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Montiel Schneider MG, Lassalle VL. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as novel and efficient tools for atherosclerosis diagnosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:1098-1115. [PMID: 28738519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications derivate from atherosclerosis are the main cause of death in western world. An early detection of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques is primordial for a better care of patients suffering the pathology. In this context nanotechnology has emerged as a promising tool to achieve this goal. Nanoparticles based on magnetic iron oxide (MNPs) have been extensively studied in cardiovascular diseases diagnosis, as well as in the treatment and diagnostic of other pathologies. The present review aims to describe and analyze the most current literature regarding to this topic, offering the level of detail required to reproduce the experimental tasks providing a critical input of the latest available reports. The current diagnostic features are presented and compared, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Information on novel technology intended to this purpose is also recompiled and in deep analyzed. Special emphasis is placed in magnetic nanotechnology, remarking the possibility to assess selective and multifunctional systems to the early detection of artherosclerotic pathologies. Finally, in view of the state of the art, the future perspectives about the trends on MNPs in artherosclerorsis diagnostic and treatment have also been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verónica Leticia Lassalle
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Aortic Wall Inflammation Predicts Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Expansion, Rupture, and Need for Surgical Repair. Circulation 2017; 136:787-797. [PMID: 28720724 PMCID: PMC5571881 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.028433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO) detect cellular inflammation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm, we assessed whether USPIO-enhanced MRI can predict aneurysm growth rates and clinical outcomes. Methods In a prospective multicenter open-label cohort study, 342 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (diameter ≥40 mm) were classified by the presence of USPIO enhancement and were monitored with serial ultrasound and clinical follow-up for ≥2 years. The primary end point was the composite of aneurysm rupture or repair. Results Participants (85% male, 73.1±7.2 years) had a baseline aneurysm diameter of 49.6±7.7 mm, and USPIO enhancement was identified in 146 (42.7%) participants, absent in 191 (55.8%), and indeterminant in 5 (1.5%). During follow-up (1005±280 days), 17 (5.0%) abdominal aortic aneurysm ruptures, 126 (36.8%) abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs, and 48 (14.0%) deaths occurred. Compared with those without uptake, patients with USPIO enhancement have increased rates of aneurysm expansion (3.1±2.5 versus 2.5±2.4 mm/year, P=0.0424), although this was not independent of current smoking habit (P=0.1993). Patients with USPIO enhancement had higher rates of aneurysm rupture or repair (47.3% versus 35.6%; 95% confidence intervals, 1.1–22.2; P=0.0308). This finding was similar for each component of rupture (6.8% versus 3.7%, P=0.1857) or repair (41.8% versus 32.5%, P=0.0782). USPIO enhancement was associated with reduced event-free survival for aneurysm rupture or repair (P=0.0275), all-cause mortality (P=0.0635), and aneurysm-related mortality (P=0.0590). Baseline abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter (P<0.0001) and current smoking habit (P=0.0446) also predicted the primary outcome, and the addition of USPIO enhancement to the multivariate model did not improve event prediction (c-statistic, 0.7935–0.7936). Conclusions USPIO-enhanced MRI is a novel approach to the identification of aortic wall cellular inflammation in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms and predicts the rate of aneurysm growth and clinical outcome. However, it does not provide independent prediction of aneurysm expansion or clinical outcomes in a model incorporating known clinical risk factors. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: http://www.isrctn.com. Unique identifier: ISRCTN76413758.
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Toth GB, Varallyay CG, Horvath A, Bashir MR, Choyke PL, Daldrup-Link HE, Dosa E, Finn JP, Gahramanov S, Harisinghani M, Macdougall I, Neuwelt A, Vasanawala SS, Ambady P, Barajas R, Cetas JS, Ciporen J, DeLoughery TJ, Doolittle ND, Fu R, Grinstead J, Guimaraes AR, Hamilton BE, Li X, McConnell HL, Muldoon LL, Nesbit G, Netto JP, Petterson D, Rooney WD, Schwartz D, Szidonya L, Neuwelt EA. Current and potential imaging applications of ferumoxytol for magnetic resonance imaging. Kidney Int 2017; 92:47-66. [PMID: 28434822 PMCID: PMC5505659 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is a commonly used diagnostic tool. Compared with standard gadolinium-based contrast agents, ferumoxytol (Feraheme, AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA), used as an alternative contrast medium, is feasible in patients with impaired renal function. Other attractive imaging features of i.v. ferumoxytol include a prolonged blood pool phase and delayed intracellular uptake. With its unique pharmacologic, metabolic, and imaging properties, ferumoxytol may play a crucial role in future magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system, various organs outside the central nervous system, and the cardiovascular system. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the overall safety and effectiveness of this novel contrast agent, with rarely occurring anaphylactoid reactions. The purpose of this review is to describe the general and organ-specific properties of ferumoxytol, as well as the advantages and potential pitfalls associated with its use in magnetic resonance imaging. To more fully demonstrate the applications of ferumoxytol throughout the body, an imaging atlas was created and is available online as supplementary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda B Toth
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Csanad G Varallyay
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrea Horvath
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, 3808, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heike E Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Section of Pediatric Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Edit Dosa
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - John Paul Finn
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Seymur Gahramanov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Mukesh Harisinghani
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iain Macdougall
- Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alexander Neuwelt
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Prakash Ambady
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ramon Barajas
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Justin S Cetas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeremy Ciporen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Thomas J DeLoughery
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Nancy D Doolittle
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Rongwei Fu
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Bronwyn E Hamilton
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Heather L McConnell
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Leslie L Muldoon
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gary Nesbit
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Joao P Netto
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David Petterson
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William D Rooney
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Daniel Schwartz
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Laszlo Szidonya
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Edward A Neuwelt
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Stirrat CG, Alam SR, MacGillivray TJ, Gray CD, Dweck MR, Raftis J, Jenkins WS, Wallace WA, Pessotto R, Lim KH, Mirsadraee S, Henriksen PA, Semple SI, Newby DE. Ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging assessing inflammation after myocardial infarction. Heart 2017. [PMID: 28642288 PMCID: PMC5629948 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-311018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Macrophages play a central role in the cellular inflammatory response to myocardial infarction (MI) and predict subsequent clinical outcomes. We aimed to assess temporal changes in cellular inflammation and tissue oedema in patients with acute MI using ultrasmallsuperparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced MRI. Methods Thirty-one patients were recruited following acute MI and followed up for 3 months with repeated T2 and USPIO-enhanced T2*-mapping MRI. Regions of interest were categorised into infarct, peri-infarct and remote myocardial zones, and compared with control tissues. Results Following a single dose, USPIO enhancement was detected in the myocardium until 24 hours (p<0.0001). Histology confirmed colocalisation of iron and macrophages within the infarcted, but not the non-infarcted, myocardium. Following repeated doses, USPIO uptake in the infarct zone peaked at days 2–3, and greater USPIO uptake was detected in the infarct zone compared with remote myocardium until days 10–16 (p<0.05). In contrast, T2-defined myocardial oedema peaked at days 3–9 and remained increased in the infarct zone throughout the 3-month follow-up period (p<0.01). Conclusion Myocardial macrophage activity can be detected using USPIO-enhanced MRI in the first 2 weeks following acute MI. This observed pattern of cellular inflammation is distinct, and provides complementary information to the more prolonged myocardial oedema detectable using T2 mapping. This imaging technique holds promise as a non-invasive method of assessing and monitoring myocardial cellular inflammation with potential application to diagnosis, risk stratification and assessment of novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic interventions. Trial registration number Trial registration number: 14663. Registered on UK Clinical Research Network (http://public.ukcrn.org.uk) and also ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02319278?term=DECIFER&rank=2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Stirrat
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shirjel R Alam
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas J MacGillivray
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, USA
| | - Calum D Gray
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, USA
| | - Marc R Dweck
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jennifer Raftis
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William Sa Jenkins
