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Glycocalyx Degradation Induces a Proinflammatory Phenotype and Increased Leukocyte Adhesion in Cultured Endothelial Cells under Flow. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167576. [PMID: 27907146 PMCID: PMC5132265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium is an early step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Effective adhesion requires the binding of leukocytes to their cognate receptors on the surface of endothelial cells. The glycocalyx covers the surface of endothelial cells and is important in the mechanotransduction of shear stress. This study aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of the glycocalyx in leukocyte adhesion under flow. We performed experiments using 3-D cell culture models, exposing human abdominal aortic endothelial cells to steady laminar shear stress (10 dynes/cm2 for 24 hours). We found that with the enzymatic degradation of the glycocalyx, endothelial cells developed a proinflammatory phenotype when exposed to uniform steady shear stress leading to an increase in leukocyte adhesion. Our results show an up-regulation of ICAM-1 with degradation compared to non-degraded controls (3-fold increase, p<0.05) and we attribute this effect to a de-regulation in NF-κB activity in response to flow. These results suggest that the glycocalyx is not solely a physical barrier to adhesion but rather plays an important role in governing the phenotype of endothelial cells, a key determinant in leukocyte adhesion. We provide evidence for how the destabilization of this structure may be an early and defining feature in the initiation of atherosclerosis.
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Bissoyi A, Bit A, Singh BK, Singh AK, Patra PK. Enhanced cryopreservation of MSCs in microfluidic bioreactor by regulated shear flow. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35416. [PMID: 27748463 PMCID: PMC5066325 DOI: 10.1038/srep35416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-matrix systems can be stored for longer period of time by means of cryopreservation. Cell-matrix and cell-cell interaction has been found to be critical in a number of basic biological processes. Tissue structure maintenance, cell secretary activity, cellular migration, and cell-cell communication all exist because of the presence of cell interactions. This complex and co-ordinated interaction between cellular constituents, extracellular matrix and adjacent cells has been identified as a significant contributor in the overall co-ordination of tissue. The prime objective of this investigation is to evaluate the effects of shear-stress and cell-substrate interaction in successful recovery of adherent human mesenchymal-stem-cells (hMSCs). A customized microfluidic bioreactor has been used for the purpose. We have measured the changes in focal-point-adhesion (FPAs) by changing induced shear stress inside the bioreactor. The findings indicate that with increase in shear stress, FPAs increases between substrate and MSCs. Further, experimental results show that increased FPAs (4e-3 μbar) enhances the cellular survivability of adherent MSCs. Probably, for the first time involvement of focal point interaction in the outcome of cryopreservation of MSCs has been clarified, and it proved a potentially new approach for modification of cryopreservation protocol by up-regulating focal point of cells to improve its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akalabya Bissoyi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
| | - Arindam Bit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
| | - Bikesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
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Ou C, Huang W, Yuen MMF, Qian Y. Hemodynamic modeling of leukocyte and erythrocyte transport and interactions in intracranial aneurysms by a multiphase approach. J Biomech 2016; 49:3476-3484. [PMID: 27717549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamics has been recognized as an important factor in the development, growth, and rupture of cerebral aneurysms, and investigated by computational fluid dynamics techniques using a single phase approach. However, flow-dependent cell transport and interactions are usually ignored in single phase models, in which blood is usually treated as a single phase Newtonian fluid. For getting better insight into the underlying pathology of intracranial aneurysm, cell transport and interactions should be covered in hemodynamic studies. In the present study, a multiphase hemodynamic model incorporating cell transport and interactions was developed, in which blood was modeled as multiphase fluid having a continuous phase (plasma) and two particulate phases (erythrocytes and leukocytes). The model showed good agreement with experimental data and observations in the literature, and was applied to four patient-specific aneurysms in a pulsatile manner. Leukocyte accumulations were predicted at locations with flow disturbance and low wall shear stress. The concentrations of leukocyte at accumulation sites were found to exceed 200 to 500% of normal physiological level on three unstable aneurysms, including two ruptured aneurysms and a growing aneurysm where accumulation was observed near a daughter sac and a secondary aneurysm. This suggested that aneurysms with complex secondary flow patterns could be prone to leukocyte accumulation on the wall. As this is the first study to characterize cell transport and interactions in aneurysm hemodynamics, our model can serve as a foundation for future intracranial aneurysm models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubin Ou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew Ming-Fai Yuen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong; Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.
| | - Yi Qian
- The Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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Unthank JL, Sheridan KM, Dalsing MC. Collateral Growth in the Peripheral Circulation: A Review. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2016; 38:291-313. [PMID: 15306947 DOI: 10.1177/153857440403800401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Arterial occlusive diseases are a major cause of morbidity and death in the United States. The enlargement of pre-existing vessels, which bypass the site of arterial occlusion, provide a natural way for the body to compensate for such obstructions. Individuals differ in their capacity to develop collateral vessels. In recent years much attention has been focused upon therapy to promote collateral development, primarily using individual growth factors. Such studies have had mixed results. Persistent controversies exist regarding the initiating stimuli, the processes involved in enlargement, the specific vessels that should be targeted, and the most appropriate terminology. Consequently, it is now recognized that more research is needed to extend our knowledge of the complex process of collateral growth. This basic science review addresses five questions essential in understanding current problems in collateral growth research and the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Unthank
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Yacoub S, Lam PK, Vu LHM, Le TL, Ha NT, Toan TT, Van NT, Quyen NTH, Le Duyen HT, Van Kinh N, Fox A, Mongkolspaya J, Wolbers M, Simmons CP, Screaton GR, Wertheim H, Wills B. Association of Microvascular Function and Endothelial Biomarkers With Clinical Outcome in Dengue: An Observational Study. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:697-706. [PMID: 27230099 PMCID: PMC4978369 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The hallmark of severe dengue is increased microvascular permeability, but alterations in the microcirculation and their evolution over the course of dengue are unknown. Methods. We conducted a prospective observational study to evaluate the sublingual microcirculation using side-stream dark-field imaging in patients presenting early (<72 hours after fever onset) and patients hospitalized with warning signs or severe dengue in Vietnam. Clinical findings, microvascular function, global hemodynamics assessed with echocardiography, and serological markers of endothelial activation were determined at 4 time points. Results. A total of 165 patients were enrolled. No difference was found between the microcirculatory parameters comparing dengue with other febrile illnesses. The proportion of perfused vessels (PPV) and the mean flow index (MFI) were lower in patients with dengue with plasma than those without leakage (PPV, 88.1% vs 90.6% [P = .01]; MFI, 2.1 vs 2.4 [P = .007]), most markedly during the critical phase. PPV and MFI were correlated with the endothelial activation markers vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (P < .001 for both) and angiopoietin 2 (P < .001 for both), negatively correlated. Conclusions. Modest microcirculatory alterations occur in dengue, are associated with plasma leakage, and are correlate with molecules of endothelial activation, angiopoietin 2 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Yacoub
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi Department of Medicine, Imperial College London
| | - Phung Khanh Lam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi
| | - Le Hoang Mai Vu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi
| | - Thi Lien Le
- National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thanh Ha
- National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Toan
- National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thu Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi
| | - Nguyen Than Ha Quyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi
| | - Huynh Thi Le Duyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi
| | | | - Annette Fox
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi
| | | | - Marcel Wolbers
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi
| | - Cameron Paul Simmons
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Heiman Wertheim
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget Wills
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Biomarkers of coronary endothelial health: correlation with invasive measures of collateral function, flow and resistance in chronically occluded coronary arteries and the effect of recanalization. Coron Artery Dis 2016; 27:287-94. [PMID: 26905422 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the presence of a chronically occluded coronary artery, the collateral circulation matures by a process of arteriogenesis; however, there is considerable variation between individuals in the functional capacity of that collateral network. This could be explained by differences in endothelial health and function. We aimed to examine the relationship between the functional extent of collateralization and levels of biomarkers that have been shown to relate to endothelial health. METHODS We measured four potential biomarkers of endothelial health in 34 patients with mature collateral networks who underwent a successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for a chronic total coronary occlusion (CTO) before PCI and 6-8 weeks after PCI, and examined the relationship of biomarker levels with physiological measures of collateralization. RESULTS We did not find a significant change in the systemic levels of sICAM-1, sE-selectin, microparticles or tissue factor 6-8 weeks after PCI. We did find an association between estimated retrograde collateral flow before CTO recanalization and lower levels of sICAM-1 (r=0.39, P=0.026), sE-selectin (r=0.48, P=0.005) and microparticles (r=0.38, P=0.03). CONCLUSION Recanalization of a CTO and resultant regression of a mature collateral circulation do not alter systemic levels of sICAM-1, sE-selectin, microparticles or tissue factor. The identified relationship of retrograde collateral flow with sICAM-1, sE-selectin and microparticles is likely to represent an association with an ability to develop collaterals rather than their presence and extent.
