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Song W, Wang H, Wu Q. Atrial natriuretic peptide in cardiovascular biology and disease (NPPA). Gene 2015; 569:1-6. [PMID: 26074089 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a cardiac hormone that regulates salt-water balance and blood pressure by promoting renal sodium and water excretion and stimulating vasodilation. ANP also has an anti-hypertrophic function in the heart, which is independent of its systemic blood pressure-lowering effect. In mice, ANP deficiency causes salt-sensitive hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Recent studies have shown that ANP plays an important role in regulating vascular remodeling and energy metabolism. Variants in the human NPPA gene, encoding the ANP precursor, are associated with hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure (HF) and obesity. ANP and related peptides are used as biomarkers for heart disease. Recombinant proteins and small molecules that enhance the ANP pathway have been developed to treat patients with HF. In this review, we discuss the role of ANP in cardiovascular biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Departments of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Departments of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44155, USA
| | - Qingyu Wu
- Departments of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44155, USA; Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Gupta DK, de Lemos JA, Ayers CR, Berry JD, Wang TJ. Racial Differences in Natriuretic Peptide Levels: The Dallas Heart Study. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2015; 3:513-519. [PMID: 26071618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess whether N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels differ according to race/ethnicity. BACKGROUND Natriuretic peptides (NP) are hormones with natriuretic, diuretic, and vasodilatory effects. Experimental NP deficiency promotes salt-sensitive hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy, conditions that are more common among black individuals. METHODS We examined plasma NT-proBNP levels according to race/ethnicity in 3,148 individuals (51% black, 31% white, 18% Hispanic) free of prevalent cardiovascular disease in the Dallas Heart Study. NT-proBNP values in the bottom sex-specific quartile were defined as low. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed adjusting for clinical covariates and magnetic resonance imaging measurements of cardiac structure and function. RESULTS Hypertension was present in 41%, 25%, and 16% of black, white, and Hispanic individuals, respectively. Unadjusted NT-proBNP levels were lowest in black (median: 24 pg/ml; interquartile range [IQR]: 10 to 52 pg/ml) as compared with Hispanic (30 pg/ml; IQR: 14 to 59 pg/ml) and white individuals (32 pg/ml; IQR: 16 to 62 pg/ml), p < 0.0001. In multivariable-adjusted models, black individuals still had significantly lower NT-proBNP levels (-39% [95% confidence interval: -46% to -31%]; p < 0.0001) and greater odds of having low NT-proBNP (odds ratio: 2.46 [95% confidence interval: 1.86 to 3.26]), compared with white individuals. In contrast, NT-proBNP levels did not significantly differ between Hispanic and white individuals (p = 0.28). The finding of lower NT-proBNP levels in black individuals was similar when analyses were restricted to healthy participants without cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In this multiethnic cohort, NT-proBNP levels differ substantially according to race/ethnicity. Despite a higher prevalence of hypertension, black individuals had significantly lower NP levels than white and Hispanic individuals. A relative NP "deficiency" among black individuals may lead to greater susceptibility to salt retention and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Gupta
- Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - James A de Lemos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Colby R Ayers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jarett D Berry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Thomas J Wang
- Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Rossier BC, Baker ME, Studer RA. Epithelial sodium transport and its control by aldosterone: the story of our internal environment revisited. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:297-340. [PMID: 25540145 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription and translation require a high concentration of potassium across the entire tree of life. The conservation of a high intracellular potassium was an absolute requirement for the evolution of life on Earth. This was achieved by the interplay of P- and V-ATPases that can set up electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane, an energetically costly process requiring the synthesis of ATP by F-ATPases. In animals, the control of an extracellular compartment was achieved by the emergence of multicellular organisms able to produce tight epithelial barriers creating a stable extracellular milieu. Finally, the adaptation to a terrestrian environment was achieved by the evolution of distinct regulatory pathways allowing salt and water conservation. In this review we emphasize the critical and dual role of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in the control of the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in salt and water conservation in vertebrates. The action of aldosterone on transepithelial sodium transport by activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) at the apical membrane and that of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase at the basolateral membrane may have evolved in lungfish before the emergence of tetrapods. Finally, we discuss the implication of RAAS in the origin of the present pandemia of hypertension and its associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard C Rossier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Romain A Studer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Khalil A, Maiz N, Garcia-Mandujano R, Elkhouli M, Nicolaides KH. Longitudinal changes in maternal corin and mid-regional proatrial natriuretic peptide in women at risk of pre-eclampsia. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2015; 45:190-198. [PMID: 25296530 DOI: 10.1002/uog.14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Corin, an atrial natriuretic peptide-converting enzyme, has been found to promote trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling. Yet, elevated maternal plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and corin levels have been reported in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia (PE). The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal changes in maternal plasma levels of corin and mid-regional proatrial natriuretic peptide (MR-PANP) in pregnancies that develop PE and gestational hypertension (GH). METHODS This was a nested case-control study drawn from a larger prospective longitudinal study in singleton pregnancies identified as being at high risk for PE by screening at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. Blood samples were taken every 4 weeks until delivery. Values were compared in pregnancies that developed preterm PE (requiring delivery before 37 weeks' gestation), term PE, GH and those that remained normotensive. RESULTS A total of 471 samples were analyzed from 122 women, including 85 that remained normotensive, 12 that developed GH, 13 term PE and 12 preterm PE. In the normotensive group, log10 corin levels were associated with gestational age (P < 0.01), whereas log10 MR-PANP levels were not. In the preterm-PE group, compared with the normotensive group, corin was significantly lower until 20 weeks' gestation (P = 0.001). In the GH and term-PE groups, corin did not differ significantly from the normotensive group (P = 0.637 and P = 0.161, respectively). Compared with the normotensive group, MR-PANP levels were significantly higher in the pregnancies that developed preterm PE and GH (P = 0.046 and P = 0.019, respectively), but not term PE (P = 0.467). CONCLUSION Maternal-plasma corin and MR-PANP could potentially be useful biomarkers for the prediction of preterm PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khalil
- Department of Fetal Medicine, St George's University of London, London, UK
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A corin variant identified in hypertensive patients that alters cytoplasmic tail and reduces cell surface expression and activity. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7378. [PMID: 25488193 PMCID: PMC4260221 DOI: 10.1038/srep07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Corin is a membrane-bound protease that regulates blood pressure by activating the natriuretic peptides. CORIN variants have been associated with hypertension and heart disease in African Americans. In this study, we conducted targeted exome sequencing and identified an insertion variant, c.102_103insA, in exon 1 of the CORIN gene. Analysis of two independent cohorts showed that the variant was preferentially present in hypertensive patients (38/795 or 4.78% vs. 4/632 or 0.63% in normal individuals, p = 4.14E-6). The insertion shifted the reading frame, resulting in a corin variant with a truncated cytoplasmic tail. In cell-based studies, the corin variant exhibited poor trafficking in the Golgi, reduced cell surface expression and zymogen activation, and low natriuretic peptide processing activity. Compared with normal individuals with the wild-type allele, individuals with the variant allele had lower levels of plasma corin [0.59 ± 0.07 ng/mL (n = 25) vs. 0.91 ± 0.02 ng/mL (n = 215), p<0.001] and higher levels of plasma N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-ANP) [2.39 ± 3.6 nmol/L (n = 21) vs. 0.87 ± 0.6 nmol/L (n = 48), p = 0.005]. These results indicate that the variant altered corin structure and impaired the natriuretic peptide processing activity in vivo. The results highlight corin defects as an important underlying mechanism in hypertension.