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Renzo Pessotto
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kelvin Hh Lim
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Saeed Mirsadraee
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter A Henriksen
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott Ik Semple
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David E Newby
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Smits LP, Tiessens F, Zheng KH, Stroes ES, Nederveen AJ, Coolen BF. Evaluation of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide (USPIO) enhanced MRI with ferumoxytol to quantify arterial wall inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2017; 263:211-218. [PMID: 28662398 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques is an important determinant of plaque vulnerability, and can be detected non-invasively using ultra-small superparamagnetic iron-oxide (USPIO) enhanced MRI. The aims of the current study were: 1) to determine whether ferumoxytol can be used for USPIO-MRI of atherosclerotic plaques, 2) to establish a protocol for quantitative USPIO-MRI of carotid artery plaques using ferumoxytol, and 3) to study the relation between USPIO uptake and plaque burden and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake (measured by 18F-FDG PET/CT scan) in atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS In 9 patients with carotid artery stenosis >30% and 4 healthy controls, quantitative R2* MRI scans of the carotid arteries were performed before and 72 h after USPIO administration (4 mg/kg ferumoxytol). USPIO uptake was assessed by quantifying the difference in R2* (ΔR2*) between baseline and post-USPIO scans. In addition to MRI, 18F-FDG PET/CT was performed on both carotid arteries. MR and PET/CT images were co-registered, and 18F-FDG uptake was quantified in all slices containing atherosclerotic plaque. RESULTS Infusion of ferumoxytol resulted in higher R2* values after 72 h in atherosclerotic plaques (ΔR2* 24.6 ± 19.8 s-1; p = 0.0003), but not in the healthy control vessel wall (ΔR2* 2.6 ± 5.6 s-1, p = 0.23). USPIO uptake in patients was higher in atherosclerotic plaques compared to the patient non-plaque vessel wall (ΔR2* of 24.6 ± 19.8 vs. 7.5 ± 9.3 s-1, p = 0.004). No correlation was found between USPIO uptake and 18F-FDG uptake in atherosclerotic plaques (R2 = 0.03, p = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS Ferumoxytol is selectively taken up by atherosclerotic plaques and can thus be used for carotid USPIO-MRI. As USPIO and 18F-FDG uptake in atherosclerotic plaque do not correlate in this cohort, these agents may visualize different pathophysiological aspects of plaque inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loek P Smits
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Feiko Tiessens
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Netherlands MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Kang He Zheng
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik S Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aart J Nederveen
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram F Coolen
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Preclinical and Translational MRI, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dweck MR, Aikawa E, Newby DE, Tarkin JM, Rudd JHF, Narula J, Fayad ZA. Noninvasive Molecular Imaging of Disease Activity in Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2017; 119:330-40. [PMID: 27390335 PMCID: PMC4939871 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.307971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Major focus has been placed on the identification of vulnerable plaques as a means of improving the prediction of myocardial infarction. However, this strategy has recently been questioned on the basis that the majority of these individual coronary lesions do not in fact go on to cause clinical events. Attention is, therefore, shifting to alternative imaging modalities that might provide a more complete pan-coronary assessment of the atherosclerotic disease process. These include markers of disease activity with the potential to discriminate between patients with stable burnt-out disease that is no longer metabolically active and those with active atheroma, faster disease progression, and increased risk of infarction. This review will examine how novel molecular imaging approaches can provide such assessments, focusing on inflammation and microcalcification activity, the importance of these processes to coronary atherosclerosis, and the advantages and challenges posed by these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Dweck
- From the Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute (M.R.D., Z.A.F.) and Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute (M.R.D., J.N., Z.A.F.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.R.D., D.E.N.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.A.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.M.T., J.H.F.R.).
| | - Elena Aikawa
- From the Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute (M.R.D., Z.A.F.) and Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute (M.R.D., J.N., Z.A.F.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.R.D., D.E.N.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.A.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.M.T., J.H.F.R.)
| | - David E Newby
- From the Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute (M.R.D., Z.A.F.) and Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute (M.R.D., J.N., Z.A.F.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.R.D., D.E.N.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.A.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.M.T., J.H.F.R.)
| | - Jason M Tarkin
- From the Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute (M.R.D., Z.A.F.) and Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute (M.R.D., J.N., Z.A.F.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.R.D., D.E.N.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.A.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.M.T., J.H.F.R.)
| | - James H F Rudd
- From the Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute (M.R.D., Z.A.F.) and Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute (M.R.D., J.N., Z.A.F.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.R.D., D.E.N.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.A.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.M.T., J.H.F.R.)
| | - Jagat Narula
- From the Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute (M.R.D., Z.A.F.) and Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute (M.R.D., J.N., Z.A.F.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.R.D., D.E.N.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.A.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.M.T., J.H.F.R.)
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- From the Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute (M.R.D., Z.A.F.) and Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute (M.R.D., J.N., Z.A.F.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.R.D., D.E.N.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.A.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.M.T., J.H.F.R.)
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Park SM, Aalipour A, Vermesh O, Yu JH, Gambhir SS. Towards clinically translatable in vivo nanodiagnostics. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2017; 2:17014. [PMID: 29876137 PMCID: PMC5985817 DOI: 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiagnostics as a field makes use of fundamental advances in nanobiotechnology to diagnose, characterize and manage disease at the molecular scale. As these strategies move closer to routine clinical use, a proper understanding of different imaging modalities, relevant biological systems and physical properties governing nanoscale interactions is necessary to rationally engineer next-generation bionanomaterials. In this Review, we analyse the background physics of several clinically relevant imaging modalities and their associated sensitivity and specificity, provide an overview of the materials currently used for in vivo nanodiagnostics, and assess the progress made towards clinical translation. This work provides a framework for understanding both the impressive progress made thus far in the nanodiagnostics field as well as presenting challenges that must be overcome to obtain widespread clinical adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Park
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Amin Aalipour
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ophir Vermesh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jung Ho Yu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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Saeed M, Liu H, Liang CH, Wilson MW. Magnetic resonance imaging for characterizing myocardial diseases. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 33:1395-1414. [PMID: 28364177 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-017-1127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute of Health defined cardiomyopathy as diseases of the heart muscle. These myocardial diseases have different etiology, structure and treatment. This review highlights the key imaging features of different myocardial diseases. It provides information on myocardial structure/orientation, perfusion, function and viability in diseases related to cardiomyopathy. The standard cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences can reveal insight on left ventricular (LV) mass, volumes and regional contractile function in all types of cardiomyopathy diseases. Contrast enhanced MRI sequences allow visualization of different infarct patterns and sizes. Enhancement of myocardial inflammation and infarct (location, transmurality and pattern) on contrast enhanced MRI have been used to highlight the key differences in myocardial diseases, predict recovery of function and healing. The common feature in many forms of cardiomyopathy is the presence of diffuse-fibrosis. Currently, imaging sequences generating the most interest in cardiomyopathy include myocardial strain analysis, tissue mapping (T1, T2, T2*) and extracellular volume (ECV) estimation techniques. MRI sequences have the potential to decode the etiology by showing various patterns of infarct and diffuse fibrosis in myocarditis, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and hypertension. Integrated PET/MRI system may add in the future more information for the diagnosis and progression of cardiomyopathy diseases. With the promise of high spatial/temporal resolution and 3D coverage, MRI will be an indispensible tool in diagnosis and monitoring the benefits of new therapies designed to treat myocardial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maythem Saeed
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Campus Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107-5705, USA.
