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Yang X, Wang X, Nie F, Liu T, Yu X, Wang H, Li Q, Peng R, Mao Z, Zhou Q, Li G. miR-135 family members mediate podocyte injury through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:669-77. [PMID: 26134897 PMCID: PMC4533775 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling occurs in virtually all types of kidney disease and is associated with podocyte injury. However, the precise mechanisms involved in the development of kidney disease remain to be elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a class of short non-coding RNAs and they have been shown to be regulators of gene expression, mainly by binding to the untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of the 2 members of the miR-135 family (miR-135a and miR-135b) in podocyte injury and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the damage to podocytes. The results revealed that miR-135a and miR-135b were upregulated in models of podocyte injury and in glomeruli isolated from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The ectopic expression of miR-135a and miR-135b led to severe podocyte injury and the disorder of the podocyte cytoskeleton. Our findings demonstrated that miR-135a and miR-135b activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and induced the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Using luciferase reporter assays, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) was identified as a target gene of miR-135a and miR-135b. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that members of the miR-135 family (specifically miR-135a and miR-135b) regulate the expression of GSK3β, thus playing a role in the development of podocyte injury and the disorder of the podocyte cytoskeleton. This is an important finding as it may contribute to the development of novel therapeutics for podocyte injury-associated glomerulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianggui Yang
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Fang Nie
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Tianming Liu
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xuejing Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Medical College, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Honglian Wang
- Research Center of Combined Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Qianyin Li
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Rui Peng
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhaomin Mao
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ge Li
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Ruiz MA, Chakrabarti S. MicroRNAs: the underlying mediators of pathogenetic processes in vascular complications of diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2015; 37:339-44. [PMID: 24500562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus causes chronic complications primarily affecting the vasculature of various organs, risking patients for renal failure, vision loss and heart failure. A newly discovered class of molecules, microRNAs, may be important in the genesis of these pathologic processes. microRNAs regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by inhibiting target messenger RNA translation. In disease states, however, the expression of microRNAs often is altered, resulting in further altered expression (mostly overexpression) of downstream target genes. Interestingly, restoring microRNA expression to normal levels can correct downstream effects and prevent diabetes-associated changes. Investigations into microRNA involved in various pathogenetic processes mediating diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiomyopathy are highlighted in this review. Future directions of microRNA in therapeutics and diagnostics are also discussed. It is our intent to help the reader appreciate the diverse interactions microRNAs have in cellular signalling and how understanding epigenetic elements, such as microRNAs, potentially can yield new therapeutic strategies.
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Kwekel JC, Vijay V, Desai VG, Moland CL, Fuscoe JC. Age and sex differences in kidney microRNA expression during the life span of F344 rats. Biol Sex Differ 2015; 6:1. [PMID: 25653823 PMCID: PMC4316605 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-014-0019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation may play a role in susceptibilities to specific toxicities and adverse drug reactions. MiRNAs in particular have been shown to be important regulators in cancer and other diseases and show promise as predictive biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. In this study, we characterized the global kidney miRNA expression profile in untreated male and female F344 rats throughout the life span. These findings were correlated with sex-specific susceptibilities to adverse renal events, such as male-biased renal fibrosis and inflammation in old age. Methods Kidney miRNA expression was examined in F344 rats at 2, 5, 6, 8, 15, 21, 78, and 104 weeks of age in both sexes using Agilent miRNA microarrays. Differential expression was determined using filtering criteria of ≥1.5 fold change and ANOVA or pairwise t-test (FDR <5%) to determine significant age and sex effects, respectively. Pathway analysis software was used to investigate the possible roles of these target genes in age- and sex-specific differences. Results