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Hsu YJ, Hsu SC, Hsu CP, Chen YH, Chang YL, Sadoshima J, Huang SM, Tsai CS, Lin CY. Sirtuin 1 protects the aging heart from contractile dysfunction mediated through the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in cardiac-specific Sirtuin 1 knockout mouse model. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:543-552. [PMID: 27875732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The longevity regulator Sirtuin 1 is an NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase that regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress and influences cardiomyocyte apoptosis during cardiac contractile dysfunction induced by aging. The mechanism underlying Sirtuin 1 function in cardiac contractile dysfunction related to aging has not been completely elucidated. METHODS We evaluated cardiac contractile function, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in 6- and 12month-old cardiac-specific Sirtuin 1 knockout (Sirt1-/-) and control (Sirt1f/f) mice using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Mice were injected with a protein disulphide isomerase inhibitor. For in vitro analysis, cultured H9c2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to either a Sirtuin 1 inhibitor or activator, with or without a mitochondrial inhibitor, to evaluate the effects of Sirtuin 1 on endoplasmic reticulum stress, nitric oxide synthase expression, and apoptosis. The effects of protein disulphide isomerase inhibition on oxidative stress and ER stress-related apoptosis were also investigated. RESULTS Compared with 6-month-old Sirt1f/f mice, marked impaired contractility was observed in 12-month-old Sirt1-/- mice. These findings were consistent with increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in the myocardium. Measures of oxidative stress and nitric oxide synthase expression were significantly higher in Sirt1-/- mice compared with those in Sirt1f/f mice at 6months. In vitro experiments revealed increased endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes treated with a Sirtuin 1 inhibitor; the effects were ameliorated by a Sirtuin 1 activator. Moreover, consistent with the in vitro findings, impaired cardiac contractility was demonstrated in Sirt1-/- mice injected with a protein disulphide isomerase inhibitor. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that the aging heart is characterized by contractile dysfunction associated with increased oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress and Sirtuin 1 might have the ability to protect the aging hearts from the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juei Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Po Hsu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hui Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lung Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sung Tsai
- Superintendent's Office, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ji L, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Chang W, Gong J, Wei S, Li X, Qin L. The antioxidant edaravone prevents cardiac dysfunction by suppressing oxidative stress in type 1 diabetic rats and in high-glucose-induced injured H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:996-1006. [PMID: 27376621 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Edaravone, a radical scavenger, has been recognized as a potential protective agent for cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known about the effect of edaravone in cardiac complications associated with diabetes. Here, we have demonstrated that edaravone prevents cardiac dysfunction and apoptosis in the streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rat heart. Mechanistic studies revealed that edaravone treatment improved cardiac function and restored superoxide dismutase levels. In addition, treatment of diabetic animals by edaravone increased protein expressions of sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator α (PGC-1α), nuclear factor like-2 (NRF-2), and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and reduced protein expressions of Bax and Caspase-3 compared to the control group. High glucose incubation resulted in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death. Treatment of high-glucose-incubated H9c2 cells by edaravone reduced ROS production and cell death. In addition, the treatment of high-glucose-incubated H9c2 cells by edaravone increased the activity of antioxidative stress by increasing SIRT-1, PGC-1α, and NRF-2, and this treatment also reduced apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2 expression and reducing Bax and Caspase-3 expressions. Knockdown SIRT-1 with small interferer RNA abolished the effects of edaravone. Overall, our data demonstrated that edaravone may be an effective agent against the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ji
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Cardiology, Changchun Central Hospital, Changchun 130051, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Nephrology, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wenguang Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Junli Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Changchun Central Hospital, Changchun 130051, China
| | - Shengnan Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Changchun Central Hospital, Changchun 130051, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Cai W, Fujita T, Hidaka Y, Jin H, Suita K, Prajapati R, Liang C, Umemura M, Yokoyama U, Sato M, Okumura S, Ishikawa Y. Disruption of Epac1 protects the heart from adenylyl cyclase type 5-mediated cardiac dysfunction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 475:1-7. [PMID: 27117748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 5 adenylyl cyclase (AC5) plays an important role in the development of chronic catecholamine stress-induced heart failure and arrhythmia in mice. Epac (exchange protein activated by cAMP), which is directly activated by cAMP independent of protein kinase A, has been recently identified as a novel mediator of cAMP signaling in the heart. However, the role of Epac in AC5-mediated cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias remains poorly understood. We therefore generated AC5 transgenic mice (AC5TG) with selective disruption of the Epac1 gene (AC5TG-Epac1KO), and compared their phenotypes with those of AC5TG after chronic isoproterenol (ISO) infusion. Decreased cardiac function as well as increased susceptibility to pacing-induced atrial fibrillation (AF) in response to ISO were significantly attenuated in AC5TG-Epac1KO mice, compared to AC5TG mice. Increased cardiac apoptosis and cardiac fibrosis were also concomitantly attenuated in AC5TG-Epac1KO mice compared to AC5TG mice. These findings indicate that Epac1 plays an important role in AC5-mediated cardiac dysfunction and AF susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Cai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujita