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Pott GB, Tsurudome M, Bamfo N, Goalstone ML. ERK2 and Akt are negative regulators of insulin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α stimulated VCAM-1 expression in rat aorta endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2016; 13:6. [PMID: 26917991 PMCID: PMC4766666 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-016-0115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Diabetes is quickly becoming the most widespread disorder in the Western world. Among the most prevalent effects of diabetes is atherosclerosis, which in turn is driven in part by inflammation. Both insulin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFα) increase the presence of Vascular Cellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of downregulating Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase-2 (ERK2) and Akt on insulin and TNFa-stimulated VCAM-1 expression. Methods Here we begin to define the relationships between ERK2 and Akt regulation of insulin and TNFα-stimulated VCAM-1 expression in Rat Arterial Endothelial Cells (RAEC) by transfecting RAEC with ERK2 and Akt RNA interference (RNAi) and then treating these cells with insulin (10 nM) or TNFα (10 ng/mL) alone or in combination. Results Western blot analyses, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy were used to determine changes in VCAM-1 expression within the above-stated parameters. Cells transfected with ERK2 or Akt RNAi plasmids increased insulin and TNFα-stimulated VCAM-1 total protein expression significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that seen in mock transfected cells and expressed cell surface VCAM-1 greater than that seen in mock transfected cells as indicated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Nevertheless, the decrease of both kinases did not increase insulin or TNFα-stimulated VCAM-1 expression above that seen when one or the other RNAi was present. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrate that ERK2 and Akt may be negative regulators of insulin and TNF-α stimulated VCAM-1 and that their loss or down regulation might upregulate VCAM-1 expression and contribute to vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Pott
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue. Mail Stop: 8106, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Mark Tsurudome
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue. Mail Stop: 8106, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Nadia Bamfo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue. Mail Stop: 8106, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Marc L Goalstone
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue. Mail Stop: 8106, Aurora, CO 80045 USA ; Eastern Colorado Health Care System, (Denver VA Medical Center), 1055 Clermont Street. Mail Stop 151, Denver, CO 80220 USA
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Singh S, Kapoor A. Schwarz Type C Myocardial Bridge Unraveled Post-Thrombus Aspiration in a Patient with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Heart Views 2016; 16:144-50. [PMID: 26900419 PMCID: PMC4738495 DOI: 10.4103/1995-705x.172202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a heterogenous disease with diverse pathology and variable clinical course has a high prevalence of myocardial bridging. Despite the high prevalence of myocardial bridging in HCM patients, acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) due to concomitant atherothrombosis proximal to Schwarz type C myocardial bridge unraveled during trans-radial primary percutaneous intervention has rarely been reported in medical literature. Herein, we report a case of Schwarz type C myocardial bridge unmasked postthrombosuction in a patient with HCM presenting with acute STEMI. He had atherothrombosis proximal to the tunneled left anterior descending artery which was successfully stented with drug-eluting stent without the aid of intravascular ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Singh
- Department of Cardiology, CARE Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Aditya Kapoor
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Park WC, Seo I, Kim SH, Lee YJ, Ahn SV. Association between Resting Heart Rate and Inflammatory Markers (White Blood Cell Count and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein) in Healthy Korean People. Korean J Fam Med 2016; 38:8-13. [PMID: 28197327 PMCID: PMC5305667 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is an important underlying mechanism in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and an elevated resting heart rate underlies the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation. We hypothesized an association between resting heart rate and subclinical inflammation. Methods Resting heart rate was recorded at baseline in the KoGES-ARIRANG (Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study on Atherosclerosis Risk of Rural Areas in the Korean General Population) cohort study, and was then divided into quartiles. Subclinical inflammation was measured by white blood cell count and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. We used progressively adjusted regression models with terms for muscle mass, body fat proportion, and adiponectin in the fully adjusted models. We examined inflammatory markers as both continuous and categorical variables, using the clinical cut point of the highest quartile of white blood cell count (≥7,900/mm3) and ≥3 mg/dL for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Results Participants had a mean age of 56.3±8.1 years and a mean resting heart rate of 71.4±10.7 beats/min; 39.1% were men. In a fully adjusted model, an increased resting heart rate was significantly associated with a higher white blood cell count and higher levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in both continuous (P for trend <0.001) and categorical (P for trend <0.001) models. Conclusion An increased resting heart rate is associated with a higher level of subclinical inflammation among healthy Korean people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Chul Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inho Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin-Hye Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Vogue Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Genomic Cohort, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Activation of integrin α5 mediated by flow requires its translocation to membrane lipid rafts in vascular endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:769-74. [PMID: 26733684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524523113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Local flow patterns determine the uneven distribution of atherosclerotic lesions. Membrane lipid rafts and integrins are crucial for shear stress-regulated endothelial function. In this study, we investigate the role of lipid rafts and integrin α5 in regulating the inflammatory response in endothelial cells (ECs) under atheroprone versus atheroprotective flow. Lipid raft proteins were isolated from ECs exposed to oscillatory shear stress (OS) or pulsatile shear stress, and then analyzed by quantitative proteomics. Among 396 proteins redistributed in lipid rafts, integrin α5 was the most significantly elevated in lipid rafts under OS. In addition, OS increased the level of activated integrin α5 in lipid rafts through the regulation of membrane cholesterol and fluidity. Disruption of F-actin-based cytoskeleton and knockdown of caveolin-1 prevented the OS-induced integrin α5 translocation and activation. In vivo, integrin α5 activation and EC dysfunction were observed in the atheroprone areas of low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice, and knockdown of integrin α5 markedly attenuated EC dysfunction in partially ligated carotid arteries. Consistent with these findings, mice with haploinsufficency of integrin α5 exhibited a reduction of atherosclerotic lesions in the regions under atheroprone flow. The present study has revealed an integrin- and membrane lipid raft-dependent mechanotransduction mechanism by which atheroprone flow causes endothelial dysfunction.
