51
|
Kennedy CC, Brown EE, Abutaleb NO, Truskey GA. Development and Application of Endothelial Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells in Microphysiological Systems Models. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:625016. [PMID: 33659279 PMCID: PMC7917070 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.625016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is present in all organs and blood vessels, facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste throughout different organ systems in the body, and sets the tone for healthy vessel function. Mechanosensitive in nature, the endothelium responds to the magnitude and temporal waveform of shear stress in the vessels. Endothelial dysfunction can lead to atherosclerosis and other diseases. Modeling endothelial function and dysfunction in organ systems in vitro, such as the blood-brain barrier and tissue-engineered blood vessels, requires sourcing endothelial cells (ECs) for these biomedical engineering applications. It can be difficult to source primary, easily renewable ECs that possess the function or dysfunction in question. In contrast, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be sourced from donors of interest and renewed almost indefinitely. In this review, we highlight how knowledge of vascular EC development in vivo is used to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into ECs. We then describe how iPSC-derived ECs are being used currently in in vitro models of organ function and disease and in vivo applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal C. Kennedy
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Erin E. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nadia O. Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - George A. Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Reduced angiovasculogenic and increased inflammatory profiles of cord blood cells in severe but not mild preeclampsia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3630. [PMID: 33574435 PMCID: PMC7878804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a prevalent pregnancy disorder that leads to high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. While defective vascular development and angiogenesis in placenta are known as crucial pathological findings, its pathophysiological mechanism remains elusive. To better understand the effects of PE on angio-vasculogenesis and inflammatory networks in the fetus and to identify their biological signatures, we investigated the quantitative and functional characteristics of cord blood-derived mononuclear cells (CB-MNCs) and CD31-positive MNCs. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the CB-MNCs from the severe PE group had significantly decreased number of cells expressing CD3, CD11b, CD14, CD19, KDR, and CD31 compared with the normal group. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) shows down-regulation of the major angiogenic factor VEGFA in MNCs and CD31+ MNCs in severe PE. The major inflammatory cytokines IL1 was highly upregulated in CD31+ CB-MNCs in the severe PE patients. Mild PE patients, however, did not display any significant difference in expression of all measured angiogenic genes and most inflammatory genes. These findings show distinct angiogenic and inflammatory signatures from severe PE, and they may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of vascular defects in placenta of severe PE.
Collapse
|
53
|
Li J, Zhu Y, Li N, Wu T, Zheng X, Heng BC, Zou D, Xu J. Upregulation of ETV2 Expression Promotes Endothelial Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:963689720978739. [PMID: 33522307 PMCID: PMC7863555 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720978739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of vasculogenesis often hampers the survivability and integration of newly engineered tissue grafts within the host. Autologous endothelial cells (ECs) are an ideal cell source for neovascularization, but they are limited by their scarcity, lack of proliferative capacity, and donor site morbidity upon isolation. The objective of this study was to determine whether differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) into the endothelial lineage can be enhanced by recombinant ETV2 overexpression. DPSCs were extracted from fresh dental pulp tissues. ETV2 overexpression in DPSCs was achieved by lentiviral infection and cellular morphological changes were evaluated. The mRNA and protein expression levels of endothelial-specific markers were assessed through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry. The tube formation assay and Matrigel plug assay were also performed to evaluate the angiogenic potential of the ETV2-transduced cells in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Additionally, proteomic analysis was performed to analyze global changes in protein expression following ETV2 overexpression. After lentiviral infection, ETV2-overexpressing DPSCs showed endothelial-like morphology. Compared with control DPSCs, significantly higher mRNA and protein expression levels of endothelial-specific genes, including CD31, VE-Cadherin, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2, were detected in ETV2-overexpressing DPSCs. Moreover, ETV2 overexpression enhanced capillary-like tube formation on Matrigel in vitro, as well as neovascularization in vivo. In addition, comparative proteomic profiling showed that ETV2 overexpression upregulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, which was indicative of increased VEGF signaling. Taken together, our results indicate that ETV2 overexpression significantly enhanced the endothelial differentiation of DPSCs. Thus, this study shows that DPSCs can be a promising candidate cell source for tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, 12589Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Youming Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatologic Hospital & College, 12485Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, 12589Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatologic Hospital & College, 12485Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xianyu Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatologic Hospital & College, 12485Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Central Laboratories, School of Stomatology, 12465Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Duohong Zou
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, 56694Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianguang Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatologic Hospital & College, 12485Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Kim MS, Kim DH, Kang HK, Kook MG, Choi SW, Kang KS. Modeling of Hypoxic Brain Injury through 3D Human Neural Organoids. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020234. [PMID: 33504071 PMCID: PMC7911731 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids have emerged as a novel model system for neural development, neurodegenerative diseases, and human-based drug screening. However, the heterogeneous nature and immature neuronal development of brain organoids generated from pluripotent stem cells pose challenges. Moreover, there are no previous reports of a three-dimensional (3D) hypoxic brain injury model generated from neural stem cells. Here, we generated self-organized 3D human neural organoids from adult dermal fibroblast-derived neural stem cells. Radial glial cells in these human neural organoids exhibited characteristics of the human cerebral cortex trend, including an inner (ventricular zone) and an outer layer (early and late cortical plate zones). These data suggest that neural organoids reflect the distinctive radial organization of the human cerebral cortex and allow for the study of neuronal proliferation and maturation. To utilize this 3D model, we subjected our neural organoids to hypoxic injury. We investigated neuronal damage and regeneration after hypoxic injury and reoxygenation. Interestingly, after hypoxic injury, reoxygenation restored neuronal cell proliferation but not neuronal maturation. This study suggests that human neural organoids generated from neural stem cells provide new opportunities for the development of drug screening platforms and personalized modeling of neurodegenerative diseases, including hypoxic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Soon Won Choi
- Correspondence: (S.W.C.); (K.-S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1298 (S.W.C.); +82-2-880-1246 (K.-S.K.)