Three hundred eleven miRNAs were found to be expressed in at least one age and sex. Filtering criteria revealed 174 differentially expressed miRNAs in the kidney; 173 and 34 miRNAs exhibiting age and sex effects, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed age effects predominated over sex effects, with 2-week miRNA expression being much different from other ages. No significant sexually dimorphic miRNA expression was observed from 5 to 8 weeks, while the most differential expression (13 miRNAs) was observed at 21 weeks. Potential target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. Conclusions The expression of 56% of detected renal miRNAs was found to vary significantly with age and/or sex during the life span of F344 rats. Pathway analysis suggested that 2-week-expressed miRNAs may be related to organ and cellular development and proliferation pathways. Male-biased miRNA expression at older ages correlated with male-biased renal fibrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration. These miRNAs showed high representation in renal inflammation and nephritis pathways, and included miR-214, miR-130b, miR-150, miR-223, miR-142-5p, miR-185, and miR-296*. Analysis of kidney miRNA expression throughout the rat life span will improve the use of current and future renal biomarkers and inform our assessments of kidney injury and disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-014-0019-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Kwekel
- Division of Systems Biology, Personalized Medicine Branch, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA
| | - Vikrant Vijay
- Division of Systems Biology, Personalized Medicine Branch, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA
| | - Varsha G Desai
- Division of Systems Biology, Personalized Medicine Branch, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA
| | - Carrie L Moland
- Division of Systems Biology, Personalized Medicine Branch, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA
| | - James C Fuscoe
- Division of Systems Biology, Personalized Medicine Branch, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA
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Li D, Wang N, Zhang L, Hanyu Z, Xueyuan B, Fu B, Shaoyuan C, Zhang W, Xuefeng S, Li R, Chen X. Mesenchymal stem cells protect podocytes from apoptosis induced by high glucose via secretion of epithelial growth factor. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 4:103. [PMID: 24004644 PMCID: PMC3856604 DOI: 10.1186/scrt314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The apoptosis and subsequent injury of podocytes plays a pathogenic role in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising therapeutic cells for preventing apoptosis and reducing cellular injury. Our previous study found that MSCs could protect kidneys from diabetes-induced injury without obvious engraftment. So we evaluated the effects of human adipose-derived MSCs (hAd-MSCs) on podocytic apoptosis and injury induced by high glucose (HG) and the underlying mechanisms. Methods We used flow cytometry, Western blot and confocal fluorescence microscopy to study podocytic apoptosis and injury induced by HG at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours in the presence or absence of MSC-conditioned medium (CM). An antibody-based cytokine array was used to identify the mediating factor, which was verified by adding the neutralizing antibody (NtAb) to block its function or adding the recombinant cytokine to the medium to induce its function. Results hAd-MSC-CM reduced podocytic apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, decreased the expression of podocytic cleaved caspase-3, and prevented the reduced expression and maintained the normal arrangement of podocytic synaptopodin and nephrin. However, human embryonic lung cell (Wi38)-CM failed to ameliorate podocytic apoptosis or injury. Twelve cytokines with concentration ratios (MSC-CM/Wi38-CM) >10-fold were identified. Epithelial growth factor (EGF) was singled out for its known ability to prevent apoptosis. Recombinant human EGF (rhEGF) prevented podocytic apoptosis and injury similarly to hAd-MSC-CM but, upon blockade of EGF, the beneficial effect of hAd-MSC-CM decreased dramatically. Conclusions hAd-MSCs prevent podocytic apoptosis and injury induced by HG, mainly through secreting soluble EG.
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MIMURA SHIMA, IWAMA HISAKAZU, KATO KIYOHITO, NOMURA KEI, KOBAYASHI MITSUYOSHI, YONEYAMA HIROHITO, MIYOSHI HISAAKI, TANI JOJI, MORISHITA ASAHIRO, HIMOTO TAKASHI, DEGUCHI AKIHIRO, NOMURA TAKAKO, SAKAMOTO TEPPEI, FUJITA KOJI, MAEDA EMIKO, IZUISHI KUNIHIKO, OKANO KEIICHI, SUZUKI YASUYUKI, MASAKI TSUTOMU. Profile of microRNAs associated with aging in rat liver. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1065-72. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Mortuza R, Feng B, Chakrabarti S. miR-195 regulates SIRT1-mediated changes in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1037-46. [PMID: 24570140 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Endothelial cell (EC) damage is a key mechanism causing retinal microvascular injury in diabetes. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to regulate sirtuin 1 (SIRT1, which is involved in regulation of the cell cycle, survival and metabolism) in various tissues and disease states, but no studies have been conducted on the role of miRNA in regulation of SIRT1 in diabetic retinopathy. Here we investigated the effect of miRNA-195 (miR-195), a SIRT1-targeting miRNA, on the development of diabetes-induced changes in ECs and retina. METHODS The level of miR-195 was measured in human retinal and dermal microvascular ECs (HRECs, HMECs) following exposure to 25 mmol/l glucose (high glucose, HG) and 5 mmol/l glucose (normal glucose, NG). SIRT1 and fibronectin levels were examined following transfection with miR-195 mimic or antagomir or forced expression of SIRT1. Retinal tissues from diabetic rats were similarly studied following intravitreal injection of an miR-195 antagomir or mimic. In situ hybridisation was used to localise retinal miR-195. RESULTS HG caused increased miR-195 levels and decreased SIRT1 expression (compared with NG) in both HRECs and HMECs. Transfection with miR-195 antagomir and forced expression of SIRT1 prevented such changes, whereas transfection with miR-195 mimic produced HG-like effects. A luciferase assay confirmed the binding of miR-195 to the 3' untranslated region of SIRT1. miR-195 expression was upregulated in retinas of diabetic rats and intravitreal injection of miR-195 antagomir ameliorated levels of SIRT1. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These studies identified a novel mechanism whereby miR-195 regulates SIRT1-mediated tissue damage in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokhsana Mortuza
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, DSB - 4033, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
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Zhou J, Dong X, Zhou Q, Wang H, Qian Y, Tian W, Ma D, Li X. microRNA expression profiling of heart tissue during fetal development. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1250-60. [PMID: 24604530 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are important both in early cardiogenesis and in the process of heart maturation. The aim of this study was to determine the stage-specific expression of miRNAs in human fetal heart in order to identify valuable targets for further study of heart defects. Affymetrix microarrays were used to obtain miRNA expression profiles from human fetal heart tissue at 5, 7, 9 and 23 weeks of gestation. To identify differentially expressed miRNAs at each time-point, linear regression analysis by the R limma algorithm was employed. Hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted with Cluster 3.0 software. Gene Ontology analysis was carried out for miRNAs from different clusters. Commonalities in miRNA families and genomic localization were identified, and the differential expression of selected miRNAs from different clusters was verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A total of 703 miRNAs were expressed in human fetal heart. Of these, 288 differentially expressed miRNAs represented 5 clusters with different expression trends. Several clustered miRNAs also shared classification within miRNA families or proximal genomic localization. qPCR confirmed the expression patterns of selected miRNAs. miRNAs within the 5 clusters were predicted to target genes vital for heart development and to be involved in cellular signaling pathways that affect heart structure formation and heart-associated cellular events. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first miRNA expression profiling study of human fetal heart tissue. The stage-specific expression of specific miRNAs suggests potential roles at distinct time-points during fetal heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizi Zhou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinran Dong
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiongjie Zhou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Qian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Transcriptomic analysis reveals key regulators of mammogenesis and the pregnancy-lactation cycle. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:340-355. [PMID: 24554470 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An organ unique to mammals, the mammary gland develops 90% of its mass after birth and experiences the pregnancylactation-involution cycle (PL cycle) during reproduction. To understand mammogenesis at the transcriptomic level and using a ribo-minus RNA-seq protocol, we acquired greater than 50 million reads each for the mouse mammary gland during pregnancy (day 12 of pregnancy), lactation (day 14 of lactation), and involution (day 7 of involution). The pregnancy-, lactation- and involution-related sequencing reads were assembled into 17344, 10160, and 13739 protein-coding transcripts and 1803, 828, and 1288 non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), respectively. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were defined in the three samples, which comprised 4843 DEGs (749 up-regulated and 4094 down-regulated) from pregnancy to lactation and 4926 DEGs (4706 up-regulated and 220 down-regulated) from lactation to involution. Besides the obvious and substantive up- and down-regulation of the DEGs, we observe that lysosomal enzymes were highly expressed and that their expression coincided with milk secretion. Further analysis of transcription factors such as Trps1, Gtf2i, Tcf7l2, Nupr1, Vdr, Rb1, and Aebp1, and ncRNAs such as mir-125b, Let7, mir-146a, and mir-15 has enabled us to identify key regulators in mammary gland development and the PL cycle.