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Barge-Caballero E, Jiménez-López J, Chávez-Leal S, Barge-Caballero G, Paniagua-Martin MJ, Marzoa Rivas R, Grille-Cancela Z, Cuenca-Castillo JJ, Castro-Beiras A, Crespo-Leiro MG. Significado pronóstico y evolución a largo plazo de la frecuencia cardiaca en los pacientes con trasplante cardiaco. Rev Esp Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hung CH, Chan SH, Chu PM, Tsai KL. Quercetin is a potent anti-atherosclerotic compound by activation of SIRT1 signaling under oxLDL stimulation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015. [PMID: 26202455 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Atherosclerosis is believed to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that quercetin is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound. The molecular mechanisms underlying its protective effects against oxidative stress in human endothelial cells remain unclear. This study was designed to confirm the hypothesis that quercetin inhibits oxidized LDL (oxLDL) induced endothelial oxidative damage by activating sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and to explore the role of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is a negative regulator of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase) and free radicals. METHODS AND RESULTS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with oxLDL with or without quercetin pretreatment. We found that quercetin pretreatment increased SIRT1 mRNA expression. In fact, quercetin protected against oxLDL-impaired SIRT1 and AMPK activities and reduced oxLDL-activated NOX2 and NOX4. However, silencing SIRT1 and AMPK diminished the protective function of quercetin against oxidative injuries. The results also indicated that oxLDL suppressed AKT/endothelial NO synthase, impaired mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhanced reactive oxygen species formation, activating the Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. CONCLUSION These results provide new insight regarding the possible molecular mechanisms of quercetin. Quercetin suppresses oxLDL-induced endothelial oxidative injuries by activating SIRT1 and modulating the AMPK/NADPH oxidase/AKT/endothelial NO synthase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsia Hung
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ming Chu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Trigatti BL, Fuller M. HDL signaling and protection against coronary artery atherosclerosis in mice. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:94-100. [PMID: 26642235 PMCID: PMC4820886 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading underlying factor in cardiovascular disease and stroke, important causes of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Abundant epidemiological studies demonstrate that high levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) are associated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis and preclinical, animal model studies demonstrate that this association is causative. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of HDL will allow more strategic approaches to development of HDL based therapeutics. Recent evidence suggests that an important aspect of the ability of HDL to protect against atherosclerosis is its ability to trigger signaling responses in a variety of target cells including endothelial cells and macrophages in the vessel wall. These signaling responses require the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), an adaptor protein (PDZK1) that binds to the cytosolic C terminus of SR-B1, Akt1 activation and (at least in endothelial cells) activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Mouse models of atherosclerosis, exemplified by apolipoprotein E or low density lipoprotein receptor gene inactivated mice (apoE or LDLR KO) develop atherosclerosis in their aortas but appear generally resistant to coronary artery atherosclerosis. On the other hand, inactivation of each of the components of HDL signaling (above) in either apoE or LDLR KO mice renders them susceptible to extensive coronary artery atherosclerosis suggesting that HDL signaling may play an important role in protection against coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo L Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences., Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada;
| | - Mark Fuller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences., Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
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Steinl DC, Kaufmann BA. Ultrasound imaging for risk assessment in atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9749-69. [PMID: 25938969 PMCID: PMC4463615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its consequences like acute myocardial infarction or stroke are highly prevalent in western countries, and the incidence of atherosclerosis is rapidly rising in developing countries. Atherosclerosis is a disease that progresses silently over several decades before it results in the aforementioned clinical consequences. Therefore, there is a clinical need for imaging methods to detect the early stages of atherosclerosis and to better risk stratify patients. In this review, we will discuss how ultrasound imaging can contribute to the detection and risk stratification of atherosclerosis by (a) detecting advanced and early plaques; (b) evaluating the biomechanical consequences of atherosclerosis in the vessel wall;
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Steinl
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Basel 4031, Switzerland.
| | - Beat A Kaufmann
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.
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Prognostic Significance of Heart Rate and its Long-term Trend in Cardiac Transplant Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:943-50. [PMID: 25869124 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to examine the prognostic significance of heart rate and its trend in heart transplantation. METHODS This observational study enrolled 170 patients who received a bicaval heart transplant between 1995 and 2005; all were in sinus rhythm. The resting heart rate was determined via electrocardiography at the end of the first posttransplant year and annually until the tenth year. Cox analysis was used to evaluate the incidence of adverse events with a mean (standard deviation) follow-up of 8.9 (3.1) years. The primary study end point was the composite outcome of death or graft dysfunction. RESULTS The resting heart rate at the end of the first posttransplant year was an independent predictor of the primary composite end point (hazard ratio=1.054; 95% confidence interval, 1.028-1.080; P<.001) and was significantly associated with total mortality (hazard ratio=1.058; 95% confidence interval, 1.030-1.087; P<.001) and mortality from cardiac causes (hazard ratio=1.069; 95% confidence interval, 1.026-1.113; P=.001), but not with graft dysfunction (hazard ratio=1.028; 95% confidence interval, 0.989-1.069; P=.161). For patients with a heart rate ≥ 105 or<90 bpm vs those with 90-104 bpm, the hazard ratios of the primary end point were 2.233 (95% confidence interval, 1.250-3.989; P=.007) and 0.380 (95% confidence interval, 0.161-0.895; P=.027), respectively. Heart rate tended to decrease in the first 10 years after transplantation (P=.001). Patients with a net increase in heart rate during follow-up showed a higher incidence of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS An elevated heart rate is an adverse prognostic marker after heart transplantation.
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Increased size and cellularity of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in mice with endothelial overexpression of the human TRPC3 channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2201-6. [PMID: 25870279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505410112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous in vitro studies, we showed that Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3 (TRPC3), a calcium-permeable, nonselective cation channel endowed with high constitutive function, is an obligatory component of the inflammatory signaling that controls expression of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and monocyte adhesion to coronary artery endothelial cells. Also, TRPC3 expression in these cells was found to be up-regulated by proatherogenic factors, which enhanced inflammation and VCAM-1 expression. However, it remained to be determined whether these in vitro findings were of relevance to atherosclerotic lesion development in vivo. To answer this important question in the present work, we generated mice with endothelial-specific overexpression of human TRPC3 in an Apoe knockout background (TgEST3ApoeKO) and examined lesions in the aortic sinus following 10 and 16 wk on a high-fat diet. No significant differences were found in size or complexity of early stage lesions (10 wk). However, advanced plaques (16 wk) from TgEST3ApoeKO mice exhibited a significant increase in size and macrophage content compared with nontransgenic littermate controls. Remarkably, this change was correlated with increased VCAM-1 and phospho-IkBα immunoreactivity along the endothelial lining of lesions from transgenic animals compared with controls. These findings validate the in vivo relevance of previous in vitro findings and represent, to our knowledge, the first in vivo evidence for a proatherogenic role of endothelial TRPC3.