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Correspondence: (S.W.C.); (K.-S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1298 (S.W.C.); +82-2-880-1246 (K.-S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Gong J, Meng T, Yang J, Hu N, Zhao H, Tian T. Three-dimensional in vitro tissue culture models of brain organoids. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113619. [PMID: 33497645 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids are three-dimensional self-assembled structures that are derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). They can recapitulate the spatiotemporal organization and function of the brain, presenting a robust system for in vitro modeling of brain development, evolution, and diseases. Significant advances in biomaterials, microscale technologies, gene editing technologies, and stem cell biology have enabled the construction of human specific brain structures in vitro. However, the limitations of long-term culture, necrosis, and hypoxic cores in different culture models obstruct brain organoid growth and survival. The in vitro models should facilitate oxygen and nutrient absorption, which is essential to generate complex organoids and provides a biomimetic microenvironment for modeling human brain organogenesis and human diseases. This review aims to highlight the progress in the culture devices of brain organoids, including dish, bioreactor, and organ-on-a-chip models. With the modulation of bioactive molecules and biomaterials, the generated organoids recapitulate the key features of the human brain in a more reproducible and hyperoxic fashion. Furthermore, an outlook for future preclinical studies and the genetic modifications of brain organoids is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Tianyue Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hezhao Zhao
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Lee S, Park BW, Lee YJ, Ban K, Park HJ. In vivo combinatory gene therapy synergistically promotes cardiac function and vascular regeneration following myocardial infarction. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420953413. [PMID: 35003614 PMCID: PMC8738857 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420953413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since myocardial infarction (MI) excessively damage the myocardium and blood
vessels, the therapeutic approach for treating MI hearts should simultaneously
target these two major components in the heart to achieve comprehensive cardiac
repair. Here, we investigated a combinatory platform of ETV2 and Gata4, Mef2c
and Tbx5 (GMT) transcription factors to develop a strategy that can rejuvenate
both myocardium and vasculatures together in MI hearts. Previously ETV2
demonstrated significant effects on neovascularization and GMT was known to
directly reprogram cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes under in vivo
condition. Subsequently, intramyocardial delivery of a combination of retroviral
GMT and adenoviral ETV2 particles into the rat MI hearts significantly increased
viable myocardium area, capillary density compared to ETV2 or GMT only treated
hearts, leading to improved heart function and reduced scar formation. These
results demonstrate that this combinatorial gene therapy can be a promising
approach to enhance the cardiac repair in MI hearts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunghun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Kowloon tong, Hong Kong
| | - Bong-Woo Park
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Ban
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Kowloon tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hun-Jun Park
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Lee H, Kim SHL, Yoon H, Ryu J, Park HH, Hwang NS, Park TH. Intracellular Delivery of Recombinant RUNX2 Facilitated by Cell-Penetrating Protein for the Osteogenic Differentiation of hMSCs. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5202-5214. [PMID: 33455270 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a commonly used cell source for cell therapy and tissue engineering because of their easy accessibility and multipotency. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) is a master regulator of the osteogenic commitment of hMSCs. Either recombinant plasmid delivery or viral transduction has been utilized to activate RUNX2 gene expression for effective hMSC differentiation. In this study, recombinant RUNX2 fused with cell-penetrating 30Kc19α protein (30Kc19α-RUNX2) was delivered into hMSCs for osteogenic commitment. Fusion of recombinant RUNX2 with 30Kc19α resulted in successful delivery of the protein into cells and enhanced soluble expression of the protein. Intracellular delivery of the 30Kc19α-RUNX2 fusion protein enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs in vitro. 30Kc19α-RUNX2 treatment resulted in increased ALP accumulation and elevated calcium deposition. Finally, implantation of hMSCs treated with 30Kc19α-RUNX2 showed osteogenesis via cell delivery into the subcutaneous tissue and bone regeneration in a cranial defect mouse model. Therefore, we suggest that 30Kc19α-RUNX2, an osteoinductive recombinant protein, is an efficient tool for bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haein Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun L Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungro Yoon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Ryu
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ho Park
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathaniel S Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,BioMax/N-Bio Institute, Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,BioMax/N-Bio Institute, Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The angiogenic response to ischemia restores perfusion so as to preserve tissue. A role for mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition in the angiogenic response is controversial. This study is to determine if resident fibroblasts contribute to angiogenesis. METHODS We utilized the murine model of hindlimb ischemia, and in vivo Matrigel plug assay together with lineage tracing studies and single cell RNA-sequencing to examine the transcriptional and functional changes in fibroblasts in response to ischemia. RESULTS Lineage tracing using Fsp1-Cre: R26R-EYFP mice revealed the emergence within the ischemic hindlimb of a small subset of YFP+ CD144+ CD11b- fibroblasts (E* cells) that expressed endothelial cell (EC) genes. Subcutaneous administration of Matrigel in Fsp1-Cre: R26R-EYFP mice generated a plug that became vascularized within 5 days. Isolation of YFP+ CD11b- cells from the plug revealed a small subset of YFP+ CD144+ CD11b- E* cells which expressed EC genes. Pharmacological or genetic suppression of innate immune signaling reduced vascularity of the Matrigel plug and abrogated the generation of these E* cells. These studies were repeated using human fibroblasts, with fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealing that a small percentage of human fibroblasts that were induced to express EC markers in Matrigel plug assay. Pharmacological suppression or genetic knockout of inflammatory signaling abolished the generation of E* cells, impaired perfusion recovery and increased tissue injury after femoral artery ligation. To further characterize these E* cells, single cell RNA-sequencing studies were performed and revealed 8 discrete clusters of cells expressing characteristic fibroblast genes, of which 2 clusters (C5 and C8) also expressed some EC genes. Ischemia of the hindlimb induced expansion of clusters C5 and C8. The C8 cells did not express CD144, nor did they form networks in Matrigel, but did generate angiogenic cytokines. The C5 fibroblasts most resembled E* cells in their expression of CD144 and their ability to form EC-like networks in Matrigel. CONCLUSIONS Together, these studies indicate the presence of subsets of tissue fibroblasts which seem poised to contribute to the angiogenic response. The expansion of these subsets with ischemia is dependent on activation of innate immune signaling and contributes to recovery of perfusion and preservation of ischemic tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Meng
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration (S.M., P.K.C., I.O., J.P.C.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Jie Lv
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (J.L., K.C.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Palas K Chanda
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration (S.M., P.K.C., I.O., J.P.C.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Iris Owusu
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration (S.M., P.K.C., I.O., J.P.C.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (J.L., K.C.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - John P Cooke
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration (S.M., P.K.C., I.O., J.P.C.), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Habibi S, Khamisipour GH, Obeidi N, Zare Jaliseh S. Direct Differentiation of Human Primary Fibroblast into Hematopoietic-Like Stem Cells; A New Way without Viral Transduction. CELL JOURNAL 2020; 22:141-147. [PMID: 32779444 PMCID: PMC7481898 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2020.6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of producing safe hematopoietic stem cells without
the use of viral infectious agents that can be used in stem cell transplantation.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, after single layer cell formation, human primary fibroblast cells were
treated with static electromagnetic fields of 10 and 15 milli Tesla (mT) for 20 minutes each day for seven consecutive
days. On the seventh day and immediately after the last radiation, the cells were added to the wells containing specific
hematopoietic stem cell expansion media. After 21 days and colony formation, the cells belonging to each group were
evaluated in terms of the expression of CD34, CD38, and GATA-1 genes using quantitative real-time polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), as well as surface marker expression of CD34 by flow cytometry.
