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Teixeira G, Szyndralewiez C, Molango S, Carnesecchi S, Heitz F, Wiesel P, Wood JM. Therapeutic potential of NADPH oxidase 1/4 inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1647-1669. [PMID: 27273790 PMCID: PMC5446584 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes produces ROS as their sole function and is becoming recognized as key modulators of signal transduction pathways with a physiological role under acute stress and a pathological role after excessive activation under chronic stress. The seven isoforms differ in their regulation, tissue and subcellular localization and ROS products. The most studied are NOX1, 2 and 4. Genetic deletion of NOX1 and 4, in contrast to NOX2, has revealed no significant spontaneous pathologies and a pathogenic relevance of both NOX1 and 4 across multiple organs in a wide range of diseases and in particular inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. This has stimulated interest in NOX inhibitors for therapeutic application. GKT136901 and GKT137831 are two structurally related compounds demonstrating a preferential inhibition of NOX1 and 4 that have suitable properties for in vivo studies and have consequently been evaluated across a range of disease models and compared with gene deletion. In contrast to gene deletion, these inhibitors do not completely suppress ROS production, maintaining some basal level of ROS. Despite this and consistent with most gene deletion studies, these inhibitors are well tolerated and slow or prevent disease progression in a range of models of chronic inflammatory and fibrotic diseases by modulating common signal transduction pathways. Clinical trials in patients with GKT137831 have demonstrated excellent tolerability and reduction of various markers of chronic inflammation. NOX1/4 inhibition may provide a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for a range of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Teixeira
- Evotec International GmbHGoettingenGermany
| | | | - S Molango
- Genkyotex SAPlan les OuatesSwitzerland
| | | | - F Heitz
- Genkyotex SAPlan les OuatesSwitzerland
| | - P Wiesel
- Genkyotex SAPlan les OuatesSwitzerland
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Cervantes Gracia K, Llanas-Cornejo D, Husi H. CVD and Oxidative Stress. J Clin Med 2017; 6:E22. [PMID: 28230726 PMCID: PMC5332926 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it is known that oxidative stress plays at least two roles within the cell, the generation of cellular damage and the involvement in several signaling pathways in its balanced normal state. So far, a substantial amount of time and effort has been expended in the search for a clear link between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the effects of oxidative stress. Here, we present an overview of the different sources and types of reactive oxygen species in CVD, highlight the relationship between CVD and oxidative stress and discuss the most prominent molecules that play an important role in CVD pathophysiology. Details are given regarding common pharmacological treatments used for cardiovascular distress and how some of them are acting upon ROS-related pathways and molecules. Novel therapies, recently proposed ROS biomarkers, as well as future challenges in the field are addressed. It is apparent that the search for a better understanding of how ROS are contributing to the pathophysiology of CVD is far from over, and new approaches and more suitable biomarkers are needed for the latter to be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Cervantes Gracia
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Daniel Llanas-Cornejo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Holger Husi
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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53
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Sigala F, Efentakis P, Karageorgiadi D, Filis K, Zampas P, Iliodromitis EK, Zografos G, Papapetropoulos A, Andreadou I. Reciprocal regulation of eNOS, H 2S and CO-synthesizing enzymes in human atheroma: Correlation with plaque stability and effects of simvastatin. Redox Biol 2017; 12:70-81. [PMID: 28214453 PMCID: PMC5312553 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying plaque destabilization remain obscure. We sought to elucidate the correlation between NO, H2S and CO-generating enzymes, nitro-oxidative stress and plaque stability in carotid arteries. Carotid atherosclerotic plaques were collected from 62 patients who had undergone endarterectomy due to internal artery stenosis. Following histological evaluation the plaques were divided into stable and unstable ones. To investigate the impact of simvastatin we divided patients with stable plaques, into those receiving and to those not receiving simvastatin. Expression and/or levels of p-eNOS/eNOS, pAkt/t-Akt, iNOS, cystathionine beta synthase (CBS), cystathionine gamma lyase (CSE), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), soluble guanyl cyclase sGCα1, sGCβ1, NOX-4 and HIF-1α were evaluated. Oxidative stress biomarkers malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrotyrosine (NT) were measured. NT levels were decreased in stable plaques with a concomitant increase of eNOS phosphorylation and expression and Akt activation compared to unstable lesions. An increase in HIF-1α, NOX-4, HO-1, iNOS, CBS and CSE expression was observed only in unstable plaques. 78% of patients under simvastatin were diagnosed with stable plaques whereas 23% of those not receiving simvastatin exhibited unstable plaques. Simvastatin decreased iNOS, HO-1, HIF-1α and CSE whilst it increased eNOS phosphorylation. In conclusion, enhanced eNOS and reduced iNOS and NOX-4 were observed in stable plaques; CBS and CSE positively correlated with plaque vulnerability. Simvastatin, besides its known effect on eNOS upregulation, reduced the HIF-1α and its downstream targets. The observed changes might be useful in developing biomarkers of plaque stability or could be targets for pharmacothepary against plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fragiska Sigala