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Qin WD, Mi SH, Li C, Wang GX, Zhang JN, Wang H, Zhang F, Ma Y, Wu DW, Zhang M. Low shear stress induced HMGB1 translocation and release via PECAM-1/PARP-1 pathway to induce inflammation response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120586. [PMID: 25793984 PMCID: PMC4368774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low shear stress (LSS) plays a critical role in the site predilection of atherosclerosis through activation of cellular mechanosensors, such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme that regulates the expression of various inflammatory cytokines. The nuclear enzyme high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can induce inflammation response by binding to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of HMGB1 in LSS induced inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were stimulated by undisturbed shear stress (USS, 1 Pa) and LSS (0.4 Pa) in our experiments. Gene expression was inhibited by small interfering RNA (siRNA). ICAM-1 expression was regulated by LSS in a time dependent manner. LSS can induce HMGB1 translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm and release. Compared with the USS, LSS could increase the protein expression of PECAM-1 and PARP-1 as well as the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β. LSS induced the translocation of HMGB1 from nucleus to cytoplasm. Inhibition of HGMB1 reduced LSS-induced inflammatory response. Inhibition of PARP-1 suppressed inflammatory response through inhibiting TLR4 expression and HMGB1 translocation. PECAM-1 inhibition reduced LSS-induced ICAM-1 expression, TNF-α and IL-1β secretion, and monocytes adhesion. LSS can induce inflammatory response via PECAM-1/PARP-1/HMGB1 pathway. PARP-1 plays a fundamental role in HMGB1 translocation and TLR4 expression. Inhibition of PARP-1 may shed light on the treatment of HMGB1 involved inflammation during atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-dong Qin
- The Department of Critical Care Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shao-hua Mi
- The Department of Cardiology, Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China,
| | - Chen Li
- The Department of Critical Care Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gui-xia Wang
- The Department of Radiology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-ning Zhang
- The Department of Critical Care Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Wang
- The Department of Critical Care Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- The Department of Critical Care Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Ma
- The Department of Critical Care Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Da-wei Wu
- The Department of Critical Care Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Dominguez GA, Anderson NR, Hammer DA. The direction of migration of T-lymphocytes under flow depends upon which adhesion receptors are engaged. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:345-55. [PMID: 25674729 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00201f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T-lymphocyte migration is important for homing, cell trafficking, and immune surveillance. T-lymphocytes express lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1; αLβ2) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4; α4β1), which bind to their cognate ligands, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). These adhesive interactions provide T-lymphocytes with the ability to withstand hemodynamic shear forces to facilitate adhesion and migration along the blood endothelium. Recently, it has been shown that T-lymphocytes will crawl upstream against the direction of flow on surfaces functionalized with ICAM-1. Here, we have investigated whether the identity of the receptor and the magnitude of its engagement affects the direction of T-lymphocyte migration under flow. We used microcontact printed ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 PDMS surfaces on which density and type of adhesion molecule can be tightly controlled and non-specific adhesion adequately blocked. Using a laminar flow chamber, we demonstrate that T-lymphocytes migrate either upstream or downstream dependent upon ligand type, ligand concentration and shear rate. T-lymphocytes were found to migrate upstream on ICAM-1 but downstream on VCAM-1 surfaces - a behavior unique to T-lymphocytes. By varying concentrations of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, directed migration under flow was observed to be dependent upon the type and concentration of ligand. As shear rates increase, T-lymphocytes favor upstream migration when any ICAM-1 is present, even in the presence of substantial amounts of VCAM-1. Furthermore, a loss of cytoskeletal polarity was observed upon introduction of fluid flow with reorganization that is dependent upon ligand presentation. These results indicate that T-lymphocytes exhibit two different modes of motility - upstream or downstream - under fluid flow that depends on ligand composition and the shear rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Dominguez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Tanweer O, Wilson TA, Metaxa E, Riina HA, Meng H. A comparative review of the hemodynamics and pathogenesis of cerebral and abdominal aortic aneurysms: lessons to learn from each other. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 2014; 16:335-49. [PMID: 25599042 PMCID: PMC4296046 DOI: 10.7461/jcen.2014.16.4.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral aneurysms (CAs) and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are degenerative vascular pathologies that manifest as abnormal dilations of the arterial wall. They arise with different morphologies in different types of blood vessels under different hemodynamic conditions. Although treated as different pathologies, we examine common pathways in their hemodynamic pathogenesis in order to elucidate mechanisms of formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed. Current concepts on pathogenesis and hemodynamics were collected and compared. RESULTS CAs arise as saccular dilations on the cerebral arteries of the circle of Willis under high blood flow, high wall shear stress (WSS), and high wall shear stress gradient (WSSG) conditions. AAAs arise as fusiform dilations on the infrarenal aorta under low blood flow, low, oscillating WSS, and high WSSG conditions. While at opposite ends of the WSS spectrum, they share high WSSG, a critical factor in arterial remodeling. This alone may not be enough to initiate aneurysm formation, but may ignite a cascade of downstream events that leads to aneurysm development. Despite differences in morphology and the structure, CAs and AAAs share many histopathological and biomechanical characteristics. Endothelial cell damage, loss of elastin, and smooth muscle cell loss are universal findings in CAs and AAAs. Increased matrix metalloproteinases and other proteinases, reactive oxygen species, and inflammation also contribute to the pathogenesis of both aneurysms. CONCLUSION Our review revealed similar pathways in seemingly different pathologies. We also highlight the need for cross-disciplinary studies to aid in finding similarities between pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Tanweer
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, NY, United States
| | - Taylor A Wilson
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, NY, United States
| | - Eleni Metaxa
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Crete, Greece
| | - Howard A Riina
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, NY, United States
| | - Hui Meng
- Toshiba Stroke Research Center, University at Buffalo, NY, United States. ; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, NY, United States. ; Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, NY, United States
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Relationship between preparation of cells for therapy and cell quality using artificial neural network analysis. Artif Intell Med 2014; 62:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Koning NJ, Simon LE, Asfar P, Baufreton C, Boer C. Systemic microvascular shunting through hyperdynamic capillaries after acute physiological disturbances following cardiopulmonary bypass. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H967-75. [PMID: 25063797 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00397.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during cardiac surgery is associated with reduced sublingual microcirculatory perfusion and oxygenation. It has been suggested that impaired microcirculatory perfusion may be paralleled by increased heterogeneity of flow in the microvascular bed, possibly leading to arteriovenous shunting. Here we investigated our hypothesis that acute hemodynamic disturbances during extracorporeal circulation indeed lead to microcirculatory heterogeneity with hyperdynamic capillary perfusion and reduced systemic oxygen extraction. In this single-center prospective observational study, patients undergoing cardiac surgery with (n = 18) or without (n = 13) CPB were included. Perioperative microcirculatory perfusion was assessed sublingually with sidestream darkfield imaging, and recordings were quantified for microcirculatory heterogeneity and hyperdynamic capillary perfusion. The relationship with hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters was analyzed. Microcirculatory heterogeneity index increased substantially after onset of CPB [0.5 (0.0-0.9) to 1.0 (0.3-1.3); P = 0.031] but not during off-pump surgery. Median capillary red blood cell (RBC) velocity increased intraoperatively in the CPB group only [1,600 (913-2,500 μm/s) vs. 380 (190-480 μm/s); P < 0.001], with 31% of capillaries supporting high RBC velocities (>2,000 μm/s). Hyperdynamic microcirculatory perfusion was associated with reduced arteriovenous oxygen difference and systemic oxygen consumption during and after CPB. The current study provides the first direct human evidence for a microvascular shunting phenomenon through hyperdynamic capillaries following acute physiological disturbances after onset of CPB. The hypothesis of impaired systemic oxygen offloading caused by hyperdynamic capillaries was supported by reduced blood arteriovenous oxygen difference and low systemic oxygen extraction associated with CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Koning
- Department of Anesthesiology. Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Integrated Neurovascular Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1083, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 6214;
| | - Lotte E Simon
- Department of Anesthesiology. Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre Asfar
- Departments of Integrated Neurovascular Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1083, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 6214; Réanimation Médicale et Médicine Hyperbare, LUNAM University, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Baufreton
- Cardiovascular Surgery, LUNAM University, Université d'Angers, Angers, France; and
| | - Christa Boer
- Department of Anesthesiology. Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Bryan MT, Duckles H, Feng S, Hsiao ST, Kim HR, Serbanovic-Canic J, Evans PC. Mechanoresponsive networks controlling vascular inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2199-205. [PMID: 24947523 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of arteries that develops preferentially at branches and bends that are exposed to disturbed blood flow. Vascular function is modified by flow, in part, via the generation of mechanical forces that alter multiple physiological processes in endothelial cells. Shear stress has profound effects on vascular inflammation; high uniform shear stress prevents leukocyte recruitment to the vascular wall by reducing endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and other inflammatory proteins, whereas low oscillatory shear stress has the opposite effects. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that underpin the effects of shear stress on endothelial inflammatory responses. They include shear stress regulation of inflammatory mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signaling. High shear suppresses these pathways through the induction of several negative regulators of inflammation, whereas low shear promotes inflammatory signaling. Furthermore, we summarize recent studies indicating that inflammatory signaling is highly sensitive to pulse wave frequencies, magnitude, and direction of flow. Finally, the importance of systems biology approaches (including omics studies and functional screening) to identify novel mechanosensitive pathways is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Bryan