Results Exposure to 10 mT and 15 mT electromagnetic field increased the expression of CD34 and CD38 genes
(P<0.05). This increase in gene expression levels were 2.85 and 1.84 folds, respectively, in the 10mT group and
6.36 and 3.81 folds, respectively, in the 15 mT group. The expression of the GATA-1 gene in the 10 mT and 15 mT
groups was not significantly different from that of the control group (P<0.05). Electromagnetic waves caused a marked
increase in the expression of the CD34 marker at the surface of reprogrammed cells. The rate of expression was about
42.3% in the 15 mT group and 23.1% in the 10 mT group.
Conclusion The presence of human primary fibroblasts exposed to electromagnetic fields can increase the expression
of specific hematopoietic genes. This method can be suitable for reprogramming cells differentiated into hematopoietic-
like stem cells and does not pose the risks of retroviral use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Habibi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - G Holamreza Khamisipour
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | - Narges Obeidi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Zare Jaliseh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Wang K, Lin RZ, Hong X, Ng AH, Lee CN, Neumeyer J, Wang G, Wang X, Ma M, Pu WT, Church GM, Melero-Martin JM. Robust differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into endothelial cells via temporal modulation of ETV2 with modified mRNA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba7606. [PMID: 32832668 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.02.973289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (h-iPSC)-derived endothelial cells (h-iECs) have become a valuable tool in regenerative medicine. However, current differentiation protocols remain inefficient and lack reliability. Here, we describe a method for rapid, consistent, and highly efficient generation of h-iECs. The protocol entails the delivery of modified mRNA encoding the transcription factor ETV2 at the intermediate mesodermal stage of differentiation. This approach reproducibly differentiated 13 diverse h-iPSC lines into h-iECs with exceedingly high efficiency. In contrast, standard differentiation methods that relied on endogenous ETV2 were inefficient and notably inconsistent. Our h-iECs were functionally competent in many respects, including the ability to form perfused vascular networks in vivo. Timely activation of ETV2 was critical, and bypassing the mesodermal stage produced putative h-iECs with reduced expansion potential and inability to form functional vessels. Our protocol has broad applications and could reliably provide an unlimited number of h-iECs for vascular therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruei-Zeng Lin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuechong Hong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex H Ng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chin Nien Lee
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Neumeyer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Juan M Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Wang K, Lin RZ, Hong X, Ng AH, Lee CN, Neumeyer J, Wang G, Wang X, Ma M, Pu WT, Church GM, Melero-Martin JM. Robust differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into endothelial cells via temporal modulation of ETV2 with modified mRNA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba7606. [PMID: 32832668 PMCID: PMC7439318 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (h-iPSC)-derived endothelial cells (h-iECs) have become a valuable tool in regenerative medicine. However, current differentiation protocols remain inefficient and lack reliability. Here, we describe a method for rapid, consistent, and highly efficient generation of h-iECs. The protocol entails the delivery of modified mRNA encoding the transcription factor ETV2 at the intermediate mesodermal stage of differentiation. This approach reproducibly differentiated 13 diverse h-iPSC lines into h-iECs with exceedingly high efficiency. In contrast, standard differentiation methods that relied on endogenous ETV2 were inefficient and notably inconsistent. Our h-iECs were functionally competent in many respects, including the ability to form perfused vascular networks in vivo. Timely activation of ETV2 was critical, and bypassing the mesodermal stage produced putative h-iECs with reduced expansion potential and inability to form functional vessels. Our protocol has broad applications and could reliably provide an unlimited number of h-iECs for vascular therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruei-Zeng Lin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuechong Hong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex H. Ng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chin Nien Lee
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Neumeyer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - William T. Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - George M. Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Juan M. Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Choi JS, Han S, Ryu HA, Kim SW. Directly induced hepatogenic cells derived from human fibroblast ameliorate liver fibrosis. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1028-1036. [PMID: 32476287 DOI: 10.1002/term.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recently, reprogramming technology has emerged as a fascinating tool to generate specific tissue cells. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that ultrasound-directed cellular reprogramming can generate fibroblasts into hepatogenic cells. We directly induced human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) into hepatocyte-like cells mediated by environmental transition-guided cellular reprogramming (h/entr) using ultrasound. We confirmed the characteristics of h/entr by the expression levels of hepatocyte specific RNA and proteins. The effects of h/entr on the activation of hepatic stellate cells were analyzed using conditioned medium (CM). h/entr were transplanted into mice with acute liver fibrosis and the therapeutic effects and mechanism of liver fibrosis were determined. h/entr exhibited high levels of hepatocyte specific genes, hepatogenic (hepatocyte growth factor [HGF], colony-stimulating factor 3 [CSF-3]) and anti-inflammatory (interleukin 10 [IL-10]) factors. h/entr CM suppressed the activation of hepatic stellate cells in vitro. Transplantation of h/entr significantly delayed liver fibrosis and improved liver function. Transplantation of h/entr accelerates liver regeneration, and human albumin expressing h/entr and human Alu gene were detected in the mouse livers. This report suggests that directly induced h/entr could be one of the highly effective therapeutic options for the treatment of liver cirrhotic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ja Sung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongho Han
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Aae Ryu
- Department Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Whan Kim
- Department Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea.,Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Kaushik K, Das A. TWIST1-Reprogrammed Endothelial Cell Transplantation Potentiates Neovascularization-Mediated Diabetic Wound Tissue Regeneration. Diabetes 2020; 69:1232-1247. [PMID: 32234721 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypovascularized diabetic nonhealing wounds are due to reduced number and impaired physiology of endogenous endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) population that limits their recruitment and mobilization at the wound site. For enrichment of the EPC repertoire from nonendothelial precursors, abundantly available mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) were reprogrammed into induced endothelial cells (iEC). We identified cell signaling molecular targets by meta-analysis of microarray data sets. BMP-2 induction leads to the expression of inhibitory Smad 6/7-dependent negative transcriptional regulation of ID1, rendering the latter's reduced binding to TWIST1 during transdifferentiation of Wharton jelly-derived MSC (WJ-MSC) into iEC. TWIST1, in turn, regulates endothelial gene transcription, positively of proangiogenic KDR and negatively, in part, of antiangiogenic SFRP4 Twist1 reprogramming enhanced the endothelial lineage commitment of WJ-MSC and increased the vasculogenic potential of reprogrammed endothelial cells (rEC). Transplantation of stable TWIST1 rEC into a type 1 and 2 diabetic full-thickness splinted wound healing murine model enhanced the microcirculatory blood flow and accelerated the wound tissue regeneration. An increased or decreased colocalization of GFP with KDR/SFRP4 and CD31 in the regenerated diabetic wound bed with TWIST1 overexpression or silencing (piLenti-TWIST1-shRNA-GFP), respectively, further confirmed improved neovascularization. This study depicted the reprogramming of WJ-MSC into rEC using unique transcription factor TWIST1 for an efficacious cell transplantation therapy to induce neovascularization-mediated diabetic wound tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Kaushik