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuko Hidaka
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Huiling Jin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Suita
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rajesh Prajapati
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chen Liang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masanari Umemura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Utako Yokoyama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sato
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okumura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
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Bravo CA, Vatner DE, Pachon R, Zhang J, Vatner SF. A Food and Drug Administration-Approved Antiviral Agent that Inhibits Adenylyl Cyclase Type 5 Protects the Ischemic Heart Even When Administered after Reperfusion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:331-6. [PMID: 26941173 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral agent, known as vidarabine or adenine 9-β-D-arabinofuranoside (AraA), has features of inhibiting adenylyl cyclase type 5 (AC5) and protects against chronic coronary artery occlusion (CAO). The goal of this investigation was to determine whether AraA protects against myocardial ischemia, even when delivered after coronary artery reperfusion (CAR). AraA, delivered after CAR in wild-type mice, reduced infarct size by 55% compared with vehicle-treated controls, whereas an equal dose of adenosine reduced infarct size only when administered before CAR. A 5-fold greater dose of adenosine was required to reduce infarct size when delivered after CAR, which also reduced arterial pressure by 15%, whereas AraA did not affect pressure. The reduction in infarct size with AraA was prevented by a MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase blocker, a pathway also involved in the mechanism of protection of the AC5 knockout (KO) model. Infarct size was also reduced in cardiac-specific AC5 KO mice similarly in the presence and absence of AraA, further suggesting that AraA protection involves the AC5 pathway. AraA reduced infarct size in chronically instrumented conscious pigs when delivered after CAR, and in this model, it also reduced post-CAR coronary hyperemia, which could be another mechanism for cardioprotection (i.e., by reducing oxidative stress during CAR). Thus, AraA inhibits AC5 and exhibits unique cardioprotection when delivered after CAR, which is critical for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A Bravo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Dorothy E Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ronald Pachon
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Stephen F Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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Cardiovascular and Hepatic Toxicity of Cocaine: Potential Beneficial Effects of Modulators of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:8408479. [PMID: 26823954 PMCID: PMC4707355 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8408479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is thought to play an important role in the pharmacological and toxic effects of various drugs of abuse. Herein we review the literature on the mechanisms responsible for the cardiovascular and hepatic toxicity of cocaine with special focus on OS-related mechanisms. We also review the preclinical and clinical literature concerning the putative therapeutic effects of OS modulators (such as N-acetylcysteine, superoxide dismutase mimetics, nitroxides and nitrones, NADPH oxidase inhibitors, xanthine oxidase inhibitors, and mitochondriotropic antioxidants) for the treatment of cocaine toxicity. We conclude that available OS modulators do not appear to have clinical efficacy.
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Vatner DE, Yan L, Lai L, Yuan C, Mouchiroud L, Pachon RE, Zhang J, Dillinger J, Houtkooper RH, Auwerx J, Vatner SF. Type 5 adenylyl cyclase disruption leads to enhanced exercise performance. Aging Cell 2015; 14:1075-84. [PMID: 26424149 PMCID: PMC4693460 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important physiological mechanism mediating enhanced exercise performance is increased sympathetic, beta adrenergic receptor (β-AR), and adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity. This is the first report of decreased AC activity mediating increased exercise performance. We demonstrated that AC5 disruption, that is, knock out (KO) mice, a longevity model, increases exercise performance. Importantly for its relation to longevity, exercise was also improved in old AC5 KO. The mechanism resided in skeletal muscle rather than in the heart, as confirmed by cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific AC5 KO's, where exercise performance was no longer improved by the cardiac-specific AC5 KO, but was by the skeletal muscle-specific AC5 KO, and there was no difference in cardiac output during exercise in AC5 KO vs. WT. Mitochondrial biogenesis was a major mechanism mediating the enhanced exercise. SIRT1, FoxO3a, MEK, and the anti-oxidant, MnSOD were upregulated in AC5 KO mice. The improved exercise in the AC5 KO was blocked with either a SIRT1 inhibitor, MEK inhibitor, or by mating the AC5 KO with MnSOD hetero KO mice, confirming the role of SIRT1, MEK, and oxidative stress mechanisms. The Caenorhabditis elegans worm AC5 ortholog, acy-3 by RNAi, also improved fitness, mitochondrial function, antioxidant defense, and lifespan, attesting to the evolutionary conservation of this pathway. Thus, decreasing sympathetic signaling through loss of AC5 is not only a mechanism to improve exercise performance, but is also a mechanism to improve healthful aging, as exercise also protects against diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease, which all limit healthful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E. Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine New Jersey Medical School Rutgers University Newark NJ USA
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine New Jersey Medical School Rutgers University Newark NJ USA
| | - Lo Lai
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine New Jersey Medical School Rutgers University Newark NJ USA
| | - Chujun Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine New Jersey Medical School Rutgers University Newark NJ USA
| | - Laurent Mouchiroud
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Ronald E. Pachon