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Duckles
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Shuang Feng
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah T Hsiao
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Hyejeong R Kim
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jovana Serbanovic-Canic
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Evans
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Mostaço-Guidolin LB, Kohlenberg EK, Smith M, Hewko M, Major A, Sowa MG, Ko ACT. Quantitative nonlinear optical assessment of atherosclerosis progression in rabbits. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6346-54. [PMID: 24892226 DOI: 10.1021/ac5005635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of atherosclerosis has been a challenging task owing to its complex pathology. In this study, we validated a quantitative approach for assessing atherosclerosis progression in a rabbit model using a numerical matrix, optical index for plaque burden, derived directly from the nonlinear optical microscopic images captured on the atherosclerosis-affected blood vessel. A positive correlation between this optical index and the severity of atherosclerotic lesions, represented by the age of the rabbits, was established based on data collected from 21 myocardial infarction-prone Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits with age ranging between new-born and 27 months old. The same optical index also accurately identified high-risk locations for atherosclerotic plaque formation along the entire aorta, which was validated by immunohistochemical fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila B Mostaço-Guidolin
- National Research Council Canada , Medical Devices Portfolio, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 1Y6
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Bouman AC, Cheung YW, Spronk HM, Schalkwijk CG, ten Cate H, ten Wolde M, ten Cate-Hoek AJ. Biomarkers for post thrombotic syndrome: a case-control study. Thromb Res 2014; 134:369-75. [PMID: 24975586 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is limited knowledge on the etiology of post thrombotic syndrome (PTS), although several mechanisms have been proposed. The objectives are to explore the role of different pathogenic mechanisms for PTS, through measurement of an elaborate panel of biomarkers in patients with and without PTS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with PTS (cases) and without PTS after minimal 2years follow-up (controls), were selected from the outpatient clinic of two Dutch hospitals. As a reference to the normal population healthy individuals (HI) without a history of venous thromboembolism were invited to participate. The population consisted of: 26 cases, 27 controls, and 26 HI. A panel of predefined biomarkers was measured in venous blood. RESULTS D-dimer showed a decreasing trend from cases to controls to HI; p=0.010. Thrombin/antithrombin complex levels were significantly higher in cases than in controls; p=0.032, and HI; p=0.017. APC-ratio was significantly lower in cases compared to controls; p=0.032, and HI; p=0.011. A significant trend of increasing proTAFI from cases, to controls, and HI; p=0.002 was found. There were no differences in inflammatory markers (CRP, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8). Thrombomodulin, tissue-plasminogen activator, and von Willebrand factor were higher in patients compared to HI. There was a significant trend of decreasing sVCAM, from cases, to controls, and HI; p=0.029. CONCLUSIONS Patients with PTS displayed increased coagulation activity, an altered pattern of fibrinolytic marker expression, and increased endothelial activation. We found no evidence of systemic inflammation in patients with PTS at 63months since the last DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bouman
- Laboratory for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Y W Cheung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Flevohospital, Hospitaalweg 1, Almere, the Netherlands
| | - H M Spronk
- Laboratory for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - C G Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H ten Cate
- Laboratory for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M ten Wolde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Flevohospital, Hospitaalweg 1, Almere, the Netherlands
| | - A J ten Cate-Hoek
- Laboratory for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Cell adhesion molecules and eNOS expression in aorta of normocholesterolemic mice with different predispositions to atherosclerosis. Heart Vessels 2014; 30:241-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-014-0493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Corban MT, Hung OY, Eshtehardi P, Rasoul-Arzrumly E, McDaniel M, Mekonnen G, Timmins LH, Lutz J, Guyton RA, Samady H. Myocardial bridging: contemporary understanding of pathophysiology with implications for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63:2346-2355. [PMID: 24583304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with myocardial bridging are often asymptomatic, but this anomaly may be associated with exertional angina, acute coronary syndromes, cardiac arrhythmias, syncope, or even sudden cardiac death. This review presents our understanding of the pathophysiology of myocardial bridging and describes prevailing diagnostic modalities and therapeutic options for this challenging clinical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel T Corban
- Andreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Olivia Y Hung
- Andreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Parham Eshtehardi
- Andreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Emad Rasoul-Arzrumly
- Andreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michael McDaniel
- Andreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Girum Mekonnen
- Andreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lucas H Timmins
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jerre Lutz
- Andreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Robert A Guyton
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Habib Samady
- Andreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Chatterjee S, Fisher AB. Mechanotransduction in the endothelium: role of membrane proteins and reactive oxygen species in sensing, transduction, and transmission of the signal with altered blood flow. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:899-913. [PMID: 24328670 PMCID: PMC3924805 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Changes in shear stress associated with alterations in blood flow initiate a signaling cascade that modulates the vascular phenotype. Shear stress is "sensed" by the endothelium via a mechanosensitive complex on the endothelial cell (EC) membrane that has been characterized as a "mechanosome" consisting of caveolae, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, and possibly other elements. This shear signal is transduced by cell membrane ion channels and various kinases and results in the activation of NADPH oxidase (type 2) with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RECENT ADVANCES The signaling cascade associated with stop of shear, as would occur in vivo with various obstructive pathologies, leads to cell proliferation and eventual revascularization. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although several elements of mechanosensing such as the sensing event, the transduction, transmission, and reception of the mechanosignal are now reasonably well understood, the links among these discrete steps in the pathway are not clear. Thus, identifying the mechanisms for the interaction of the K(ATP) channel, the kinases, and ROS to drive long-term adaptive responses in ECs is necessary. A critical re-examination of the signaling events associated with complex flow patterns (turbulent, oscillatory) under physiological conditions is also essential for the progress in the field. Since these complex shear patterns may be associated with an atherosclerosis susceptible phenotype, a specific challenge will be the pharmacological modulation of the responses to altered signaling events that occur at specific sites of disturbed or obstructed flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Chatterjee
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Zhang K, Cao J, Dong R, Du J. Early growth response protein 1 promotes restenosis by upregulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in vein graft. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:432409. [PMID: 24386503 PMCID: PMC3872240 DOI: 10.1155/2013/432409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To verify the relationship between Egr-1 and vein graft restenosis and investigate the related mechanisms. METHODS Mouse vein graft models were established in Egr-1 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. The vein grafts in the mice were taken for pathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis. The endothelial cells (ECs) were stimulated by using a computer-controlled cyclic stress unit. BrdU staining and PCR were used to detect ECs proliferation activity and Egr-1 and ICAM-1 mRNA expression, respectively. Western-blot analysis was also used to detect expression of Egr-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) proteins. RESULTS The lumens of vein grafts in Egr-1 KO mice were wider than in WT mice. ECs proliferation after mechanical stretch stimulation was suppressed by Egr-1 knockout (P < 0.05). Both in vein grafts and ECs from WT mice after mechanical stretch stimulation, mRNA expression and protein of Egr-1 and ICAM-1 showed increases (P < 0.05). However, ICAM-1 expression was significantly suppressed in ECs from Egr-1 knockout mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Egr-1 may promote ECs proliferation and result in vein graft restenosis by upregulating the expression of ICAM-1. As a key factor of vein graft restenosis, it could be a target for the prevention of restenosis after CABG surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhang
- Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ran Dong
- Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Du
- Vessel Biology, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
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80
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Calcium influx through the TRPV1 channel of endothelial cells (ECs) correlates with a stronger adhesion between monocytes and ECs. Adv Med Sci 2013. [PMID: 23183769 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-012-0044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atherosclerosis is thought to be initiated by the transendothelial migration of monocytes. In the early stage of this process, the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells is supported by an increase in the intracellular concentration of calcium ion ([Ca(2+)]i) in endothelial cells. However, the main source of Ca(2+) has been unclear. In this study, the changes in ionic transmittance and [Ca(2+)]i due to the adhesion of monocytes were continuously measured by an electrophysiological technique and fluorescent imaging. Especially, we focused on transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1 (TRPV1) as a Ca(2+) channel that could influence the adhesion of monocytes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Whole-cell current was continuously recorded in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by a patch electrode. RESULTS The adhesion of monocytes (THP-1) induced a transient inward current in HUVECs, as well as an elevation of [Ca(2+)]i. This inward element was abolished by the application of 100 nM SB366,791, a selective antagonist of TRPV1 channel. Furthermore, SB366,791 significantly decreased the number of THP-1 cells that adhered to HUVECs (control: 231 ± 38, SB366,791: 96 ± 16 cells/mm2). CONCLUSION These results suggest that an inward calcium current via the TRPV1 channels of endothelial cells correlates with a stronger adhesion between monocytes and endothelial cells.