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Campus, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Slanzi A, Iannoto G, Rossi B, Zenaro E, Constantin G. In vitro Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:328. [PMID: 32528949 PMCID: PMC7247860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive degenerative conditions characterized by the functional deterioration and ultimate loss of neurons. These incurable and debilitating diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and therefore represent a major global health challenge with severe implications for individuals and society. Recently, several neuroprotective drugs have failed in human clinical trials despite promising pre-clinical data, suggesting that conventional cell cultures and animal models cannot precisely replicate human pathophysiology. To bridge the gap between animal and human studies, three-dimensional cell culture models have been developed from human or animal cells, allowing the effects of new therapies to be predicted more accurately by closely replicating some aspects of the brain environment, mimicking neuronal and glial cell interactions, and incorporating the effects of blood flow. In this review, we discuss the relative merits of different cerebral models, from traditional cell cultures to the latest high-throughput three-dimensional systems. We discuss their advantages and disadvantages as well as their potential to investigate the complex mechanisms of human neurodegenerative diseases. We focus on in vitro models of the most frequent age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and prion disease, and on multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease affecting young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Slanzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Iannoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Fang J, Hsueh YY, Soto J, Sun W, Wang J, Gu Z, Khademhosseini A, Li S. Engineering Biomaterials with Micro/Nanotechnologies for Cell Reprogramming. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1296-1318. [PMID: 32011856 PMCID: PMC10067273 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell reprogramming is a revolutionized biotechnology that offers a powerful tool to engineer cell fate and function for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, drug discovery, and beyond. Leveraging advances in biomaterials and micro/nanotechnologies can enhance the reprogramming performance in vitro and in vivo through the development of delivery strategies and the control of biophysical and biochemical cues. In this review, we present an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies for cell reprogramming and highlight the recent breakthroughs in engineering biomaterials with micro/nanotechnologies to improve reprogramming efficiency and quality. Finally, we discuss future directions and challenges for reprogramming technologies and clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Yuan-Yu Hsueh
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine , National Cheng Kung University Hospital , Tainan 70456 , Taiwan
| | - Jennifer Soto
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Radiology , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Zhang Q, Zhang X, Truskey GA. Vascular Microphysiological Systems to Model Diseases. CELL & GENE THERAPY INSIGHTS 2020; 6:93-102. [PMID: 32431950 PMCID: PMC7236815 DOI: 10.18609/cgti.2020.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human vascular microphysiological systems (MPS) represent promising three-dimensional in vitro models of normal and diseased vascular tissue. These systems build upon advances in tissue engineering, microfluidics, and stem cell differentiation and replicate key functional units of organs and tissues. Vascular models have been developed for the microvasculature as well as medium-size arterioles. Key functions of the vascular system have been reproduced and stem cells offer the potential to model genetic diseases and population variation in genes that may increase individual risk for cardiovascular disease. Such systems can be used to evaluate new therapeutics options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 1427 CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708-0281, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 1427 CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708-0281, USA
| | - George A. Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 1427 CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708-0281, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Liu C, Ruan H, Himmati F, Zhao MT, Chen CC, Makar M, Chen IY, Sallam K, Mocarski ES, Sayed D, Sayed N. HIF1α Regulates Early Metabolic Changes due to Activation of Innate Immunity in Nuclear Reprogramming. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:192-200. [PMID: 32048999 PMCID: PMC7013248 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling has recently been shown to play an important role in nuclear reprogramming, by altering the epigenetic landscape and thereby facilitating transcription. However, the mechanisms that link innate immune activation and metabolic regulation in pluripotent stem cells remain poorly defined, particularly with regard to key molecular components. In this study, we show that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), a central regulator of adaptation to limiting oxygen tension, is an unexpected but crucial regulator of innate immune-mediated nuclear reprogramming. HIF1α is dramatically upregulated as a consequence of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling and is necessary for efficient induction of pluripotency and transdifferentiation. Bioenergetics studies reveal that HIF1α regulates the reconfiguration of innate immune-mediated reprogramming through its well-established role in throwing a glycolytic switch. We believe that results from these studies can help us better understand the influence of immune signaling in tissue regeneration and lead to new therapeutic strategies. HIF1α is dramatically upregulated as a consequence of TLR3 signaling HIF1α is necessary for efficient induction of pluripotency and transdifferentiation HIF1α regulates innate immune-mediated reprogramming by inducing a glycolytic switch
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongyue Ruan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Farhan Himmati
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
| | - Ming-Tao Zhao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Christopher C Chen
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
| | - Merna Makar
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ian Y Chen
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karim Sallam
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Danish Sayed
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nazish Sayed
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
HORISAWA K, SUZUKI A. Direct cell-fate conversion of somatic cells: Toward regenerative medicine and industries. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:131-158. [PMID: 32281550 PMCID: PMC7247973 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells of multicellular organisms have diverse characteristics despite having the same genetic identity. The distinctive phenotype of each cell is determined by molecular mechanisms such as epigenetic changes that occur throughout the lifetime of an individual. Recently, technologies that enable modification of the fate of somatic cells have been developed, and the number of studies using these technologies has increased drastically in the last decade. Various cell types, including neuronal cells, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes, have been generated using these technologies. Although most direct reprogramming methods employ forced transduction of a defined sets of transcription factors to reprogram cells in a manner similar to induced pluripotent cell technology, many other strategies, such as methods utilizing chemical compounds and microRNAs to change the fate of somatic cells, have also been developed. In this review, we summarize transcription factor-based reprogramming and various other reprogramming methods. Additionally, we describe the various industrial applications of direct reprogramming technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi HORISAWA
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi SUZUKI
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: A. Suzuki, Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Bioactive Molecules for Skin Repair and Regeneration: Progress and Perspectives. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:6789823. [PMID: 32082386 PMCID: PMC7012201 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6789823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin regeneration is a vexing problem in the field of regenerative medicine. A bioactive molecule-based strategy has been frequently used in skin wound healing in recent years. Bioactive molecules are practical tools for regulating cellular processes and have been applied to control cellular differentiation, dedifferentiation, and reprogramming. In this review, we focus on recent progress in the use of bioactive molecules in skin regenerative medicine, by which desired cell types can be generated in vitro for cell therapy and conventional therapeutics can be developed to repair and regenerate skin in vivo through activation of the endogenous repairing potential. We further prospect that the bioactive molecule-base method might be one of the promising strategies to achieve in situ skin regeneration in the future.
