51
|
Beggiato S, Tomasini MC, Ferraro L. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) as a Potential Therapeutic Agent in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:821. [PMID: 31396087 PMCID: PMC6667638 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a non-endocannabinoid lipid mediator belonging to the class of the N-acylethanolamine phospolipids and was firstly isolated from soy lecithin, egg yolk, and peanut meal. Either preclinical or clinical studies indicate that PEA is potentially useful in a wide range of therapeutic areas, including eczema, pain, and neurodegeneration. PEA-containing products are already licensed for use in humans as a nutraceutical, a food supplement, or a food for medical purposes, depending on the country. PEA is especially used in humans for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties and has demonstrated high safety and tolerability. Several preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies have proven that PEA can induce its biological effects by acting on several molecular targets in both central and peripheral nervous systems. These multiple mechanisms of action clearly differentiate PEA from classic anti-inflammatory drugs and are attributed to the compound that has quite unique anti(neuro)inflammatory properties. According to this view, preclinical studies indicate that PEA, especially in micronized or ultramicronized forms (i.e., formulations that maximize PEA bioavailability and efficacy), could be a potential therapeutic agent for the effective treatment of different pathologies characterized by neurodegeneration, (neuro)inflammation, and pain. In particular, the potential neuroprotective effects of PEA have been demonstrated in several experimental models of Alzheimer's disease. Interestingly, a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) case study reported that a mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patient, treated for 9 months with ultramicronized-PEA/luteolin, presented an improvement of cognitive performances. In the present review, we summarized the current preclinical and clinical evidence of PEA as a possible therapeutic agent in Alzheimer's disease. The possible PEA neuroprotective mechanism(s) of action is also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Technopole of Ferrara, LTTA Laboratory for the Technologies for Advanced Therapies, Ferrara, Italy.,IRET Foundation, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Tomasini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Technopole of Ferrara, LTTA Laboratory for the Technologies for Advanced Therapies, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Technopole of Ferrara, LTTA Laboratory for the Technologies for Advanced Therapies, Ferrara, Italy.,IRET Foundation, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Dosoky NS, Chen Z, Guo Y, McMillan C, Flynn CR, Davies SS. Two-week administration of engineered Escherichia coli establishes persistent resistance to diet-induced obesity even without antibiotic pre-treatment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6711-6723. [PMID: 31203417 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adverse alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota have been implicated in the development of obesity and a variety of chronic diseases. Re-engineering the gut microbiota to produce beneficial metabolites is a potential strategy for treating these chronic diseases. N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) are a family of bioactive lipids with known anti-obesity properties. Previous studies showed that administration of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) engineered with Arabidopsis thaliana NAPE synthase to produce NAPEs imparted resistance to obesity induced by a high-fat diet that persisted after ending their administration. In prior studies, mice were pre-treated with ampicillin prior to administering engineered EcN for 8 weeks in drinking water. If use of antibiotics and long-term administration are required for beneficial effects, implementation of this strategy in humans might be problematic. Studies were therefore undertaken to determine if less onerous protocols could still impart persistent resistance and sustained NAPE biosynthesis. Administration of engineered EcN for only 2 weeks without pre-treatment with antibiotics sufficed to establish persistent resistance. Sustained NAPE biosynthesis by EcN was required as antibiotic treatment after administration of the engineered EcN markedly attenuated its effects. Finally, heterologous expression of human phospholipase A/acyltransferase-2 (PLAAT2) in EcN provided similar resistance to obesity as heterologous expression of A. thaliana NAPE synthase, confirming that NAPEs are the bioactive mediator of this resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noura S Dosoky
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 556B RRB, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602, USA
| | - Zhongyi Chen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 556B RRB, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- Division of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Clara McMillan
- Division of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C Robb Flynn