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Hong Liang
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mark W Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Campus Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107-5705, USA
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Liang G, Vo D, Nguyen PK. Fundamentals of Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging: a Review of Concepts and Strategies. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-017-9403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chowdhury MM, Tawakol A, Jaffer FA. Molecular Imaging of Atherosclerosis: A Clinical Focus. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2017; 10. [PMID: 29861824 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-017-9397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging of cardiovascular disease is a powerful clinical and experimental approach that can inform our understanding of atherosclerosis biology. Complementing cross-sectional imaging techniques that provide detailed anatomical information, molecular imaging can further detect important biological changes occurring within atheroma, and refine the prediction of vascular complications. In addition, molecular imaging of atherosclerosis can illuminate underlying pathophysiology and serve as a surrogate end-point in clinical trials of new drugs. This review showcases promising molecular approaches for imaging atherosclerosis, with a focus on PET, MRI, and intravascular near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging methods that are in the clinic or close-to-clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Chowdhury
- Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Farouc A Jaffer
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts
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Extremely Small Pseudoparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle as a Novel Blood Pool T1 Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agent for 3 T Whole-Heart Coronary Angiography in Canines. Invest Radiol 2017; 52:128-133. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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62
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Wáng YXJ, Idée JM. A comprehensive literatures update of clinical researches of superparamagnetic resonance iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2017; 7:88-122. [PMID: 28275562 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2017.02.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to update the clinical researches using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent published during the past five years. PubMed database was used for literature search, and the search terms were (SPIO OR superparamagnetic iron oxide OR Resovist OR Ferumoxytol OR Ferumoxtran-10) AND (MRI OR magnetic resonance imaging). The literature search results show clinical research on SPIO remains robust, particularly fuelled by the approval of ferumoxytol for intravenously administration. SPIOs have been tested on MR angiography, sentinel lymph node detection, lymph node metastasis evaluation; inflammation evaluation; blood volume measurement; as well as liver imaging. Two experimental SPIOs with unique potentials are also discussed in this review. A curcumin-conjugated SPIO can penetrate brain blood barrier (BBB) and bind to amyloid plaques in Alzheime's disease transgenic mice brain, and thereafter detectable by MRI. Another SPIO was fabricated with a core of Fe3O4 nanoparticle and a shell coating of concentrated hydrophilic polymer brushes and are almost not taken by peripheral macrophages as well as by mononuclear phagocytes and reticuloendothelial system (RES) due to the suppression of non-specific protein binding caused by their stealthy ''brush-afforded'' structure. This SPIO may offer potentials for the applications such as drug targeting and tissue or organ imaging other than liver and lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yì Xiáng J Wáng
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jean-Marc Idée
- Guerbet, Research and Innovation Division, Roissy-Charles de Gaulle, France
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64
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Ruparelia N, Chai JT, Fisher EA, Choudhury RP. Inflammatory processes in cardiovascular disease: a route to targeted therapies. Nat Rev Cardiol 2016; 14:133-144. [PMID: 27905474 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes are firmly established as central to the development and complications of cardiovascular diseases. Elevated levels of inflammatory markers have been shown to be predictive of future cardiovascular events. The specific targeting of these processes in experimental models has been shown to attenuate myocardial and arterial injury, reduce disease progression, and promote healing. However, the translation of these observations and the demonstration of clear efficacy in clinical practice have been disappointing. A major limitation might be that tools currently used to measure 'inflammation' are insufficiently precise and do not provide information about disease site and activity, or discriminate between functionally important activation pathways. The challenge, therefore, is to make measures of inflammation that are more meaningful, and which can guide specific targeted therapies. In this Review, we consider the roles of inflammatory processes in the related pathologies of atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction, by providing an evaluation of the known and emerging inflammatory pathways. We highlight contemporary techniques to characterize and quantify inflammation, and consider how they might be used to guide specific treatments. Finally, we discuss emerging opportunities in the field, including their current limitations and challenges that are the focus of ongoing study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Ruparelia
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Joshua T Chai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,The Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Robin P Choudhury
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Makela AV, Murrell DH, Parkins KM, Kara J, Gaudet JM, Foster PJ. Cellular Imaging With MRI. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 25:177-186. [PMID: 27748707 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an evolving field of imaging with strong translational and research potential. The ability to detect, track, and quantify cells in vivo and over time allows for studying cellular events related to disease processes and may be used as a biomarker for decisions about treatments and for monitoring responses to treatments. In this review, we discuss methods for labeling cells, various applications for cellular MRI, the existing limitations, strategies to address these shortcomings, and clinical cellular MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Makela
- *Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute †Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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66
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Pozo E, Agudo-Quilez P, Rojas-González A, Alvarado T, Olivera MJ, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Alfonso F. Noninvasive diagnosis of vulnerable coronary plaque. World J Cardiol 2016; 8:520-533. [PMID: 27721935 PMCID: PMC5039354 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i9.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death are frequently the first manifestation of coronary artery disease. For this reason, screening of asymptomatic coronary atherosclerosis has become an attractive field of research in cardiovascular medicine. Necropsy studies have described histopathological changes associated with the development of acute coronary events. In this regard, thin-cap fibroatheroma has been identified as the main vulnerable coronary plaque feature. Hence, many imaging techniques, such as coronary computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance or positron emission tomography, have tried to detect noninvasively these histomorphological characteristics with different approaches. In this article, we review the role of these diagnostic tools in the detection of vulnerable coronary plaque with particular interest in their advantages and limitations as well as the clinical implications of the derived findings.
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Stirrat CG, Alam SR, MacGillivray TJ, Gray CD, Forsythe R, Dweck MR, Payne JR, Prasad SK, Petrie MC, Gardner RS, Mirsadraee S, Henriksen PA, Newby DE, Semple SIK. Ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging methodology and normal values at 1.5 and 3T. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2016; 18:46. [PMID: 27465647 PMCID: PMC4964058 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-016-0261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect tissue-resident macrophage activity and identify cellular inflammation. Clinical studies using this technique are now emerging. We aimed to report a range of normal R2* values at 1.5 and 3 T in the myocardium and other tissues following ferumoxytol administration, outline the methodology used and suggest solutions to commonly encountered analysis problems. METHODS Twenty volunteers were recruited: 10 imaged each at 1.5 T and 3 T. T2* and late gadolinium enhanced (LGE) MRI was conducted at baseline with further T2* imaging conducted approximately 24 h after USPIO infusion (ferumoxytol, 4 mg/kg). Regions of interest were selected in the myocardium and compared to other tissues. RESULTS Following administration, USPIO was detected by changes in R2* from baseline (1/T2*) at 24 h in myocardium, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, spleen and blood at 1.5 T, and myocardium, kidney, liver, spleen, blood and bone at 3 T (p < 0.05 for all). Myocardial changes in R2* due to USPIO were 26.5 ± 7.3 s-1 at 1.5 T, and 37.2 ± 9.6 s-1 at 3 T (p < 0.0001 for both). Tissues showing greatest ferumoxytol enhancement were the reticuloendothelial system: the liver, spleen and bone marrow (216.3 ± 32.6 s-1, 336.3 ± 60.3 s-1, 69.9 ± 79.9 s-1; p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p = ns respectively at 1.5 T, and 275.6 ± 69.9 s-1, 463.9 ± 136.7 s-1, 417.9 ± 370.3 s-1; p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.01 respectively at 3 T). CONCLUSION Ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI is feasible at both 1.5 T and 3 T. Careful data selection and dose administration, along with refinements to echo-time acquisition, post-processing and analysis techniques are essential to ensure reliable and robust quantification of tissue enhancement. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier - NCT02319278 . Registered 03.12.2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G. Stirrat
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shirjel R. Alam
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas J. MacGillivray
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Calum D. Gray
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachael Forsythe
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marc R. Dweck
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John R. Payne
- Department of Cardiology, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK
| | | | - Mark C. Petrie
- Department of Cardiology, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK
| | - Roy S. Gardner
- Department of Cardiology, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK
| | - Saeed Mirsadraee
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter A. Henriksen
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David E. Newby
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott I. K. Semple
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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68