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine New Jersey Medical School Rutgers University Newark NJ USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine New Jersey Medical School Rutgers University Newark NJ USA
| | - Jean‐Guillaume Dillinger
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine New Jersey Medical School Rutgers University Newark NJ USA
| | - Riekelt H. Houtkooper
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Stephen F. Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine New Jersey Medical School Rutgers University Newark NJ USA
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Zhang F, Cui J, Liu X, Lv B, Liu X, Xie Z, Yu B. Roles of microRNA-34a targeting SIRT1 in mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:195. [PMID: 26446137 PMCID: PMC4597437 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies have had positive outcomes both in animal models of cardiovascular diseases and in clinical patients. However, the number and function of MSCs decline during hypoxia and serum deprivation (H/SD), reducing their ability to contribute to endogenous injury repair. MicroRNA-34a (miR-34a) is originally identified as a TP53-targeted miRNA that modulates cell functions, including apoptosis, proliferation, and senescence via several signaling pathways, and hence is an appealing target for MSC-based therapy for myocardial infarction. Methods Bone marrow-derived MSCs were isolated from 60–80 g male donor rats. Expression levels of miR-34a were determined by qRT-PCR. The roles of miR-34a in regulating cell vitality, apoptosis and senescence were investigated using the cell counting kit (CCK-8) assay, flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, respectively. The expression of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and forkhead box class O 3a (FOXO3a) and of apoptosis- and senescence-associated proteins in MSCs were analyzed by western blotting. Results The results of the current study showed that miR-34a was significantly up-regulated under H/SD conditions in MSCs, while overexpression of miR-34a was significantly associated with increased apoptosis, impaired cell vitality and aggravated senescence. Moreover, we found that the mechanism underlying the proapoptotic function of miR-34a involves activation of the SIRT1/FOXO3a pathway, mitochondrial dysfunction and finally, activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Further study showed that miR-34a can also aggravate MSC senescence, an effect which was partly abolished by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Conclusions Our study demonstrates for the first time that miR-34a plays pro-apoptotic and pro-senescence roles in MSCs by targeting SIRT1. Thus, inhibition of miR-34a might have important therapeutic implications in MSC-based therapy for myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Zhang
- Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China. .,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China.
| | - Jinjin Cui
- Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China. .,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Mudanjiang Forestry Central Hospital, 50 XinhuaRoad, Mudanjiang, 157000, P.R. China.
| | - Bo Lv
- Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China. .,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China.
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China. .,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China.
| | - Zulong Xie
- Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China. .,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China. .,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China.
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Boularan C, Gales C. Cardiac cAMP: production, hydrolysis, modulation and detection. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:203. [PMID: 26483685 PMCID: PMC4589651 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) modulates a broad range of biological processes including the regulation of cardiac myocyte contractile function where it constitutes the main second messenger for β-adrenergic receptors' signaling to fulfill positive chronotropic, inotropic and lusitropic effects. A growing number of studies pinpoint the role of spatial organization of the cAMP signaling as an essential mechanism to regulate cAMP outcomes in cardiac physiology. Here, we will briefly discuss the complexity of cAMP synthesis and degradation in the cardiac context, describe the way to detect it and review the main pharmacological arsenal to modulate its availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Boularan
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1048, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Gales
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1048, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
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Lee SY, Ku HC, Kuo YH, Yang KC, Tu PC, Chiu HL, Su MJ. Caffeic acid ethanolamide prevents cardiac dysfunction through sirtuin dependent cardiac bioenergetics preservation. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:80. [PMID: 26391855 PMCID: PMC4578267 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac oxidative stress, bioenergetics and catecholamine play major roles in heart failure progression. However, the relationships between these three dominant heart failure factors are not fully elucidated. Caffeic acid ethanolamide (CAEA), a synthesized derivative from caffeic acid that exerted antioxidative properties, was thus applied in this study to explore its effects on the pathogenesis of heart failure. RESULTS In vitro studies in HL-1 cells exposed to isoproterenol showed an increase in cellular and mitochondria oxidative stress. Two-week isoproterenol injections into mice resulted in ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, elevated lipid peroxidation, cardiac adenosine triphosphate and left ventricular ejection fraction decline, suggesting oxidative stress and bioenergetics changes in catecholamine-induced heart failure. CAEA restored oxygen consumption rates and adenosine triphosphate contents. In addition, CAEA alleviated isoproterenol-induced cardiac remodeling, cardiac oxidative stress, cardiac bioenergetics and function insufficiency in mice. CAEA treatment recovered sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3 activity, and attenuated the changes of proteins, including manganese superoxide dismutase and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α, which are the most likely mechanisms responsible for the alleviation of isoproterenol-caused cardiac injury CONCLUSION CAEA prevents catecholamine-induced cardiac damage and is therefore a possible new therapeutic approach for preventing heart failure progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yi Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Ku
