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Crawford JR, Trial J, Nambi V, Hoogeveen RC, Taffet GE, Entman ML. Plasma Levels of Endothelial Microparticles Bearing Monomeric C-reactive Protein are Increased in Peripheral Artery Disease. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2016; 9:184-193. [PMID: 26891844 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-016-9678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) as an indicator of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has shown limited sensitivity. We demonstrate that two isoforms of CRP (pentameric, pCRP and monomeric, mCRP) present in soluble form or on microparticles (MPs) have different biological effects and are not all measured by clinical CRP assays. The high-sensitivity CRP assay (hsCRP) did not measure pCRP or mCRP on MPs, whereas flow cytometry did. MPs derived from endothelial cells, particularly those bearing mCRP, were elevated in peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients compared to controls. The numbers of mCRP(+) endothelial MPs did not correlate with hsCRP measurements of soluble pCRP, indicating their independent modulation. In controls, statins lowered mCRP(+) endothelial MPs. In a model of vascular inflammation, mCRP induced endothelial shedding of MPs and was proinflammatory, while pCRP was anti-inflammatory. mCRP on endothelial MPs may be both an unmeasured indicator of, and an amplifier of, vascular disease, and its detection might improve risk sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Crawford
- The Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Houston Methodist Hospital, One Baylor Plaza, M.S. BCM620, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - JoAnn Trial
- The Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Houston Methodist Hospital, One Baylor Plaza, M.S. BCM620, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Vijay Nambi
- The Division of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, 6565 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ron C Hoogeveen
- The Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George E Taffet
- The Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Houston Methodist Hospital, One Baylor Plaza, M.S. BCM620, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mark L Entman
- The Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Houston Methodist Hospital, One Baylor Plaza, M.S. BCM620, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Targeting C-Reactive Protein in Inflammatory Disease by Preventing Conformational Changes. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:372432. [PMID: 26089599 PMCID: PMC4451254 DOI: 10.1155/2015/372432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a pentraxin that has long been employed as a marker of inflammation in clinical practice. Recent findings brought up the idea of CRP to be not only a systemic marker but also a mediator of inflammation. New studies focused on structural changes of the plasma protein, revealing the existence of two distinct protein conformations associated with opposed inflammatory properties. Native, pentameric CRP (pCRP) is considered to be the circulating precursor form of monomeric CRP (mCRP) that has been identified to be strongly proinflammatory. Recently, a dissociation mechanism of pCRP has been identified on activated platelets and activated/apoptotic cells associated with the amplification of the proinflammatory potential. Correspondingly, CRP deposits found in inflamed tissues have been identified to exhibit the monomeric conformation by using conformation-specific antibodies. Here we review the current literature on the causal role of the dissociation mechanism of pCRP and the genesis of mCRP for the amplification of the proinflammatory potential in inflammatory reactions such as atherosclerosis and ischemia/reperfusion injury. The chance to prevent the formation of proinflammatory mediators in ubiquitous inflammatory cascades has pushed therapeutic strategies by targeting pCRP dissociation in inflammation. In this respect, the development of clinically applicable derivatives of the palindromic compound 1,6-bis(phosphocholine)-hexane (1,6-bis PC) should be a major focus of future CRP research.
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Increased monomeric CRP levels in acute myocardial infarction: A possible new and specific biomarker for diagnosis and severity assessment of disease. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239:343-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Xu PC, Lin S, Yang XW, Gu DM, Yan TK, Wei L, Wang BL. C-reactive protein enhances activation of coagulation system and inflammatory response through dissociating into monomeric form in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:10. [PMID: 25879749 PMCID: PMC4357196 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background C-reactive protein (CRP) exerts prothrombotic effects through dissociating from pentameric CRP (pCRP) into modified or monomeric CRP (mCRP). However, although the high prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) has been identified, it remains unclear whether the high levels of circulating pCRP potentially contribute to this hypercoagulable state in AAV. ANCA can induce the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In this study, the NETs-dependent generation of mCRP from pCRP and the influences of mCRP on the activation of coagulation system and inflammatory response in AAV were investigated. Results NETs were induced after TNF-α primed neutrophils were incubated with ANCA-containing IgG. After ANCA-induced netting neutrophils were incubated statically with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) containing mCRP (60 μg/mL), the proportion of platelets expressing CD62p increased significantly, while no increased CD62p expression of platelets was observed after static incubation with PRP containing pCRP (60 μg/mL). Under flow conditions, perfusing immobilized ANCA-induced netting neutrophils with pCRP-containing PRP caused platelets activation and mCRP deposition. The newly generated mCRP induced platelets activation on ANCA-induced netting neutrophils, enhanced D-dimer formation, and enhanced high mobility group box 1 secretion by platelets. Conclusions Under flow conditions, ANCA-induced netting neutrophils can activate platelets and then prompt the formation of mCRP on activated platelets. Then the newly generated mCRP can further enhance the activation of platelets, the process of thrombogenesis, and the inflammatory response. So the high level of circulating pCRP is not only a sensitive marker for judging the disease activity, but also a participant in the pathophysiology of AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-cheng Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Shan Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Xiao-wei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
| | - Dong-Mei Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Tie-kun Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Bao-li Wang
- Key Lab of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Lee TM, Chen WT, Yang CC, Lin SZ, Chang NC. Sitagliptin attenuates sympathetic innervation via modulating reactive oxygen species and interstitial adenosine in infarcted rat hearts. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:418-29. [PMID: 25388908 PMCID: PMC4407589 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, attenuates arrhythmias through inhibiting nerve growth factor (NGF) expression in post-infarcted normoglycemic rats, focusing on adenosine and reactive oxygen species production. DPP-4 bound adenosine deaminase has been shown to catalyse extracellular adenosine to inosine. DPP-4 inhibitors increased adenosine levels by inhibiting the complex formation. Normoglycemic male Wistar rats were subjected to coronary ligation and then randomized to either saline or sitagliptin in in vivo and ex vivo studies. Post-infarction was associated with increased oxidative stress, as measured by myocardial superoxide, nitrotyrosine and dihydroethidium fluorescent staining. Measurement of myocardial norepinephrine levels revealed a significant elevation in vehicle-treated infarcted rats compared with sham. Compared with vehicle, infarcted rats treated with sitagliptin significantly increased interstitial adenosine levels and attenuated oxidative stress. Sympathetic hyperinnervation was blunted after administering sitagliptin, as assessed by immunofluorescent analysis and western blotting and real-time quantitative RT-PCR of NGF. Arrhythmic scores in the sitagliptin-treated infarcted rats were significantly lower than those in vehicle. Ex vivo studies showed a similar effect of erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (an adenosine deaminase inhibitor) to sitagliptin on attenuated levels of superoxide and NGF. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of sitagliptin on superoxide anion production and NGF levels can be reversed by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropulxanthine (adenosine A1 receptor antagonist) and exogenous hypoxanthine. Sitagliptin protects ventricular arrhythmias by attenuating sympathetic innervation via adenosine A1 receptor and xanthine oxidase-dependent pathways, which converge through the attenuated formation of superoxide in the non-diabetic infarcted rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ming Lee