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Bietenbeck M, Florian A, Faber C, Sechtem U, Yilmaz A. Remote magnetic targeting of iron oxide nanoparticles for cardiovascular diagnosis and therapeutic drug delivery: where are we now? Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3191-203. [PMID: 27486321 PMCID: PMC4957681 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s110542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for an accurate assessment of both functional and structural cardiac parameters, and thereby appropriate diagnosis and validation of cardiovascular diseases. The diagnostic yield of cardiovascular MRI examinations is often increased by the use of contrast agents that are almost exclusively based on gadolinium compounds. Another clinically approved contrast medium is composed of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs). These particles may expand the field of contrast-enhanced cardiovascular MRI as recently shown in clinical studies focusing on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, IONs open up new research opportunities such as remote magnetic drug targeting (MDT). The approach of MDT relies on the coupling of bioactive molecules and magnetic nanoparticles to form an injectable complex. This complex, in turn, can be attracted to and retained at a desired target inside the body with the help of applied magnetic fields. In comparison to common systemic drug applications, MDT techniques promise both higher concentrations at the target site and lower concentrations elsewhere in the body. Moreover, concurrent or subsequent MRI can be used for noninvasive monitoring of drug distribution and successful delivery to the desired organ in vivo. This review does not only illustrate the basic conceptual and biophysical principles of IONs, but also focuses on new research activities and achievements in the cardiovascular field, mainly in the management of AMI. Based on the presentation of successful MDT applications in preclinical models of AMI, novel approaches and the translational potential of MDT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster
| | - Udo Sechtem
- Division of Cardiology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany
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Abstract
In Brief Prospective identification of individuals with diabetes who are at greatest risk for developing complications would have considerable public health importance by allowing appropriate resources to be focused on those who would benefit most from aggressive intervention. Haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute-phase protein that is crucial for the elimination of free hemoglobin and the neutralization of oxidative damage. In the past two decades, associations have been made between polymorphisms in Hp and complications arising from diabetes. Individuals with polymorphism in Hp have been shown to have significantly higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the current literature on the role of Hp in health and disease, with a focus on diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Vigerust
- MyGenetx Clinical Laboratories, Franklin, TN
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nashville, TN
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70
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Blau R, Krivitsky A, Epshtein Y, Satchi-Fainaro R. Are nanotheranostics and nanodiagnostics-guided drug delivery stepping stones towards precision medicine? Drug Resist Updat 2016; 27:39-58. [PMID: 27449597 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The progress in medical research has led to the understanding that cancer is a large group of heterogeneous diseases, with high variability between and within individuals. This variability sprouted the ambitious goal to improve therapeutic outcomes, while minimizing drug adverse effects through stratification of patients by the differences in their disease markers, in a personalized manner, as opposed to the strategy of "one therapy fits all". Nanotheranostics, composed of nanoparticles (NPs) carrying therapeutic and/or diagnostics probes, have the potential to revolutionize personalized medicine. There are different modalities to combine these two distinct fields into one system for a synergistic outcome. The addition of a nanocarrier to a theranostic system holds great promise. Nanocarriers possess high surface area, enabling sophisticated functionalization with imaging agents, thus gaining enhanced diagnostic ability in real-time. Yet, most of the FDA-approved theranostic approaches are based on small molecules. The theranostic approaches that are reviewed herein are paving the road towards personalized medicine through all stages of patient care: starting from screening and diagnostics, proceeding to treatment and ending with treatment follow-up. Our current review provides a broad background and highlights new insights for the rational design of theranostic nanosystems for desired therapeutic niches, while summoning the hurdles on their way to become first-line diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Blau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adva Krivitsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yana Epshtein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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71
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Finn JP, Nguyen KL, Han F, Zhou Z, Salusky I, Ayad I, Hu P. Cardiovascular MRI with ferumoxytol. Clin Radiol 2016; 71:796-806. [PMID: 27221526 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The practice of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CEMRA) has changed significantly in the span of a decade. Concerns regarding gadolinium (Gd)-associated nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in those with severely impaired renal function spurred developments in low-dose CEMRA and non-contrast MRA as well as efforts to seek alternative MR contrast agents. Originally developed for MR imaging use, ferumoxytol (an ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle), is currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in adults with renal disease. Since its clinical availability in 2009, there has been rising interest in the scientific and clinical use of ferumoxytol as an MR contrast agent. The unique physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of ferumoxytol, including its long intravascular half-life and high r1 relaxivity, support a spectrum of MRI applications beyond the scope of Gd-based contrast agents. Moreover, whereas Gd is not found in biological systems, iron is essential for normal metabolism, and nutritional iron deficiency poses major public health challenges worldwide. Once the carbohydrate shell of ferumoxytol is degraded, the elemental iron at its core is incorporated into the reticuloendothelial system. These considerations position ferumoxytol as a potential game changer in the field of CEMRA and MRI. In this paper, we aim to summarise our experience with the cardiovascular applications of ferumoxytol and provide a brief synopsis of ongoing investigations on ferumoxytol-enhanced MR applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Finn
- Diagnostic Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - K-L Nguyen
- Diagnostic Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - F Han
- Diagnostic Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Z Zhou
- Diagnostic Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - I Salusky
- Diagnostic Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Pediatric Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - I Ayad
- Diagnostic Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P Hu
- Diagnostic Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hammoud DA. Molecular Imaging of Inflammation: Current Status. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1161-5. [PMID: 27173159 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.161182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to image inflammation in vivo can improve our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying various disease etiologies, including cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration. A great wealth of preclinical and translational research has been and is currently being developed to decipher the involvement of the immune system in disease pathophysiology, quantify the course of a disease, and visualize the potential detrimental effects of excessive inflammation. Down the road, the ultimate goal is to have clinical noninvasive in vivo imaging biomarkers of inflammation that will help diagnose disease, establish prognosis, and gauge response to preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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73
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Vukova TI, Dimitrov SD, Gagov HS, Dimitrova DZ. In focus: Fe3O4 nanoparticles and human mesenteric artery interaction in vitro. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:921-32. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The growing implementation of iron oxide nanoparticles in medicine requires a thorough investigation of their physiological influence. Therefore, effects of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on isometric contractions of healthy human mesenteric artery in vitro were investigated. Materials & methods: The effect of increasing concentrations (0.023, 0.069, 0.23, 0.69 and 2.31 μg/μl) of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (50–100 nm) on the contractility of mesenteric artery ring preparations was studied using wire myography technique. Results & conclusion: A lack of effects of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (50–100 nm) on isometric contractions of human mesenteric artery segments both in conditions of basal tension and precontraction was found. The observed unresponsiveness of human mesenteric arteries in vitro to Fe3O4 nanoparticles could be attributed to their safe mode of use in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora I Vukova
- Department Excitable Structures, Institute of Biophysics & Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bldg. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stanislav D Dimitrov
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Military Medical Academy, St. Georgi Sofyiski Street, 3, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hristo S Gagov
- Department of Human & Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 D. Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Z Dimitrova
- Department Excitable Structures, Institute of Biophysics & Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bldg. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Abstract
Myocarditis is a heterogeneous group of disorders defined by inflammation of the heart muscle. The primary clinical manifestations of myocarditis are heart failure and sudden death in children and young adults. Numerous interventions have been investigated for the treatment of myocarditis, including broad spectrum alteration of the immune response and antiviral treatments; however, success has been limited. Since the myocarditis treatment trials in the 1990s there has been an improved understanding of disease progression and new facets of the immune response have been discovered. This new information provides fresh opportunities to develop therapeutics to treat myocarditis. This review analyzes previous pharmacologic approaches including immunosuppression, high dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, immunoadsorption and antiviral treatments, and looks forward toward recently identified immune factors that can be exploited as targets for new treatments. Such strategies include bolstering beneficial regulatory T cells or mitigating the detrimental Th17 T cells which can drive autoimmunity in the heart. The surging interest of the application of humanized monoclonal antibodies makes targeting deleterious arms of the immune response like Th17 cells a tangible goal in the near future. Promising constituents of herbal remedies have also been identified that may hold potential as new pharmacological treatments for myocarditis, however, significant work remains to elucidate the pharmacokinetics and side-effects of these compounds. Finally, advances in our understanding of the function of Matrix Metalloproteinases yield another target for altering disease progression given their role in the development of fibrosis during Dilated Cardiomyopathy. In bringing to light the various new targets and treatments available since the last myocarditis treatment trials, the aim of this review is to explore the new treatments that are possible in new myocarditis treatment trials.