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81
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Effects of Swedish massage therapy on blood pressure, heart rate, and inflammatory markers in hypertensive women. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:171852. [PMID: 24023571 PMCID: PMC3759268 DOI: 10.1155/2013/171852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Swedish Massage Therapy (SMT) is known for its therapeutic relaxation effects. Hypertension is associated with stress and elevated endothelial inflammatory markers. This randomized control trial measured the effects of whole body SMT (massage group) or resting (control group) an hour weekly for four weeks on hypertensive women. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before and after each intervention and endothelial inflammatory markers: vascular endothelial adhesion molecules 1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecules 1 (ICAM-1) were measured at baseline and after the last intervention. Massage group (n=8) showed significant systolic BP (SBP) reduction of 12 mmHg (P=0.01) and diastolic BP (DBP) reduction of 5 mmHg (P=0.01) after four sessions with no significant difference between groups. Reductions in HR were also seen in massage group after sessions 1, 3, and 4 with significant difference between groups. VCAM-1 showed significant reduction after four sessions: the massage group showed reduction of 998.05 ng/mL (P=0.03) and the control group of 375.70 ng/mL (P=0.01) with no significant differences between groups. There were no changes in ICAM-1. In conclusion, SMT or resting an hour weekly has effects on reducing BP, HR, and VCAM-1 in hypertensive women.
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82
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Feaver RE, Gelfand BD, Blackman BR. Human haemodynamic frequency harmonics regulate the inflammatory phenotype of vascular endothelial cells. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1525. [PMID: 23443553 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemodynamic variations are inherent to blood vessel geometries (such as bifurcations) and correlate with regional development of inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, the complex frequency spectrum characteristics from these haemodynamics have never been exploited to test whether frequency variations are critical determinants of endothelial inflammatory phenotype. Here we utilize an experimental Fourier transform analysis to systematically manipulate individual frequency harmonics from human carotid shear stress waveforms applied in vitro to human endothelial cells. The frequency spectrum, specifically the 0 th and 1st harmonics, is a significant regulator of inflammation, including NF-κB activity and downstream inflammatory phenotype. Further, a harmonic-based regression-model predicts eccentric NF-κB activity observed in the human internal carotid artery. Finally, short interfering RNA-knockdown of the mechanosensor PECAM-1 reverses frequency-dependent regulation of NF-κB activity. Thus, PECAM-1 may have a critical role in the endothelium's exquisite sensitivity to complex shear stress frequency harmonics and provide a mechanism for the focal development of vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Feaver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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83
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Reactive oxygen species and the cardiovascular system. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:862423. [PMID: 23738043 PMCID: PMC3655680 DOI: 10.1155/2013/862423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of free radicals, many hypotheses on the deleterious actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed. However, increasing evidence advocates the necessity of ROS for cellular homeostasis. ROS are generated as inherent by-products of aerobic metabolism and are tightly controlled by antioxidants. Conversely, when produced in excess or when antioxidants are depleted, ROS can inflict damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Such a state of oxidative stress is associated with many pathological conditions and closely correlated to oxygen consumption. Although the deleterious effects of ROS can potentially be reduced by restoring the imbalance between production and clearance of ROS through administration of antioxidants (AOs), the dosage and type of AOs should be tailored to the location and nature of oxidative stress. This paper describes several pathways of ROS signaling in cellular homeostasis. Further, we review the function of ROS in cardiovascular pathology and the effects of AOs on cardiovascular outcomes with emphasis on the so-called oxidative paradox.
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84
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Alberts-Grill N, Denning TL, Rezvan A, Jo H. The role of the vascular dendritic cell network in atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C1-21. [PMID: 23552284 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00017.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A complex role has been described for dendritic cells (DCs) in the potentiation and control of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Resident vascular DCs are found in the intima of atherosclerosis-prone vascular regions exposed to disturbed blood flow patterns. Several phenotypically and functionally distinct vascular DC subsets have been described. The functional heterogeneity of these cells and their contributions to vascular homeostasis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis are only recently beginning to emerge. Here, we review the available literature, characterizing the origin and function of known vascular DC subsets and their important role contributing to the balance of immune activation and immune tolerance governing vascular homeostasis under healthy conditions. We then discuss how homeostatic DC functions are disrupted during atherogenesis, leading to atherosclerosis. The effectiveness of DC-based "atherosclerosis vaccine" therapies in the treatment of atherosclerosis is also reviewed. We further provide suggestions for distinguishing DCs from macrophages and discuss important future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Alberts-Grill
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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85
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Vion AC, Ramkhelawon B, Loyer X, Chironi G, Devue C, Loirand G, Tedgui A, Lehoux S, Boulanger CM. Shear stress regulates endothelial microparticle release. Circ Res 2013; 112:1323-33. [PMID: 23536307 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endothelial activation and apoptosis release membrane-shed microparticles (EMP) that emerge as important biological effectors. OBJECTIVE Because laminar shear stress (SS) is a major physiological regulator of endothelial survival, we tested the hypothesis that SS regulates EMP release. METHODS AND RESULTS EMP levels were quantified by flow cytometry in medium of endothelial cells subjected to low or high SS (2 and 20 dyne/cm(2)). EMP levels augmented with time in low SS conditions compared with high SS conditions. This effect was sensitive to extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and Rho kinases inhibitors but unaffected by caspase inhibitors. Low SS-stimulated EMP release was associated with increased endothelial Rho kinases and ERK1/2 activities and cytoskeletal reorganization. Overexpression of constitutively active RhoA stimulated EMP release under high SS. We also examined the effect of nitric oxide (NO) in mediating SS effects. L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), but not D-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester, increased high SS-induced EMP levels by 3-fold, whereas the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP) decreased it. L-NAME and SNAP did not affect Rho kinases and ERK1/2 activities. Then, we investigated NO effect on membrane remodeling because microparticle release is abolished in ABCA1-deficient cells. ABCA1 expression, which was greater under low SS than under high SS, was augmented by L-NAME under high SS and decreased by SNAP under low SS conditions. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results demonstrate that sustained atheroprone low SS stimulates EMP release through activation of Rho kinases and ERK1/2 pathways, whereas atheroprotective high SS limits EMP release in a NO-dependent regulation of ABCA1 expression and of cytoskeletal reorganization. These findings, therefore, identify endothelial SS as a physiological regulator of microparticle release.
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86
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Hypertensive emergencies are associated with elevated markers of inflammation, coagulation, platelet activation and fibrinolysis. J Hum Hypertens 2012; 27:368-73. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2012.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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87
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O Hartaigh B, Bosch JA, Carroll D, Hemming K, Pilz S, Loerbroks A, Kleber ME, Grammer TB, Fischer JE, Boehm BO, März W, Thomas GN. Evidence of a synergistic association between heart rate, inflammation, and cardiovascular mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Eur Heart J 2012. [PMID: 23178644 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Both elevated inflammatory activity and sustained tachycardia reflect unfavourable cardiovascular risk profiles, and there is evidence to suggest the deleterious effects of inflammation are amplified by increased heart rate. The purpose of this study was to assess the interaction between resting heart rate and inflammation in cardiovascular mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 3267 patients (2283 men), aged 18-95 years, scheduled for coronary angiography, were followed prospectively. By principle component analysis, we developed an overall multi-marker index of inflammation weighting the respective coefficients of five inflammatory markers including: interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, neutrophils, and fibrinogen. Cox proportional hazard regression models were employed to evaluate the relationship between inflammation and heart rate with cardiovascular mortality. Across 29,940 person years of follow-up, there were 546 (17%) deaths due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Significantly, we observed a strong synergistic effect of inflammatory activity and concurrent elevated heart rate. For CVD mortality, patients in the highest quartile of inflammation had an adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.84 (1.31-2.57), P < 0.0001 if their resting heart rate was <75 b.p.m. Substantially, patients had a greater adjusted HR of 7.50 (3.21-17.50), P < 0.0001 if their resting heart rate was ≥75 b.p.m. CONCLUSION The present analyses underline elevated inflammation as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. The effects of inflammation appeared to be strongly amplified by a faster resting heart rate. If confirmed by additional studies, this association may prove a useful adjunct for therapeutic approaches to alleviate symptoms and prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bríain O Hartaigh
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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88
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Synergistic Effect of Histamine and TNF-α on Monocyte Adhesion to Vascular Endothelial Cells. Inflammation 2012; 36:309-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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89
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Sekar B, Critchley WR, Williams SG, Shaw SM. Should we consider heart rate reduction in cardiac transplant recipients? Clin Cardiol 2012; 36:68-73. [PMID: 22911227 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased resting heart rate is an independent modifiable risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated improved clinical outcomes with heart rate reduction in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure, but its role in transplanted hearts is not yet established. Sinus tachycardia is more common in heart transplant recipients due to graft denervation. Although a large number of studies have recognized increased heart rate as a predictor of native coronary artery atherosclerosis and overall cardiac mortality, contradicting results have been observed in heart transplant recipients. There is no clear consensus about what the normal range of heart rate should be following heart transplantation. The aim of this article was to review the literature to evaluate whether heart rate reduction should be considered in heart transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskar Sekar
- The Transplant Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe, United Kingdom.