Collapse
|
70
|
cAMP/EPAC Signaling Enables ETV2 to Induce Endothelial Cells with High Angiogenesis Potential. Mol Ther 2019; 28:466-478. [PMID: 31864907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the generation of ETV2-induced endothelial cells (iECs) from human fibroblasts serves as a novel therapeutic strategy in regenerative medicine, the process is inefficient, resulting in incomplete iEC angiogenesis. Therefore, we employed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing and identified molecular mechanisms underlying ETV2-mediated endothelial transdifferentiation to efficiently produce iECs retaining appropriate functionality in long-term culture. We revealed that the majority of ETV2 targets in human fibroblasts are related to vasculature development and signaling transduction pathways, including Rap1 signaling. From a screening of signaling pathway modulators, we confirmed that forskolin facilitated efficient and rapid iEC reprogramming via activation of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)/exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC)/RAP1 axis. The iECs obtained via cAMP signaling activation showed superior angiogenesis in vivo as well as in vitro. Moreover, these cells could form aligned endothelium along the vascular lumen ex vivo when seeded into decellularized liver scaffold. Overall, our study provided evidence that the cAMP/EPAC/RAP1 axis is required for the efficient generation of iECs with angiogenesis potential.
Collapse
|
71
|
Chen S, Zhang J, Zhang D, Jiao J. Acquisition of functional neurons by direct conversion: Switching the developmental clock directly. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:459-465. [PMID: 31771824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Identifying approaches for treating neurodegeneration is a thorny task but is important for a growing number of patients. Researchers have focused on discovering the underlying molecular mechanisms of reprogramming and optimizing the technologies for acquiring neurons. Direct conversion is one of the most important processes for treating neurological disorders. Induced neurons derived from direct conversion, which bypass the pluripotency stage, are more effective, more quickly obtained, and are safer than those produced via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Based on iPSC strategies, scientists have derived methods to obtain functional neurons by direct conversion, such as neuron-related transcriptional factors, small molecules, microRNAs, and epigenetic modifiers. In this review, we discuss the present strategies for direct conversion of somatic cells into functional neurons and the potentials of direct conversion for producing functional neurons and treating neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangquan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dongming Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Kaushik K, Das A. Endothelial progenitor cell therapy for chronic wound tissue regeneration. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:1137-1150. [PMID: 31668487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite advancements in wound care, healing of chronic diabetic wounds remains a great challenge for the clinical fraternity because of the intricacies of the healing process. Due to the limitations of existing treatment strategies for chronic wounds, stem/progenitor cell transplantation therapies have been explored as an alternative for tissue regeneration at the wound site. The non-healing phenotype of chronic wounds is directly associated with lack of vascularization. Therefore, endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) transplantation is proving to be a promising approach for the treatment of hypo-vascular chronic wounds. With the existing knowledge in EPC biology, significant efforts have been made to enrich EPCs at the chronic wound site, generating EPCs from somatic cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using transcription factors, or from adult stem cells using chemicals/drugs for use in transplantation, as well as modulating the endogenous dysfunctional/compromised EPCs under diabetic conditions. This review mainly focuses on the pre-clinical and clinical approaches undertaken to date with EPC-based translational therapy for chronic diabetic as well as non-diabetic wounds to evaluate their vascularity-mediated regeneration potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Kaushik
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Lee DH, Kim TM, Kim JK, Park C. ETV2/ER71 Transcription Factor as a Therapeutic Vehicle for Cardiovascular Disease. Theranostics 2019; 9:5694-5705. [PMID: 31534512 PMCID: PMC6735401 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases have long been the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States as well as worldwide. Despite numerous efforts over the past few decades, the number of the patients with cardiovascular disease still remains high, thereby necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies equipped with a better understanding of the biology of the cardiovascular system. Recently, the ETS transcription factor, ETV2 (also known as ER71), has been recognized as a master regulator of the development of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in pathophysiological angiogenesis and the endothelial cell reprogramming. Here, we discuss the detailed mechanisms underlying ETV2/ER71-regulated cardiovascular lineage development. In addition, recent reports on the novel functions of ETV2/ER71 in neovascularization and direct cell reprogramming are discussed with a focus on its therapeutic potential for cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
74
|
|
75
|
Williams IM, Wu JC. Generation of Endothelial Cells From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1317-1329. [PMID: 31242035 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are critical for several aspects of cardiovascular disease therapy, including vascular regeneration, personalized drug development, and tissue engineering. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) afford us with an unprecedented opportunity to produce virtually unlimited quantities of human ECs. In this review, we highlight key developments and outstanding challenges in our ability to derive ECs de novo from hPSCs. Furthermore, we consider strategies for recapitulating the vessel- and tissue-specific functional heterogeneity of ECs in vitro. Finally, we discuss ongoing attempts to utilize hPSC-derived ECs and their progenitors for various therapeutic applications. Continued progress in generating hPSC-derived ECs will profoundly enhance our ability to discover novel drug targets, revascularize ischemic tissues, and engineer clinically relevant tissue constructs. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Williams