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chien Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chen Tu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - His-Lin Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jai Su
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
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Ho D, Zhao X, Yan L, Yuan C, Zong H, Vatner DE, Pessin JE, Vatner SF. Adenylyl Cyclase Type 5 Deficiency Protects Against Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2015; 64:2636-45. [PMID: 25732192 PMCID: PMC4477357 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase type 5 knockout (AC5KO) mice have increased longevity and share a similar phenotype with calorie-restricted wild-type (WT) mice. To determine the in vivo metabolic properties of AC5 deficiency, we compared the effects of standard diet (SD) and high-fat diet (HFD) on obesity, energy balance, glucose regulation, and insulin sensitivity. AC5KO mice on SD had reduced body weight and adiposity compared with WT mice. Blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels were also significantly reduced in AC5KO mice. Indirect calorimetry demonstrated increased oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, and energy expenditure in AC5KO compared with WT mice on both SD and HFD. AC5KO mice also displayed improved glucose tolerance and increased whole-body insulin sensitivity, accompanied by decreased liver glycogen stores. Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies confirmed the marked improvement of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in AC5KO mice primarily through increased insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Moreover, the genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function were significantly increased in AC5KO skeletal muscle. These data demonstrate that deficiency of AC5 protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance, supporting AC5 as a potential novel therapeutic target for treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ho
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Xin Zhao
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Lin Yan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Chujun Yuan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Haihong Zong
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Dorothy E Vatner
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Jeffery E Pessin
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Stephen F Vatner
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
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Winnik S, Auwerx J, Sinclair DA, Matter CM. Protective effects of sirtuins in cardiovascular diseases: from bench to bedside. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:3404-12. [PMID: 26112889 PMCID: PMC4685177 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (Sirt1–Sirt7) comprise a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent enzymes. While deacetylation reflects their main task, some of them have deacylase, adenosine diphosphate-ribosylase, demalonylase, glutarylase, and desuccinylase properties. Activated upon caloric restriction and exercise, they control critical cellular processes in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria to maintain metabolic homeostasis, reduce cellular damage and dampen inflammation—all of which serve to protect against a variety of age-related diseases, including cardiovascular pathologies. This review focuses on the cardiovascular effects of Sirt1, Sirt3, Sirt6, and Sirt7. Most is known about Sirt1. This deacetylase protects from endothelial dysfunction, atherothrombosis, diet-induced obesity, type 2 diabetes, liver steatosis, and myocardial infarction. Sirt3 provides beneficial effects in the context of left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, oxidative stress, metabolic homeostasis, and dyslipidaemia. Sirt6 is implicated in ameliorating dyslipidaemia, cellular senescence, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Sirt7 plays a role in lipid metabolism and cardiomyopathies. Most of these data were derived from experimental findings in genetically modified mice, where NFκB, Pcsk9, low-density lipoprotein-receptor, PPARγ, superoxide dismutase 2, poly[adenosine diphosphate-ribose] polymerase 1, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase were identified among others as crucial molecular targets and/or partners of sirtuins. Of note, there is translational evidence for a role of sirtuins in patients with endothelial dysfunction, type 1 or type 2 diabetes and longevity. Given the availability of specific Sirt1 activators or pan-sirtuin activators that boost levels of the sirtuin cofactor NAD+, we anticipate that this field will move quickly from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Winnik
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David A Sinclair
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian M Matter
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Heinick A, Husser X, Himmler K, Kirchhefer U, Nunes F, Schulte JS, Seidl MD, Rolfes C, Dedman JR, Kaetzel MA, Gerke V, Schmitz W, Müller FU. Annexin A4 is a novel direct regulator of adenylyl cyclase type 5. FASEB J 2015; 29:3773-87. [PMID: 26023182 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-269837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A4 (AnxA4), a Ca(2+)- and phospholipid-binding protein, is up-regulated in the human failing heart. In this study, we examined the impact of AnxA4 on β-adrenoceptor (β-AR)/cAMP-dependent signal transduction. Expression of murine AnxA4 in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells dose-dependently inhibited cAMP levels after direct stimulation of adenylyl cyclases (ACs) with forskolin (FSK), as determined with an exchange protein activated by cAMP-Förster resonance energy transfer (EPAC-FRET) sensor and an ELISA (control vs. +AnxA4: 1956 ± 162 vs. 1304 ± 185 fmol/µg protein; n = 8). Disruption of the anxA4 gene led to a consistent increase in intracellular cAMP levels in isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes, with heart-directed expression of the EPAC-FRET sensor, stimulated with FSK, and as determined by ELISA, also in mouse cardiomyocytes stimulated with the β-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO) (anxA4a(+/+) vs. anxA4a(-/-): 5.1 ± 0.3 vs. 6.7 ± 0.6 fmol/µg protein) or FSK (anxA4a(+/+) vs. anxA4a(-/-): 1891 ± 238 vs. 2796 ± 343 fmol/µg protein; n = 9-10). Coimmunoprecipitation experiments in HEK293 cells revealed a direct interaction of murine AnxA4 with human membrane-bound AC type 5 (AC5). As a functional consequence of AnxA4-mediated AC inhibition, AnxA4 inhibited the FSK-induced transcriptional activation mediated by the cAMP response element (CRE) in reporter gene studies (10-fold vs. control; n = 4 transfections) and reduced the FSK-induced phosphorylation of the CRE-binding protein (CREB) measured on Western blots (control vs. +AnxA4: 150 ± 17% vs. 105 ± 10%; n = 6) and by the use of the indicator of CREB activation caused by phosphorylation (ICAP)-FRET sensor, indicating CREB phosphorylation. Inactivation of AnxA4 in anxA4a(-/-) mice was associated with an increased cardiac response to β-AR stimulation. Together, these results suggest that AnxA4 is a novel direct negative regulator of AC5, adding a new facet to the functions of annexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heinick