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Stepanian A, Alcaïs A, de Prost D, Tsatsaris V, Dreyfus M, Treluyer JM, Mandelbrot L. Highly significant association between two common single nucleotide polymorphisms in CORIN gene and preeclampsia in Caucasian women. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113176. [PMID: 25474356 PMCID: PMC4256174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a frequent medical complication during pregnancy. Corin, a serine protease which activates pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, has recently been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. The aim of this study was to search for CORIN gene variations and their association to preeclampsia in Caucasian and African women. Our study population was composed of 571 pregnant women (295 with preeclampsia and 276 normotensive controls) matched for maternal and gestational age, and ethnic origin. The 22 exons of the CORIN gene were sequenced in a discovery sample (n = 260), where 31 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. In a replication sample (n = 311), 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms were tested. Two minor alleles (C for rs2271036 and G for rs2271037) were significantly associated to preeclampsia. Adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence interval] were 2.5 [1.2-3.8] (p = 0.007) and 2.3 [1.5-3.5] (p = 1.3 × 10(-4)), respectively. These associations were ethnic-specific, as only found in the Caucasian of subjects (odds ratio = 3.5 [1.8-6.6], p = 1.1 × 10(-4); odds ratio = 3.1 [1.7-5.8], p = 2.1 × 10(-4), for each single nucleotide polymorphism, respectively). The two single nucleotide polymorphisms are in almost perfect linkage disequilibrium (r(2) = 0.93). No specific association was found with severe preeclampsia, early-onset preeclampsia nor fetal growth retardation. In conclusion, this is the first report of a highly significant association between these two single nucleotide polymorphisms in CORIN gene and preeclampsia. Our findings further support the probability of a critical role of corin in preeclamspia pathophysiology at the uteroplacental interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Stepanian
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- INSERM CIC P0901, Paris, France
| | - Dominique de Prost
- Service d’Hématologie biologique et Transfusion, Hôpital Louis Mourier (AP-HP), Colombes, France
- Unité 770, INSERM, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Port-Royal (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Unité 767, INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Risque et Grossesse, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Michel Dreyfus
- CHU Clémenceau, Unité de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Médecine de la Reproduction, Caen, France
| | - Jean-Marc Treluyer
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Risque et Grossesse, Paris, France
- INSERM CIC P0901, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Mandelbrot
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Risque et Grossesse, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Colombes, France
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Abstract
Corin is a serine protease originally isolated from the heart. Functional studies show that corin is the long-sought enzyme responsible for activating cardiac natriuretic peptides. In mice, lack of corin prevents natriuretic peptide processing, causing salt-sensitive hypertension. In humans, corin variants and mutations that reduce corin activity have been identified in patients with hypertension and heart failure. Decreased plasma levels of corin antigen and activity have been reported in patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease. Low levels of urinary corin also have been found in patients with chronic kidney disease. Most recent studies show that corin also acts in the uterus to promote spiral artery remodeling and prevent pregnancy-induced hypertension. Here, we review the role of corin in natriuretic peptide processing and cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, heart disease, pre-eclampsia, and chronic kidney disease.
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Peleg A, Ghanim D, Vered S, Hasin Y. Serum corin is reduced and predicts adverse outcome in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL-ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2014; 2:159-65. [PMID: 24222826 DOI: 10.1177/2048872613483588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to describe the role of corin, an enzyme that cleaves pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and pro-brain natriuretic peptide into their active peptides, in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS Serum corin level was studied in patients with non-ST-elevation ACS who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (n=152) and in control volunteers (n=103). RESULTS The corin level was lower in acute coronary syndrome patients (798±288 pg/ml) than in the controls (1165±613 pg/ml, p<0.0001). Those acute coronary syndrome patients who developed major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; 60.9%) within 3 years of discharge had lower corin levels than the patients who did not experience major adverse cardiovascular events (698.16±233.67 vs. 952.1±297.81 pg/ml, p<0.0001). Using a multiple logistic regression model, corin level was a significant predictor of post-ACS MACE: p=0.0004 for 50 pg/ml steps, AUC 0.791, while p<0.0001, and AUC 0.804 using corin and brain natriuretic peptide as predictors. CONCLUSIONS Patients with non-ST-elevation ACS have lower serum corin levels than controls. Corin levels are lower in ACS patients who later experience MACE and thus might be predictor for MACE. This new putative biomarker may be useful, either alone or in combination with other biomarkers, for cardiovascular risk stratification assessment and outcome prediction in ACS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Peleg
- The Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias, Israel ; Bar-Ilan University, The Faculty of Medicine, Zefat, Israel
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Dong N, Zhou T, Zhang Y, Liu M, Li H, Huang X, Liu Z, Wu Y, Fukuda K, Qin J, Wu Q. Corin mutations K317E and S472G from preeclamptic patients alter zymogen activation and cell surface targeting. [Corrected]. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17909-16. [PMID: 24828501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.551424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Corin is a membrane-bound serine protease that acts as the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) convertase in the heart. Recent studies show that corin also activates ANP in the pregnant uterus to promote spiral artery remodeling and prevent pregnancy-induced hypertension. Two CORIN gene mutations, K317E and S472G, were identified in preeclamptic patients and shown to have reduced activity in vitro. In this study, we carried out molecular modeling and biochemical experiments to understand how these mutations impair corin function. By molecular modeling, the mutation K317E was predicted to alter corin LDL receptor-2 module conformation. Western blot analysis of K317E mutant in HEK293 cells showed that the mutation did not block corin expression on the cell surface but inhibited corin zymogen activation. In contrast, the mutation S472G was predicted to abolish a β-sheet critical for corin frizzled-2 module structure. In Western blot analysis and flow cytometry, S472G mutant was not detected on the cell surface in transfected HEK293 cells. By immunostaining, the S472G mutant was found in the ER, indicating that the mutation S472G disrupted the β-sheet, causing corin misfolding and ER retention. Thus, these results show that mutations in the CORIN gene may impair corin function by entirely different mechanisms. Together, our data provide important insights into the molecular basis underlying corin mutations that may contribute to preeclampsia in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzheng Dong
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease
| | - Yue Zhang
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease
| | - Meng Liu
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease
| | - Hui Li
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease
| | - Xiaoyi Huang
- the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China, and
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease
| | - Yi Wu
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Koichi Fukuda
- Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Jun Qin
- Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Qingyu Wu
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China, Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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Atrial natriuretic peptide gene variants and circulating levels: implications in cardiovascular diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:1-13. [PMID: 24611929 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide), discovered 30 years ago in rat cardiac atria, has been extensively investigated with regard to physiology, pathophysiology, cardiovascular disease therapeutics and molecular genetic aspects. Besides its diuretic, natriuretic and vasorelaxant effects, novel properties of this hormone have been described. Thus anti-hypertrophic, anti-fibrotic, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory actions suggest that ANP contributes not only to haemodynamic homoeostasis and adjustments, but has also a role in cardiovascular remodelling. Circulating ANP levels represent a valuable biomarker in cardiovascular diseases. ANP structure is highly conserved among species, indicating a key role in cardiovascular health. Thus an abnormal ANP structure may contribute to an increased risk of disease due to altered functions at either the vascular or cardiac level. Among others, the 2238T>C exon 3 variant has been associated with endothelial cell damage and dysfunction and with an increased risk of acute cardiovascular events, a frameshift mutation within exon 3 has been related to increased risk of atrial fibrillation, and ANP gene variants have been linked to increased risk of hypertension in different ethnic groups. On the other hand, the rs5068 variant, falling within the 3' UTR and associated with higher circulating ANP levels, has been shown to have a beneficial cardioprotective and metabolic effect. Dissecting out the disease mechanisms dependent on specific ANP molecular variants may reveal information useful in the clinical setting for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, insights from molecular genetic analysis of ANP may well integrate advancing knowledge on the role of ANP as a significant biomarker in patients affected by cardiovascular diseases.
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HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, simvastatin and atorvastatin, downregulate ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux in human macrophages. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 62:90-8. [PMID: 23846804 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182927e7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that statins reduce ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 expression and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated cholesterol efflux in macrophages, whereas the effect of statins on ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), another important lipid transporter, is still unclear. Here, we investigated the expression and functionality of ABCG1 on statins in THP-1-derived macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Simvastatin and atorvastatin were used in this study. Treatment with statins significantly decreased ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux in human macrophages (from 33.8% ± 2.8% of control to 22.9% ± 1.7% of 10 µM simvastatin or to 23.3% ± 3.3% of 10 µM atorvastatin; P < 0.01, n = 4), whereas the protein expression of ABCG1 remained unaltered on statins. Further analysis revealed that 2 major ABCG1 isoforms responded to statins differently. The expression of ABCG1-S, which exhibited higher activity in cholesterol efflux than ABCG1-L, was significantly decreased on statins compared with increased expression of ABCG1-L. The results suggested that the proportion change of ABCG1 isoform expressions could contribute to reduced ABCG1 functionality under treatment with statins. The effects of statins on ABCG1 isoform expression and functionality were reversed by low-dose liver X receptor agonist, TO-901317, indicating that statins' downregulation of ABCG1 functionality was likely through liver X receptor-dependent pathway. In conclusion, simvastatin and atorvastatin decreased ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux in human macrophages without alteration of total ABCG1 protein level. The proportion change of ABCG1 isoforms expressions may be involved in the down-regulation of ABCG1 functionality by statins, which provided a novel mechanism for the regulation of ABCG1 activity.