- From the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- From the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Schneider J, Pultar M, Holnthoner W. Ex vivo engineering of blood and lymphatic microvascular networks. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 1:H17-H22. [PMID: 32923949 PMCID: PMC7439851 DOI: 10.1530/vb-19-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Upon implantation, engineered tissues rely on the supply with oxygen and nutrients as well as the drainage of interstitial fluid. This prerequisite still represents one of the current challenges in the engineering and regeneration of tissues. Recently, different vascularization strategies have been developed. Besides technical approaches like 3D printing or laser processing and de-/recelluarization of natural scaffolds, mainly co-cultures of endothelial cells (ECs) with supporting cell types are being used. This mini-review provides a brief overview of different co-culture systems for the engineering of blood and lymphatic microvascular networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Schneider
- Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marianne Pultar
- Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Grath A, Dai G. Direct cell reprogramming for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:14. [PMID: 30805026 PMCID: PMC6373087 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct cell reprogramming, also called transdifferentiation, allows for the reprogramming of one somatic cell type directly into another, without the need to transition through an induced pluripotent state. Thus, it is an attractive approach to develop novel tissue engineering applications to treat diseases and injuries where there is a shortage of proliferating cells for tissue repair. In certain tissue damage, terminally differentiated somatic cells lose their ability to proliferate, as a result, damaged tissues cannot heal by themselves. Examples of these scenarios include myocardial infarctions, neurodegenerative diseases, and cartilage injuries. Transdifferentiation is capable of reprogramming cells that are abundant in the body into desired cell phenotypes that are able to restore tissue function in damaged areas. Therefore, direct cell reprogramming is a promising direction in the cell and tissue engineering and regenerative medicine fields. In recent years, several methods for transdifferentiation have been developed, ranging from the overexpression of transcription factors via viral vectors, to small molecules, to clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and its associated protein (Cas9) for both genetic and epigenetic reprogramming. Overexpressing transcription factors by use of a lentivirus is currently the most prevalent technique, however it lacks high reprogramming efficiencies and can pose problems when transitioning to human subjects and clinical trials. CRISPR/Cas9, fused with proteins that modulate transcription, has been shown to improve efficiencies greatly. Transdifferentiation has successfully generated many cell phenotypes, including endothelial cells, skeletal myocytes, neuronal cells, and more. These cells have been shown to emulate mature adult cells such that they are able to mimic major functions, and some are capable of promoting regeneration of damaged tissue in vivo. While transdifferentiated cells have not yet seen clinical use, they have had promise in mice models, showing success in treating liver disease and several brain-related diseases, while also being utilized as a cell source for tissue engineered vascular grafts to treat damaged blood vessels. Recently, localized transdifferentiated cells have been generated in situ, allowing for treatments without invasive surgeries and more complete transdifferentiation. In this review, we summarized the recent development in various cell reprogramming techniques, their applications in converting various somatic cells, their uses in tissue regeneration, and the challenges of transitioning to a clinical setting, accompanied with potential solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Grath
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Lake Hall 214A, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Guohao Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Lake Hall 214A, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
In vivo transduction of ETV2 improves cardiac function and induces vascular regeneration following myocardial infarction. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-14. [PMID: 30755583 PMCID: PMC6372609 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular regeneration in ischemic hearts has been considered a target for new therapeutic strategies. It has been reported that ETV2 is essential for vascular development, injury-induced neovascularization and direct cell reprogramming of non-endothelial cells into endothelial cells. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore the therapeutic potential of ETV2 in murine models of myocardial infarction in vivo. Direct myocardial delivery of lentiviral ETV2 into rodents undergoing myocardial infarction dramatically upregulated the expression of markers for angiogenesis as well as anti-fibrosis and anti-inflammatory factors in vivo. Consistent with these findings, echocardiography showed significantly improved cardiac function in hearts with induced myocardial infarction upon ETV2 injection compared to that in the control virus-injected group as determined by enhanced ejection fraction and fractional shortening. In addition, ETV2-injected hearts were protected against massive fibrosis with a remarkable increase in capillary density. Interestingly, major fractions of capillaries were stained positive for ETV2. In addition, ECs infected with ETV2 showed enhanced proliferation, suggesting a direct role of ETV2 in vascular regeneration in diseased hearts. Furthermore, culture media from ETV2-overexpressing cardiac fibroblasts promoted endothelial cell migration based on scratch assay. Importantly, intramyocardial injection of the adeno-associated virus form of ETV2 into rat hearts with induced myocardial infarction designed for clinical applicability consistently resulted in significant augmentation of cardiac function. We provide compelling evidence that ETV2 has a robust effect on vascular regeneration and enhanced cardiac repair after myocardial infarction, highlighting a potential therapeutic function of ETV2 as an efficient means to treat failing hearts. A gene therapy strategy that stimulates cardiovascular repair could improve recovery for heart attack patients. Heart attacks inflict severe damage on the heart and blood vessels, tissues with limited capacity for self-repair. Researchers led by Kiwon Ban of the City University of Hong Kong and Hun-Jun Park of the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, have now demonstrated that a gene responsible for cardiovascular development can also efficiently stimulate heart repair. They used viruses to deliver the gene into a mouse model of heart attack, and showed that treated heart tissues exhibited strong recovery relative to untreated controls. The treatment reduced scar tissue formation and promoted proliferation of the cells lining blood vessels and blood vessel formation, measurably improving heart function. This approach could lay the groundwork for treating a common potentially fatal event.