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, First Department of Surgery, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Efentakis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Karageorgiadi
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, First Department of Surgery, Athens, Greece; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstadinos Filis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, First Department of Surgery, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevas Zampas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios K Iliodromitis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Second University Dept. of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
| | - George Zografos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, First Department of Surgery, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece.
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54
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Ma MW, Wang J, Zhang Q, Wang R, Dhandapani KM, Vadlamudi RK, Brann DW. NADPH oxidase in brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:7. [PMID: 28095923 PMCID: PMC5240251 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common denominator in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, as well as in ischemic and traumatic brain injury. The brain is highly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic demand. However, therapies attempting to scavenge free radicals have shown little success. By shifting the focus to inhibit the generation of damaging free radicals, recent studies have identified NADPH oxidase as a major contributor to disease pathology. NADPH oxidase has the primary function to generate free radicals. In particular, there is growing evidence that the isoforms NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 can be upregulated by a variety of neurodegenerative factors. The majority of recent studies have shown that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase enzymes are neuroprotective and able to reduce detrimental aspects of pathology following ischemic and traumatic brain injury, as well as in chronic neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to summarize evidence supporting the role of NADPH oxidase in the pathology of these neurological disorders, explores pharmacological strategies of targeting this major oxidative stress pathway, and outlines obstacles that need to be overcome for successful translation of these therapies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry W Ma
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Medical Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Darrell W Brann
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Ardanaz N, Pagano PJ. Hydrogen Peroxide as a Paracrine Vascular Mediator: Regulation and Signaling Leading to Dysfunction. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:237-51. [PMID: 16514169 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the ability of a variety of vascular cells, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts, to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Until recently, major emphasis was placed on the production of superoxide anion (O2–) in the vasculature as a result of its ability to directly attenuate the biological activity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO). The short half-life and radius of diffusion of O2– drastically limit the role of this ROS as an important paracrine hormone in vascular biology. On the contrary, in recent years, the O2– metabolite hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has increasingly been viewed as an important cellular signaling agent in its own right, capable of modulating both contractile and growth-promoting pathways with more far-reaching effects. In this review, we will assess the vascular production of H2O2, its regulation by endogenous scavenger systems, and its ability to activate a variety of vascular signaling pathways, thereby leading to vascular contraction and growth. This discussion will include the ability of H2O2 to (i) Initiate calcium flux as well as (ii) stimulate pathways leading to sensitization of contractile elements to calcium. The latter involves a variety of protein kinases that have also been strongly implicated in vascular hypertrophy. Previous Intensive study has emphasized the ability of NADPH oxidase-derived O2– and H2O2 to activate these pathways in cultured smooth muscle cells. However, growing evidence indicates a considerably more complex array of unique oxidase systems in the endothelium, media, and adventitia that appear to participate in these deleterious effects in a sequential and temporal manner. Taken together, these findings seem consistent with a paracrine effect of H2O2 across the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ardanaz
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, RM 7044, E&R Building, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202-2689, USA
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56
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Wang XL, Iwanami J, Min LJ, Tsukuda K, Nakaoka H, Bai HY, Shan BS, Kan-No H, Kukida M, Chisaka T, Yamauchi T, Higaki A, Mogi M, Horiuchi M. Deficiency of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 causes deterioration of cognitive function. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2016; 2:16024. [PMID: 28721275 PMCID: PMC5515001 DOI: 10.1038/npjamd.