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Costello-Boerrigter LC, Lapp H, Boerrigter G, Lerman A, Bufe A, Macheret F, Heublein DM, Larue C, Burnett JC. Secretion of prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide, proBNP1-108, is increased in heart failure. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2013; 1:207-12. [PMID: 24621871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using a novel, specific assay for proBNP(1-108), this study tested the hypotheses that proBNP(1-108) is secreted by both nonfailing and failing human hearts and that proBNP(1-108) secretion is increased in failing hearts. BACKGROUND The prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide (proBNP(1-108)) is a 108-amino acid peptide produced primarily by the heart and cleaved into biologically active BNP(1-32) and the biologically inactive NT-proBNP(1-76). It is unknown to what extent increased cardiac proBNP1-108 secretion compared to reduced peripheral processing is responsible for elevated proBNP(1-108) levels in patients with heart failure (HF) compared to subjects without HF. METHODS The transcardiac gradient of proBNP(1-108) was determined by collecting arterial blood and blood from the coronary sinus (CS). Samples from subjects without overt heart disease (n = 9) were collected during cardiac catheterization after coronary artery disease had been excluded. Samples from HF patients (n = 21) were collected during implantation of a biventricular pacemaker. ProBNP(1-108) was measured with a new assay. Values are medians (25th/75th percentiles). RESULTS The gradient of proBNP(1-108) across the nonfailing hearts was 8 (2/20) ng/l (aorta: 15 [1/25] ng/l; CS: 24 [8/41] ng/l; p = 0.018). The transcardiac gradient of proBNP(1-108) in the failing hearts was 326 (96/482) ng/l (arterial: 381 [201/586] ng/l; CS: 709 [408/1,087] ng/l; p<0.001). The transcardiac gradient was greater in failing than nonfailing hearts (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS ProBNP(1-108) is secreted by nonfailing and failing human hearts, but more so in the latter. It remains to be established where peripheral processing of proBNP(1-108) occurs and how this is affected by disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald Lapp
- Helios Clinic, Erfurt, Germany; Witten/Herdecke University, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten, Germany
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Negative feedback regulation of Homer 1a on norepinephrine-dependent cardiac hypertrophy. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1804-1814. [PMID: 23664835 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Homers are scaffolding proteins that modulate diverse cell functions being able to assemble signalling complexes. In this study, the presence, sub-cellular distribution and function of Homer 1 was investigated. Homer 1a and Homer 1b/c are constitutively expressed in cardiac muscle of both mouse and rat and in HL-1 cells, a cardiac cell line. As judged by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, Homer 1a displays sarcomeric and peri-nuclear localization. In cardiomyocytes and cultured HL-1 cells, the hypertrophic agonist norepinephrine (NE) induces α1-adrenergic specific Homer 1a over-expression, with a two-to-three-fold increase within 1h, and no up-regulation of Homer 1b/c, as judged by Western blot and qPCR. In HL-1 cells, plasmid-driven over-expression of Homer 1a partially antagonizes activation of ERK phosphorylation and ANF up-regulation, two well-established, early markers of hypertrophy. At the morphometric level, NE-induced increase of cell size is likewise and partially counteracted by exogenous Homer 1a. Under the same experimental conditions, Homer 1b/c does not have any effect on ANF up-regulation nor on cell hypertrophy. Thus, Homer 1a up-regulation is associated to early stages of cardiac hypertrophy and appears to play a negative feedback regulation on molecular transducers of hypertrophy.
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Abstract
Corin is a cardiac protease that regulates BP (blood pressure) by activating natriuretic peptides. Recent animal studies identified corin expression in the kidney where it may regulate renal function. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that corin may be present in human urine and that urinary corin levels may be altered in patients with kidney disease. We obtained urine and kidney tissue samples from normal individuals and CKD (chronic kidney disease) patients. Using ELISA, we detected corin protein in human urine. In normal individuals, urinary corin levels did not correlate with that of plasma, indicating that urinary corin is probably of kidney origin. Compared with normal controls, CKD patients had markedly reduced urinary corin levels and this reduction correlated with disease severity. By immunostaining, human corin protein was identified on the epithelial cell surface in renal tubules. The renal corin mRNA and protein levels were significantly lower in CKD patients than non-CKD controls. The results indicate that renal tubular corin may be shed into urine and that urinary and renal corin levels were reduced in CKD patients. These data suggest that reduced corin levels in the kidney may reflect the underlying pathology in CKD.
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Dong N, Fang C, Jiang Y, Zhou T, Liu M, Zhou J, Shen J, Fukuda K, Qin J, Wu Q. Corin mutation R539C from hypertensive patients impairs zymogen activation and generates an inactive alternative ectodomain fragment. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7867-7874. [PMID: 23372161 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Corin is a cardiac transmembrane serine protease that regulates blood pressure by activating natriuretic peptides. Corin variants have been associated with African Americans with hypertension and heart disease. Here, we report a new mutation in exon 12 of the CORIN gene identified in a family of patients with hypertension. The mutation resulted in R539C substitution in the Fz2 (Frizzled-2) domain of the corin propeptide region. We expressed and characterized the corin R539C mutant in HEK293 cells. As determined by Western blot analysis, the R539C mutation did not alter corin expression in transfected cells but impaired corin zymogen activation. In a pro-atrial natriuretic peptide processing assay, the corin mutant had reduced activity and exhibited a dominant-negative effect on wild-type corin. In addition, the R539C mutation altered corin ectodomain shedding, producing an alternative ~75-kDa fragment that was biologically inactive. Using protease inhibitors and the catalytically inactive corin mutant S985A, we showed that the ~75-kDa fragment was generated by corin autocleavage. We constructed a series of mutants by replacing single or double Arg residues in the corin propeptide and identified Arg-530 in the Fz2 domain as the alternative autocleavage site. Our results show that the corin mutation R539C identified in hypertensive patients impairs corin zymogen activation and causes an alternative autocleavage that reduces corin activity. These data support that human CORIN gene mutations causing impaired corin activity may be an underlying mechanism in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzheng Dong
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Thrombosis and Hemostasis Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chaodong Fang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yizhi Jiang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Thrombosis and Hemostasis Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Department of Gerontology, the First Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng 224001, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Departments of Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology, and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Koichi Fukuda
- Departments of Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology, and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Jun Qin
- Departments of Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology, and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Qingyu Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Departments of Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology, and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
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Ichiki T, Huntley BK, Burnett JC. BNP molecular forms and processing by the cardiac serine protease corin. Adv Clin Chem 2013; 61:1-31. [PMID: 24015598 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407680-8.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac hormone, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), is one of human natriuretic peptides which possesses cardiorenal protective actions and is used as a therapeutic and a biomarker for heart failure (HF). Its prohormone, proBNP1_108, is processed by the proNPs convertases, corin or furin, to inactive NT-proBNP1_76 and active BNP1-32. Paradoxically, circulating NT-proBNP and BNP are elevated in HF leading to the use of BNP as a sensitive and predictive marker of HF. This paradox may be explained by the "nonspecific" nature of conventional assays and/or a relative deficiency state of "active BNP" as characterized by an increase in inactive proBNP_108 and a decrease in active BNP1-32. Therefore, understanding the regulation of proBNP1_108 processing and the role of the convertase corin may be important in understanding the physiology of HF. Corin is expressed in heart and kidney and may play an important role in regulating blood pressure and remodeling of the heart. The processing of proBNP1_108 by corin may be controlled by O-linked glycosylation of proBNP1-108. A potential impairment of proBNP1lo8 processing in HF may be linked to dysregulation of the convertase corin, which may offer therapeutic opportunities to control proBNPlo0s processing and its activation in HF.