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Swaminathan G, Sivaraman B, Moore L, Zborowski M, Ramamurthi A. Magnetically Responsive Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Smooth Muscle Cells Maintain Their Benefits to Augmenting Elastic Matrix Neoassembly. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:301-11. [PMID: 26830683 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) represent abnormal aortal expansions that result from chronic proteolytic breakdown of elastin and collagen fibers by matrix metalloproteases. Poor elastogenesis by adult vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) limits regenerative repair of elastic fibers, critical for AAA growth arrest. Toward overcoming these limitations, we recently demonstrated significant elastogenesis by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived SMCs (BM-SMCs) and their proelastogenesis and antiproteolytic effects on rat aneurysmal SMCs (EaRASMCs). We currently investigate the effects of super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) labeling of BM-SMCs, necessary to magnetically guide them to the AAA wall, on their functional benefits. Our results indicate that SPION-labeling is noncytotoxic and does not adversely impact the phenotype and elastogenesis by BM-SMCs. In addition, SPION-BM-SMCs showed no changes in the ability of the BM-SMCs to stimulate elastin regeneration and attenuate proteolytic activity by EaRASMCs. Together, our results are promising toward the utility of SPIONs for magnetic targeting of BM-SMCs for in situ AAA regenerative repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Swaminathan
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Department of Biology, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio
| | | | - Lee Moore
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Anand Ramamurthi
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
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76
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Abstract
Imaging reveals complex structures and dynamic interactive processes, located deep inside the body, that are otherwise difficult to decipher. Numerous imaging modalities harness every last inch of the energy spectrum. Clinical modalities include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, and light-based methods [endoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT)]. Research modalities include various light microscopy techniques (confocal, multiphoton, total internal reflection, superresolution fluorescence microscopy), electron microscopy, mass spectrometry imaging, fluorescence tomography, bioluminescence, variations of OCT, and optoacoustic imaging, among a few others. Although clinical imaging and research microscopy are often isolated from one another, we argue that their combination and integration is not only informative but also essential to discovering new biology and interpreting clinical datasets in which signals invariably originate from hundreds to thousands of cells per voxel.
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77
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Amsallem M, Saito T, Tada Y, Dash R, McConnell MV. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography Approaches to Imaging Vascular and Cardiac Inflammation. Circ J 2016; 80:1269-77. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Amsallem
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Toshinobu Saito
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Yuko Tada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Rajesh Dash
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
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78
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The Role of MR Enterography in Assessing Crohn's Disease Activity and Treatment Response. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2016:8168695. [PMID: 26819611 PMCID: PMC4706951 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8168695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MR enterography (MRE) has become the primary imaging modality in the assessment of Crohn's disease (CD) in both children and adults at many institutions in the United States and worldwide, primarily due to its noninvasiveness, superior soft tissue contrast, and lack of ionizing radiation. MRE technique includes distention of the small bowel with oral contrast media with the acquisition of T2-weighted, balanced steady-state free precession, and multiphase T1-weighted fat suppressed gadolinium contrast-enhanced sequences. With the introduction of molecule-targeted biologic agents into the clinical setting for CD and their potential to reverse the inflammatory process, MRE is increasingly utilized to evaluate disease activity and response to therapy as an imaging complement to clinical indices or optical endoscopy. New and emerging MRE techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), magnetization transfer, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide- (USPIO-) enhanced MRI, and PET-MR, offer the potential for an expanded role of MRI in detecting occult disease activity, evaluating early treatment response/resistance, and differentiating inflammatory from fibrotic strictures. Familiarity with MR enterography is essential for radiologists and gastroenterologists as the technique evolves and is further incorporated into the clinical management of CD.
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Di Bona KR, Xu Y, Gray M, Fair D, Hayles H, Milad L, Montes A, Sherwood J, Bao Y, Rasco JF. Short- and Long-Term Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Influence of Surface Charge and Dose on Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30251-68. [PMID: 26694381 PMCID: PMC4691173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly utilized for biomedical, industrial, and commercial applications due to their unique properties and potential biocompatibility. However, little is known about how exposure to iron oxide NPs may affect susceptible populations such as pregnant women and developing fetuses. To examine the influence of NP surface-charge and dose on the developmental toxicity of iron oxide NPs, Crl:CD1(ICR) (CD-1) mice were exposed to a single, low (10 mg/kg) or high (100 mg/kg) dose of positively-charged polyethyleneimine-Fe₂O₃-NPs (PEI-NPs), or negatively-charged poly(acrylic acid)-Fe₂O₃-NPs (PAA-NPs) during critical windows of organogenesis (gestation day (GD) 8, 9, or 10). A low dose of NPs, regardless of charge, did not induce toxicity. However, a high exposure led to charge-dependent fetal loss as well as morphological alterations of the uteri (both charges) and testes (positive only) of surviving offspring. Positively-charged PEI-NPs given later in organogenesis resulted in a combination of short-term fetal loss (42%) and long-term alterations in reproduction, including increased fetal loss for second generation matings (mice exposed in utero). Alternatively, negatively-charged PAA-NPs induced fetal loss (22%) earlier in organogenesis to a lesser degree than PEI-NPs with only mild alterations in offspring uterine histology observed in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Di Bona
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Yaolin Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Marquita Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Douglas Fair
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Hunter Hayles
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Luckie Milad
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Alex Montes
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Jennifer Sherwood
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Yuping Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Jane F Rasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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80
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Alam SR, Stirrat C, Richards J, Mirsadraee S, Semple SIK, Tse G, Henriksen P, Newby DE. Vascular and plaque imaging with ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2015; 17:83. [PMID: 26381872 PMCID: PMC4574723 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-015-0183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) has become a primary tool for non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular anatomy, pathology and function. Existing contrast agents have been utilised for the identification of infarction, fibrosis, perfusion deficits and for angiography. Novel ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO) contrast agents that are taken up by inflammatory cells can detect cellular inflammation non-invasively using CMR, potentially aiding the diagnosis of inflammatory medical conditions, guiding their treatment and giving insight into their pathophysiology. In this review we describe the utilization of USPIO as a novel contrast agent in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirjel R Alam
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - Colin Stirrat
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - Jennifer Richards
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - Saeed Mirsadraee
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
- Department of Radiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - Scott I K Semple
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - George Tse
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - Peter Henriksen
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - David E Newby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
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Matuszak J, Dörfler P, Zaloga J, Unterweger H, Lyer S, Dietel B, Alexiou C, Cicha I. Shell matters: Magnetic targeting of SPIONs and in vitro effects on endothelial and monocytic cell function. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2015; 61:259-77. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-151998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Matuszak
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Dörfler
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Zaloga
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Unterweger
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Lyer
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Dietel
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
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83