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical renin–angiotensin system (RAS), known as the angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang II/Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor axis, induces various organ damages including cognitive decline. On the other hand, the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas receptor axis has been highlighted as exerting antagonistic actions against the classical RAS axis in the cardiovascular system. However, the roles of the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas axis in cognitive function largely remain to be elucidated, and we therefore examined possible roles of ACE2 in cognitive function. Male, 10-week-old C57BL6 (wild type, WT) mice and ACE2 knockout (KO) mice were subjected to the Morris water maze task and Y maze test to evaluate cognitive function. ACE2KO mice exhibited significant impairment of cognitive function, compared with that in WT mice. Superoxide anion production increased in ACE2KO mice, with increased mRNA levels of NADPH oxidase subunit, p22phox, p40phox, p67phox, and gp91phox in the hippocampus of ACE2KO mice compared with WT mice. The protein level of SOD3 decreased in ACE2KO mice compared with WT mice. The AT1 receptor mRNA level in the hippocampus was higher in ACE2KO mice compared with WT mice. In contrast, the AT2 receptor mRNA level in the hippocampus did not differ between the two strains. Mas receptor mRNA was highly expressed in the hippocampus compared with the cortex. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein levels were lower in the hippocampus in ACE2KO mice compared with WT mice. Taken together, ACE2 deficiency resulted in impaired cognitive function, probably at least in part because of enhanced oxidative stress and a decrease in BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Wang
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jun Iwanami
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Li-Juan Min
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kana Tsukuda
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Nakaoka
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hui-Yu Bai
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Bao-Shuai Shan
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Harumi Kan-No
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kukida
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension and Nephrology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Chisaka
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yamauchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Akinori Higaki
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension and Nephrology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masaki Mogi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Horiuchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
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57
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García-Redondo AB, Aguado A, Briones AM, Salaices M. NADPH oxidases and vascular remodeling in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:110-120. [PMID: 27773825 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key signaling molecules that regulate vascular function and structure in physiological conditions. A misbalance between the production and detoxification of ROS increases oxidative stress that is involved in the vascular remodeling associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension by affecting inflammation, hypertrophy, migration, growth/apoptosis and extracellular matrix protein turnover. The major and more specific source of ROS in the cardiovascular system is the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes composed of seven members (NOX1-5, DUOX 1/2). Vascular cells express several NOXs being NOX-1 and NOX-4 the most abundant NOXs present in vascular smooth muscle cells. This review focuses on specific aspects of NOX-1 and NOX-4 isoforms including information on regulation, function and their role in vascular remodeling. In order to obtain a more integrated view about the role of the different NOX isoforms in different types of vascular remodeling, we discuss the available literature not only on hypertension but also in atherosclerosis, restenosis and aortic dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B García-Redondo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Aguado
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Briones
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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58
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Zhou J, Cao B, Ju W, Liu S, Song J, Liu L. Effects of tongxinluo on angiogenesis in the carotid adventitia of hyperlipidemic rabbits. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3832-40. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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59
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Local arterial wall drug delivery using balloon catheter system. J Control Release 2016; 238:149-156. [PMID: 27473765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Balloon-based drug delivery systems allow localized application of drugs to a vascular segment to reduce neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis. Drugs are coated onto balloons using excipients as drug carriers to facilitate adherence and release of drug during balloon inflation. Drug-coated balloon delivery system is characterized by a rapid drug transfer that achieves high drug concentration along the vessel wall surface, intended to correspond to the balloon dilation-induced vascular injury and healing processes. The balloon catheter system allows homogenous drug delivery to the vessel wall, such that the drug release per unit surface area is kept constant along balloons of different lengths. Optimization of the balloon coating matrix is essential for efficient drug transfer and tissue retention until the artery remodels to a normal set point. Challenges in the development of balloon-based drug delivery to the arterial wall include finding suitable excipients for drug formulation to enable drug release to a targeted lesion site effectively, maintain coating integrity during transit, prolong tissue retention and reduce particulate generation. This review highlights various factors involved in the successful design of balloon-based delivery systems, including drug release kinetics, matrix coating transfer, transmural drug partitioning, dissolution rate and release of unbound active drug.