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xenia Husser
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kirsten Himmler
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Uwe Kirchhefer
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank Nunes
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jan S Schulte
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthias D Seidl
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christina Rolfes
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - John R Dedman
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Marcia A Kaetzel
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Volker Gerke
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Wilhelm Schmitz
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank U Müller
- *Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase type 5 increases longevity and healthful aging through oxidative stress protection. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:250310. [PMID: 25945149 PMCID: PMC4405291 DOI: 10.1155/2015/250310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mice with disruption of adenylyl cyclase type 5 (AC5 knockout, KO) live a third longer than littermates. The mechanism, in part, involves the MEK/ERK pathway, which in turn is related to protection against oxidative stress. The AC5 KO model also protects against diabetes, obesity, and the cardiomyopathy induced by aging, diabetes, and cardiac stress and also demonstrates improved exercise capacity. All of these salutary features are also mediated, in part, by oxidative stress protection. For example, chronic beta adrenergic receptor stimulation induced cardiomyopathy was rescued by AC5 KO. Conversely, in AC5 transgenic (Tg) mice, where AC5 is overexpressed in the heart, the cardiomyopathy was exacerbated and was rescued by enhancing oxidative stress resistance. Thus, the AC5 KO model, which resists oxidative stress, is uniquely designed for clinical translation, since it not only increases longevity and exercise, but also protects against diabetes, obesity, and cardiomyopathy. Importantly, inhibition of AC5's action to prolong longevity and enhance healthful aging, as well as its mechanism through resistance to oxidative stress, is unique among all of the nine AC isoforms.
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Acute exercise induced mitochondrial H₂O₂ production in mouse skeletal muscle: association with p(66Shc) and FOXO3a signaling and antioxidant enzymes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:536456. [PMID: 25874020 PMCID: PMC4385701 DOI: 10.1155/2015/536456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Exercise induced skeletal muscle phenotype change involves a complex interplay between signaling pathways and downstream regulators. This study aims to investigate the effect of acute exercise on mitochondrial H2O2 production and its association with p(66Shc), FOXO3a, and antioxidant enzymes. Male ICR/CD-1 mice were subjected to an acute exercise. Muscle tissues (gastrocnemius and quadriceps femoris) were taken after exercise to measure mitochondrial H2O2 content, expression of p(66Shc) and FOXO3a, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The results showed that acute exercise significantly increased mitochondrial H2O2 content and expressions of p(66Shc) and FOXO3a in a time-dependent manner, with a linear correlation between the increase in H2O2 content and p(66Shc) or FOXO3a expression. The activity of mitochondrial catalase was slightly reduced in the 90 min exercise group, but it was significantly higher in groups with 120 and 150 min exercise compared to that of 90 min exercise group. The activity of SOD was not significantly affected. The results indicate that acute exercise increases mitochondrial H2O2 production in the skeletal muscle, which is associated with the upregulation of p(66Shc) and FOXO3a. The association of p(66Shc) and FOXO3a signaling with exercise induced H2O2 generation may play a role in regulating cellular oxidative stress during acute exercise.
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Rani N, Bharti S, Bhatia J, Tomar A, Nag TC, Ray R, Arya DS. Inhibition of TGF-β by a novel PPAR-γ agonist, chrysin, salvages β-receptor stimulated myocardial injury in rats through MAPKs-dependent mechanism. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:11. [PMID: 25774203 PMCID: PMC4359541 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacological stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) has been recognized as a molecular switch in alleviating myocardial injury through modulating oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic signaling pathways. This study was designed to elucidate the effect of chrysin, a novel PPAR-γ agonist and its functional interaction with TGF-β/MAPKs in isoproterenol-challenged myocardial injury in rats. Methods Male Wistar Albino rats were either subjected to vehicle (1.5 mL/kg, p.o.) or chrysin (15–60 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days. Isoproterenol (85 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered to rats on 27th and 28th day to induce myocardial injury. Results Chrysin dose dependently improved ventricular (±LVdP/dtmax and LVEDP) and hemodynamic (SAP, MAP and DAP) dysfunction in isoproterenol-insulted rats. This beneficial effect of chrysin was well supported with increased expression of PPAR-γ and decreased expression of TGF-β as evidenced by western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis. Moreover, downstream signaling pathway of TGF-β viz. P-ERK½/ERK½ activation and P-JNK/JNK, P-p38/p38 and MMP-2 inhibition were also observed. Chrysin also attenuated NF-κBp65 and IKK-β expressions, TNF-α level and TUNEL positivity thereby validating its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. Additionally, chrysin in a dose dependent fashion improved NO level, redox status of the myocardium (GSH and MDA levels and SOD, GSHPx and CAT activities), cardiac injury markers (CK-MB and LDH levels) and oxidative DNA damage marker (8-OHdG level) and displayed preservation of subcellular and ultrastructural components. Conclusion We established that activation of PPAR-γ and inhibition of TGF-β via MAPKs dependent mechanism is critical for cardioprotective effect of chrysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rani