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Bietenbeck M, Florian A, Sechtem U, Yilmaz A. The diagnostic value of iron oxide nanoparticles for imaging of myocardial inflammation--quo vadis? J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2015; 17:54. [PMID: 26152269 PMCID: PMC4495803 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-015-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is an integral part in the diagnostic work-up of cardiac inflammatory diseases. In this context, superparamagnetic iron oxide-based contrast agents can provide additional diagnostic information regarding the assessment of myocardial infarction and myocarditis. After intravenous administration, these nanoparticles are taken up by activated monocytes and macrophages, which predominantly accumulate in regions associated with inflammation as was successfully shown in recent preclinical studies. Furthermore, first clinical studies with a new iron oxide-complex that was clinically approved for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia recently demonstrated a superior diagnostic value of iron oxide nanoparticles compared to gadolinium-based compounds for imaging of myocardial inflammation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. In this article, we outline the basic features of superparamagnetic iron oxide-based contrast agents and review recent studies using such nanoparticles for cardiac imaging in case of acute myocardial infarction as well as acute myocarditis. Moreover, we highlight the translational potential of these agents and possible research applications with regard to imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bietenbeck
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anca Florian
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Udo Sechtem
- Division of Cardiology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ali Yilmaz
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Juenet M, Varna M, Aid-Launais R, Chauvierre C, Letourneur D. Nanomedicine for the molecular diagnosis of cardiovascular pathologies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:476-84. [PMID: 26129770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Predicting acute clinical events caused by atherosclerotic plaque rupture remains a clinical challenge. Anatomic mapping of the vascular tree provided by standard imaging technologies is not always sufficient for a robust diagnosis. Yet biological mechanisms leading to unstable plaques have been identified and corresponding biomarkers have been described. Nanosystems charged with contrast agents and targeted towards these specific biomarkers have been developed for several types of imaging modalities. The first systems that have reached the clinic are ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Their potential relies on their passive accumulation by predominant physiological mechanisms in rupture-prone plaques. Active targeting strategies are under development to improve their specificity and set up other types of nanoplatforms. Preclinical results show a huge potential of nanomedicine for cardiovascular diagnosis, as long as the safety of these nanosystems in the body is studied in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Juenet
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Varna
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Rachida Aid-Launais
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Chauvierre
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
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85
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Pathophysiology of LV Remodeling in Survivors of STEMI: Inflammation, Remote Myocardium, and Prognosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8:779-89. [PMID: 26093923 PMCID: PMC4509710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of native T1 values in remote myocardium in survivors of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Background The pathophysiology and prognostic significance of remote myocardium in the natural history of STEMI is uncertain. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) reveals myocardial function and pathology. Native T1 (relaxation time in ms) is a fundamental magnetic resonance tissue property determined by water content and cellularity. Results A total of 300 STEMI patients (mean age 59 years; 74% male) gave informed consent. A total of 288 STEMI patients had evaluable native T1 CMR, and 267 patients (91%) had follow-up CMR at 6 months. Health outcome information was obtained for all of the participants (median follow-up 845 days). Infarct size was 18 ± 13% of left ventricular (LV) mass. Two days post-STEMI, native T1 was lower in remote myocardium than in the infarct zone (961 ± 25 ms vs. 1,097 ± 52 ms; p < 0.01). In multivariable regression, incomplete ST-segment resolution was associated with myocardial remote zone native T1 (regression coefficient 9.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.37 to 16.47; p = 0.009), as were the log of the admission C-reactive protein concentration (3.01; 95% CI: 0.016 to 5.85; p = 0.038) and the peak monocyte count (10.20; 95% CI: 0.74 to 19.67; p = 0.035). Remote T1 at baseline was associated with log N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide at 6 months (0.01; 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.02; p = 0.002; n = 151) and the change in LV end-diastolic volume from baseline to 6 months (0.13; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.24; p = 0.035). Remote zone native T1 was independently associated with post-discharge major adverse cardiac events (n = 20 events; hazard ratio: 1.016; 95% CI: 1.000 to 1.032; p = 0.048) and all-cause death or heart failure hospitalization (n = 30 events during admission and post-discharge; hazard ratio: 1.014; 95% CI: 1.000 to 1.028; p = 0.049). Conclusions Reperfusion injury and inflammation early post-MI was associated with remote zone T1, which in turn was independently associated with LV remodeling and adverse cardiac events post-STEMI. (Detection and Significance of Heart Injury in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction [BHF MR-MI]; NCT02072850)
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86
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van Heeswijk RB, Pellegrin M, Flögel U, Gonzales C, Aubert JF, Mazzolai L, Schwitter J, Stuber M. Fluorine MR Imaging of Inflammation in Atherosclerotic Plaque in Vivo. Radiology 2015; 275:421-9. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14141371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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87
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Iron-based superparamagnetic nanoparticle contrast agents for MRI of infection and inflammation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 204:W302-13. [PMID: 25714316 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.14.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. In this article, we summarize the progress to date on the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as contrast agents for MRI of inflammatory processes. CONCLUSION. Phagocytosis by macrophages of injected SPIONs results in a prolonged shortening of both T2 and T2* leading to hypointensity of macrophage-infiltrated tissues in contrast-enhanced MR images. SPIONs as contrast agents are therefore useful for the in vivo MRI detection of macrophage infiltration, and there is substantial research and clinical interest in the use of SPION-based contrast agents for MRI of infection and inflammation. This technique has been used to identify active infection in patients with septic arthritis and osteomyelitis; importantly, the MRI signal intensity of the tissue has been found to return to its unenhanced value on successful treatment of the infection. In SPION contrast-enhanced MRI of vascular inflammation, animal studies have shown decreased macrophage uptake in atherosclerotic plaques after treatment with statin drugs. Human studies have shown that both coronary and carotid plaques that take up SPIONs are more prone to rupture and that abdominal aneurysms with increased SPION uptake are more likely to grow. Studies of patients with multiple sclerosis suggest that MRI using SPIONs may have increased sensitivity over gadolinium for plaque detection. Finally, SPIONs have enabled the tracking and imaging of transplanted stem cells in a recipient host.
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88
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Nahrendorf M, Frantz S, Swirski FK, Mulder WJM, Randolph G, Ertl G, Ntziachristos V, Piek JJ, Stroes ES, Schwaiger M, Mann DL, Fayad ZA. Imaging systemic inflammatory networks in ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:1583-91. [PMID: 25881940 PMCID: PMC4401833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While acute myocardial infarction mortality declines, patients continue to face reinfarction and/or heart failure. The immune system, which intimately interacts with healthy and diseased tissues through resident and recruited leukocytes, is a central interface for a global host response to ischemia. Pathways that enhance the systemic leukocyte supply may be potential therapeutic targets. Pre-clinically, imaging helps to identify immunity's decision nodes, which may serve as such targets. In translating the rapidly-expanding pre-clinical data on immune activity, the difficulty of obtaining multiple clinical tissue samples from involved organs is an obstacle that whole-body imaging can help overcome. In patients, molecular and cellular imaging can be integrated with blood-based diagnostics to assess the translatability of discoveries, including the activation of hematopoietic tissues after myocardial infarction, and serve as an endpoint in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss these concepts while focusing on imaging immune activity in organs involved in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gwendalyn Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Georg Ertl
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan J Piek
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik S Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Douglas L Mann
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Nanoparticle enhanced MRI scanning to detect cellular inflammation in experimental chronic renal allograft rejection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 2015:507909. [PMID: 25954516 PMCID: PMC4411452 DOI: 10.1155/2015/507909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. We investigated whether ultrasmall paramagnetic particles of iron oxide- (USPIO-) enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect experimental chronic allograft damage in a murine renal allograft model. Materials and Methods. Two cohorts of mice underwent renal transplantation with either a syngeneic isograft or allograft kidney. MRI scanning was performed prior to and 48 hours after USPIO infusion using T2∗-weighted protocols. R2∗ values were calculated to indicate the degree of USPIO uptake. Native kidneys and skeletal muscle were imaged as reference tissues and renal explants analysed by histology and electron microscopy. Results. R2∗ values in the allograft group were higher compared to the isograft group when indexed to native kidney (median 1.24 (interquartile range: 1.12 to 1.36) versus 0.96 (0.92 to 1.04), P < 0.01). R2∗ values were also higher in the allograft transplant when indexed to skeletal muscle (6.24 (5.63 to 13.51)) compared to native kidney (2.91 (1.11 to 6.46) P < 0.05). Increased R2∗ signal in kidney allograft was associated with macrophage and iron staining on histology. USPIO were identified within tissue resident macrophages on electron microscopy. Conclusion. USPIO-enhanced MRI identifies macrophage.