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60
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Lee JC, Park JH, Kim IH, Cho GS, Ahn JH, Tae HJ, Choi SY, Cho JH, Kim DW, Kwon YG, Kang IJ, Won MH, Kim YM. Neuroprotection of ischemic preconditioning is mediated by thioredoxin 2 in the hippocampal CA1 region following a subsequent transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:276-291. [PMID: 27117068 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning by brief ischemic episode induces tolerance to a subsequent lethal ischemic insult, and it has been suggested that reactive oxygen species are involved in this phenomenon. Thioredoxin 2 (Trx2), a small protein with redox-regulating function, shows cytoprotective roles against oxidative stress. Here, we had focused on the role of Trx2 in ischemic preconditioning (IPC)-mediated neuroprotection against oxidative stress followed by a subsequent lethal transient cerebral ischemia. Animals used in this study were randomly assigned to six groups; sham-operated group, ischemia-operated group, IPC plus (+) sham-operated group, IPC + ischemia-operated group, IPC + auranofin (a TrxR2 inhibitor) + sham-operated group and IPC + auranofin + ischemia-operated group. IPC was subjected to a 2 minutes of sublethal transient ischemia 1 day prior to a 5 minutes of lethal transient ischemia. A significant loss of neurons was found in the stratum pyramidale (SP) of the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) in the ischemia-operated-group 5 days after ischemia-reperfusion; in the IPC + ischemia-operated-group, pyramidal neurons in the SP were well protected. In the IPC + ischemia-operated-group, Trx2 and TrxR2 immunoreactivities in the SP and its protein level in the CA1 were not significantly changed compared with those in the sham-operated-group after ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression, superoxide anion radical ( O2-) production, denatured cytochrome c expression and TUNEL-positive cells in the IPC + ischemia-operated-group were similar to those in the sham-operated-group. Conversely, the treatment of auranofin to the IPC + ischemia-operated-group significantly increased cell damage/death and abolished the IPC-induced effect on Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions. Furthermore, the inhibition of Trx2R nearly cancelled the beneficial effects of IPC on SOD2 expression, O2- production, denatured cytochrome c expression and TUNEL-positive cells. In brief, this study shows that IPC conferred neuroprotection against ischemic injury by maintaining Trx2 and suggests that the maintenance or enhancement of Trx2 expression by IPC may be a legitimate strategy for therapeutic intervention of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Geum-Sil Cho
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ansan, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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61
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Zuccarella-Hackl C, von Känel R, Thomas L, Kuebler P, Schmid JP, Mattle HP, Mono ML, Rieben R, Wiest R, Wirtz PH. Higher macrophage superoxide anion production in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with Type D personality. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 68:186-93. [PMID: 26994482 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type D personality (Type D) is an independent psychosocial risk factor for poor cardiac prognosis and increased mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the involved mechanisms are poorly understood. Macrophages play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis, the process underlying coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated macrophage superoxide anion production in production in CAD patients with and without Type D. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 20 male CAD patients with Type D (M:66.7±9.9years) and 20 age-matched male CAD patients without Type D (M:67.7±8.5years). Type D was measured using the DS14 questionnaire with the two subscales 'negative affectivity' and 'social inhibition'. We assessed macrophage superoxide anion production using the WST-1 assay. All analyses were controlled for potential confounders. CAD patients with Type D showed higher superoxide anion production compared to CAD patients without Type D (F(1,38)=15.57, p<0.001). Complementary analyses using the Type D subscales 'negative affectivity' and 'social inhibition', and their interaction as continuous measures, showed that both Type D subscales (negative affectivity: (ß=0.48, p=0.002, R(2)=0.227); social inhibition: (ß=0.46, p=0.003, R(2)=0.208)) and their interaction (ß=0.36, p=0.022, R(2)=0.130) were associated with higher WST-1 reduction scores. Results remained significant when controlling for classical CVD risk factors (i.e. body mass index, mean arterial blood pressure), atherosclerosis severity (i.e. intima media thickness, presence of carotid plaques), and psychological factors (depressive symptom severity, chronic stress). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate higher macrophage superoxide anion production in CAD patients with Type D compared to those without Type D. This may suggest a mechanism contributing to increased morbidity and mortality in CAD patients with Type D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zuccarella-Hackl
- Biological and Health Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland von Känel
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Clinic Barmelweid, Barmelweid, Switzerland
| | - Livia Thomas
