. TUBERCLE 1990; 71:29-33. [PMID: 2371759 DOI: 10.1016/0041-3879(90)90057-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of isoniazid and rifampicin were determined in time-matched samples of saliva and serum from 30 tuberculous patients (18 with pulmonary tuberculosis and 12 with intestinal tuberculosis), comprising 18 slow and 12 rapid acetylators of isoniazid, following administration of isoniazid 300 mg and rifampicin 12 mg/kg. The diffusion of isoniazid into saliva was quite rapid and the salivary concentrations were similar to those in serum, suggesting that saliva could be used in place of serum for all pharmacokinetic studies with isoniazid. The salivary concentrations of rifampicin were much lower than those in serum, the mean peak concentrations being 0.9 and 8.5 microgram/ml, respectively. Further, there was evidence of a significant delay in the diffusion of rifampicin from serum to saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gurumurthy
- Tuberculosis Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Madras
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100
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Bartolucci C, Cellai L, Cerrini S, Lamba D, Segre AL, Brizzi V, Brufani M. Synthesis, Reactivity Studies, and X-ray Crystal Structure of (11R)-25-O-Deacetyl-11-deoxo-11-hydroxy-21,23-O-isopropylidenerifamycin S. Helv Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19900730122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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