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Bönner F, Merx M, Klingel K, Begovatz P, Flögel U, Sager M, Temme S, Jacoby C, Salehi Ravesh M, Grapentin C, Schubert R, Bunke J, Roden M, Kelm M, Schrader J. Monocyte imaging after myocardial infarction with 19F MRI at 3 T: a pilot study in explanted porcine hearts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 16:612-20. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jev008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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91
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Cellular Immunity and Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction: Role of Neutrophils, Monocytes, and Macrophages. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2015; 12:247-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11897-015-0255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Nanoparticles are frequently suggested as diagnostic agents. However, except for iron oxide nanoparticles, diagnostic nanoparticles have been barely incorporated into clinical use so far. This is predominantly due to difficulties in achieving acceptable pharmacokinetic properties and reproducible particle uniformity as well as to concerns about toxicity, biodegradation, and elimination. Reasonable indications for the clinical utilization of nanoparticles should consider their biologic behavior. For example, many nanoparticles are taken up by macrophages and accumulate in macrophage-rich tissues. Thus, they can be used to provide contrast in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and inflammatory lesions (eg, atherosclerotic plaques). Furthermore, cells can be efficiently labeled with nanoparticles, enabling the localization of implanted (stem) cells and tissue-engineered grafts as well as in vivo migration studies of cells. The potential of using nanoparticles for molecular imaging is compromised because their pharmacokinetic properties are difficult to control. Ideal targets for nanoparticles are localized on the endothelial luminal surface, whereas targeted nanoparticle delivery to extravascular structures is often limited and difficult to separate from an underlying enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The majority of clinically used nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are based on the EPR effect, and, for their more personalized use, imaging markers can be incorporated to monitor biodistribution, target site accumulation, drug release, and treatment efficacy. In conclusion, although nanoparticles are not always the right choice for molecular imaging (because smaller or larger molecules might provide more specific information), there are other diagnostic and theranostic applications for which nanoparticles hold substantial clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kiessling
- From the Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (F.K., M.E.M., T.L.); and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (J.G.)
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Veiseh O, Tang BC, Whitehead KA, Anderson DG, Langer R. Managing diabetes with nanomedicine: challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:45-57. [PMID: 25430866 PMCID: PMC4751590 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based approaches hold substantial potential for improving the care of patients with diabetes. Nanoparticles are being developed as imaging contrast agents to assist in the early diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Glucose nanosensors are being incorporated in implantable devices that enable more accurate and patient-friendly real-time tracking of blood glucose levels, and are also providing the basis for glucose-responsive nanoparticles that better mimic the body's physiological needs for insulin. Finally, nanotechnology is being used in non-invasive approaches to insulin delivery and to engineer more effective vaccine, cell and gene therapies for type 1 diabetes. Here, we analyse the current state of these approaches and discuss key issues for their translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Veiseh
- 1] Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [2] David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [3] Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [4]
| | - Benjamin C Tang
- 1] David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [2] Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3]
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- 1] Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [2] David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [3] Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [4] Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [5] Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- 1] Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [2] David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [3] Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [4] Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [5] Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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94
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Cui J, Kessinger CW, McCarthy JR, Sosnovik DE, Libby P, Thadhani RI, Jaffer FA. In vivo nanoparticle assessment of pathological endothelium predicts the development of inflow stenosis in murine arteriovenous fistula. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:189-96. [PMID: 25395614 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In vivo assessment of pathological endothelium within arteriovenous fistula (AVF) could provide new insights into inflow stenosis, a common cause of AVF primary failure in end-stage renal disease patients. Here we developed nanoparticle-based imaging strategies to assess pathological endothelium in vivo and elucidate its relationship to neointimal hyperplasia formation in AVF. APPROACH AND RESULTS Jugular-carotid AVFs were created in C57BL/6 mice (n=38). Pathological endothelium in the AVF was visualized and quantified in vivo using dextranated magnetofluorescent nanoparticles (CLIO-VT680 [cross-linked iron oxide-VivoTag680]). At day 14, CLIO-VT680 was deposited in AVF, but only minimally in sham-operated arteries. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that CLIO-VT680 resided within endothelial cells and in the intimal extracellular space. Endothelial cells of AVF, but not control arteries, expressed vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and showed augmented endothelial permeability near the anastomosis. Intravital microscopy demonstrated that CLIO-VT680 deposited most intensely near the AVF anastomosis (P<0.0001). The day 14 intravital microscopy CLIO-VT680 signal predicted the subsequent site and magnitude of AVF neointimal hyperplasia at day 42 (r=0.58, P<0.05). CLIO-VT680 deposition in AVF was further visualized by ex vivo MRI. CONCLUSIONS AVF develop a pathological endothelial response that can be assessed in vivo via nanoparticle-enhanced imaging. AVF endothelium is activated and exhibits augmented permeability, offering a targeting mechanism for nanoparticle deposition and retention in pathological endothelium. The in vivo AVF nanoparticle signal identified and predicted subsequent inflow neointimal hyperplasia. This approach could be used to test therapeutic interventions aiming to restore endothelial health and to decrease early AVF failure caused by inflow stenosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arteriovenous Fistula/metabolism
- Arteriovenous Fistula/pathology
- Arteriovenous Fistula/physiopathology
- Blood Flow Velocity
- Capillary Permeability
- Carotid Arteries/metabolism
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Arteries/physiopathology
- Carotid Arteries/surgery
- Carotid Arteries/ultrastructure
- Cell Proliferation
- Constriction, Pathologic
- Dextrans
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/surgery
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Hyperplasia
- Jugular Veins/metabolism
- Jugular Veins/pathology
- Jugular Veins/physiopathology
- Jugular Veins/surgery
- Jugular Veins/ultrastructure
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Magnetite Nanoparticles
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neointima
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Regional Blood Flow
- Time Factors
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (J.C., C.W.K., D.E.S., F.A.J.), Division of Cardiology (P.L.), Division of Nephrology (J.C., R.I.T.), Center for System Biology (J.R.M.), Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (D.E.S.), and Wellman Center for Photomedicine (F.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Chase W Kessinger
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (J.C., C.W.K., D.E.S., F.A.J.), Division of Cardiology (P.L.), Division of Nephrology (J.C., R.I.T.), Center for System Biology (J.R.M.), Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (D.E.S.), and Wellman Center for Photomedicine (F.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jason R McCarthy
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (J.C., C.W.K., D.E.S., F.A.J.), Division of Cardiology (P.L.), Division of Nephrology (J.C., R.I.T.), Center for System Biology (J.R.M.), Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (D.E.S.), and Wellman Center for Photomedicine (F.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - David E Sosnovik
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (J.C., C.W.K., D.E.S., F.A.J.), Division of Cardiology (P.L.), Division of Nephrology (J.C., R.I.T.), Center for System Biology (J.R.M.), Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (D.E.S.), and Wellman Center for Photomedicine (F.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Peter Libby
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (J.C., C.W.K., D.E.S., F.A.J.), Division of Cardiology (P.L.), Division of Nephrology (J.C., R.I.T.), Center for System Biology (J.R.M.), Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (D.E.S.), and Wellman Center for Photomedicine (F.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Ravi I Thadhani
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (J.C., C.W.K., D.E.S., F.A.J.), Division of Cardiology (P.L.), Division of Nephrology (J.C., R.I.T.), Center for System Biology (J.R.M.), Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (D.E.S.), and Wellman Center for Photomedicine (F.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Farouc A Jaffer
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (J.C., C.W.K., D.E.S., F.A.J.), Division of Cardiology (P.L.), Division of Nephrology (J.C., R.I.T.), Center for System Biology (J.R.M.), Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (D.E.S.), and Wellman Center for Photomedicine (F.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
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95
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Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK. Imaging Systemic Inflammation in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7:762-4. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.114.002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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96