Collapse
|
79
|
Abstract
Two new sources of ECs were generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and by direct reprogramming of somatic cells without undergoing the stages of stem or progenitor cell. These two types of ECs will advance our understanding of EC biology and can become a novel therapeutic option for treating ischemic cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shin-Jeong Lee
- Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-sup Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Zare L, Baharvand H, Javan M. Trichostatin A Promotes the Conversion of Astrocytes to Oligodendrocyte Progenitors in a Defined Culture Medium. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2019; 18:286-295. [PMID: 31089363 PMCID: PMC6487402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The generation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) offers tremendous opportunities for cell replacement therapy in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury. Recently, the prospect of reprogramming terminally differentiated adult cells towards another mature somatic cell or progenitor cells without an intermediate pluripotent state has been of interest. Trichostatin A is a histone deacetylase inhibitor which opens the chromatin and facilitates the transcription of silence genes. In this study, we have treated human astrocytes line U87 and primary culture of mouse astrocytes with TSA for 12 h, prior their transfer to OPC induction medium. Then we evaluated the morphology and the fate of the treated astrocytes at post-treatment days. Both cell lines acquired OPC morphology and expressed OPC specific markers. Following transfer to differentiation medium, U87-derived iOPCs differentiated to oligodendrocyte like cells and expressed PLP as a mature oligodendrocyte marker. Our results introduced TSA as an inducer for production of OPCs from astrocytes and could be considered a potential way for the treatment of demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Kim SW, Ryu HA, Lee YS, Jeong IS, Kim S. Generation of directly reprogrammed human endothelial cells derived from fibroblast using ultrasound. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 126:118-128. [PMID: 30500375 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Physical microenvironment plays an important role in determining cellular reprogramming. In this study, we first generated directly reprogrammed human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) into endothelial cells (ECs) mediated by environmental transition-guided cellular reprogramming (e/Entr) using ultrasound and characterized e/Entr. Ultrasound stimulus was introduced to ECs culture media and HDFs and induced into ECs-like cells. We performed microarray, RT-PCR, protein analysis, matrigel plug assay and e/Entr were transplanted into ischemic hindlimb mice model. Here we show that the activation of MAPK signaling pathways and the modulation of histone proteins such as Hp1-α, H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 in e/Entr contribute to the changes in chromatin configuration and reprogramming. Microarray data demonstrated that e/Entr highly expressed genes associated with ECs transcription factors and angiogenesis. In addition, the transplantation of e/Entr into hindlimb ischemia showed a high recovery of blood perfusion, limb salvage and e/Entr contributed to the formation of new vessels. In conclusion, the present study provided the first evidence that ultrasound reprogramming can induce postnatal cells to functional ECs. Therefore, our data suggest that physical stimulus-mediated reprogramming is a highly effective and safe strategy for the novel therapeutic alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Whan Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Department Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea; Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Metropolitan City, Incheon 404-834, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Aae Ryu
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Department Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea; Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Metropolitan City, Incheon 404-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seung Lee
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Department Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea; Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Metropolitan City, Incheon 404-834, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sil Jeong
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Department Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea; Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Metropolitan City, Incheon 404-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonhag Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Department Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea; Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Metropolitan City, Incheon 404-834, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Zhang J, Zhang H, Chen Y, Fu J, Lei Y, Sun J, Tang B. Platelet‑derived growth factor D promotes the angiogenic capacity of endothelial progenitor cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:125-132. [PMID: 30483778 PMCID: PMC6297765 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization and re-endothelialization rely on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). However, the recruitment and angiogenic roles of EPCs are subject to regulation through the vascular microenvironment, which remains largely unknown. Platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-D) is a new member of the PDGF family that binds the PDGFR-β homodimer. However, it remains unknown whether and how it affects the angiogenic capacity of EPCs and participates in tube-like formation. EPCs were derived from rat bone marrow cells, and the gain-of-function approach was used to study the effects of PDGF-D on the biological activities of EPCs. EPCs that stably express PDGF-D were generated by lentiviral-mediated transduction, and the expression levels were evaluated by western blotting and reverse transcription, followed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The biological activities of EPCs evaluated in the present study included proliferation, adhesion, migration, tube formation and senescence. Furthermore, the downstream signaling of PDGF-D was explored by western blot analysis. The results revealed that the lentiviral-mediated expression of PDGF-D in the microenvironment promoted the migration, proliferation, adhesion and tube formation of EPCs. In addition, PDGF-D suppressed the senescence of EPCs. Mechanistically, PDGF-D induced the phosphorylation of several signaling molecules, including STAT3, AKT, ERK1/2, mTOR and GSK-3β, suggesting that PDGF-D enhanced the angiogenic function of EPCs through PDGF receptor-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. In conclusion, PDGF-D promotes the angiogenic capacity of EPCs, including proliferation, migration, adhesion and tube formation, and thereby contributes to angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Haolong Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yikuan Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jian Fu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Klose K, Gossen M, Stamm C. Turning fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes: technological review of cardiac transdifferentiation strategies. FASEB J 2018; 33:49-70. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800712r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Klose
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Berlin Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT) Berlin Germany
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Manfred Gossen
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Berlin Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG)Institute of Biomaterial Science Teltow Germany
| | - Christof Stamm
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Berlin Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT) Berlin Germany
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular SurgeryDeutsches Herzzentrum Berlin (DHZB) Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
|
85
|
Koyano-Nakagawa N, Garry DJ. Etv2 as an essential regulator of mesodermal lineage development. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1294-1306. [PMID: 28859300 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'master regulatory factors' that position at the top of the genetic hierarchy of lineage determination have been a focus of intense interest, and have been investigated in various systems. Etv2/Etsrp71/ER71 is such a factor that is both necessary and sufficient for the development of haematopoietic and endothelial lineages. As such, genetic ablation of Etv2 leads to complete loss of blood and vessels, and overexpression can convert non-endothelial cells to the endothelial lineage. Understanding such master regulatory role of a lineage is not only a fundamental quest in developmental biology, but also holds immense possibilities in regenerative medicine. To harness its activity and utility for therapeutic interventions, it is essential to understand the regulatory mechanisms, molecular function, and networks that surround Etv2. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of Etv2 biology focused on mouse and human systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th st. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th st. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Chen H, Zhang A, Wu JC. Harnessing cell pluripotency for cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:392-398. [PMID: 31011193 PMCID: PMC10902213 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), in particular embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, have received enormous attention in cardiovascular regenerative medicine owing to their ability to expand and differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes and other cardiovascular cell types. Despite the potential applications of hPSCs for tissue regeneration in patients suffering from cardiovascular disease, whether hPSC-based therapies can be safe and efficacious remains inconclusive, with strong evidence from clinical trials lacking. Critical factors limiting therapeutic efficacy are the degree of maturity and purity of the hPSC-derived differentiated progeny, and the tumorigenic risk associated with residual undifferentiated cells. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in cardiac-cell differentiation from hPSCs and in the direct reprogramming of non-myocyte cells for cardiovascular regenerative applications. We also discuss approaches for the delivery of cells to diseased tissue, and how such advances are contributing to progress in cardiac tissue engineering for tackling heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Chen