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90
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Kanwar RK, Chaudhary R, Tsuzuki T, Kanwar JR. Emerging engineered magnetic nanoparticulate probes for molecular MRI of atherosclerosis: how far have we come? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:899-916. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, immunoinflammatory disease of the large and medium-sized arteries, and a major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis often progresses silently for decades until the occurrence of a major catastrophic clinical event such as myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest and stroke. The main challenge in the diagnosis and management of atherosclerosis is to develop a safe, noninvasive technique that is accurate and reproducible, which can detect the biologically active high-risk vulnerable plaques (with ongoing active inflammation, angiogenesis and apoptosis) before the occurrence of an acute clinical event. This article reviews the events involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in light of recently advanced understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. Next, we elaborate on the interesting developments in molecular MRI, by describing the recently engineered magnetic nanoparticulate probes targeting clinically promising molecular and cellular players/processes, involved in early atherosclerotic lesion formation to plaque rupture and erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder K Kanwar
- Nanomedicine, Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Rajneesh Chaudhary
- Nanomaterials, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Takuya Tsuzuki
- Nanomaterials, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine, Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
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91
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Lee S, Eskin SG, Shah AK, Schildmeyer LA, McIntire LV. Effect of zinc and nitric oxide on monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells under shear stress. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 40:697-706. [PMID: 22009315 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the effect of zinc on monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells under different shear stress regimens, which may trigger atherogenesis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to steady shear stress (15 dynes/cm(2) or 1 dyne/cm(2)) or reversing shear stress (time average 1 dyne/cm(2)) for 24 h. In all shear stress regimes, zinc deficiency enhanced THP-1 cell adhesion, while heparinase III reduced monocyte adhesion following reversing shear stress exposure. Unlike other shear stress regimes, reversing shear stress alone enhanced monocyte adhesion, which may be associated with increased H(2)O(2) and superoxide together with relatively low levels of nitric oxide (NO) production. L-N(G)-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treatment increased monocyte adhesion under 15 dynes/cm(2) and under reversing shear stress. After reversing shear stress, monocyte adhesion dramatically increased with heparinase III treatment followed by a zinc scavenger. Static culture experiments supported the reduction of monocyte adhesion by zinc following endothelial cell cytokine activation. These results suggest that endothelial cell zinc levels are important for the inhibition of monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, and may be one of the key factors in the early stages of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmun Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332-0535, USA
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92
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Waleh N, Seidner S, McCurnin D, Giavedoni L, Hodara V, Goelz S, Liu BM, Roman C, Clyman RI. Anatomic closure of the premature patent ductus arteriosus: The role of CD14+/CD163+ mononuclear cells and VEGF in neointimal mound formation. Pediatr Res 2011; 70:332-8. [PMID: 21691249 PMCID: PMC3166370 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3182294471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Permanent closure of the newborn ductus arteriosus requires the development of neointimal mounds to completely occlude its lumen. VEGF is required for neointimal mound formation. The size of the neointimal mounds (composed of proliferating endothelial and migrating smooth muscle cells) is directly related to the number of VLA4 mononuclear cells that adhere to the ductus lumen after birth. We hypothesized that VEGF plays a crucial role in attracting CD14/CD163 mononuclear cells (expressing VLA4) to the ductus lumen and that CD14/CD163 cell adhesion to the ductus lumen is important for neointimal growth. We used neutralizing antibodies against VEGF and VLA-4 to determine their respective roles in remodeling the ductus of premature newborn baboons. Anti-VEGF treatment blocked CD14/CD163 cell adhesion to the ductus lumen and prevented neointimal growth. Anti-VLA-4 treatment blocked CD14/CD163 cell adhesion to the ductus lumen, decreased the expression of PDGF-B (which promotes smooth muscle migration), and blocked smooth muscle influx into the neointimal subendothelial space (despite the presence of increased VEGF in the ductus wall). We conclude that VEGF is necessary for CD14/CD163 cell adhesion to the ductus lumen and that CD14/CD163 cell adhesion is essential for VEGF-induced expansion of the neointimal subendothelial zone.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/metabolism
- Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Infant, Newborn
- Integrin alpha4beta1/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/metabolism
- Neointima
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Papio
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Waleh
- Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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93
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Penn DL, Komotar RJ, Sander Connolly E. Hemodynamic mechanisms underlying cerebral aneurysm pathogenesis. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:1435-8. [PMID: 21917457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial aneurysms and associated subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are predominant cerebrovascular disorders that present a significant public health risk through high rates of morbidity and mortality. Unruptured aneurysms that become large enough compress cerebral tissue and manifest various neurological signs. But the largest danger presented by these cerebrovascular lesions is from the increased likelihood that the vessel will rupture, causing a SAH, a condition that creates higher risk of cerebral ischemia through reduced cerebral blood flow and vasospasm. The specific pathophysiological mechanisms that cause these lesions are not fully understood. The current literature focuses on understanding the effects of and links between hemodynamic forces, vascular remodeling and inflammation, and genetics in aneurysm formation, development, and rupture. The present study represents a survey of the complete hemodynamic pathogenesis of aneurysmal SAH detailing the many factors and their connections that contribute to the pathophysiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Penn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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94
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Tremmel M, Xiang J, Natarajan SK, Hopkins LN, Siddiqui AH, Levy EI, Meng H. Alteration of intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics for flow diversion using enterprise and vision stents. World Neurosurg 2011; 74:306-15. [PMID: 21197155 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Flow diversion is a novel concept for intracranial aneurysm treatment. The recently developed Enterprise Vascular Reconstruction Device (Codman Neurovascular, Raynham MA) provides easy delivery and repositioning. Although designed specifically for restraining coils within an aneurysm, this stent has theoretical effects on modifying flow dynamics, which have not been studied. The goal of this study was to quantify the effect of single and multiple self-expanding Enterprise stents alone or in combination with balloon-mounted stents on aneurysm hemodynamics using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). METHODS The geometry of a wide-necked, saccular, basilar trunk aneurysm was reconstructed from computed tomographic angiography images. Various combinations of 1-3 stents were "virtually" conformed to fit into the vessel lumen and placed across the aneurysm orifice. CFD analysis was performed to calculate hemodynamic parameters considered important in aneurysm pathogenesis and thrombosis for each model. RESULTS The complex aneurysmal flow pattern was suppressed by stenting. Stent placement lowered average flow velocity in the aneurysm; further reduction was achieved by additional stent deployment. Aneurysmal flow turnover time, an indicator of stasis, was increased to 114-117% for single-stent, 127-128% for double-stent, and 141% for triple-stent deployment. Furthermore, aneurysmal wall shear stress (WSS) decreased with increasing number of deployed stents. CONCLUSION This is the first study analyzing flow modifications associated with placement of Enterprise stents for aneurysm occlusion. Placement of 2-3 stents significantly reduced intra-aneurysmal hemodynamic activities, thereby increasing the likelihood of inducing aneurysm thrombotic occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tremmel
- Toshiba Stroke Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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95