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Wu H, Kong L, Zhou S, Cui W, Xu F, Luo M, Li X, Tan Y, Miao L. The role of microRNAs in diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:920134. [PMID: 25258717 PMCID: PMC4165734 DOI: 10.1155/2014/920134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), as one of the chronic complications of diabetes, is the major cause of end-stage renal disease. However, the pathogenesis of this disease is not fully understood. In recent years, research on microRNAs (miRNAs) has become a hotspot because of their critical role in regulating posttranscriptional levels of protein-coding genes that may serve as key pathogenic factors in diseases. Several miRNAs were found to participate in the pathogenesis of DN, while others showed renal protective effects. Therefore, targeting miRNAs that are involved in DN may have a good prospect in the treatment of the disease. The aim of this review is to summarize DN-related miRNAs and provide potential targets for diagnostic strategies and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications at Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lili Kong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wenpeng Cui
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Manyu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xiangqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Tan
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications at Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- *Yi Tan: and
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
- *Lining Miao:
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Wu J, Zheng C, Fan Y, Zeng C, Chen Z, Qin W, Zhang C, Zhang W, Wang X, Zhu X, Zhang M, Zen K, Liu Z. Downregulation of microRNA-30 facilitates podocyte injury and is prevented by glucocorticoids. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 25:92-104. [PMID: 24029422 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential for podocyte homeostasis, and the miR-30 family may be responsible for this action. However, the exact roles and clinical relevance of miR-30s remain unknown. In this study, we examined the expression of the miR-30 family in the podocytes of patients with FSGS and found that all members are downregulated. Treating cultured human podocytes with TGF-β, LPS, or puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) also downregulated the miR-30 family. Podocyte cytoskeletal damage and apoptosis caused by treatment with TGF-β or PAN were ameliorated by exogenous miR-30 expression and aggravated by miR-30 knockdown. Moreover, we found that miR-30s exert their protective roles by direct inhibition of Notch1 and p53, which mediate podocyte injury. In rats, treatment with PAN substantially downregulated podocyte miR-30s and induced proteinuria and podocyte injury; however, transfer of exogenous miR-30a to podocytes of PAN-treated rats ameliorated proteinuria and podocyte injury and reduced Notch1 activation. Finally, we demonstrated that glucocorticoid treatment maintains miR-30 expression in cultured podocytes treated with TGF-β, LPS, or PAN and in the podocytes of PAN-treated rats. Glucocorticoid-sustained miR-30 expression associated with reduced Notch1 activation and alleviated podocyte damage. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that miR-30s protect podocytes by targeting Notch1 and p53 and that the loss of miR-30s facilitates podocyte injury. In addition, sustained miR-30 expression may be a novel mechanism underlying the therapeutic effectiveness of glucocorticoids in treating podocytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Wu
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Liapis H, Romagnani P, Anders HJ. New insights into the pathology of podocyte loss: mitotic catastrophe. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1364-1374. [PMID: 24007883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes represent an essential component of the kidney's glomerular filtration barrier. They stay attached to the glomerular basement membrane via integrin interactions that support the capillary wall to withstand the pulsating filtration pressure. Podocyte structure is maintained by a dynamic actin cytoskeleton. Terminal differentiation is coupled with permanent exit from the cell cycle and arrest in a postmitotic state. Postmitotic podocytes do not have an infinite life span; in fact, physiologic loss in the urine is documented. Proteinuria and other injuries accelerate podocyte loss or induce death. Mature podocytes are unable to replicate and maintain their actin cytoskeleton simultaneously. By the end of mitosis, cytoskeletal actin forms part of the contractile ring, rendering a round shape to podocytes. Therefore, when podocyte mitosis is attempted, it may lead to aberrant mitosis (ie, mitotic catastrophe). Mitotic catastrophe implies that mitotic podocytes eventually detach or die; this is a previously unrecognized form of podocyte loss and a compensatory mechanism for podocyte hypertrophy that relies on post-G1-phase cell cycle arrest. In contrast, local podocyte progenitors (parietal epithelial cells) exhibit a simple actin cytoskeleton structure and can easily undergo mitosis, supporting podocyte regeneration. In this review we provide an appraisal of the in situ pathology of mitotic catastrophe compared with other proposed types of podocyte death and put experimental and renal biopsy data in a unified perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Liapis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Internal Medicine (Renal), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of de Novo Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy; Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Nephrology Center, Medical Hospital and Health Center IV, University of Munich Clinical Center-LMU, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, Germany