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Gladysheva IP, Wang D, McNamee RA, Houng AK, Mohamad AA, Fan TM, Reed GL. Corin overexpression improves cardiac function, heart failure, and survival in mice with dilated cardiomyopathy. Hypertension 2012; 61:327-32. [PMID: 23232642 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.193631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure, caused by dilated cardiomyopathy and other cardiac disorders such as hypertension, is a major public health problem with high morbidity and mortality. Corin, a cardiac enzyme that cleaves natriuretic peptides, is a promising biomarker of cardiomyopathy and heart failure, but its functional role in these processes is not understood. We evaluated the potential effects of corin in mice with a well-characterized model of dilated cardiomyopathy. Mice with dilated cardiomyopathy developed heart failure, reduced contractile function, cardiac fibrosis, and accelerated mortality in the setting of low corin expression. In wild-type mice, transgenic, cardiac-targeted, overexpression of corin enhanced cyclic guanosine monophosphate and blood pressure responses to pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, but did not affect heart size, contractility, body weights, survival, and blood pressure. In mice with dilated cardiomyopathy, corin overexpression significantly reduced the development of myocardial fibrosis (P<0.05). Corin overexpression also enhanced heart contractile function (fractional shortening and ejection fraction; P<0.01) and it significantly reduced heart failure as assessed by lung water (P<0.05) and alveolar congestion (P<0.001). Consistent with these observations, corin overexpression significantly prolonged life in mice with dilated cardiomyopathy (P<0.0001). These results provide the first experimental evidence that corin expression plays a role in cardiomyopathy by modulating myocardial fibrosis, cardiac function, heart failure, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna P Gladysheva
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Coleman, D334, 956 Court Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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69
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Zhou Y, Wu Q. Role of corin and atrial natriuretic peptide in preeclampsia. Placenta 2012; 34:89-94. [PMID: 23211473 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In pregnancy, uterine spiral artery remodeling is an adaptive morphological change at the maternal and fetal interface, which is critical for dilating the artery and promoting blood flow to the fetus. Incompletely remodeled spiral arteries have been recognized as a common pathological feature in preeclamptic patients. To date, the molecular mechanism that controls spiral artery remodeling is not well defined. Corin is a transmembrane serine protease discovered in the heart, where it converts pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (pro-ANP) to active ANP, a cardiac hormone that regulates salt-water balance and blood pressure. Recent studies show that corin is up-regulated in the decidua of the pregnant uterus, suggesting a potential role of corin in pregnancy. In mice lacking corin or ANP, high blood pressure and proteinuria were found at late gestational stages. Histological analysis indicated delayed trophoblast invasion and impaired spiral artery remodeling in the uterus. In humans, CORIN gene mutations were identified in patients with preeclampsia. In this review, we discuss the function of corin and ANP in regulating blood pressure and their potential role in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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70
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Baerts L, Gomez N, Vanderheyden M, De Meester I, Mc Entee K. Possible mechanisms for brain natriuretic peptide resistance in heart failure with a focus on interspecies differences and canine BNP biology. Vet J 2012; 194:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wang W, Cui Y, Shen J, Jiang J, Chen S, Peng J, Wu Q. Salt-sensitive hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice expressing a corin variant identified in blacks. Hypertension 2012; 60:1352-8. [PMID: 22987923 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.201244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blacks represent a high-risk population for salt-sensitive hypertension and heart disease, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Corin is a cardiac protease that regulates blood pressure by activating natriuretic peptides. A corin gene variant (T555I/Q568P) was identified in blacks with hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the corin variant contributes to the hypertensive and cardiac hypertrophic phenotype in vivo. Transgenic mice were generated to express wild-type (WT) or T555I/Q568P variant corin in the heart under the control of α-myosin heavy chain promoter. The mice were crossed into a corin knockout (KO) background to create KO/TgWT and KO/TgV mice that expressed WT or variant corin, respectively, in the heart. Functional studies showed that KO/TgV mice had significantly higher levels of proatrial natriuretic peptide in the heart compared with that in control KO/TgWT mice, indicating that the corin variant was defective in processing natriuretic peptides in vivo. By radiotelemetry, corin KO/TgV mice were found to have hypertension that was sensitive to dietary salt loading. The mice also developed cardiac hypertrophy at 12 to 14 months of age when fed a normal salt diet or at a younger age when fed a high-salt diet. The phenotype of salt-sensitive hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in KO/TgV mice closely resembles the pathological findings in blacks who carry the corin variant. The results indicate that corin defects may represent an important mechanism in salt-sensitive hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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72
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Szabo R, Uzzun Sales K, Kosa P, Shylo NA, Godiksen S, Hansen KK, Friis S, Gutkind JS, Vogel LK, Hummler E, Camerer E, Bugge TH. Reduced prostasin (CAP1/PRSS8) activity eliminates HAI-1 and HAI-2 deficiency-associated developmental defects by preventing matriptase activation. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002937. [PMID: 22952456 PMCID: PMC3431340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of either hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1 or -2 is associated with embryonic lethality in mice, which can be rescued by the simultaneous inactivation of the membrane-anchored serine protease, matriptase, thereby demonstrating that a matriptase-dependent proteolytic pathway is a critical developmental target for both protease inhibitors. Here, we performed a genetic epistasis analysis to identify additional components of this pathway by generating mice with combined deficiency in either HAI-1 or HAI-2, along with genes encoding developmentally co-expressed candidate matriptase targets, and screening for the rescue of embryonic development. Hypomorphic mutations in Prss8, encoding the GPI-anchored serine protease, prostasin (CAP1, PRSS8), restored placentation and normal development of HAI-1–deficient embryos and prevented early embryonic lethality, mid-gestation lethality due to placental labyrinth failure, and neural tube defects in HAI-2–deficient embryos. Inactivation of genes encoding c-Met, protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), or the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) alpha subunit all failed to rescue embryonic lethality, suggesting that deregulated matriptase-prostasin activity causes developmental failure independent of aberrant c-Met and PAR-2 signaling or impaired epithelial sodium transport. Furthermore, phenotypic analysis of PAR-1 and matriptase double-deficient embryos suggests that the protease may not be critical for focal proteolytic activation of PAR-2 during neural tube closure. Paradoxically, although matriptase auto-activates and is a well-established upstream epidermal activator of prostasin, biochemical analysis of matriptase- and prostasin-deficient placental tissues revealed a requirement of prostasin for conversion of the matriptase zymogen to active matriptase, whereas prostasin zymogen activation was matriptase-independent. Vertebrate embryogenesis is dependent upon a series of precisely coordinated cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation events. Recently, the execution of these events was shown to be guided in part by extracellular cues provided by focal pericellular proteolysis by a newly identified family of membrane-anchored serine proteases. We now show that two of these membrane-anchored serine proteases, prostasin and matriptase, constitute a single proteolytic signaling cascade that is active at multiple stages of development. Furthermore, we show that failure to precisely regulate the enzymatic activity of both prostasin and matriptase by two developmentally co-expressed transmembrane serine protease inhibitors, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 and -2, causes an array of developmental defects, including clefting of the embryonic ectoderm, lack of placental labyrinth formation, and inability to close the neural tube. Our study also provides evidence that the failure to regulate the prostasin–matriptase cascade may derail morphogenesis independent of the activation of known protease-regulated developmental signaling pathways. Because hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor–deficiency in humans is known to cause an assortment of common and rare developmental abnormalities, the aberrant activity of the prostasin–matriptase cascade identified in our study may contribute importantly to genetic as well as sporadic birth defects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Szabo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katiuchia Uzzun Sales
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Kosa
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natalia A. Shylo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sine Godiksen
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina K. Hansen
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stine Friis
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J. Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lotte K. Vogel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edith Hummler
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Thomas H. Bugge
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang W, Shen J, Cui Y, Jiang J, Chen S, Peng J, Wu Q. Impaired sodium excretion and salt-sensitive hypertension in corin-deficient mice. Kidney Int 2012; 82:26-33. [PMID: 22418978 PMCID: PMC3376235 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Corin is a protease that activates atrial natriuretic peptide, a cardiac hormone important in the control of blood pressure and salt-water balance. Here we examined the role of corin in regulating blood pressure and sodium homeostasis upon dietary salt challenge. Radiotelemetry-tracked blood pressure in corin knockout mice on a high-salt diet (4% sodium chloride) was significantly increased; however, there was no such change in similarly treated wild-type mice. In the knockout mice on the high-salt diet there was an impairment of urinary sodium excretion and an increase in body weight, but no elevation of plasma renin or serum aldosterone levels. When the knockout mice on the high-salt diet were treated with amiloride, an epithelial sodium channel blocker that inhibits renal sodium reabsorption, the impaired urinary sodium excretion and increased body weight were normalized. Amiloride treatment also reduced high blood pressure caused by the high-salt diet in these mice. Thus, the lack of corin in mice impairs their adaptive renal response to high dietary salt, suggesting that corin deficiency may represent an important mechanism underlying salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology and Hypertension, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology and Hypertension, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
| | - Yujie Cui
- Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology and Hypertension, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology and Hypertension, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
| | - Shenghan Chen
- Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology and Hypertension, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
| | - Jianhao Peng
- Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology and Hypertension, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
| | - Qingyu Wu
- Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology and Hypertension, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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74
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Role of corin in trophoblast invasion and uterine spiral artery remodelling in pregnancy. Nature 2012; 484:246-50. [PMID: 22437503 DOI: 10.1038/nature10897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In pregnancy, trophoblast invasion and uterine spiral artery remodelling are important for lowering maternal vascular resistance and increasing uteroplacental blood flow. Impaired spiral artery remodelling has been implicated in pre-eclampsia, a major complication of pregnancy, for a long time but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Corin (also known as atrial natriuretic peptide-converting enzyme) is a cardiac protease that activates atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a cardiac hormone that is important in regulating blood pressure. Unexpectedly, corin expression was detected in the pregnant uterus. Here we identify a new function of corin and ANP in promoting trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodelling. We show that pregnant corin- or ANP-deficient mice developed high blood pressure and proteinuria, characteristics of pre-eclampsia. In these mice, trophoblast invasion and uterine spiral artery remodelling were markedly impaired. Consistent with this, the ANP potently stimulated human trophoblasts in invading Matrigels. In patients with pre-eclampsia, uterine Corin messenger RNA and protein levels were significantly lower than that in normal pregnancies. Moreover, we have identified Corin gene mutations in pre-eclamptic patients, which decreased corin activity in processing pro-ANP. These results indicate that corin and ANP are essential for physiological changes at the maternal-fetal interface, suggesting that defects in corin and ANP function may contribute to pre-eclampsia.