- Biological and Health Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peggy Kuebler
- Biological and Health Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Paul Schmid
- Cardiology Clinic, Tiefenauspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich P Mattle
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Louise Mono
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Rieben
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Petra H Wirtz
- Biological and Health Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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Nrf2/Keap1 system regulates vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis for vascular homeostasis: role in neointimal formation after vascular injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26291. [PMID: 27198574 PMCID: PMC4873803 DOI: 10.1038/srep26291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal increases in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the intimal region after a vascular injury is a key event in developing neointimal hyperplasia. To maintain vascular function, proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs is tightly controlled during vascular remodeling. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) system, a key component of the oxidative stress response that acts in maintaining homeostasis, plays an important role in neointimal hyperplasia after a vascular injury; however, the role of Nrf2/Keap1 in VSMC apoptosis has not been clarified. Here we report that 14 days after arterial injury in mice, TUNEL-positive VSMCs are detected in both the neointimal and medial layers. These layers contain cells expressing high levels of Nrf2 but low Keap1 expression. In VSMCs, Keap1 depletion induces features of apoptosis, such as positive TUNEL staining and annexin V binding. These changes are associated with an increased expression of nuclear Nrf2. Simultaneous Nrf2 depletion inhibits Keap1 depletion-induced apoptosis. At 14 days after the vascular injury, Nrf2-deficient mice demonstrated fewer TUNEL-positive cells and increased neointimal formation in the neointimal and medial areas. The results suggest that the Nrf2/Keap1 system regulates VSMC apoptosis during neointimal formation, thereby inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia after a vascular injury.
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1999, a number of studies have evaluated the role of Nox1 NADPH oxidase in the cardiovascular system. Nox1 is activated in vascular cells in response to several different agonists, with its activity regulated at the transcriptional level as well as by NADPH oxidase complex formation, protein stabilization and post-translational modification. Nox1 has been shown to decrease the bioavailability of nitric oxide, transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor, induce pro-inflammatory signalling, and promote cell migration and proliferation. Enhanced expression and activity of Nox1 under pathologic conditions results in excessive production of reactive oxygen species and dysregulated cellular function. Indeed, studies using genetic models of Nox1 deficiency or overexpression have revealed roles for Nox1 in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases ranging from atherosclerosis to hypertension, restenosis and ischaemia/reperfusion injury. These data suggest that Nox1 is a potential therapeutic target for vascular disease, and drug development efforts are ongoing to identify a specific bioavailable inhibitor of Nox1.
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Alkaloid rich fraction from Nelumbo nucifera targets VSMC proliferation and migration to suppress restenosis in balloon-injured rat carotid artery. Atherosclerosis 2016; 248:179-89. [PMID: 27018542 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Restenosis- an adverse consequence following angioplasty, and atherosclerosis are characterized by abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration leading to neo-intima formation. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of alkaloid rich fraction (ARF) from Nelumbo nucifera and isolated compound neferine on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) induced VSMC proliferation and migration in vitro and neo-intima formation in a rat carotid artery injury model. METHODS PDGF-BB induced VSMC proliferation and migration was assessed using colorimetric assay and modified Boyden chamber method respectively. Gene expression of cell cycle associated molecules was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The signaling molecules such as PDGF-Rβ, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), P38, metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were determined by western blot analysis. Stress fiber formation was evaluated using immunofluorescence microscopy. The rat carotid artery balloon injury model was performed to assess the effect of ARF on neo-intima formation. RESULTS ARF possessed the strongest anti-oxidant activities. The anti-proliferative activity of both ARF and neferine was due to suppression of cyclin D1, cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) gene expression. Moreover, ARF and neferine inhibited PDGF-Rβ, ERK1/2, JNK and P38 activations and NF-κB translocation. Also, ARF and neferine inhibited VSMC migration by inhibiting MMP-9 activity without affecting cytoskeleton remodeling. In a rat carotid artery injury model, ARF inhibited neo-intima formation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ARF targets VSMC proliferation and migration to attenuate neo-intima formation by inhibition of PDGF-Rβ mediated signaling.