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, China Medical University-An Nan Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shi P, Li XX, Zhu W, Yang H, Dong C, Li XM. Immunohistochemical staining reveals C-reactive protein existing predominantly as altered conformation forms in inflammatory lesions. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2014; 65:265-73. [PMID: 25194730 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.65.2014.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an established marker of inflammation and has been proposed to play a proinflammatory role in pathologies of several diseases. CRP is primarily produced by the liver and released into circulation as a pentameric molecule composed of five identical subunits. It has been suggested that the activation of the proinflammatory actions of CRP requires sequential conformational changes triggered by local inflammatory conditions. These include the dissociation into the subunit form (monomeric CRP, mCRP) and further reduction of the intra-subunit disulfide bond of mCRP. This model predicts that mCRP is the primary isoform present in inflamed but not healthy tissues, however the supporting evidence is lacking. Herein, we stained tissue samples across multiple anatomical locations from several types of human diseases with highly selective monoclonal antibodies that can differentiate CRP and mCRP. The results indicated that mCRP is the predominant form existing in the lesions. Further immunoblotting of the patient tissue samples revealed the potential presence of reduced mCRP. Together, we conclude that mCRP but not CRP is the major isoform present in local inflammatory lesions, supporting the so-called cascading model of CRP function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shi
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 PR China
| | - Xiao-Xin Li
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 PR China
| | - Wei Zhu
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 PR China
| | - Chi Dong
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 PR China
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57
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Age-associated aberrations in mouse cellular and humoral immune responses. Aging Clin Exp Res 2014; 26:353-62. [PMID: 24343854 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-013-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several contradictions and inconsistent reports regarding nature of dysfunction of immune system with age are known. The lack of multipoint age comparisons in immune functions contributes to the observed ambiguity in understanding immunosenescence. Thus, the present study aimed at a concurrent analysis of different immune cells in an attempt to delineate the nature of dysregulation with progressive aging in mice. METHODS 4, 8, 12 and 16 months old mice were analyzed for various immune parameters involving neutrophils, peripheral blood lymphocytes, peritoneal macrophages, splenocytes, inflamm-aging markers in plasma and humoral immune response in intestine. RESULTS Neutrophils registered a remarkable decrease in activities of respiratory burst enzymes and phagocytosis, while macrophages recorded a decrease in TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression. MCP-1 and CRP levels increased in plasma, whereas stimulation index and CD28 expression decreased in lymphocytes. Interleukins analysis (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10) showed a remarkable shift towards Th2 response which further resulted in increased IgG1/IgG2a ratio and IgE levels in intestine. CONCLUSION A decline in cell-mediated immune response, chronic inflammation and aggravation of humoral immunity was evident which conclusively suggests a skewed Th2 pathway during aging.
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Mutations of C-reactive protein (CRP) -286 SNP, APC and p53 in colorectal cancer: implication for a CRP-Wnt crosstalk. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102418. [PMID: 25025473 PMCID: PMC4099363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an established marker of inflammation with pattern-recognition receptor-like activities. Despite the close association of the serum level of CRP with the risk and prognosis of several types of cancer, it remains elusive whether CRP contributes directly to tumorigenesis or just represents a bystander marker. We have recently identified recurrent mutations at the SNP position -286 (rs3091244) in the promoter of CRP gene in several tumor types, instead suggesting that locally produced CRP is a potential driver of tumorigenesis. However, it is unknown whether the -286 site is the sole SNP position of CRP gene targeted for mutation and whether there is any association between CRP SNP mutations and other frequently mutated genes in tumors. Herein, we have examined the genotypes of three common CRP non-coding SNPs (rs7553007, rs1205, rs3093077) in tumor/normal sample pairs of 5 cancer types (n = 141). No recurrent somatic mutations are found at these SNP positions, indicating that the -286 SNP mutations are preferentially selected during the development of cancer. Further analysis reveals that the -286 SNP mutations of CRP tend to co-occur with mutated APC particularly in rectal cancer (p = 0.04; n = 67). By contrast, mutations of CRP and p53 or K-ras appear to be unrelated. There results thus underscore the functional importance of the -286 mutation of CRP in tumorigenesis and imply an interaction between CRP and Wnt signaling pathway.
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Li HY, Wang J, Wu YX, Zhang L, Liu ZP, Filep JG, Potempa LA, Wu Y, Ji SR. Topological localization of monomeric C-reactive protein determines proinflammatory endothelial cell responses. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14283-90. [PMID: 24711458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of endothelial cells (ECs) by monomeric C-reactive protein (mCRP) has been implicated in contributing to atherogenesis. However, the potent proinflammatory actions of mCRP on ECs in vitro appear to be incompatible with the atheroprotective effects of mCRP in a mouse model. Because mCRP is primarily generated within inflamed tissues and is rapidly cleared from the circulation, we tested whether these discrepancies can be explained by topological differences in response to mCRP within blood vessels. In a Transwell culture model, the addition of mCRP to apical (luminal), but not basolateral (abluminal), surfaces of intact human coronary artery EC monolayers evoked a significant up-regulation of MCP-1, IL-8, and IL-6. Such polarized stimulation of mCRP was observed consistently regardless of EC type or experimental conditions (e.g. culture of ECs on filters or extracellular matrix-coated surfaces). Accordingly, we detected enriched lipid raft microdomains, the major surface sensors for mCRP on ECs, in apical membranes, leading to the preferential apical binding of mCRP and activation of ECs through the polarized induction of the phospholipase C, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, LPS and IL-1β induction of EC activation also exhibited topological dependence, whereas TNF-α did not. Together, these results indicate that tissue-associated mCRP likely contributes little to EC activation. Hence, topological localization is an important, but often overlooked, factor that determines the contribution of mCRP and other proinflammatory mediators to chronic vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Li
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations of Ministry of Education of China, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations of Ministry of Education of China, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yue-Xin Wu
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations of Ministry of Education of China, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations of Ministry of Education of China, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zu-Pei Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations of Ministry of Education of China, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - János G Filep
- the Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Lawrence A Potempa
- the Roosevelt University College of Pharmacy, Schaumburg, Illinois 60173, and