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Saurabh Bharti
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Jagriti Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Ameesha Tomar
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - T C Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Ruma Ray
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Dharamvir Singh Arya
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
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Mst1 inhibition rescues β1-adrenergic cardiomyopathy by reducing myocyte necrosis and non-myocyte apoptosis rather than myocyte apoptosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 110:7. [PMID: 25600225 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is generally held that inhibition of mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 (Mst1) protects the heart through reducing myocyte apoptosis. We determined whether inhibition with a dominant-negative Mst1 (DN-Mst1) would protect against the cardiomyopathy induced by chronic β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) stimulation by preventing myocyte apoptosis. DN-Mst1 mice were mated with β1-AR transgenic (Tg) mice and followed for 20 months. β1-AR Tg mice developed cardiomyopathy as they aged, as reflected by premature mortality and depressed cardiac function, which were rescued in β1-AR × DN-Mst1 bigenic mice. Surprisingly, myocyte apoptosis did not significantly decrease with Mst1 inhibition. Instead, Mst1 inhibition predominantly reduced non-myocyte apoptosis, e.g., fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils and endothelial cells. Fibrosis in the hearts with cardiomyopathy increased fivefold and this increase was nearly abolished in the bigenic mice with Mst1 inhibition. Regression analysis showed no correlation between myocyte apoptosis and cardiac function or myocyte number, whereas the latter two correlated significantly, p < 0.05, with fibrosis, which generally results from necrosis. To examine the role of myocyte necrosis, chronic β-AR stimulation with isoproterenol was induced for 24 h and myocyte necrosis was assessed by 1% Evans blue dye. Compared to WT, DN-Mst1 mice showed significant inhibition, p < 0.05, of myocyte necrosis. We confirmed this result in Mst1-knockout mice, which also showed significant protection, p < 0.05, against myocyte necrosis compared to WT. These data indicate that Mst1 inhibition rescued cardiac fibrosis and myocardial dysfunction in β1-AR cardiomyopathy. However, this did not occur through Mst1 inhibition of myocyte apoptosis but rather by inhibition of cardiomyocyte necrosis and non-myocyte apoptosis, features of Mst1 not considered previously.
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Planavila A, Redondo-Angulo I, Ribas F, Garrabou G, Casademont J, Giralt M, Villarroya F. Fibroblast growth factor 21 protects the heart from oxidative stress. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 106:19-31. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Zhao Z, Babu GJ, Wen H, Fefelova N, Gordan R, Sui X, Yan L, Vatner DE, Vatner SF, Xie LH. Overexpression of adenylyl cyclase type 5 (AC5) confers a proarrhythmic substrate to the heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 308:H240-9. [PMID: 25485900 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00630.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling is one of the most common therapeutic approaches for patients with arrhythmias. Adenylyl cyclase (AC) is the key enzyme responsible for transducing β-AR stimulation to increases in cAMP. The two major AC isoforms in the heart are types 5 and 6. Therefore, it is surprising that prior studies on overexpression of AC5 and AC6 in transgenic (Tg) mice have not examined mediation of arrhythmogenesis. Our goal was to examine the proarrhythmic substrate in AC5Tg hearts. Intracellular calcium ion (Ca(2+) i) was imaged in fluo-4 AM-loaded ventricular myocytes. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) content, fractional Ca(2+) release, and twitch Ca(2+) transient were significantly higher in the AC5Tg vs. wild-type (WT) myocytes, indicating Ca(2+) overload in AC5Tg myocytes. Action potential (AP) duration was significantly longer in AC5Tg than in WT myocytes. Additionally, AC5Tg myocytes developed spontaneous Ca(2+) waves in a larger fraction compared with WT myocytes, particularly when cells were exposed to isoproterenol. The Ca(2+) waves further induced afterdepolarizations and triggered APs. AC5Tg hearts had increased level of SERCA2a, oxidized Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and phosphorylation of ryanodine receptors (RyR) at the CaMKII site, especially after isoproterenol treatment. This was consistent with higher reactive oxygen species production in AC5Tg myocytes after isoproterenol treatment. Isoproterenol induced more severe arrhythmias in AC5Tg than in WT mice. We conclude that AC5 overexpression promotes arrhythmogenesis, by inducing SR Ca(2+) overload and hyperactivation of RyR (phosphorylation by CaMKII), which in turn induces spontaneous Ca(2+) waves and afterdepolarizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Gopal J Babu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Hairuo Wen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Nadezhda Fefelova
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Richard Gordan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Xiangzhen Sui
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Dorothy E Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Stephen F Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; School of Pharmacology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xixiang, People's Republic of China