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angela Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Kabir AU, Lee TJ, Pan H, Berry JC, Krchma K, Wu J, Liu F, Kang HK, Hinman K, Yang L, Hamilton S, Zhou Q, Veis DJ, Mecham RP, Wickline SA, Miller MJ, Choi K. Requisite endothelial reactivation and effective siRNA nanoparticle targeting of Etv2/Er71 in tumor angiogenesis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97349. [PMID: 29669933 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, new blood vessel formation from preexisting vessels, is critical for solid tumor growth. As such, there have been efforts to inhibit angiogenesis as a means to obstruct tumor growth. However, antiangiogenic therapy faces major challenges to the selective targeting of tumor-associated-vessels, as current antiangiogenic targets also disrupt steady-state vessels. Here, we demonstrate that the developmentally critical transcription factor Etv2 is selectively upregulated in both human and mouse tumor-associated endothelial cells (TAECs) and is required for tumor angiogenesis. Two-photon imaging revealed that Etv2-deficient tumor-associated vasculature remained similar to that of steady-state vessels. Etv2-deficient TAECs displayed decreased Flk1 (also known as Vegfr2) expression, FLK1 activation, and proliferation. Endothelial tube formation, proliferation, and sprouting response to VEGF, but not to FGF2, was reduced in Etv2-deficient ECs. ROS activated Etv2 expression in ECs, and ROS blockade inhibited Etv2 expression in TAECs in vivo. Systemic administration of Etv2 siRNA nanoparticles potently inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis without cardiovascular side effects. These studies highlight a link among vascular oxidative stress, Etv2 expression, and VEGF response that is critical for tumor angiogenesis. Targeting the ETV2 pathway might offer a unique opportunity for more selective antiangiogenic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ul Kabir
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and.,Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Hua Pan
- Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Berry
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Jun Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Kristina Hinman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samantha Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Qingyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah J Veis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Mark J Miller
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and.,Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Li X, Moon G, Shin S, Zhang B, Janknecht R. Cooperation between ETS variant 2 and Jumonji domain‑containing 2 histone demethylases. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5518-5527. [PMID: 29393482 PMCID: PMC5865994 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The E26 transformation-specific (ETS) variant 2 (ETV2) protein, also designated as ETS-related 71, is a member of the ETS transcription factor family and is essential for blood and vascular development in the embryo. The role of ETV2 in cancer has not yet been investigated. In the present study, the expression of ETV2 mRNA was identified in a variety of tumor types, including prostate carcinoma. In addition, ETV2 gene amplification was identified in several types of cancer, suggesting that ETV2 plays an oncogenic role in tumorigenesis. It was demonstrated that ETV2 forms complexes with two histone demethylases: Jumonji domain-containing (JMJD)2A and JMJD2D; JMJD2A has been previously reported as a driver of prostate cancer development. In the present study, it was reported that ETV2 exhibited the potential to stimulate the promoters of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP1 and MMP7, within LNCaP prostate cancer cells. JMJD2A and JMJD2D could synergize with ETV2 to activate the MMP1 promoter, whereas only JMJD2A stimulated the MMP7 promoter in cooperation with ETV2. Furthermore, ETV2 expression was positively associated with JMJD2A and JMJD2D mRNA levels in neuroendocrine prostate tumors, in which an ETV2 gene amplification rate of 17.8% was identified. Collectively, the results of the present study indicated that ETV2, JMJD2A and JMJD2D may jointly promote tumorigenesis, particularly neuroendocrine prostate tumors. In addition, the interaction with the JMJD2A and JMJD2D epigenetic regulators may be important in the ability of ETV2 to reprogram cells, modulate normal and cancer stem cells, and affect spermatogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Li
- China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Gene Moon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Akbari B, Wee P, Yaqubi M, Mohammadnia A. Comprehensive transcriptome mining of the direct conversion of mesodermal cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10427. [PMID: 28874788 PMCID: PMC5585404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct reprogramming of somatic cells is a promising approach for regenerative medicine, especially in the production of mesoderm layer-derived cells. Meta-analysis studies provide precise insight into the undergoing processes and help increase the efficiency of reprogramming. Here, using 27 high-throughput expression data sets, we analyzed the direct reprogramming of mesodermal cells in humans and mice. Fibroblast-derived cells showed a common expression pattern of up- and down-regulated genes that were mainly involved in the suppression of the fibroblast-specific gene expression program, and may be used as markers of the initiation of reprogramming. Furthermore, we found a specific gene expression profile for each fibroblast-derived cell studied, and each gene set appeared to play specific functional roles in its cell type, suggesting their use as markers for their mature state. Furthermore, using data from protein-DNA interactions, we identified the main transcription factors (TFs) involved in the conversion process and ranked them based on their importance in their gene regulatory networks. In summary, our meta-analysis approach provides new insights on the direct conversion of mesodermal somatic cells, introduces a list of genes as markers for initiation and maturation, and identifies TFs for which manipulating their expression may increase the efficiency of direct conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Akbari
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ping Wee
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Moein Yaqubi
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Lee S, Kim JE, Johnson BA, Andukuri A, Yoon YS. Direct reprogramming into endothelial cells: a new source for vascular regeneration. Regen Med 2017. [PMID: 28621172 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jin Eyun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brandon Al Johnson
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Adinarayana Andukuri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Young-Sup Yoon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Cheng Z, Verma SK, Losordo DW, Kishore R. Reprogrammed Human Endothelial Cells: A Novel Cell Source for Regenerative Vascular Medicine. Circ Res 2017; 120:756-758. [PMID: 28254795 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Cheng
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (Z.C., S.K.V., R.K.), Department of Pharmacology (R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Caladrius Biosciences, Basking Ridge, NJ (D.W.L.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (D.W.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (D.W.L.)
| | - Suresh K Verma
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (Z.C., S.K.V., R.K.), Department of Pharmacology (R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Caladrius Biosciences, Basking Ridge, NJ (D.W.L.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (D.W.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (D.W.L.)
| | - Douglas W Losordo
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (Z.C., S.K.V., R.K.), Department of Pharmacology (R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Caladrius Biosciences, Basking Ridge, NJ (D.W.L.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (D.W.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (D.W.L.).
| | - Raj Kishore
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (Z.C., S.K.V., R.K.), Department of Pharmacology (R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Caladrius Biosciences, Basking Ridge, NJ (D.W.L.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (D.W.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (D.W.L.)
| |
Collapse
|