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Calabriso N, Massaro M, Scoditti E, D’Amore S, Gnoni A, Pellegrino M, Storelli C, De Caterina R, Palasciano G, Carluccio MA. Extra virgin olive oil rich in polyphenols modulates VEGF-induced angiogenic responses by preventing NADPH oxidase activity and expression. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 28:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sun M, Ji J, Guo X, Liu W, Wang Y, Ma S, Hu W, Wang J, Jiang F. Early adventitial activation characterized by NADPH oxidase expression and neovascularization in an aortic transplantation model. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 100:67-73. [PMID: 26655438 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that arterial adventitia may contribute to pathological vessel remodeling by producing reactive oxygen species and promoting neovascularization. However, these processes have not been studied yet in transplantation-induced vascular pathologies. We characterized the dynamic changes in NADPH oxidase expression and adventitial angiogenic response in a model of allograft aortic transplantation. The thoracic aorta from Fischer 344 rats were transplanted into the abdominal aorta of Lewis rats. Graft specimens were collected on days 0.5, 3, 7, and 14 for morphometry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, and quantitative PCR tests. Following transplantation, adventitial thickening was found as early as day 3, while neointima was observed from day 7. As compared to normal adventitial tissue, the expression levels of NADPH oxidase subunits gp91phox and p47phox in graft adventitia were elevated from day 3 and further increased up to day 14. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that infiltrating macrophages appeared to be a major source of NADPH oxidase expression. Increases in NADPH oxidase expression were also detected in fibroblasts isolated from the graft adventitia. Gene silencing of p47phox significantly suppressed proliferation and migration of the graft fibroblast cells. We also showed that adventitial thickening was accompanied by increased adventitial neovascularization; at day 14, there was a positive correlation between the density of adventitial microvessels and the neointimal thickness. Transplantation injury induces NADPH oxidase expression and neovascularization in the adventitia, raising the possibility that the activated adventitia may represent a target site for prevention of transplantation-induced transplant vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Sun
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
| | - Jian Ji
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
| | - Xiaotong Guo
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
| | - Siqin Ma
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
| | - Jianli Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
| | - Fan Jiang
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
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Chen F, Haigh S, Yu Y, Benson T, Wang Y, Li X, Dou H, Bagi Z, Verin AD, Stepp DW, Csanyi G, Chadli A, Weintraub NL, Smith SME, Fulton DJR. Nox5 stability and superoxide production is regulated by C-terminal binding of Hsp90 and CO-chaperones. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:793-805. [PMID: 26456056 PMCID: PMC4751585 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that orchestrates the folding and stability of proteins that regulate cellular signaling, proliferation and inflammation. We have previously shown that Hsp90 controls the production of reactive oxygen species by modulating the activity of Noxes1-3 and 5, but not Nox4. The goal of the current study was to define the regions on Nox5 that bind Hsp90 and determine how Hsp90 regulates enzyme activity. In isolated enzyme activity assays, we found that Hsp90 inhibitors selectively decrease superoxide, but not hydrogen peroxide, production. The addition of Hsp90 alone only modestly increases Nox5 enzyme activity but in combination with the co-chaperones, Hsp70, HOP, Hsp40, and p23 it robustly stimulated superoxide, but not hydrogen peroxide, production. Proximity ligation assays reveal that Nox5 and Hsp90 interact in intact cells. In cell lysates using a co-IP approach, Hsp90 binds to Nox5 but not Nox4, and the degree of binding can be influenced by calcium-dependent stimuli. Inhibition of Hsp90 induced the degradation of full length, catalytically inactive and a C-terminal fragment (aa398-719) of Nox5. In contrast, inhibition of Hsp90 did not affect the expression levels of N-terminal fragments (aa1-550) suggesting that Hsp90 binding maintains the stability of C-terminal regions. In Co-IP assays, Hsp90 was bound only to the C-terminal region