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Angiotensin II induces mitochondrial oxidative stress and mtDNA damage in osteoblasts by inhibiting SIRT1–FoxO3a–MnSOD pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhang F, Li ZL, Xu XM, Hu Y, Yao JH, Xu W, Jing HR, Wang S, Ning SL, Tian XF. Protective effects of icariin-mediated SIRT1/FOXO3 signaling pathway on intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute lung injury. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:269-76. [PMID: 25323330 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common complication following intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and is a major contributing factor to its high mortality rate. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD+-dependent deacetylase, has been reported to have an important role in apoptosis inhibition, oxidative stress resistance and cell lifespan extension through its deacetylation of forkhead box protein O3 (FOXO3). It has been demonstrated that icariin (ICA), a flavonoid extracted from Epimedium, upregulates SIRT1 expression. The aim of the present study was to examine whether ICA-mediated SIRT1/FOXO3 signaling pathway activation had a protective effect on intestinal I/R-induced ALI. The effects of ICA on intestinal I/R-induced ALI and its regulation of the SIRT1/FOXO3 signaling pathway on intestinal I/R-induced ALI were investigated in rats. The results demonstrated that ICA pretreatment markedly reduced intestinal I/R-induced ALI as indicated by histological alterations, including decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), reduced oxidative stress, acetylated FOXO3 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-interacting mediator of cell death levels, and increased glutathione (GSH), GSH peroxidase, SIRT1, manganese superoxide dismutase and Bcl-2 levels in rat lung tissues. Furthermore, ICA pretreatment upregulated SIRT1 expression, which then downregulated FOXO3 acetylation. In conclusion, ICA exhibited significant protective effects in intestinal I/R-induced ALI. The protective effect of ICA may be attributed to the upregulation of SIRT1, which contributed to FOXO3 deacetylation and the modulation of downstream antioxidative and anti-apoptotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Lu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Hong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Rong Jing
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Li Ning
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
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Yan L, Vatner SF, Vatner DE. Disruption of type 5 adenylyl cyclase prevents β-adrenergic receptor cardiomyopathy: a novel approach to β-adrenergic receptor blockade. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1521-8. [PMID: 25193472 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00491.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
β-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) blockade is widely used to treat heart failure, since the adverse effects of chronic β-AR stimulation are central to the pathogenesis of this disease state. Transgenic (Tg) mice, where β-AR signaling is chronically enhanced by overexpression of cardiac β₂-ARs, is a surrogate for this mechanism, since these mice develop cardiomyopathy as reflected by reduced left ventricular (LV) function, increased fibrosis, apoptosis, and myocyte hypertrophy. We hypothesized that disruption of type 5 adenylyl cyclase (AC5), which is in the β-AR signaling pathway in the heart, but exerts only a minor β-AR blocking effect, could prevent the cardiomyopathy in β₂-AR Tg mice without the negative effects of full β-AR blockade. Accordingly, we mated β₂-AR Tg mice with AC5 knockout (KO) mice. The β₂-AR Tg × AC5 KO bigenic mice prevented the cardiomyopathy as reflected by improved LV ejection fraction, reduced apoptosis, fibrosis, and myocyte size and preserved exercise capacity. The rescue was not simply due to a β-blocking effect of AC5 KO, since neither baseline LV function nor the response to isoproterenol was diminished substantially compared with the negative inotropic effects of β-blockade. However, AC5 disruption in β₂-AR Tg activates the antioxidant, manganese superoxide dismutase, an important mechanism protecting the heart from cardiomyopathy. These results indicate that disruption of AC5 prevents the cardiomyopathy induced by chronically enhanced β-AR signaling in mice with overexpressed β₂-AR, potentially by enhancing resistance to oxidative stress and apoptosis, suggesting a novel, alternative approach to β-AR blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Stephen F Vatner
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Dorothy E Vatner
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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miR-210 over-expression enhances mesenchymal stem cell survival in an oxidative stress environment through antioxidation and c-Met pathway activation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:989-97. [PMID: 25168379 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
microRNA-210 (miR-210) has generally been reported to be associated with cell survival under hypoxia. However, there are few data regarding the role of miR-210 in the survival of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) under oxidative stress conditions. Thus, we sought to investigate whether miR-210 over-expression could protect MSCs against oxidative stress injury and what the primary mechanisms involved are. The results showed that over-expression of miR-210 significantly reduced the apoptosis of MSCs under oxidative stress, accompanied by obvious increases in cell viability and superoxide dismutase activity and remarkable decreases in malonaldehyde content and reactive oxygen species production, resulting in a noticeable reduction of apoptotic indices when compared with the control. Moreover, the above beneficial effects of miR-210 could be significantly reduced by c-Met pathway repression. Collectively, these results showed that miR-210 over-expression improved MSC survival under oxidative stress through antioxidation and c-Met pathway activation, indicating the potential development of a novel approach to enhance the efficacy of MSC-based therapy for injured myocardium.
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73
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Nho RS, Hergert P. FoxO3a and disease progression. World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:346-354. [PMID: 25225602 PMCID: PMC4160528 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i3.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Forkhead box O (FoxO) family has recently been highlighted as an important transcriptional regulator of crucial proteins associated with the many diverse functions of cells. So far, FoxO1, FoxO3a, FoxO4 and FoxO6 proteins have been identified in humans. Although each FoxO family member has its own role, unlike the other FoxO families, FoxO3a has been extensively studied because of its rather unique and pivotal regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, stress management and longevity. FoxO3a alteration is closely linked to the progression of several types of cancers, fibrosis and other types of diseases. In this review, we will examine the function of FoxO3a in disease progression and also explore FoxO3a’s regulatory mechanisms. We will also discuss FoxO3a as a potential target for the treatment of several types of disease.