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Wang J, An FS, Zhang W, Gong L, Wei SJ, Qin WD, Wang XP, Zhao YX, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang MX. Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase attenuates low shear stress-induced atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mol Med 2011; 17:990-9. [PMID: 21629969 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis begins as local inflammation of arterial walls at sites of disturbed flow, such as vessel curvatures and bifurcations with low shear stress. c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK) is a major regulator of flow-dependent gene expression in endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the in vivo role of JNK in low shear stress in atherosclerosis. We aimed to observe the effect of JNK on low shear stress-induced atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice and investigate the potential mechanism in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We divided 84 male ApoE(-/-) mice into two groups for treatment with normal saline (NS) (n = 42) and JNK inhibitor SP600125 (JNK-I) (n = 42). Perivascular shear stress modifiers were placed around the right carotid arteries, and plaque formation was studied at low shear stress regions. The left carotid arteries without modifiers represented undisturbed shear stress as a control. The NS group showed atherosclerotic lesions in arterial regions with low shear stress, whereas the JNK-I group showed almost no atherosclerotic lesions. Corresponding to the expression of proatherogenic vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), phospho-JNK (p-JNK) level was higher in low shear stress regions with NS than with JNK-I inhibitor. In HUVECs under low shear stress, siRNA knockdown and SP600125 inhibition of JNK attenuated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity and VCAM-1 expression. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) (CD31) reduced p-JNK and VCAM-1 levels after low shear stress stimulation. JNK may play a critical role in low shear stress-induced atherogenesis by a PECAM-1-dependent mechanosensory pathway and modulating NF-κB activity and VCAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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96
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Heliopoulos J, Vadikolias K, Piperidou C, Mitsias P. Detection of Carotid Artery Plaque Ulceration Using 3-Dimensional Ultrasound. J Neuroimaging 2011; 21:126-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2009.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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97
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Khan OF, Sefton MV. Endothelial cell behaviour within a microfluidic mimic of the flow channels of a modular tissue engineered construct. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:69-87. [PMID: 20842530 PMCID: PMC3039922 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-010-9472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To study the effect of disturbed flow patterns on endothelial cells, the channels found within a modular tissue engineering construct were reproduced in a microfluidic chip and lined with endothelial cells whose resulting phenotype under flow was assessed using confocal microscopy. Modular tissue engineered constructs formed by the random packing of sub-millimetre, cylindrically shaped, endothelial cell-covered modules into a larger container creates interconnected channels that permit the flow of fluids such as blood. Due to the random packing, the flow path is tortuous and has the potential to create disturbed flow, resulting in an activated endothelium. At an average shear stress of 2.8 dyn cm⁻², endothelial cells within channels of varying geometries showed higher amounts of activation, as evidenced by an increase in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels with respect to static controls. VE-cadherin expression also increased, however, it appeared discontinuous around the perimeter of the cells. An increase in flow (15.6 dyn cm⁻²) was sufficient to reduce ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression to a level below that of static controls for many disturbed flow-prone channels that contained branches, curves, expansions and contractions. VE-cadherin expression was also reduced and became discontinuous in all channels, possibly due to paracrine signaling. Other than showing a mild correlation to VE-cadherin, which may be linked through a cAMP-initiated pathway, KLF2 was found to be largely independent of shear stress for this system. To gauge the adhesiveness of the endothelium to leukocytes, THP-1 cells were introduced into flow-conditioned channels and their attachment measured. Relative to static controls, THP-1 adhesion was reduced in straight and bifurcating channels. However, even in the presence of flow, areas where multiple channels converged were found to be the most prone to THP-1 attachment. The microfluidic system enabled a full analysis of the effect of the tortuous flow expected in a modular construct on endothelial cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar F. Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Room 440, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Michael V. Sefton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Suite 407, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
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98
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Chiu JJ, Chien S. Effects of disturbed flow on vascular endothelium: pathophysiological basis and clinical perspectives. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:327-87. [PMID: 21248169 PMCID: PMC3844671 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1445] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to hemodynamic forces, which modulate EC functions and vascular biology/pathobiology in health and disease. The flow patterns and hemodynamic forces are not uniform in the vascular system. In straight parts of the arterial tree, blood flow is generally laminar and wall shear stress is high and directed; in branches and curvatures, blood flow is disturbed with nonuniform and irregular distribution of low wall shear stress. Sustained laminar flow with high shear stress upregulates expressions of EC genes and proteins that are protective against atherosclerosis, whereas disturbed flow with associated reciprocating, low shear stress generally upregulates the EC genes and proteins that promote atherogenesis. These findings have led to the concept that the disturbed flow pattern in branch points and curvatures causes the preferential localization of atherosclerotic lesions. Disturbed flow also results in postsurgical neointimal hyperplasia and contributes to pathophysiology of clinical conditions such as in-stent restenosis, vein bypass graft failure, and transplant vasculopathy, as well as aortic valve calcification. In the venous system, disturbed flow resulting from reflux, outflow obstruction, and/or stasis leads to venous inflammation and thrombosis, and hence the development of chronic venous diseases. Understanding of the effects of disturbed flow on ECs can provide mechanistic insights into the role of complex flow patterns in pathogenesis of vascular diseases and can help to elucidate the phenotypic and functional differences between quiescent (nonatherogenic/nonthrombogenic) and activated (atherogenic/thrombogenic) ECs. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of disturbed flow in EC physiology and pathophysiology, as well as its clinical implications. Such information can contribute to our understanding of the etiology of lesion development in vascular niches with disturbed flow and help to generate new approaches for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Jiann Chiu
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
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99
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Rouleau L, Farcas M, Tardif JC, Mongrain R, Leask RL. Endothelial cell morphologic response to asymmetric stenosis hemodynamics: effects of spatial wall shear stress gradients. J Biomech Eng 2010; 132:081013. [PMID: 20670062 DOI: 10.1115/1.4001891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are known to respond to hemodynamic forces. Their phenotype has been suggested to differ between atheroprone and atheroprotective regions of the vasculature, which are characterized by the local hemodynamic environment. Once an atherosclerotic plaque has formed in a vessel, the obstruction creates complex spatial gradients in wall shear stress. Endothelial cell response to wall shear stress may be linked to the stability of coronary plaques. Unfortunately, in vitro studies of the endothelial cell involvement in plaque stability have been limited by unrealistic and simplified geometries, which cannot reproduce accurately the hemodynamics created by a coronary stenosis. Hence, in an attempt to better replicate the spatial wall shear stress gradient patterns in an atherosclerotic region, a three dimensional asymmetric stenosis model was created. Human abdominal aortic endothelial cells were exposed to steady flow (Re=50, 100, and 200 and tau=4.5 dyn/cm(2), 9 dyn/cm(2), and 18 dyn/cm(2)) in idealized 50% asymmetric stenosis and straight/tubular in vitro models. Local morphological changes that occur due to magnitude, duration, and spatial gradients were quantified to identify differences in cell response. In the one dimensional flow regions, where flow is fully developed and uniform wall shear stress is observed, cells aligned in flow direction and had a spindlelike shape when compared with static controls. Morphological changes were progressive and a function of time and magnitude in these regions. Cells were more randomly oriented and had a more cobblestone shape in regions of spatial wall shear stress gradients. These regions were present, both proximal and distal, at the stenosis and on the wall opposite to the stenosis. The response of endothelial cells to spatial wall shear stress gradients both in regions of acceleration and deceleration and without flow recirculation has not been previously reported. This study shows the dependence of endothelial cell morphology on spatial wall shear stress gradients and demonstrates that care must be taken to account for altered phenotype due to geometric features. These results may help explain plaque stability, as cells in shoulder regions near an atherosclerotic plaque had a cobblestone morphology indicating that they may be more permeable to subendothelial transport and express prothrombotic factors, which would increase the risk of atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Rouleau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada
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100
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Laminar shear stress prevents simvastatin-induced adhesion molecule expression in cytokine activated endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 649:268-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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