| | - Yi Wu
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations of Ministry of Education of China, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, the Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shang-Rong Ji
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations of Ministry of Education of China, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China,
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Di Napoli M, Elkind MSV, Godoy DA, Singh P, Papa F, Popa-Wagner A. Role of C-reactive protein in cerebrovascular disease: a critical review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 9:1565-84. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Xu PC, Li ZY, Yang XW, Zhao MH, Chen M. Myeloperoxidase influences the complement regulatory function of modified C-reactive protein. Innate Immun 2013; 20:440-8. [PMID: 24189124 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913508164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with active anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic Ab (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), there are high levels of circulating C-reactive protein (CRP), which can inhibit the alternative complement pathway by binding factor H and triggering the classical complement pathway by binding C1q. However, the alternative, not the classical, complement pathway has been proven to play an important role in AAV. We found that both purified myeloperoxidase (MPO) and MPO released from ANCA-stimulated neutrophils could bind modified CRP (mCRP), but not pentameric CRP. Furthermore, MPO could block the binding between mCRP and factor H, as well as the binding between mCRP and C1q. Binding with mCRP did not influence the enzymatic activity of MPO. Binding with mCRP also did not influence the binding between MPO and its physical inhibitor, ceruloplasmin, as well as the binding between MPO and MPO-ANCA. The results indicated that MPO might be a complement regulator and inhibit the negative regulatory effect of CRP on the alternative complement pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-cheng Xu
- 1Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Abstract
Protein action in nature is largely controlled by the level of expression and by post-translational modifications. Post-translational modifications result in a proteome that is at least two orders of magnitude more diverse than the genome. There are three basic types of post-translational modifications: covalent modification of an amino acid side chain, hydrolytic cleavage or isomerization of a peptide bond, and reductive cleavage of a disulfide bond. This review addresses the modification of disulfide bonds. Protein disulfide bonds perform either a structural or a functional role, and there are two types of functional disulfide: the catalytic and allosteric bonds. The allosteric disulfide bonds control the function of the mature protein in which they reside by triggering a change when they are cleaved. The change can be in ligand binding, substrate hydrolysis, proteolysis, or oligomer formation. The allosteric disulfides are cleaved by oxidoreductases or by thiol/disulfide exchange, and the configurations of the disulfides and the secondary structures that they link share some recurring features. How these bonds are being identified using bioinformatics and experimental screens and what the future holds for this field of research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Cook
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW2052, Australia
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Li Q, Kang T, Tian X, Ma Y, Li M, Richards J, Bythwood T, Wang Y, Li X, Liu D, Ma L, Song Q. Multimeric stability of human C-reactive protein in archived specimens. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58094. [PMID: 23516433 PMCID: PMC3597618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of inflammation and a risk predictor of cardiovascular disease. Current CRP assays are focused on the quantification of the CRP levels as pentamers. However, CRP can be present as other multimeric forms. There will be a market need to measure the CRP multimeric structure in addition to the levels in human populations. To meet this need, we investigated whether the long-term archived samples could be used instead of freshly collected samples. Methodology/Principal Findings The specimens of serum, plasma and tissues were collected from transgenic rats expressing the human CRP. These samples were stored at 4°C, −20°C and −80°C for different periods. Non-denaturing Western blot analysis was used to observe the influence of storage conditions to multimeric structures of human CRP. Our results showed that there was no difference on multimeric structures of human CRP between samples stored at 4°C, −20°C and −80°C, between samples stored at −80°C for twenty-four hours and three months, and between plasma and serum. Conclusions/Significance This study implicated that archived samples stored at these conditions in those large longitudinal studies could be used for investigating the multimeric structures of CRP. Our report may speed up these researches and save labors and budget by enabling them to use currently available archived samples rather than freshly collected samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiling Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ting Kang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiaohua Tian
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yamin Ma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Min Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jendai Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tameka Bythwood
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yueling Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Li Ma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Qing Song
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Z, Yang Y, Hill MA, Wu J. Does C-reactive protein contribute to atherothrombosis via oxidant-mediated release of pro-thrombotic factors and activation of platelets? Front Physiol 2012; 3:433. [PMID: 23162475 PMCID: PMC3499691 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Although C-reactive protein (CRP) has traditionally been considered to be a biomarker of inflammation, recent in vitro and in vivo studies have provided evidence that CRP, itself, exerts pro-thrombotic effects on vascular cells and may thus play a critical role in the development of atherothrombosis. Of particular importance is that CRP interacts with Fcγ receptors on cells of the vascular wall giving rise to the release of pro-thrombotic factors. The present review focuses on distinct sources of CRP-mediated ROS generation as well as the pivotal role of ROS in CRP-induced tissue factor expression. These studies provide considerable insight into the role of the oxidative mechanisms in CRP-mediated stimulation of pro-thrombotic factors and activation of platelets. Collectively, the available data provide strong support for ROS playing an important intermediary role in the relationship between CRP and atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou Medical College Luzhou, China
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C-reactive protein enhances the respiratory burst of neutrophils-induced by antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. Mol Immunol 2012; 52:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pentameric CRP attenuates inflammatory effects of mmLDL by inhibiting mmLDL--monocyte interactions. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:384-93. [PMID: 22901456 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that C-reactive protein (CRP) interacting with low-density lipoproteins (LDL) affects macrophage activation and LDL uptake. However, the physiological relevance of CRP-LDL interaction with circulating monocytes remains elusive. Moreover, recent studies have shown that CRP exists in two isoforms with partly opposing characteristics pentameric (pCRP) and monomeric CRP (mCRP). Here we investigated the effects of CRP interacting with minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) interaction in regard to events involved in formation of atherosclerotic plaque. We analyzed the effect of mmLDL on human monocytes and found a substantial increase in monocyte activation as evaluated by CD11b/CD18 expression and increased monocyte adhesion under static and under shear flow conditions to human endothelial cells. Monocyte adhesion and activation was attenuated by pCRP via the prevention of mmLDL binding to monocytes. These anti-inflammatory properties of pCRP were lost when it dissociates to the monomeric form. Our results elucidate the physiological relevance of the CRP-mmLDL interaction and furthermore confirm the importance of the previously described pCRP dissociation to mCRP as a localized inflammatory "activation" mechanism.