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DiStefano JK, Taila M, Alvarez ML. Emerging roles for miRNAs in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Curr Diab Rep 2013; 13:582-91. [PMID: 23666892 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-013-0386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the causes of diabetic nephropathy are not yet fully known, emerging evidence suggests a role for epigenetic factors in the development of the disease. In particular, microRNAs (miRNAs) are becoming recognized as important mediators of biological processes relevant to diabetic nephropathy. Until recently, investigations of miRNAs in the development of diabetic nephropathy have remained relatively limited; however, the number of reports identifying potential new candidates and mechanisms of impact is presently expanding at a rapid pace. This review seeks to summarize these recent findings, focusing on new candidates and/or novel mechanisms, including the intersection between genetic variation and miRNA function in modulating disease expression, emerging in the field. We also review the latest advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of miRNAs in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K DiStefano
- Diabetes, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
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MicroRNA-195 targets ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2 to induce apoptosis in human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e695. [PMID: 23807224 PMCID: PMC3702293 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have great potential in cell therapy, drug screening and toxicity testing of neural degenerative diseases. However, the molecular regulation of their proliferation and apoptosis, which needs to be revealed before clinical application, is largely unknown. MicroRNA miR-195 is known to be expressed in the brain and is involved in a variety of proapoptosis or antiapoptosis processes in cancer cells. Here, we defined the proapoptotic role of miR-195 in NPCs derived from two independent hESC lines (human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells, hESC-NPCs). Overexpression of miR-195 in hESC-NPCs induced extensive apoptotic cell death. Consistently, global transcriptional microarray analyses indicated that miR-195 primarily regulated genes associated with apoptosis in hESC-NPCs. Mechanistically, a small GTP-binding protein ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2 (ARL2) was identified as a direct target of miR-195. Silencing ARL2 in hESC-NPCs provoked an apoptotic phenotype resembling that of miR-195 overexpression, revealing for the first time an essential role of ARL2 for the survival of human NPCs. Moreover, forced expression of ALR2 could abolish the cell number reduction caused by miR-195 overexpression. Interestingly, we found that paraquat, a neurotoxin, not only induced apoptosis but also increased miR-195 and reduced ARL2 expression in hESC-NPCs, indicating the possible involvement of miR-195 and ARL2 in neurotoxin-induced NPC apoptosis. Notably, inhibition of miR-195 family members could block neurotoxin-induced NPC apoptosis. Collectively, miR-195 regulates cell apoptosis in a context-dependent manner through directly targeting ARL2. The finding of the critical role of ARL2 for the survival of human NPCs and association of miR-195 and ARL2 with neurotoxin-induced apoptosis have important implications for understanding molecular mechanisms that control NPC survival and would facilitate our manipulation of the neurological pathogenesis.
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Hou J, Zhao D. MicroRNA regulation in renal pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13078-92. [PMID: 23799361 PMCID: PMC3742175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate a considerable amount of human genes on the post-transcriptional level, and participate in many key biological processes. MicroRNA deregulation has been found associated with major kidney diseases. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the role of microRNAs in renal glomerular and tubular pathologies, with emphasis on the mesangial cell and podocyte dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy, the proximal tubular cell survival in acute kidney injury, the transport function of the thick ascending limb in Ca++ imbalance diseases, and the regulation of salt, K+ and blood pressure in the distal tubules. Identification of microRNAs and their target genes provides novel therapeutic candidates for treating these diseases. Manipulation of microRNA function with its sense or antisense oligonucleotide enables coordinated regulation of the entire downstream gene network, which has effectively ameliorated several renal disease phenotypes. The therapeutic potentials of microRNA based treatments, though promising, are confounded by major safety issues related to its target specificity, which remain to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Hou
- Renal Division and Center for Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-314-362-5685; Fax: +1-314-362-8237
| | - Dan Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology, PLA 85th Hospital, 1328 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai 20052, China; E-Mail:
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Zhu G, Chai J, Ma L, Duan H, Zhang H. Downregulated microRNA-32 expression induced by high glucose inhibits cell cycle progression via PTEN upregulation and Akt inactivation in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:526-31. [PMID: 23524257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate a host of physiological and pathological processes in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), although no published studies describe changes in microRNA expression or function in MSCs under in vitro hyperglycemic conditions. By using a microRNA microarray approach, we have identified that miRNA-32-5p expression is significantly reduced under hyperglycemic conditions in rat bone marrow-derived MSCs. Expression of miRNA-32-5p targets the 3'-untranslated region of the mRNA encoding phosphatase and tensin homologs deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Exposure to high glucose levels reduced miR-32-5p expression, induced PTEN expression, and inhibited activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway of MSCs. Conversely, overexpression of miR-32-5p inhibited the expression of PTEN, ameliorated the inhibitory effect of high glucose levels on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and promoted cell cycle progression from G0/G1 to G2/M and S phases. Our study indicates that exposure of MSCs to hyperglycemic conditions reduces miR-32-5p expression and disturbs cell cycle progression through a PTEN-mediated inhibitory effect on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In summary, MiR-32-5p is a potentially important therapeutic agent for preventing MSC dysfunction under hyperglycemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Zhu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Li D, Lu Z, Jia J, Zheng Z, Lin S. Curcumin Ameliorates Podocytic Adhesive Capacity Damage Under Mechanical Stress By Inhibiting miR-124 Expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 38:61-71. [DOI: 10.1159/000355755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Guo W, Liu R, Ono Y, Ma AH, Martinez A, Sanchez E, Wang Y, Huang W, Mazloom A, Li J, Ning J, Maverakis E, Lam KS, Kung HJ. Molecular characteristics of CTA056, a novel interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase inhibitor that selectively targets malignant T cells and modulates oncomirs. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:938-47. [PMID: 22899868 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.079889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) is a member of the Btk (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) family of tyrosine kinases. Itk plays an important role in normal T-cell functions and in the pathophysiology of both autoimmune diseases and T-cell malignancies. Here, we describe the initial characterization of a selective inhibitor, 7-benzyl-1-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl)-2-(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-g]quinoxalin-6(5H)-one (CTA056), that was developed through screening a 9600-compound combinatorial solution phase library, followed by molecular modeling, and extensive structure-activity relationship studies. CTA056 exhibits the highest inhibitory effects toward Itk, followed by Btk and endothelial and epithelial tyrosine kinase. Among the 41 cancer cell lines analyzed, CTA056 selectively targets acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Normal T cells are minimally affected. Incubation of Jurkat and MOLT-4 cells with CTA056 resulted in the inhibition of the phosphorylation of Itk and its effectors including PLC-γ, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, as well as the decreased secretion of targeted genes such as interleukin-2 and interferon-γ. Jurkat cells also underwent apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner when incubated with CTA056. The potent apoptosis-inducing potential of CTA056 is reflected by the significant modulation of microRNAs involved in survival pathways and oncogenesis. The in vitro cytotoxic effect on malignant T cells is further validated in a xenograft model. The selective expression and activation of Itk in malignant T cells, as well as the specificity of CTA056 for Itk, make this molecule a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of T-cell leukemia and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,,University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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Gui D, Guo Y, Wang F, Liu W, Chen J, Chen Y, Huang J, Wang N. Astragaloside IV, a novel antioxidant, prevents glucose-induced podocyte apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39824. [PMID: 22745830 PMCID: PMC3382154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production initiates podocyte apoptosis, which represents a novel early mechanism leading to diabetic nephropathy (DN). Here, we tested the hypothesis that Astragaloside IV(AS-IV) exerts antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects on podocytes under diabetic conditions. Apoptosis, albuminuria, ROS generation, caspase-3 activity and cleavage, as well as Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expression were measured in vitro and in vivo. Cultured podocytes were exposed to high glucose (HG) with 50, 100 and 200 µg/ml of AS-IV for 24 h. AS-IV significantly attenuated HG-induced podocyte apoptosis and ROS production. This antiapoptotic effect was associated with restoration of Bax and Bcl-2 expression, as well as inhibition of caspase-3 activation and overexpression. In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, severe hyperglycemia and albuminuria were developed. Increased apoptosis, Bax expression, caspase-3 activity and cleavage while decreased Bcl-2 expression were detected in diabetic rats. However, pretreatment with AS-IV (2.5, 5, 10 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) for 14 weeks ameliorated podocyte apoptosis, caspase-3 activation, renal histopathology, podocyte foot process effacement, albuminuria and oxidative stress. Expression of Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA and protein in kidney cortex was partially restored by AS-IV pretreatment. These findings suggested AS-IV, a novel antioxidant, to prevent Glucose-Induced podocyte apoptosis partly through restoring the balance of Bax and Bcl-2 expression and inhibiting caspase-3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkun Gui
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongping Guo
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, No 1 Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifang Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JH); (NW)
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JH); (NW)
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