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Dietl A, Winkel I, Deutzmann R, Schröder J, Hupf J, Riegger G, Luchner A, Birner C. Interatrial differences of basal molecular set-up and changes in tachycardia-induced heart failure-a proteomic profiling study. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 16:835-45. [PMID: 25045083 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Left and right atria show compelling differences regarding organogenesis and specific clinical diseases. In congestive heart failure (CHF), remodelling of the atria occurs leading to increased arrhythmogenic susceptibility and deterioration of clinical symptoms. We aimed to assess the basal left and right atrial molecular set-up and different chamber-specific atrial changes in heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS We combined an animal model of rapid ventricular pacing induced heart failure in the rabbit and a gel-based proteomic screening of left and right atrial specimen. A gene ontology over-representation analysis was performed for biological function. Ultrastructural adaptations were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Comparing left and right atria of healthy control animals (CTRL), 39 proteins displayed significant expression differences involving various biological functions. Upon further statistical analyses, four pathways of energy metabolism were confirmed to be significantly over-represented beneath the other biological processes. Rapid ventricular pacing induced severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, symptomatic heart failure and a macroscopic atrial remodelling. In CHF versus CTRL, metabolic and antioxidative enzymes were differentially expressed and showed chamber-specific bidirectional alterations. Transmission electron microscopy visualized a remarkable and again chamber-specific ultrastructural disturbance of mitochondrial morphology. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate a diverging basal left and right atrial molecular set-up in the adult healthy heart. In addition, metabolic and antioxidative enzymes are profoundly and chamber-specifically altered during atrial remodelling in progressive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dietl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg
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Drynda A, Hassel T, Bach FW, Peuster M. In vitro
and
in vivo
corrosion properties of new iron–manganese alloys designed for cardiovascular applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:649-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Drynda
- Department of OrthopaedicsOtto‐von–Guericke University of MagdeburgMagdeburg Germany
| | - Thomas Hassel
- Institute of Materials ScienceLeibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 230823Garbsen Germany
| | - Friedrich Wilhelm Bach
- Institute of Materials ScienceLeibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 230823Garbsen Germany
| | - Matthias Peuster
- Jilin Heart HospitalDepartment of Congenital and Pediatric CardiologyChangchun130117 Jilin China
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76
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Cyclic AMP synthesis and hydrolysis in the normal and failing heart. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1163-75. [PMID: 24756197 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP regulates a multitude of cellular responses and orchestrates a network of intracellular events. In the heart, cAMP is the main second messenger of the β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) pathway producing positive chronotropic, inotropic, and lusitropic effects during sympathetic stimulation. Whereas short-term stimulation of β-AR/cAMP is beneficial for the heart, chronic activation of this pathway triggers pathological cardiac remodeling, which may ultimately lead to heart failure (HF). Cyclic AMP is controlled by two families of enzymes with opposite actions: adenylyl cyclases, which control cAMP production and phosphodiesterases, which control its degradation. The large number of families and isoforms of these enzymes, their different localization within the cell, and their organization in macromolecular complexes leads to a high level of compartmentation, both in space and time, of cAMP signaling in cardiac myocytes. Here, we review the expression level, molecular characteristics, functional properties, and roles of the different adenylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase families expressed in heart muscle and the changes that occur in cardiac hypertrophy and failure.
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Costa VM, Carvalho F, Duarte JA, Bastos MDL, Remião F. The Heart As a Target for Xenobiotic Toxicity: The Cardiac Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1285-311. [PMID: 23902227 DOI: 10.1021/tx400130v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Marisa Costa
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Vatner SF, Park M, Yan L, Lee GJ, Lai L, Iwatsubo K, Ishikawa Y, Pessin J, Vatner DE. Adenylyl cyclase type 5 in cardiac disease, metabolism, and aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1-8. [PMID: 23624627 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00080.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor/adenylyl cyclase (AC)/cAMP signaling is crucial for all cellular responses to physiological and pathophysiological stimuli. There are nine isoforms of membrane-bound AC, with type 5 being one of the two major isoforms in the heart. Since the role of AC in the heart in regulating cAMP and acute changes in inotropic and chronotropic state are well known, this review will address our current understanding of the distinct regulatory role of the AC5 isoform in response to chronic stress. Transgenic overexpression of AC5 in cardiomyocytes of the heart (AC5-Tg) improves baseline cardiac function but impairs the ability of the heart to withstand stress. For example, chronic catecholamine stimulation induces cardiomyopathy, which is more severe in AC5-Tg mice, mediated through the AC5/sirtuin 1/forkhead box O3a pathway. Conversely, disrupting AC5, i.e., AC5 knockout, protects the heart from chronic catecholamine cardiomyopathy as well as the cardiomyopathies resulting from chronic pressure overload or aging. Moreover, AC5 knockout results in a 30% increase in a healthy life span, resembling the most widely studied model of longevity, i.e., calorie restriction. These two models of longevity share similar gene regulation in the heart, muscle, liver, and brain in that they are both protected against diabetes, obesity, and diabetic and aging cardiomyopathy. A pharmacological inhibitor of AC5 also provides protection against cardiac stress, diabetes, and obesity. Thus AC5 inhibition has novel, potential therapeutic applicability to several diseases not only in the heart but also in aging, diabetes, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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