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Li R, Ren M, Luo M, Chen N, Zhang Z, Luo B, Wu J. Monomeric C-reactive protein alters fibrin clot properties on endothelial cells. Thromb Res 2012; 129:e251-6. [PMID: 22475312 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are independently associated with increased risk of atherothrombosis. Several lines of evidence suggest that CRP has prothrombogenic effects on injured vessel wall(s) by enhancing tissue factor (TF) expression. Abnormal fibrin formation is correlated with increased thrombotic risk. However, the impact of localized, cell surface-driven in situ tissue factor generation by CRP on clot dynamics and fibrin architecture has not previously been evaluated. We examined the impact of native CRP and modified or monomeric CRP (mCRP) on the fibrin formation and structure in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). Fibrin formation and structure were examined using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Incubation with mCRP on the cell surface had faster fibrin polymerization by the analysis of turbidimetry. Confocal microscopy of fibrin clots showed a significantly increased density in the treatment of mCRP compared with native CRP and control in the proximal versus distal relationship to the cell surface. The increased expression and activity of TF on the cell surface was observed by addition of mCRP. Blockage of tissue factor and lipid rafts significantly reduced the density of fibrin network produced by mCRP-stimulated endothelial cells. mCRP changes clot dynamics and alters fibrin architecture by enhancing TF on the endothelial cell surface. These results support the concept that elevated CRP levels may induce fibrinolytic resistance and endothelial dysfunction by altering fibrin clot structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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70
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El Kebir D, Zhang Y, Potempa LA, Wu Y, Fournier A, Filep JG. C-reactive protein-derived peptide 201-206 inhibits neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells and platelets through CD32. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:1167-75. [PMID: 21934067 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0111032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of CRP as a regulator of inflammation is not fully understood. Structural rearrangement in CRP results in expression of potent proinflammatory actions. Proteolysis of CRP yields the C-terminal peptide Lys(201)-Pro-Gln-Leu-Trp-Pro(206). Here, we investigated the impact of this peptide on neutrophil interactions with endothelial cells and platelets, critical inflammatory events triggering acute coronary artery disease. CRP peptide 201-206 induced L-selectin shedding from human neutrophils and inhibited L-selectin-mediated neutrophil adhesion to TNF-α-activated HCAECs under nonstatic conditions. CRP peptide 201-206 also attenuated shear-induced up-regulation of platelet P-selectin expression, platelet capture of neutrophils, and subsequent homotypic neutrophil adhesion in human whole blood. Anti-CD32 but not anti-CD16 or anti-CD64 mAb effectively prevented the inhibitory actions of CRP peptide 201-206. Substitution of Lys(201), Gln(203), or Trp(205) with Ala in CRP peptide 201-206 resulted in loss of the biological activities, whereas peptides in which Pro(202), Leu(204), or Pro(206) was substituted with Ala retained biological activity. We identified amino acid residues involved in CRP peptide 201-206-FcγRII (CD32) interactions, which mediate potent antineutrophil and antiplatelet adhesion actions, and these findings open up new perspectives for limiting inflammation and thrombosis underlying coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driss El Kebir
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Ahrens I, Domeij H, Eisenhardt SU, Topcic D, Albrecht M, Leitner E, Viitaniemi K, Jowett JB, Lappas M, Bode C, Haviv I, Peter K. Opposing effects of monomeric and pentameric C-reactive protein on endothelial progenitor cells. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:879-95. [PMID: 21562922 PMCID: PMC3149664 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) has been linked to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The dissociation of native, pentameric (p)CRP to monomeric (m)CRP on the cell membrane of activated platelets has recently been demonstrated. The dissociation of pCRP to mCRP may explain local pro-inflammatory reactions at the site of developing atherosclerotic plaques. As a biomarker, pCRP predicts cardiovascular adverse events and so do reduced levels and function of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). We hypothesised that mCRP and pCRP exert a differential effect on EPC function and differentiation. EPCs were treated with mCRP or pCRP for 72 h, respectively. Phenotypical characterisation was done by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, while the effect of mCRP and pCRP on gene expression was examined by whole-genome gene expression analysis. The functional capacity of EPCs was determined by colony forming unit (CFU) assay and endothelial tube formation assay. Double staining for acetylated LDL and ulex lectin significantly decreased in cells treated with pCRP. The length of tubuli in a matrigel assay with HUVECs decreased significantly in response to pCRP, but not to mCRP. The number of CFUs increased after pCRP treatment. RNA expression profiling demonstrated that mCRP and pCRP cause highly contradictory gene regulation. Interferon-responsive genes (IFI44L, IFI44, IFI27, IFI 6, MX1, OAS2) were among the highly up-regulated genes after mCRP, but not after pCRP treatment. In conclusion, EPC phenotype, genotype and function were differentially affected by mCRP and pCRP, strongly arguing for differential roles of these two CRP conformations. The up-regulation of interferon-inducible genes in response to mCRP may constitute a mechanism for the local regulation of EPC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ahrens
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Street 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Wang M, Ji S, Bai C, Kebir IE, Li H, Shi J, Zhu W, Costantino S, Zhou H, Potempa LA, Zhao J, Filep JG, Wu Y. A redox switch in C‐reactive protein modulates activation of endothelial cells. FASEB J 2011; 25:3186-96. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-182741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Yu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Second HospitalLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Shang‐Rong Ji
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Second HospitalLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Cai‐Juan Bai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Second HospitalLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - iss El Kebir
- Research CenterMaisonneuve‐Rosemont HospitalUniversity of MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Hai‐Yun Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Second HospitalLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Jing‐Ming Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Second HospitalLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Wei Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Second HospitalLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Research CenterMaisonneuve‐Rosemont HospitalUniversity of MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Hai‐Hong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Second HospitalLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | | | - Jing Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Second HospitalLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - János G. Filep
- Research CenterMaisonneuve‐Rosemont HospitalUniversity of MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Yi Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Second HospitalLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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Lee TM, Chen CC, Hsu YJ. Differential effects of NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase inhibition on sympathetic reinnervation in postinfarct rat hearts. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1461-70. [PMID: 21295134 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide has been shown to play a major role in ventricular remodeling and arrhythmias after myocardial infarction. However, the source of increased myocardial superoxide production and the role of superoxide in sympathetic innervation remain to be further characterized. Male Wistar rats, after coronary artery ligation, were randomized to vehicle, allopurinol, or apocynin for 4weeks. To determine the role of peroxynitrite in sympathetic reinnervation, we also used 3-morpholinosydnonimine (a peroxynitrite generator). The postinfarction period was associated with increased oxidative stress, as measured by myocardial superoxide, nitrotyrosine, xanthine oxidase activity, NADPH oxidase activity, and dihydroethidium fluorescent staining. Measurement of myocardial norepinephrine levels revealed a significant elevation in vehicle-treated infarcted rats compared with sham. Sympathetic hyperinnervation was blunted after administration of allopurinol. Arrhythmic scores in the allopurinol-treated infarcted rats were significantly lower than those in vehicle. For similar levels of ventricular remodeling, apocynin had no beneficial effects on oxidative stress, sympathetic hyperinnervation, or arrhythmia vulnerability. Allopurinol-treated hearts had significantly decreased nerve growth factor expression, which was substantially increased after coadministration of 3-morpholinosydnonimine. These results indicate that xanthine oxidase but not NADPH oxidase largely mediates superoxide production after myocardial infarction. Xanthine oxidase inhibition ameliorates sympathetic innervation and arrhythmias possibly via inhibition of the peroxynitrite-mediated nerve growth factor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ming Lee