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Hakimzadeh N, van Horssen P, van Lier MGJTB, van den Wijngaard JPHM, Belterman C, Coronel R, Piek JJ, Verberne HJ, Spaan JAE, Siebes M. Detection and quantification methods of monocyte homing in coronary vasculature with an imaging cryomicrotome. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 76:196-204. [PMID: 25179912 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellular imaging modalities are important for revealing the behavior and role of monocytes in response to neovascularization progression in coronary artery disease. In this study we aimed to develop methods for high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging and quantification of monocytes relative to the entire coronary artery network using a novel episcopic imaging modality. In a series of ex vivo experiments, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and CD14+ monocytes were labeled with fluorescent live cell tracker probes and infused into the coronary artery network of excised rat hearts by a Langendorff perfusion method. Coronary arteries were subsequently infused with fluorescent vascular cast material and processed with an imaging cryomicrotome, whereby each heart was consecutively cut (5 μm slice thickness) and block face imaged at appropriate excitation and emission wavelengths. The resulting image stacks yielded 3D reconstructions of the vascular network and the location of cells administered. Successful detection and quantification of single cells and cell clusters were achieved relative to the coronary network using customized particle detection software. These methods were then applied to an in vivo rabbit model of chronic myocardial ischemia in which autologous monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood, labeled with a fluorescent live cell tracker probe and re-infused into the host animal. The processed 3D image stacks revealed homing of monocytes to the ischemic myocardial tissue. Monocytes detected in the ischemic tissue were predominantly concentrated in the mid-myocardium. Vessel segmentation identified coronary collateral connections relative to monocyte localization. This study established a novel imaging platform to efficiently determine the localization of monocytes in relation to the coronary microvascular network. These techniques are invaluable for investigating the role of monocyte populations in the progression of coronary neovascularization in animal models of chronic and sub-acute myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Hakimzadeh
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pepijn van Horssen
- Dept. of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique G J T B van Lier
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Charly Belterman
- Dept. of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Dept. of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan J Piek
- Dept. of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein J Verberne
- Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A E Spaan
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Siebes
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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97
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Modo M, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Nicholls F, Ling W, Wilhelm C, Debarge O, Gazeau F, Clement O. Considerations for the clinical use of contrast agents for cellular MRI in regenerative medicine. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 8:439-55. [PMID: 24375900 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in regenerative medicine are rapidly transforming healthcare. A cornerstone of regenerative medicine is the introduction of cells that were grown or manipulated in vitro. Key questions that arise after these cells are re-introduced are: whether these cells are localized in the appropriate site; whether cells survive; and whether these cells migrate. These questions predominantly relate to the safety of the therapeutic approach (i.e. tumorigenesis), but certain aspects can also influence the efficacy of the therapeutic approach (e.g. site of injection). The European Medicines Agency has indicated that suitable methods for stem cell tracking should be applied where these methods are available. We here discuss the European regulatory framework, as well as the scientific evidence, that should be considered to facilitate the potential clinical implementation of magnetic resonance imaging contrast media to track implanted/injected cells in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
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98
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Osborn EA, Jaffer FA. The advancing clinical impact of molecular imaging in CVD. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 6:1327-41. [PMID: 24332285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging seeks to unravel critical molecular and cellular events in living subjects by providing complementary biological information to current structural clinical imaging modalities. In recent years, molecular imaging efforts have marched forward into the clinical cardiovascular arena, and are now actively illuminating new biology in a broad range of conditions, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, thrombosis, vasculitis, aneurysm, cardiomyopathy, and valvular disease. Development of novel molecular imaging reporters is occurring for many clinical cardiovascular imaging modalities (positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging), as well as in translational platforms such as intravascular fluorescence imaging. The ability to image, track, and quantify molecular biomarkers in organs not routinely amenable to biopsy (e.g., the heart and vasculature) open new clinical opportunities to tailor therapeutics based on a cardiovascular disease molecular profile. In addition, molecular imaging is playing an increasing role in atherosclerosis drug development in phase II clinical trials. Here, we present state-of-the-art clinical cardiovascular molecular imaging strategies, and explore promising translational approaches positioned for clinical testing in the near term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Osborn
- Cardiology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Farouc A Jaffer
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Molecular Imaging Research and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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99
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Liu Z, Li Z. Molecular imaging in tracking tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:990-1001. [PMID: 25157278 PMCID: PMC4142291 DOI: 10.7150/thno.9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the remarkable progress of adoptive T cell therapy in cancer treatment, there remains an urgent need for the noninvasive tracking of the transfused T cells in patients to determine their biodistribution, viability, and functionality. With emerging molecular imaging technologies and cell-labeling methods, noninvasive in vivo cell tracking is experiencing impressive progress toward revealing the mechanisms and functions of these cells in real time in preclinical and clinical studies. Such cell tracking methods have an important role in developing effective T cell therapeutic strategies and steering decision-making process in clinical trials. On the other hand, they could provide crucial information to accelerate the regulatory approval process on the T cell therapy. In this review, we revisit the advances in tracking the tumor-specific CTLs, highlighting the latest development in human studies and the key challenges.
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100
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Leuschner F, Courties G, Dutta P, Mortensen LJ, Gorbatov R, Sena B, Novobrantseva TI, Borodovsky A, Fitzgerald K, Koteliansky V, Iwamoto Y, Bohlender M, Meyer S, Lasitschka F, Meder B, Katus HA, Lin C, Libby P, Swirski FK, Anderson DG, Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M. Silencing of CCR2 in myocarditis. Eur Heart J 2014; 36:1478-88. [PMID: 24950695 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocarditis is characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration of the heart and subsequent deterioration of cardiac function. Monocytes are the most prominent population of accumulating leucocytes. We investigated whether in vivo administration of nanoparticle-encapsulated siRNA targeting chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2)-a chemokine receptor crucial for leucocyte migration in humans and mice--reduces inflammation in autoimmune myocarditis. METHODS AND RESULTS In myocardium of patients with myocarditis, CCL2 mRNA levels and CCR2(+) cells increased (P < 0.05), motivating us to pursue CCR2 silencing. Flow cytometric analysis showed that siRNA silencing of CCR2 (siCCR2) reduced the number of Ly6C(high) monocytes in hearts of mice with acute autoimmune myocarditis by 69% (P < 0.05), corroborated by histological assessment. The nanoparticle-delivered siRNA was not only active in monocytes but also in bone marrow haematopoietic progenitor cells. Treatment with siCCR2 reduced the migration of bone marrow granulocyte macrophage progenitors into the blood. Cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after injection of macrophage-avid magnetic nanoparticles detected myocarditis and therapeutic effects of RNAi non-invasively. Mice with acute myocarditis showed enhanced macrophage MRI contrast, which was prevented by siCCR2 (P < 0.05). Follow-up MRI volumetry revealed that siCCR2 treatment improved ejection fraction (P < 0.05 vs. control siRNA-treated mice). CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of CCR2 in the pathogenesis of myocarditis. In addition, we show that siCCR2 affects leucocyte progenitor trafficking. The data also point to a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Leuschner
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Courties
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Partha Dutta
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Luke J Mortensen
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rostic Gorbatov
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brena Sena
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Anna Borodovsky
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 3rd Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kevin Fitzgerald
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 3rd Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Victor Koteliansky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marina Bohlender
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soeren Meyer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220/221, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Benjamin Meder
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charles Lin
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Division of Health Science Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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