- Division of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 556B RRB, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Lerner R, Pascual Cuadrado D, Post JM, Lutz B, Bindila L. Broad Lipidomic and Transcriptional Changes of Prophylactic PEA Administration in Adult Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:527. [PMID: 31244590 PMCID: PMC6580993 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beside diverse therapeutic properties of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) including: neuroprotection, inflammation and pain alleviation, prophylactic effects have also been reported in animal models of infections, inflammation, and neurological diseases. The availability of PEA as (ultra)micronized nutraceutical formulations with reportedly no side effects, renders it accordingly an appealing candidate in human preventive care, such as in population at high risk of disease development or for healthy aging. PEA’s mode of action is multi-facetted. Consensus exists that PEA’s effects are primarily modulated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and that PEA-activated PPARα has a pleiotropic effect on lipid metabolism, inflammation gene networks, and host defense mechanisms. Yet, an exhaustive view of how the prophylactic PEA administration changes the lipid signaling in brain and periphery, thereby eliciting a beneficial response to various negative stimuli remains still elusive. We therefore, undertook a broad lipidomic and transcriptomic study in brain and spleen of adult mice to unravel the positive molecular phenotype rendered by prophylactic PEA. We applied a tissue lipidomic and transcriptomic approach based on simultaneous extraction and subsequent targeted liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring (LC-MRM) and mRNA analysis by qPCR, respectively. We targeted lipids of COX-, LOX- and CYP450 pathways, respectively, membrane phospholipids, lipid products of cPLA2, and free fatty acids, along with various genes involved in their biosynthesis and function. Additionally, plasma lipidomics was applied to reveal circulatory consequences and/or reflection of PEA’s action. We found broad, distinct, and several previously unknown tissue transcriptional regulations of inflammatory pathways. In hippocampus also a PEA-induced transcriptional regulation of neuronal activity and excitability was evidenced. A massive downregulation of membrane lipid levels in the splenic tissue of the immune system with a consequent shift towards pro-resolving lipid environment was also detected. Plasma lipid pattern reflected to a large extent the hippocampal and splenic lipidome changes, highlighting the value of plasma lipidomics to monitor effects of nutraceutical PEA administration. Altogether, these findings contribute new insights into PEA’s molecular mechanism and helps answering the questions, how PEA prepares the body for insults and what are the “good lipids” that underlie this action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Lerner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Diego Pascual Cuadrado
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia M Post
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Kytikova O, Novgorodtseva T, Antonyuk M, Denisenko Y, Gvozdenko T. Molecular Targets of Fatty Acid Ethanolamides in Asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55040087. [PMID: 30939862 PMCID: PMC6524029 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common allergic pathology of the respiratory tract that requires the study of mechanisms underlying it, due to severe forms of the disease, which are refractory to therapy. The review is devoted to the search for molecular targets of fatty acid ethanolamides in asthma, in particular palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), which has been successfully used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, in the pathogenesis of which the nervous and immune systems are involved. Recently, the potentially important role of neuro-immune interactions in the development of allergic reactions has been established. Many of the clinical symptoms accompanying allergic airway inflammation are the result of the activation of neurons in the airways, so the attention of researchers is currently focused on neuro-immune interactions, which can play an important role in asthma pathophysiology. A growing number of scientific works confirm that the key molecule in the implementation of these inter-systemic interactions is nerve growth factor (NGF). In addition to its classic role in nervous system physiology, NGF is considered as an important factor associated with the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, particularly asthma, by regulating of mast cell differentiation. In this regard, NGF can be one of the targets of PEA in asthma therapy. PEA has a biological effect on the nervous system, and affects the activation and the degranulation of mast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Kytikova
- Vladivostok Branch of Federal State Budgetary Science Institution «Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration-Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Russkaya st. 73g, 690105 Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Tatyana Novgorodtseva
- Vladivostok Branch of Federal State Budgetary Science Institution «Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration-Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Russkaya st. 73g, 690105 Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Marina Antonyuk
- Vladivostok Branch of Federal State Budgetary Science Institution «Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration-Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Russkaya st. 73g, 690105 Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Yulia Denisenko
- Vladivostok Branch of Federal State Budgetary Science Institution «Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration-Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Russkaya st. 73g, 690105 Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Tatyana Gvozdenko
- Vladivostok Branch of Federal State Budgetary Science Institution «Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration-Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Russkaya st. 73g, 690105 Vladivostok, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Matsuura Y, Kanter JE, Bornfeldt KE. Highlighting Residual Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:e1-e9. [PMID: 30586334 PMCID: PMC6310032 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Matsuura
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Y.M., J.E.K., K.E.B.)
| | - Jenny E Kanter
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Y.M., J.E.K., K.E.B.)
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Y.M., J.E.K., K.E.B.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (K.E.B.)
| |
Collapse
|