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Zhao XQ, Zhang MW, Wang F, Zhao YX, Li JJ, Wang XP, Bu PL, Yang JM, Liu XL, Zhang MX, Gao F, Zhang C, Zhang Y. CRP enhances soluble LOX-1 release from macrophages by activating TNF-α converting enzyme. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:923-33. [PMID: 21364202 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m015156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1) play an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) might stimulate sLOX-1 release by activating tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE). Macrophages differentiated from THP-1 cells were stimulated with TNF-α and further treated with CRP in the absence or presence of specific inhibitors or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Our results showed that CRP increased sLOX-1 release from activated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner and that these effects were regulated by Fc γ receptor II (FcγRII)-mediated p47(phox) phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and TACE activation. CRP also enhanced sLOX-1 release from macrophages derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Pretreatment with antibody against FcγRII or with CD32 siRNA, p47(phox) siRNA, apocynin, N-acetylcysteine, tumor necrosis factor-α protease inhibitor 1 (TAPI-1) or TACE siRNA attenuated sLOX-1 release induced by CRP. CRP also elevated serum sLOX-1 levels in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Thus, CRP might stimulate sLOX-1 release, and the underlying mechanisms possibly involved FcγRII-mediated p47(phox) phosphorylation, ROS production, and TACE activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Pawluczyk IZA, Yang B, Patel SR, Saleem MA, Topham PS. Low-level C-reactive protein levels exert cytoprotective actions on human podocytes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:2465-75. [PMID: 21303966 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albuminuria and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are common manifestations of many inflammatory diseases. Cardiovascular-based drugs, with secondary anti-inflammatory actions, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors are able to reduce both proteinuria and CRP levels, raising the question of whether CRP directly influences the processes that result in proteinuria. As proteinuria is thought to be induced as a result of podocyte dysfunction, we investigated whether there is a pathomechanistic link with CRP. METHODS Podocytes were analysed for evidence of endogenous CRP production in response to inflammatory agents. In addition, they were incubated in the presence of various concentrations of exogenous CRP and analysed for evidence of a response to treatment. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that inflammatory agents such as macrophage-conditioned medium and interleukin-1β induced the expression of CRP messenger RNA in podocytes. However, they were unable to induce CRP protein. Stimulation of podocytes with exogenous CRP demonstrated that 10 μg/mL CRP induced a low but significant level of interleukin-6 secretion. Tumour necrosis factor α, however, was not detected. CRP did up-regulate the expression of the slit diaphragm proteins nephrin and CD2AP, as well as the structural proteins ezrin and podocalyxin-like protein-1, proteins known to be involved in signalling via the phosphotidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase pathway. CRP exposure reduced caspase-3 enzyme activity and up-regulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In the presence of the PI-3 kinase inhibitor LY294002, the ability of CRP to suppress caspase-3 activity was significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that rather than inducing podocyte damage, CRP may be a survival factor for podocytes by maintaining their structural integrity and initiating a survival cascade, which may facilitate podocyte recovery from injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Z A Pawluczyk
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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Liang JQ, Wu K, Jia ZH, Liu C, Ding J, Huang SN, Yin PP, Wu XC, Wei C, Wu YL, Wang HY. Chinese medicine Tongxinluo modulates vascular endothelial function by inducing eNOS expression via the PI-3K/Akt/HIF-dependent signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:517-523. [PMID: 20969943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the molecular mechanisms whereby the Chinese medicinal compound Tongxinluo improves vascular endothelial function through studying the induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and its upstream signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in Wistar rats by a methionine-rich diet followed by Tongxinluo treatment. The aorta ring was isolated for measuring vascular dilation of aorta and eNOS expression. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were transfected with AP-1, NF-κB, HRE or eNOS reporter plasmid followed by Tongxinluo exposure. Expression of the reporter genes was measured by luciferase assay. The level of eNOS was studied by western blot and the nitric oxide content was measured using the nitrate reductase method. HUVECs were also transiently transfected with the dominant negative mutant of HIF-1, PI-3K or Akt to explore the role of HIF and PI-3K/Akt pathway in eNOS induction by Tongxinluo. RESULTS Tongxinluo could significantly up-regulate the expression of eNOS in the aortic tissue and improve the endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the aorta ring. Additionally, Tongxinluo at various doses could significantly enhance the expression of HRE and eNOS reporter gene as well as up-regulate the protein level of eNOS. Meanwhile, Tongxinluo caused a dose-dependent increase in the NO content in the supernatant of HUVECs. Suppression of HIF-1 activation by DN-HIF or inhibition of PI-3K/Akt pathway by ΔP85 or DN-Akt both attenuated HRE reporter gene activation and eNOS induction by Tongxinluo. CONCLUSION Tongxinluo, a compound Chinese traditional medicine, up-regulates the expression of eNOS via the PI-3K/Akt/HIF-dependent signaling pathway, thus improving the endothelium-dependent vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qing Liang
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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Eisenhardt SU, Habersberger J, Oliva K, Lancaster GI, Ayhan M, Woollard KJ, Bannasch H, Rice GE, Peter K. A proteomic analysis of C-reactive protein stimulated THP-1 monocytes. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:1. [PMID: 21219634 PMCID: PMC3023727 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background C-reactive protein (CRP) is a predictor of cardiovascular risk. It circulates as a pentameric protein in plasma. Recently, a potential dissociation mechanism from the disc-shaped pentameric CRP (pCRP) into single monomers (monomeric or mCRP) has been described. It has been shown that mCRP has strong pro-inflammatory effects on monocytes. To further define the role of mCRP in determining monocyte phenotype, the effects of CRP isoforms on THP-1 protein expression profiles were determined. The hypothesis to be tested was that mCRP induces specific changes in the protein expression profile of THP-1 cells that differ from that of pCRP. Methods Protein cell lysates from control and mCRP, pCRP or LPS-treated THP-1 cells were displayed using 2-dimensional SDS PAGE and compared. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and confirmed by Western blotting. Results mCRP significantly up-regulates ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, a member of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in THP-1 monocytes. Furthermore, HSP 70, alpha-actinin-4 (ACTN4) and alpha-enolase/enolase 1 were upregulated. The proteomic profile of LPS and pCRP treated monocytes differ significantly from that of mCRP. Conclusion The data obtained in this study support the hypothesis that isoform-specific effects of CRP may differentially regulate the phenotype of monocytes.
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79
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Zhao J, Shi XH. Study of the interaction of the C-reactive protein monomer with the U937 monocyte. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2010; 15:485-95. [PMID: 20526747 PMCID: PMC6275878 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-010-0022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) has two structurally distinct isoforms, the CRP pentamer and the CRP monomer. A role for the CRP monomer in atherosclerosis is emerging, but the underlying mechanisms are only beginning to be understood. Monocytes are an important contributor to atherosclerosis, and foam cell formation is the hallmark of atherogenesis. However, whether the CRP monomer can directly interact with the monocytes and modulate their responses remains unknown. Furthermore, although FcgammaRIII (CD16) has been identified as the receptor for the CRP monomer on neutrophils, its role in mediating the CRP monomer's biological effects in other cell types has been questioned. In this study, we investigated the interaction of the CRP monomer with the monocytes using the U937 monocytic cell line. The CRP monomer specifically binds to U937 cells. This binding is unique in that it is independent of FcgammaRs and insensitive to protease digestion of the cell surface proteins. Further assays revealed that the CRP monomer directly incorporates into the plasma membrane. Interestingly, the presence of the CRP monomer efficiently retards oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation of PMA-differentiated U937 macrophages and peripheral blood monocytic cell-derived macrophages. These findings provide additional evidence for the notion that the CRP monomer is an active CRP isoform that plays a role in atherogenesis via the direct modulation of the behavior of the monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- The School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 P. R. China
| | - Xin-He Shi
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 P. R. China
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Rzychon M, Zegers I, Schimmel H. Analysis of the Physicochemical State of C-Reactive Protein in Different Preparations Including 2 Certified Reference Materials. Clin Chem 2010; 56:1475-82. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.147124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Standardization of clinical measurements of C-reactive protein (CRP) is based on the availability of reference materials. The serum protein reference material ERM-DA470 was used as a calibrant for various commercially available immunoassays but has now been exhausted. The recently released ERM-DA470k/IFCC was intended to fully replace ERM-DA470. However, the new material was not suited for the certification of CRP because of a bias introduced by the lyophilization process that caused loss of about 20% of CRP measurable by routine immunoassays, compared with the nonlyophilized material that was stored in a liquid frozen state.
METHODS
We investigated the physicochemical state of CRP in a set of 4 lyophilized and 2 nonlyophilized serum-based CRP-containing materials by semi-native gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, and gel filtration.