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Goetze JP. B-type natriuretic peptide: from posttranslational processing to clinical measurement. Clin Chem 2011; 58:83-91. [PMID: 22126935 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.165696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma cardiac natriuretic peptides and peptide fragments from their molecular precursors are markers of heart disease. Clinical studies have defined the current diagnostic utility of these markers, whereas biochemical elucidation of peptide structure and posttranslational processing has revealed new plasma peptide forms of potential clinical use. CONTENT Natriuretic propeptide structures undergo variable degrees of endo- and exoproteolytic cleavages as well as amino acid modifications, which leave the plasma phase of the peptides highly heterogeneous and dependent on cardiac pathophysiology and capacity. An ongoing characterization of the molecular heterogeneity may not only help us to appreciate the biosynthetic capacity of the endocrine heart but may also lead to the discovery of new and more disease-specific targets for future molecular diagnosis. SUMMARY Peptides derived from pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and pro-B-type natriuretic peptide are useful plasma markers in heart failure. New data have defined cardiac myocytes as competent endocrine cells in posttranslational processing and cellular secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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76
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Corin in clinical laboratory diagnostics. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 413:378-83. [PMID: 22093942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Corin is a transmembrane serine protease identified in the heart, where it converts natriuretic peptides from inactive precursors to mature active forms. Studies in animal models and patients with hypertension and heart disease demonstrate that corin is critical in maintaining normal blood pressure and cardiac function. Like many proteolytic enzymes, corin expression and activity are regulated. Cell biology experiments indicate that transcriptional control, intracellular protein trafficking, cell surface targeting, zymogen activation and ectodomain shedding are important mechanisms in regulating corin expression and activity in the heart. More recently, soluble corin was detected in human blood and its levels were found to be reduced in patients with heart failure (HF). These findings indicate that corin deficiency may be involved in the pathogenesis of HF and suggest that soluble corin may be used as a biomarker for the disease. In this review, we describe the function and regulation of corin and discuss recent studies of soluble corin in human blood and its potential use as a biomarker for HF.
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77
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Antalis TM, Bugge TH, Wu Q. Membrane-anchored serine proteases in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 99:1-50. [PMID: 21238933 PMCID: PMC3697097 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385504-6.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases of the trypsin-like family have long been recognized to be critical effectors of biological processes as diverse as digestion, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and immunity. In recent years, a subgroup of these enzymes has been identified that are anchored directly to plasma membranes, either by a carboxy-terminal transmembrane domain (Type I), an amino-terminal transmembrane domain with a cytoplasmic extension (Type II or TTSP), or through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. Recent biochemical, cellular, and in vivo analyses have now established that membrane-anchored serine proteases are key pericellular contributors to processes vital for development and the maintenance of homeostasis. This chapter reviews our current knowledge of the biological and physiological functions of these proteases, their molecular substrates, and their contributions to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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78
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Dickey DM, Potter LR. ProBNP(1-108) is resistant to degradation and activates guanylyl cyclase-A with reduced potency. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1272-8. [PMID: 21768217 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.169151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) compensates for the failing heart and is synthesized as a 108-residue prohormone that is cleaved to a 32-residue C-terminal maximally active peptide. During heart failure, serum concentrations of proBNP(1-108) exceed concentrations of BNP(1-32). The aim of this study was to determine why the proBNP(1-108)/BNP(1-32) ratio increases and whether proBNP(1-108) is bioactive. METHODS Using cGMP elevation and (125)I-ANP binding assays, we measured binding and activation of individual human natriuretic peptide receptor populations by recombinant human proBNP(1-108) and human synthetic BNP(1-32). Using receptor bioassays, we measured degradation of recombinant proBNP(1-108) and BNP(1-32) by human kidney membranes. RESULTS ProBNP(1-108) stimulated guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) to near-maximum activities but was 13-fold less potent than BNP(1-32). ProBNP(1-108) bound human GC-A 35-fold less tightly than BNP(1-32). Neither proBNP(1-108) nor BNP(1-32) activated GC-B. The natriuretic peptide clearance receptor bound proBNP(1-108) 3-fold less tightly than BNP(1-32). The half time for degradation of proBNP(1-108) by human kidney membranes was 2.7-fold longer than for BNP(1-32), and the time required for complete degradation was 6-fold longer. BNP(1-32) and proBNP(1-108) were best fitted by first- and second-order exponential decay models, respectively. CONCLUSIONS ProBNP(1-108) activates GC-A with reduced potency and is resistant to degradation. Reduced degradation of proBNP(1-108) may contribute to the increased ratio of serum proBNP(1-108) to BNP(1-32) observed in patients with congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Dickey
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Peng J, Jiang J, Wang W, Qi X, Sun XL, Wu Q. Glycosylation and processing of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:593-8. [PMID: 21763278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its related peptides are biomarkers for the diagnosis of heart failure. Recent studies identified several O-glycosylation sites, including Thr-71, on human pro-BNP but the functional significance was unclear. In this study, we analyzed glycosylation and proteolytic processing of pro-BNP in cardiomyocytes. Human pro-BNP wild-type (WT) and mutants were expressed in HEK 293 cells and murine HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Pro-BNP and BNP were analyzed by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Glycosidases and glycosylation inhibitors were used to examine carbohydrates on pro-BNP. The effects of furin and corin expression on pro-BNP processing in cells also were examined. We found that in HEK 293 cells, recombinant pro-BNP contained significant amounts of O-glycans with terminal oligosialic acids. Mutation at Thr-71 reduced O-glycans on pro-BNP and increased pro-BNP processing. In HL-1 cardiomyocytes, residue Thr-71 contained little O-glycans, and pro-BNP WT and T71A mutant were processed similarly. In HEK 293 cells, pro-BNP was processed by furin. Mutations at Arg-73 and Arg-76, but not Lys-79, prevented pro-BNP processing. In HL-1 cardiomyocytes, which express furin and corin, single or double mutations at Arg-73, Arg-76 and Lys-79 did not prevent pro-BNP processing. Only when all these three residues were mutated, was pro-BNP processing completely blocked. Our data indicate that pro-BNP glycosylation in cardiomyocytes differed significantly from that in HEK 293 cells. In HEK 293 cells, furin cleaved pro-BNP at Arg-76 whereas in cardiomyocytes corin cleaved pro-BNP at multiple residues including Arg-73, Arg-76 and Lys-79.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Peng
- Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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80
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Szabo R, Bugge TH. Membrane-anchored serine proteases in vertebrate cell and developmental biology. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2011; 27:213-35. [PMID: 21721945 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of vertebrate genome sequences at the turn of the millennium revealed that a vastly larger repertoire of enzymes execute proteolytic cleavage reactions within the pericellular and extracellular environments than was anticipated from biochemical and molecular analysis. Most unexpected was the unveiling of an entire new family of structurally unique multidomain serine proteases that are anchored directly to the plasma membrane. Unlike secreted serine proteases, which function primarily in tissue repair, immunity, and nutrient uptake, these membrane-anchored serine proteases regulate fundamental cellular and developmental processes, including tissue morphogenesis, epithelial barrier function, ion and water transport, cellular iron export, and fertilization. Here the cellular and developmental biology of this fascinating new group of proteases is reviewed. Particularly highlighted is how the study of membrane-anchored serine proteases has expanded our knowledge of the range of physiological processes that require regulated proteolysis at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Szabo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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81
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Xu Y, Wang W, Zhang L, Qi LP, Li LY, Chen LF, Fang Q, Dang AM, Yan XW. A polymorphism in the ABCG1 promoter is functionally associated with coronary artery disease in a Chinese Han population. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:648-54. [PMID: 21722899 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we examine the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the human ATP binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) gene with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) in a Chinese Han population. METHODS 1021 patients with CAD and 1013 unaffected control subjects were enrolled. PCR-based ligation detection reaction (PCR-LDR) method was used to genotype four SNPs of ABCG1, three (rs2234714, rs2234715 and rs57137919) in the promoter region and one (rs1044317) in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR). RESULTS The human ABCG1 -367G>A polymorphism (rs57137919) showed a significantly decreased risk for CAD and myocardial infarction (MI) in a dominant model (adjusted OR = 0.73, p = 0.033 for CAD, and adjusted OR = 0.65, p = 0.014 for MI, respectively). The rs57137919 also showed an association with angiographic severity of CAD (multi-vessel vs. single-vessel CAD, adjusted OR = 0.40, p = 0.005). The findings were further supported by luciferase reporter assay, in which the polymorphism impaired reporter gene expression. The ABCG1 -768G>A polymorphism (rs2234714) showed an association with CAD in a recessive model (adjusted OR = 0.64, p = 0.015), but did not demonstrate a functional influence on reporter gene expression in the luciferase reporter assay. CONCLUSIONS The SNP rs57137919 in the ABCG1 promoter region is functionally associated with a reduced risk of CAD in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100730, China
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Abstract
Dramatic advances in molecular biology dominated twentieth century biomedical science and delineated the function of individual genes and molecules in exquisite detail. However, biological processes cannot be fully understood based on the properties of individual genes and molecules alone, since these elements act in concert to enable the specific functions that make for living cells and organisms. The discipline of systems biology provides a novel conceptual framework for understanding biological phenomenon. Systems biology synthesizes information concerning the interactions of genes and molecules and allows characterization of the supramolecular networks and functional modules that represent the most essential aspects of cell organization and physiology.