RESULTS
We detected a monomeric form of CRP (mCRP) in lyophilized materials at a concentration significantly higher than seen in the materials not subjected to lyophilization. Different reconstitution protocols led to variations of the monomeric CRP fraction found in reconstituted, previously lyophilized material.
CONCLUSIONS
Most of the 20% loss in measured CRP after lyophilization of the material can be accounted for by the dissociation of natively pentameric CRP into subunits. The observed dissociation results from lyophilization and subsequent reconstitution of the material at insufficient concentration levels of calcium ions. In the presence of various protein forms, differences in antibody specificity and reactivity between immunoassays and alterations of stoichiometry of antigen–antibody interactions can contribute to the divergence of the measured values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Rzychon
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Geel, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Zegers
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Geel, Belgium
| | - Heinz Schimmel
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Geel, Belgium
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Jha HC, Divya A, Prasad J, Mittal A. Plasma circulatory markers in male and female patients with coronary artery disease. Heart Lung 2010; 39:296-303. [PMID: 20561855 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory processes play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and plasma circulatory markers have been associated with cardiovascular risk. There is no single report in which adhesion molecule and circulatory cytokines have been evaluated in a single population set with coronary artery disease (CAD) on the basis of gender. Thus, we evaluated plasma circulatory markers in patients with CAD and in controls that were divided by gender (because functioning of circulatory markers and response toward conventional factors are not identical in men and women) and by conventional risk factors such as smoking and alcohol intake. METHODS A total of 192 patients with CAD (148 male and 44 female) and 192 controls with no symptoms of CAD (142 male and 50 female) were enrolled. Detection of concentration to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1 and vascular adhesion molecule [VCAM]-1) was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS In male patients with CAD, levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, hsCRP (P < .001), and IFN-gamma (P = .003) were significantly higher compared with controls; however, levels of IL-10 were significantly lower (P < .001). In female patients with CAD, levels of IL-4, hsCRP, VCAM-1 (P = .001), and IL-13 (P = .028) were significantly higher and IL-10 levels were significantly lower (P < .001) compared with controls. In addition, levels of circulatory markers were strongly associated with male smokers and imperceptibly associated with male alcoholics and female smokers and alcoholics. CONCLUSION This study compared the plasma circulatory markers between patients with CAD and healthy controls, between patients with CAD who smoke and controls, and between alcoholic patients with CAD and controls divided by gender. Moreover, among circulatory markers studied, higher levels were found for IL-4, IL-13, hsCRP, and VCAM-1, and lower levels were found for IL-10 in male and female patients with CAD compared with healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem C Jha
- Institute of Pathology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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82
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HONJO T, KURIBAYASHI T, SEITA T, MOKONUMA Y, YAMAGA A, YAMAZAKI S, YAMAMOTO S. The Effects of Interleukin-6 and Cytokine-Induced Neutrophil Chemoattractant-1 on .ALPHA.2-Macroglobulin Production in Rats. Exp Anim 2010; 59:589-94. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.59.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio HONJO
- Seminar on Environment, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | - Takashi KURIBAYASHI
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | - Tetsurou SEITA
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | - Yui MOKONUMA
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | - Ayaka YAMAGA
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | - Shunsuke YAMAZAKI
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kamakura Women’s University
| | - Shizuo YAMAMOTO
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
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Eisenhardt SU, Habersberger J, Peter K. Monomeric C-Reactive Protein Generation on Activated Platelets: The Missing Link Between Inflammation and Atherothrombotic Risk. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2009; 19:232-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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85
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Circulating and Intrapulmonary C-Reactive Protein: A Predictor of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome and Pulmonary Allograft Outcome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28:799-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Eisenhardt SU, Habersberger J, Murphy A, Chen YC, Woollard KJ, Bassler N, Qian H, von zur Muhlen C, Hagemeyer CE, Ahrens I, Chin-Dusting J, Bobik A, Peter K. Dissociation of Pentameric to Monomeric C-Reactive Protein on Activated Platelets Localizes Inflammation to Atherosclerotic Plaques. Circ Res 2009; 105:128-37. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.190611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a predictor of cardiovascular risk. It circulates as a pentamer (pentameric CRP) in plasma. The in vivo existence of monomeric (m)CRP has been postulated, but its function and source are not clear. We show that mCRP is deposited in human aortic and carotid atherosclerotic plaques but not in healthy vessels. pCRP is found neither in healthy nor in diseased vessels. As source of mCRP, we identify a mechanism of dissociation of pCRP to mCRP. We report that activated platelets, which play a central role in cardiovascular events, mediate this dissociation via lysophosphatidylcholine, which is present on activated but not resting platelets. Furthermore, the dissociation of pCRP to mCRP can also be mediated by apoptotic monocytic THP-1 and Jurkat T cells. The functional consequence is the unmasking of proinflammatory effects of CRP as demonstrated in experimental settings that are pathophysiologically relevant for atherogenesis: compared to pCRP, mCRP induces enhanced monocyte chemotaxis; monocyte activation, as determined by conformational change of integrin Mac-1; generation of reactive oxygen species; and monocyte adhesion under static and physiological flow conditions. In conclusion, we demonstrate mCRP generation via pCRP dissociation on activated platelets and H
2
O
2
-treated apoptotic THP-1 and Jurkat T cells, thereby identifying a mechanism of localized unmasking of the proinflammatory properties of CRP. This novel mechanism provides a potential link between the established cardiovascular risk marker, circulating pCRP, and localized platelet-mediated inflammatory and proatherogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen U. Eisenhardt
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Jonathon Habersberger
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Andrew Murphy
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Yung-Chih Chen
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Kevin J. Woollard
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Nicole Bassler
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Hongwei Qian
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Constantin von zur Muhlen
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Christoph E. Hagemeyer
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Ingo Ahrens
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Jaye Chin-Dusting
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Alex Bobik
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- From the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (S.U.E., J.H., A.M., Y.-C.C., K.J.W., N.B., H.Q., C.E.H., I.A., J.C.-D., A.B., K.P.), Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery (S.U.E.) and Department of Cardiology (C.v.z.M.), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
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Calabrò P, Golia E, Yeh ETH. CRP and the risk of atherosclerotic events. Semin Immunopathol 2009; 31:79-94. [PMID: 19415283 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A large body of literature supports the idea that inflammation plays a pivotal role in all phases of atherosclerosis, from the fatty streak lesion formation to the acute coronary event due to vulnerable plaque rupture. Indeed, vascular inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and later in the disease process, it is a major determinant for the acute coronary syndromes. There are various inflammatory markers that have been shown to predict cardiovascular events. These include high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a simple downstream marker of inflammation, recently emerged as a major cardiovascular risk factor. Elevated baseline concentrations of hs-CRP are associated with the risk of atherosclerotic events in general populations and show a predictive value even in terms of secondary prevention, both in patients with chronic stable angina and acute coronary syndromes. In recent year, a lot of concerns have emerged about the experimental models used to study the role of CRP in atherosclerosis; moreover, the results of trials evaluating the clinical association between this molecules and outcome are still controversial. In this paper, we attempt to review the pathophysiological evidences about the link between CRP and atherosclerosis and, most notably, about its utility as a marker and risk predictor in various clinical settings. The identification of specific triggers and mechanisms of underlying inflammation and a better understanding of each step involved in this complex process might lead to new ways to manage patients with atherosclerosis, both in terms of primary and secondary prevention, and CRP still appears to be a suitable candidate for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Calabrò
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, Via L. Bianchi, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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88
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Association of plasma circulatory markers, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and high sensitive C-reactive protein in coronary artery disease patients of India. Mediators Inflamm 2009; 2009:561532. [PMID: 19360108 PMCID: PMC2665731 DOI: 10.1155/2009/561532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma inflammatory markers have been shown to be predictors for cardiovascular risk, however, there is no study where the levels of plasma circulatory markers have been evaluated in coronary artery disease patients (CAD pts) positive for C. pneumoniae IgA and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) which may help in better understanding of disease pathogenesis. A total of 192 patients and 192 controls attending the Cardiology Outpatient Department of Safdarjung Hospital were enrolled. The levels of plasma circulatory inflammatory markers were evaluated by ELISA. The levels of circulatory plasma markers (IL-4, IL-8, IL-13, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1) were significantly higher, whereas, levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ
were significantly lower in CAD pts compared to healthy controls. The levels of IL-4, IL-8, and ICAM-1 (P = .007, .015, and .048) were significantly higher, however, IL-10 and IFN-γ
were significantly lower (P < .001, < .001) in C. pneumoniae IgA positive CAD pts. The levels of IL-4, IL-8, IL-13, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were higher but not significant and levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ
were significantly (P < .001, < .001) lower in hsCRP positive CAD pts. Our study suggested that circulatory cytokines, namely, IL-4, IL-8, and adhesive molecules like ICAM-1 were enhanced after infection with C. pneumoniae whereas in contrast to this IL-10 and IFN-λ
were lowered. Suggesting the important role of these cytokines in progression of CAD.