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83
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Dries DL. Process matters: Emerging concepts underlying impaired natriuretic peptide system function in heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4:107-10. [PMID: 21406676 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.111.960948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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84
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Qi X, Jiang J, Zhu M, Wu Q. Human corin isoforms with different cytoplasmic tails that alter cell surface targeting. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:20963-9. [PMID: 21518754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.217570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Corin is a cardiac serine protease that activates natriuretic peptides. It consists of an N-terminal cytoplasmic tail, a transmembrane domain, and an extracellular region with a C-terminal trypsin-like protease domain. The transmembrane domain anchors corin on the surface of cardiomyocytes. To date, the function of the corin cytoplasmic tail remains unknown. By examining the difference between human and mouse corin cytoplasmic tails, analyzing their gene sequences, and verifying mRNA expression in hearts, we show that both human and mouse corin genes have alternative exons encoding different cytoplasmic tails. Human corin isoforms E1 and E1a have 45 and 15 amino acids, respectively, in their cytoplasmic tails. In transfected HEK 293 cells and HL-1 cardiomyocytes, corin isoforms E1 and E1a were expressed at similar levels. Compared with isoform E1a, however, isoform E1 was more active in processing natriuretic peptides. By cell surface labeling, glycosidase digestion, Western blotting, and flow cytometry, we found that corin isoform E1 was activated more readily as a result of more efficient cell surface targeting. By mutagenesis, we identified a DDNN motif in the cytoplasmic tail of isoform E1 (which is absent in isoform E1a) that promotes corin surface targeting in both HEK 293 and HL-1 cells. Our data indicate that the sequence in the cytoplasmic tail plays an important role in corin cell surface targeting and zymogen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Qi
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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85
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Jiang J, Wu S, Wang W, Chen S, Peng J, Zhang X, Wu Q. Ectodomain shedding and autocleavage of the cardiac membrane protease corin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10066-72. [PMID: 21288900 PMCID: PMC3060458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.185082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Corin is a cardiac membrane protease that activates natriuretic peptides. It is unknown how corin function is regulated. Recently, soluble corin was detected in human plasma, suggesting that corin may be shed from cardiomyocytes. Here we examined soluble corin production and activity and determined the proteolytic enzymes responsible for corin cleavage. We expressed human corin in HEK 293 cells and detected three soluble fragments of ∼180, ∼160, and ∼100 kDa, respectively, in the cultured medium by Western blot analysis. All three fragments were derived from activated corin molecules. Similar results were obtained in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Using protease inhibitors, ionomycin and phorbol myristate acetate stimulation, small interfering RNA knockdown, and site-directed mutagenesis, we found that ADAM10 was primarily responsible for shedding corin in its juxtamembrane region to release the ∼180-kDa fragment, corresponding to the near-entire extracellular region. In contrast, the ∼160- and ∼100-kDa fragments were from corin autocleavage at Arg-164 in frizzled 1 domain and Arg-427 in LDL receptor 5 domain, respectively. In functional studies, the ∼180-kDa fragment activated atrial natriuretic peptide, whereas the ∼160- and ∼100-kDa fragments did not. Our data indicate that ADAM-mediated shedding and corin autocleavage are important mechanisms regulating corin function and preventing excessive, potentially hazardous, proteolytic activities in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology, and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
- the Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University Medical School, Jinan 250012, China, and
| | - Shannon Wu
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology, and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Wei Wang
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology, and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Shenghan Chen
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology, and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Jianhao Peng
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology, and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- the Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University Medical School, Jinan 250012, China, and
| | - Qingyu Wu
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology, and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
- the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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86
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Semenov AG, Seferian KR. Biochemistry of the human B-type natriuretic peptide precursor and molecular aspects of its processing. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:850-60. [PMID: 21396929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is a circulating hormone primarily produced by the myocardium in response to volume overload and increased filling pressure. BNP acts to increase natriuresis and to decrease cardiac load and blood pressure. The appearance of active BNP hormone in the bloodstream is preceded by the proteolytic cleavage of its precursor, proBNP. The products of proBNP processing, BNP and the N-terminal fragment of proBNP (NT-proBNP), have been extensively shown to be powerful biomarkers of heart failure (HF) and risk assessments for cardiovascular complications. In contrast to the clinical utility of proBNP-derived peptides, knowledge of posttranslational proBNP maturation and molecular aspects of its processing are far from being completely comprehended. A clear understanding of proBNP processing mechanisms in normal and diseased states appears to be required to improve our understanding of HF development and the clinical significance of both proBNP and proBNP-derived peptides. The aim of the present review is to summarize the available data in the field of human proBNP maturation and processing and to discuss potential clinical implications.