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89
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is pivotal in all phases of atherosclerosis. Among the numerous inflammatory biomarkers, the largest amount of published data supports a role for C-reactive protein (CRP) as a robust and independent risk marker in the prediction of primary and secondary adverse cardiovascular events. In addition to being a risk marker, there is much evidence indicating that CRP may indeed participate in atherogenesis. CONTENT In this review, we focus on the role of CRP in promoting atherothrombosis by discussing its effects on endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, monocyte-macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS CRP is clearly a risk marker for cardiovascular disease and is recommended for use in primary prevention. In addition, CRP appears also to contribute to atherogenesis. However, much further research is needed, especially in appropriate animal models, to confirm the possible role of CRP in promoting atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Devaraj
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, University of California–Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Uma Singh
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, University of California–Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Ishwarlal Jialal
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, University of California–Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
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90
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Ji SR, Ma L, Bai CJ, Shi JM, Li HY, Potempa LA, Filep JG, Zhao J, Wu Y. Monomeric C‐reactive protein activates endothelial cells
via
interaction with lipid raft microdomains. FASEB J 2009; 23:1806-16. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-116962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Rong Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Le Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Cai-Juan Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Jing-Ming Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Hai-Yun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | | | - János G. Filep
- Research CenterMaisonneuve‐Rosemont HospitalUniversity of MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Jing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Yi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland EcologyInstitute of BiophysicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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91
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Singh U, Devaraj S, Jialal I. C-reactive protein stimulates myeloperoxidase release from polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes: implications for acute coronary syndromes. Clin Chem 2008; 55:361-4. [PMID: 19074520 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.109207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP), the prototypic marker of inflammation, is present in atherosclerotic plaques and appears to promote atherogenesis. Also, CRP has been localized to monocytes and tissue macrophages, which are present in the necrotic core of lesions prone to plaque rupture. Leukocyte-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO), primarily hosted in human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), has also been shown to be present in human atherosclerotic lesions. Because MPO and CRP concentrations are increased in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients and predict poor outcomes, we tested the effect of CRP on MPO release from PMNs and monocytes. METHODS We treated human PMNs and monocytes with CRP (25 and 50 mg/L for 6 h) and measured MPO release as total mass and activity in culture supernatants. We also measured nitro-tyrosinylation (NO(2)-Tyr) of LDL as an indicator of biological activity of CRP-mediated MPO release. Furthermore, we explored the effect of human CRP on MPO release in the rat sterile pouch model. RESULTS CRP treatment significantly increased release of MPO (both mass and activity) from human PMNs as well as monocytes (P < 0.05) and caused NO(2)-Tyr of LDL. Human CRP injection in rats resulted in increased concentrations of MPO in pouch exudates (P < 0.05), thus confirming our in vitro data. CONCLUSIONS CRP stimulates MPO release both in vitro and in vivo, providing further cogent data for the proinflammatory effect of CRP. These results might further support the role of CRP in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Singh
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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92
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Tan Y, Yu F, Yang H, Chen M, Fang Q, Zhao MH. Autoantibodies against monomeric C-reactive protein in sera from patients with lupus nephritis are associated with disease activity and renal tubulointerstitial lesions. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:840-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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93
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Maingrette F, Li L, Renier G. C-reactive protein enhances macrophage lipoprotein lipase expression. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1926-35. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800024-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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94
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Schwedler SB, Kuhlencordt PJ, Ponnuswamy PP, Hatiboglu G, Quaschning T, Widder J, Wanner C, Potempa LA, Galle J. Native C-reactive protein induces endothelial dysfunction in ApoE-/- mice: implications for iNOS and reactive oxygen species. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195:e76-84. [PMID: 17669410 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In addition to being a risk marker for cardiovascular disease, recent data suggests that C-reactive protein (CRP) induces endothelial dysfunction and promotes oxidative stress. We evaluated the effects of two conformers of CRP (pentameric, or native [nCRP], versus monomeric, or modified [mCRP]) on vessel function and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in an in-vivo model of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Female ApoE(-/-) mice, fed a "western-type" diet, were treated with either human nCRP or mCRP (2.5mg/kg s.c., weekly) or saline for 8 weeks. Endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vascular functions were assessed in isolated aortic rings under isometric conditions. Production of ROS in aortic rings was measured by electron spin resonance (ESR). Endothelium-dependent relaxation was impaired in nCRP-treated but not in mCRP-treated ApoE(-/-) mice. This impairment was reversed by preincubation with an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Endothelium-independent relaxation, and iNOS and endothelial NOS (eNOS) protein expressions were similar among all groups. ESR experiments revealed lesser amounts of superoxide in the nCRP group as compared to the saline group, which is consistent with an increased transformation of NO to peroxynitrite. CONCLUSIONS nCRP can facilitate cardiovascular disease through impairment of endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity, in a manner that involves increased iNOS activity and a potential for increased peroxynitrite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne B Schwedler
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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95
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Abstract
The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide (NO) has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of biology and medicine. Since its early description as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO has emerged as a fundamental signaling device regulating virtually every critical cellular function, as well as a potent mediator of cellular damage in a wide range of conditions. Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion. Peroxynitrite interacts with lipids, DNA, and proteins via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect, radical-mediated mechanisms. These reactions trigger cellular responses ranging from subtle modulations of cell signaling to overwhelming oxidative injury, committing cells to necrosis or apoptosis. In vivo, peroxynitrite generation represents a crucial pathogenic mechanism in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, diabetes, circulatory shock, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, novel pharmacological strategies aimed at removing peroxynitrite might represent powerful therapeutic tools in the future. Evidence supporting these novel roles of NO and peroxynitrite is presented in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Pacher
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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96