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87
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Ibebuogu UN, Gladysheva IP, Houng AK, Reed GL. Decompensated heart failure is associated with reduced corin levels and decreased cleavage of pro-atrial natriuretic peptide. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4:114-20. [PMID: 21216831 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.109.895581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By promoting salt and water excretion, the corin and the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) system should help to maintain fluid balance in heart failure. Yet, the development of fluid retention despite high levels of ANP-related peptides suggests that this compensatory system is limited. METHODS AND RESULTS Levels of circulating corin (the pro-ANP-converting enzyme) and pro-ANP were measured in hospitalized patients with heart failure, using novel immunoassays. Patients (n=14) had severe heart failure (New York Heart Association class III-IV) with a median ejection fraction of 18% and median brain natriuretic peptide levels of 1940 pg/mL. In heart failure, median plasma corin levels were 7.6-fold lower than measured in plasma from 16 normal control subjects (180 versus 1368 pg/mL, P<0.01). In contrast, in patients with heart failure, levels of plasma N-terminal ANP peptides (N-ANP and pro-ANP) levels were markedly elevated (42.0 versus 7.5 ng/mL, P<0.01). Levels of uncleaved pro-ANP, measured by novel immunoassays, were significantly higher in patients with heart failure (P<0.01), suggesting that corin cleavage of pro-ANP was impaired. Median plasma levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate were elevated in patients with heart failure (150.0 versus 7.6 pmol/mL, P<0.01), and plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels positively correlated with the fractional amount of cleaved pro-ANP (r(s)=0.59, P<0.03) but not with levels of uncleaved pro-ANP, implying that the cellular response to ANP remained intact. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that there may be patients for whom low corin levels and impaired pro-ANP cleavage contribute to acute decompensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzoma N Ibebuogu
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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Ichiki T, Huntley BK, Heublein DM, Sandberg SM, McKie PM, Martin FL, Jougasaki M, Burnett JC. Corin is present in the normal human heart, kidney, and blood, with pro-B-type natriuretic peptide processing in the circulation. Clin Chem 2010; 57:40-7. [PMID: 21075870 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.153908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), which is activated in heart failure (HF), is processed to an active form by corin. The corin gene is expressed in the human heart and kidney, but corin protein expression in the heart, kidney, and circulation, along with whether proBNP is processed by circulating corin, remains unknown. METHODS We examined corin protein expression by immunostaining and Western blot in human heart and kidney, and we assessed the circulating corin concentration by ELISA. We examined histidine-tagged (His-tag) proBNP(1-108) processing in serum and plasma by immunoprecipitation and Western blot and sequenced the processed form. RESULTS Normal human heart and kidney displayed the presence of corin, especially in cells around the vasculature. Both corin and proBNP(1-108) were present in the plasma of healthy human subjects, with circulating corin significantly higher in men than women (P < 0.0001) and a positive correlation of corin to age (P = 0.0497, r = 0.27). In fresh normal plasma and serum, His-tag proBNP(1-108) was processed to a lower molecular weight form confirmed to be BNP. Processed BNP was higher in men than women (P = 0.041) and was positively correlated to plasma corin concentrations (P = 0.041, r = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the concept that proBNP(1-108) may be processed outside of the heart in the circulation where the proprotein convertase is present. Moreover, sex may impact this process, since corin concentrations are higher in men. These findings may have important physiologic and pathophysiologic implications for the proBNP/corin system in the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ichiki
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, MN 55905, USA.
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89
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Chen S, Sen S, Young D, Wang W, Moravec CS, Wu Q. Protease corin expression and activity in failing hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H1687-92. [PMID: 20802129 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00399.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) regulate blood pressure and cardiac function. In patients with heart failure (HF), plasma levels of pro-ANP and pro-BNP, the precursor forms of ANP and BNP, are highly elevated, but the mechanism underlying the apparent deficiency in natriuretic peptide processing is unclear. Corin is a cardiac protease that activates natriuretic peptides. In this study, we examined corin protein expression and activity in mouse and human failing hearts. Tissue samples were obtained from a mouse model of HF induced by myotrophin overexpression and from human nonfailing, hypertrophic, and failing hearts. Corin protein levels in the membrane fraction and tissue lysate were measured by Western blotting and ELISA. Corin catalytic and biological activities were measured by fluorescent substrate and pro-ANP processing assays. In mice, corin protein levels did not change with age in normal hearts but increased significantly in failing hearts. In humans, corin protein levels were similar in the atrium from nonfailing and failing hearts but were increased in the ventricle in failing hearts compared with those in nonfailing or hypertrophic hearts. Unlike the protein level, however, corin activity did not increase in failing hearts, as measured by fluorogenic substrate and pro-ANP processing assays. Our results indicate that corin activation is a rate-limiting step in failing hearts. Insufficient corin activation is expected to prevent natriuretic peptide processing and may contribute to body fluid retention and impaired cardiac function in patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghan Chen
- Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology/Hypertension, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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90
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Effects of anticoagulants on human plasma soluble corin levels measured by ELISA. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1998-2003. [PMID: 20800586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, soluble corin was detected in human plasma. In patients with heart failure, plasma corin levels were lower than that of normal controls. In this study, we analyzed experimental conditions for measuring plasma or serum corin by an immunoassay. METHODS Serum and plasma corin levels were measured by ELISA. Effects of different anticoagulants (EDTA, heparin and sodium citrate) on plasma corin levels were examined. RESULTS Corin levels in serum were similar to that in plasma with heparin (950±305 vs. 929±301 pg/ml, n=40, p=0.73), but were significantly higher than those in plasma with sodium citrate (735±237 pg/ml, p<0.01) or EDTA (716±261 pg/ml, p<0.001). Native and recombinant human corin proteins were stable in human plasma with EDTA at 4°C or underwent freezing-and-thawing. In 348 healthy Chinese individuals, plasma corin levels ranged from 216 to 1663 pg/ml. The levels were higher in males than that in females (842±283 vs. 569±192 pg/ml, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Soluble corin was stable in plasma samples. Plasma soluble corin levels vary depending on anticoagulants used. Samples containing heparin had significantly higher levels of corin than that in samples with EDTA or sodium citrate.
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91
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The cutting edge: membrane-anchored serine protease activities in the pericellular microenvironment. Biochem J 2010; 428:325-46. [PMID: 20507279 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The serine proteases of the trypsin-like (S1) family play critical roles in many key biological processes including digestion, blood coagulation, and immunity. Members of this family contain N- or C-terminal domains that serve to tether the serine protease catalytic domain directly to the plasma membrane. These membrane-anchored serine proteases are proving to be key components of the cell machinery for activation of precursor molecules in the pericellular microenvironment, playing vital functions in the maintenance of homoeostasis. Substrates activated by membrane-anchored serine proteases include peptide hormones, growth and differentiation factors, receptors, enzymes, adhesion molecules and viral coat proteins. In addition, new insights into our understanding of the physiological functions of these proteases and their involvement in human pathology have come from animal models and patient studies. The present review discusses emerging evidence for the diversity of this fascinating group of membrane serine proteases as potent modifiers of the pericellular microenvironment through proteolytic processing of diverse substrates. We also discuss the functional consequences of the activities of these proteases on mammalian physiology and disease.
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Semenov AG, Tamm NN, Seferian KR, Postnikov AB, Karpova NS, Serebryanaya DV, Koshkina EV, Krasnoselsky MI, Katrukha AG. Processing of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: furin and corin as candidate convertases. Clin Chem 2010; 56:1166-76. [PMID: 20489134 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.143883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its N-terminal fragment (NT-proBNP) are the products of the enzyme-mediated cleavage of their precursor molecule, proBNP. The clinical significance of proBNP-derived peptides as biomarkers of heart failure has been explored thoroughly, whereas little is known about the mechanisms of proBNP processing. We investigated the role of 2 candidate convertases, furin and corin, in human proBNP processing. METHODS We measured proBNP expression in HEK 293 and furin-deficient LoVo cells. We used a furin inhibitor and a furin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) to explore the implication of furin in proBNP processing. Recombinant proBNPs were incubated with HEK 293 cells transfected with the corin-expressing plasmid. We applied mass spectrometry to analyze the products of furin- and corin-mediated cleavage. RESULTS Reduction of furin activity significantly impaired proBNP processing in HEK 293 cells. Furin-deficient LoVo cells were unable to process proBNP, whereas coexpression with furin resulted in effective proBNP processing. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the furin-mediated cleavage of proBNP resulted in BNP 1-32, whereas corin-mediated cleavage led to the production of BNP 4-32. Some portion of proBNP in the plasma of heart failure patients was not glycosylated in the cleavage site region and was susceptible to furin-mediated cleavage. CONCLUSIONS Both furin and corin are involved in the proBNP processing pathway, giving rise to distinct BNP forms. The significance of the presence of unprocessed proBNP in circulation that could be cleaved by the endogenous convertases should be further investigated for better understanding BNP physiology.
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Abstract
Cardiac-derived peptide hormones were identified more than 25 years ago. An astonishing amount of clinical studies have established cardiac natriuretic peptides and their molecular precursors as useful markers of heart disease. In contrast to the clinical applications, the biogenesis of cardiac peptides has only been elucidated during the last decade. The cellular synthesis including amino acid modifications and proteolytic cleavages has proven considerably more complex than initially perceived. Consequently, the elimination phase of the peptide products in circulation is not yet well characterized. An ongoing characterization of the molecular heterogeneity will help appreciate the biosynthetic capacity of the endocrine heart and could introduce new diagnostic possibilities. Notably, different biosynthetic products may not be equal markers of the same pathophysiological processes. An inefficient post-translational prohormone maturation will also affect the biology of the cardiac natriuretic peptide system. This review aims at summarizing the myocardial synthesis of natriuretic peptides focusing on B-type natriuretic peptide, where new data has disclosed cardiac myocytes as highly competent endocrine cells. The structurally related atrial natriuretic peptide will be mentioned where appropriate, whereas C-type natriuretic peptide will not be considered as a cardiac peptide of relevance in mammalian physiology.
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Shrestha K, Troughton RW, Borowski AG, Yandle TG, Richards AM, Klein AL, Tang WHW. Plasma corin levels provide minimal prognostic utility incremental to natriuretic peptides in chronic systolic heart failure. J Card Fail 2010; 16:621-7. [PMID: 20670840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corin is a serine protease that cleaves pro-atrial and pro-B-type natriuretic peptides into biologically active hormones. The relationship between soluble plasma corin levels, plasma natriuretic peptide levels, myocardial structure and performance, and long-term clinical outcomes in the setting of chronic systolic heart failure has not been described. METHODS AND RESULTS In 126 patients with chronic systolic heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction <or=35%, New York Heart Association functional Class I-IV), we measured plasma corin and natriuretic peptide levels and performed comprehensive echocardiography with assessment of cardiac structure and performance. Adverse clinical events (all-cause mortality, cardiac transplantation, or heart failure hospitalization) were prospectively tracked for a median of 38 months. Plasma corin levels modestly correlated with echocardiographic indices of cardiac structure, including left ventricular mass index (r = 0.30, P = .003) and interventricular septum width (r = 0.22, P = .013). However, plasma corin levels did not correlate with age, arterial pressures, estimated glomerular filtration rate, echocardiographic indices of systolic or diastolic function, or plasma natriuretic peptide levels. In Cox proportional hazards analysis, higher plasma corin levels did not predict reduced risk of adverse clinical events (hazard ratio 0.91; 95% confidence interval 0.67-1.24, P = .52), and did not provide incremental prognostic value to natriuretic peptide levels. CONCLUSION In our cohort of ambulatory patients with chronic systolic heart failure, soluble plasma corin levels did not provide prognostic utility incremental to that of natriuretic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Shrestha
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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95
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Jiang J, Pristera N, Wang W, Zhang X, Wu Q. Effect of sialylated O-glycans in pro-brain natriuretic peptide stability. Clin Chem 2010; 56:959-66. [PMID: 20348402 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.140558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial, brain, and C-type natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, and CNP) are important in regulating a variety of cardiovascular and cellular functions. In cells, these peptides are made as proforms that are converted to mature forms. BNP and its related peptides are biomarkers for the diagnosis of heart failure. In this study, we examined glycosylation in pro-ANP, pro-BNP, and pro-CNP, which may alter their biochemical and metabolic properties. METHODS Human pro-ANP, pro-BNP, and pro-CNP were expressed in HEK 293 cells and murine HL-1 cardiomyocytes and analyzed by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. We used deglycosylation enzymes to determine the carbohydrate content on these peptides and examined the effects of inhibiting O-glycosylation on cellular expression and stability of the peptides. RESULTS In HEK 293 and HL-1 cells, pro-BNP, but not pro-ANP and pro-CNP, from the culture medium had a greater molecular mass than that from cell lysate. Digestion with PNGase F, O-glycosidase, and sialidase A indicated that pro-BNP contained O-glycans but not N-glycans. The O-glycans on pro-BNP had sialic acids at their termini, protecting it from O-glycosidase digestion. In contrast, pro-ANP and pro-CNP contained no detectable amounts of N- or O-glycans. Inhibition of O-glycosylation on pro-BNP did not prevent its expression in the cells. However, partially O-glycosylated pro-BNP was much less stable than fully O- glycosylated pro-BNP. CONCLUSIONS O-glycosylation is not necessary for pro-BNP expression but important for its stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- Molecular Cardiology, Nephrology and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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96
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Abstract
Left-ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is one of the strongest independent predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population. Although hypertension and obesity are well-established, independent risk factors for the development of LVH, they explain less than 25% to 50% of the variance of left ventricular mass (LVM) in humans. A substantial body of evidence suggests that there is a genetic basis to the observed inter-individual variability in the susceptibility to the development of LVH. Given the continuous relationship between LVM and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, elucidating the genetic determinants of inter-individual differences in the susceptibility to LVH is of considerable public health importance. It promises the opportunity to identify high-risk individuals for targeted intervention and may identify novel therapeutic targets for improved prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Dries
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute and Cardiovascular Division, Heart Failure and Transplant Group, Heart Vascular Center, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA.
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97
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Dries DL. Genetic ancestry, population admixture, and the genetic epidemiology of complex disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2:540-3. [PMID: 20031632 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.109.922898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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98
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Dries DL, Ky B, Wu AHB, Rame JE, Putt ME, Cappola TP. Simultaneous assessment of unprocessed ProBNP1-108 in addition to processed BNP32 improves identification of high-risk ambulatory patients with heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2010; 3:220-7. [PMID: 20107190 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.109.903153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is produced as a biologically inactive prohormone (proBNP(1-108)), processed, and released as an inactive amino acid N-terminal fragment (proBNP(1-76)) and a biologically active carboxyl-terminal fragment (proBNP(77-108) or BNP32). We hypothesized that simultaneous assessment of proBNP(1-108) and active BNP32, as an index of natriuretic peptide processing efficiency, would improve risk stratification in patients with chronic systolic heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS We quantified plasma proBNP(1-108) and BNP32 in 756 participants in the Penn Heart Failure Study, a prospective cohort of outpatients with predominantly systolic heart failure. Cox models were used to determine the association between biomarker level at the time of study entry and incident risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. A significant amount of unprocessed proBNP(1-108) circulates in patients with systolic heart failure (median, 271 pg/mL; interquartile range, 65 to 825). Higher levels of proBNP(1-108) were associated with an increased risk of all-cause death or cardiac transplantation (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.5 to 9.7; P<0.001, comparing third versus first proBNP(1-108) tertile). ProBNP(1-108) provided additive information to BNP32 risk assessment, particularly in patients with BNP32 less than the median of 125 pg/mL (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.8; P<0.001 per doubling of proBNP(1-108)). CONCLUSIONS Circulating proBNP(1-108) is independently associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in ambulatory patients with chronic systolic heart failure. The combined assessment of BNP32 and proBNP(1-108) provides additional information in determining risk of adverse clinical outcomes, particularly in patients with low BNP32 values that might otherwise be reassuring to the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Dries
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA PA 19104, USA.
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99
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Dong N, Chen S, Yang J, He L, Liu P, Zheng D, Li L, Zhou Y, Ruan C, Plow E, Wu Q. Plasma soluble corin in patients with heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2010; 3:207-11. [PMID: 20061521 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.109.903849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corin is a transmembrane protease that processes natriuretic peptides in the heart. Like many membrane proteins, corin is shed from the cell surface. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we obtained plasma samples from healthy controls and patients with heart failure (HF) and acute myocardial infarction. Soluble corin levels in plasma were measured by an ELISA method. In healthy adults (n=198), plasma corin levels were 690 pg/mL (SD, 260 pg/mL). The corin levels did not differ significantly among different age groups. In patients with HF (n=291), plasma corin levels were significantly lower compared with that of healthy controls (365 pg/mL [SD, 259]; P<0.001). The reduction in plasma corin levels seemed to correlate with the severity of HF. In patients of New York Heart Association classes II, III, and IV, plasma corin levels were 450 pg/mL (SD, 281 pg/mL; n=69), 377 pg/mL (SD, 270 pg/mL; n=132), and 282 pg/mL (SD, 194 pg/mL; n=90), respectively (P<0.001 class II vs class IV; P<0.05 class III vs class IV). In contrast, plasma corin levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction (n=73) were similar to that of healthy controls (678 pg/mL [SD, 285 pg/mL]; P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Soluble corin was detected in human plasma. Plasma corin levels were reduced significantly in patients with HF but not in those with acute myocardial infarction. Our results indicate that corin deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of HF and that plasma corin may be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzheng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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100
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Boerrigter G, Costello-Boerrigter LC, Burnett JC. Natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure. Heart Fail Clin 2009; 5:501-14. [PMID: 19631175 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Circulating levels of the BNP system can help in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease and provide prognostic information not only for patients who have HF but also for the general population and other patient groups. Changes over time also carry prognostic information, and studies are assessing BNP-guided treatment strategies. With the identification of circulating molecular forms of BNP, new insights regarding the biology of the BNP system are emerging that may improve the diagnostic and prognostic value of BNP. Likewise, accounting for rs198389 (a common single nucleotide polymorphism that increases BNP levels) may help to further refine the use of components of the BNP system as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Boerrigter
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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