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Ji SR, Wu Y, Zhu L, Potempa LA, Sheng FL, Lu W, Zhao J. Cell membranes and liposomes dissociate C-reactive protein (CRP) to form a new, biologically active structural intermediate: mCRP(m). FASEB J 2006; 21:284-94. [PMID: 17116742 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6722com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that C-reactive protein (CRP) has at least two conformationally distinct isoforms, i.e., pentameric CRP (pCRP) and monomeric CRP (mCRP or CRP subunit). Both CRP isoforms are proposed to play roles in inflammation and may participate in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. However, the origin of mCRP in situ and the interplay between the two CRP isoforms under physiological/pathological circumstances remain elusive. Herein, by probing conformational alteration, neoepitope expression, and direct visualization using electron-microscopy, we have shown that calcium-dependent binding of pCRP to membranes, including liposomes and cell membranes, led to a rapid but partial structural change, producing molecules that express CRP subunit antigenicity but with retained native pentameric conformation. This hybrid molecule is herein termed mCRP(m). The formation of mCRP(m) was associated with significantly enhanced complement fixation. mCRP(m) can further detach from membrane to form the well-recognized mCRP isoform converted in solution (mCRP(s)) and exert potent stimulatory effects on endothelial cells. The membrane-induced pCRP dissociation not only provides a physiologically relevant scenario for mCRP formation but may represent an important mechanism for regulating CRP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Rong Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, Institute of Biophysics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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97
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Chow BJW, Veinot JP. What are the most useful and trustworthy noninvasive anatomic markers of existing vascular disease? Curr Cardiol Rep 2006; 8:439-45. [PMID: 17059796 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-006-0102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. Evidence challenges the notion that the severity of lesions on angiography is a predictor of future cardiac events. With the recognition that subclinical coronary artery stenoses are responsible for myocardial infarcts and sudden death, it may be important to identify patients with plaque characteristics that may place them at increased risk. Intravascular ultrasound, though invasive, remains the current imaging gold standard. Computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and single-photon emission CT positron emission tomography are evolving and promising modalities. Functional studies reflecting plaque temperature and molecular imaging reflecting plaque constituents are being developed. We review the pathology of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and recent innovations in imaging modalities to assess plaque complication risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J W Chow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Room 123, Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada
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98
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Lo SC, Hung CY, Lin DT, Peng HC, Huang TF. Involvement of platelet glycoprotein Ib in platelet microparticle mediated neutrophil activation. J Biomed Sci 2006; 13:787-96. [PMID: 16897582 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-006-9107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet microparticles (MPs) are membrane vesicles shed by platelets after activation, and carry antigens characteristic of intact platelets, such as glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa, GPIb and P-selectin. Elevated platelet MPs have been observed in many disorders in which platelet activation is documented. Recently, platelet GPIb has been implicated in the mediation of platelet-leukocyte interaction via binding to its ligand Mac-1 on leukocyte. The role of GPIb for mediating adhesion-activation interactions between platelet MPs and leukocytes has not been clarified. In this study we investigate the role of GPIb in the interplay between platelet MPs and neutrophils. Platelet MPs were obtained from collagen-stimulated platelet-rich plasma (PRP). In a study model of neutrophil aggregation, platelet MPs can serve a bridge to support neutrophil aggregation under venous level shear stress, suggesting that platelet MPs may enhance leukocyte aggregation, which would bear clinical relevance in diseases where the platelet MPs are elevated. The level of aggregation can be reduced by GPIb blocking antibodies, AP1 and SZ2, but not by anti-CD18 mAb. The GPIb blocking antibodies also decreased platelet MP-mediated neutrophil activation, including beta2 integrin expression, adherence-dependent superoxide release and platelet MP-mediated neutrophil adherence to immobilized fibrinogen. Our data provide the evidence for the involvement of GPIb-Mac-1 interaction in the cross-talk between platelet MPs and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Chyi Lo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Sec. 1, Taipei, Taiwan
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99
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Ji SR, Wu Y, Potempa LA, Liang YH, Zhao J. Effect of Modified C-Reactive Protein on Complement Activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:935-41. [PMID: 16456095 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000206211.21895.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The capacity of human C-reactive protein (CRP) to activate/regulate complement may be an important characteristic that links CRP and inflammation with atherosclerosis. Recent advances suggest that in addition to classical pentameric CRP, a conformationally distinct isoform of CRP, termed modified or monomeric CRP (mCRP), may also play an active role in atherosclerosis. Although the complement activation behavior of CRP has been well established, the capacity of mCRP to interact with and activate the complement cascade is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS mCRP bound avidly to purified C1q, and this binding occurred primarily through collagen-like region of C1q. Fluid phase mCRP inhibited the activation of complement cascade via engaging C1q from binding with other complement activators. In contrast, when immobilized or bound to oxidized or enzymatically modified low-density lipoprotein, mCRP could activate classical complement pathway. Low-level generation of sC5b-9 indicated that the activation largely bypassed the terminal sequence of complement, which appears to involve recruitment of Factor H. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that mCRP can both inhibit and activate the classical complement pathway by binding C1q, depending on whether it is in fluid phase or surface-bound state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Rong Ji
- Institute of Biophysics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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100
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Schwedler SB, Filep JG, Galle J, Wanner C, Potempa LA. C-Reactive Protein: A Family of Proteins to Regulate Cardiovascular Function. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47:212-22. [PMID: 16431250 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Based on a multitude of clinical studies, C-reactive protein (CRP) has emerged as a risk marker for the development of cardiovascular disease, leading to recently published recommendations for screening the general population for plasma CRP level as a predictor for future cardiovascular events. However, uncertainties exist in how to apply these recommendations to populations with very high serum CRP levels and a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, such as patients with end-stage renal disease. Furthermore, in vitro results are conflicting concerning the role of CRP in the vessel wall. Although many data are in favor of a proinflammatory effect of CRP, evidence is accumulating that CRP also exerts anti-inflammatory actions, mainly in neutrophils and platelets. Many of the apparently contradictory actions of CRP may be attributed to method issues, but, of interest, also may be explained by the existence of 2 distinct conformations of CRP, the native pentamer (nCRP) and modified CRP (mCRP) forms. nCRP is the classical acute-phase reactant detected in serum, whereas mCRP represents a predominantly tissue-bound form. It is detected immunohistochemically, mainly in and around endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Although mCRP activates endothelial cells and neutrophils, induces neutrophil adhesion to the endothelium, and delays apoptosis of neutrophils in vitro, these effects were absent using nCRP. Clearly defined CRP conformers thus may provide a tool for how to reconcile the reported proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties of CRP. There is good evidence to believe that CRP is more than just a "bad guy," and further experiments are needed to determine how these 2 configurations contribute to atherogenesis, development of cardiovascular disease, and acute coronary events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne B Schwedler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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