of Nox5. Further refinement using deletion analysis revealed that the region between aa490-550 mediates Hsp90 binding. Converse mapping experiments show that the C-terminal region of Nox5 bound to the M domain of Hsp90 (aa310-529). In addition to Hsp90, Nox5 bound other components of the foldosome including co-chaperones Hsp70, HOP, p23 and Hsp40. Silencing of HOP, Hsp40 and p23 reduced Nox5-dependent superoxide. In contrast, increased expression of Hsp70 decreased Nox5 activity whereas a mutant of Hsp70 failed to do so. Inhibition of Hsp90 results in the loss of higher molecular weight complexes of Nox5 and decreased interaction between monomers. Collectively these results show that the C-terminal region of Nox5 binds to the M domain of Hsp90 and that the binding of Hsp90 and select co-chaperones facilitate oligomerization and the efficient production of superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029 China; Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
| | - Steven Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Yanfang Yu
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Tyler Benson
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Yusi Wang
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Xueyi Li
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Huijuan Dou
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Zsolt Bagi
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Alexander D Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - David W Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Gabor Csanyi
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Ahmed Chadli
- Cancer Research Center, Molecular Chaperones Program, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Susan M E Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw GA 30152, USA
| | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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Craige SM, Kant S, Reif M, Chen K, Pei Y, Angoff R, Sugamura K, Fitzgibbons T, Keaney JF. Endothelial NADPH oxidase 4 protects ApoE-/- mice from atherosclerotic lesions. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:1-7. [PMID: 26169727 PMCID: PMC4783146 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be involved in atherosclerosis development and progression. NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is a constitutively active ROS-producing enzyme that is highly expressed in the vascular endothelium. Nox4 is unique in its biology and has been implicated in vascular repair, however, the role of Nox4 in atherosclerosis is unknown. Therefore, to determine the effect of endothelial Nox4 on development of atherosclerosis, Apoe E-/- mice +/- endothelial Nox4 (ApoE-/- + EC Nox4) were fed a high cholesterol/high fat (Western) diet for 24 weeks. Significantly fewer atherosclerotic lesions were observed in the ApoE-/- + EC Nox4 mice as compared to the ApoE-/- littermates, which was most striking in the abdominal region of the aorta. In addition, markers of T cell populations were markedly different between the groups; T regulatory cell marker (FoxP3) was increased whereas T effector cell marker (T-bet) was decreased in aorta from ApoE-/- + EC Nox4 mice compared to ApoE-/- alone. We also observed decreased monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG; CXCL9), a cytokine known to recruit and activate T cells, in plasma and tissue from ApoE-/- + EC Nox4 mice. To further investigate the link between endothelial Nox4 and MIG expression, we utilized cultured endothelial cells from our EC Nox4 transgenic mice and human cells with adenoviral overexpression of Nox4. In these cultured cells, upregulation of Nox4 attenuated endothelial cell MIG expression in response to interferon-gamma. Together these data suggest that endothelial Nox4 expression reduces MIG production and promotes a T cell distribution that favors repair over inflammation, leading to protection from atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan M Craige
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Shashi Kant
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michaella Reif
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yongmei Pei
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Angoff
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Koichi Sugamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Japan
| | - Timothy Fitzgibbons
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - John F Keaney
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Ghantous CM, Kobeissy FH, Soudani N, Rahman FA, Al-Hariri M, Itani HA, Sabra R, Zeidan A. Mechanical stretch-induced vascular hypertrophy occurs through modulation of leptin synthesis-mediated ROS formation and GATA-4 nuclear translocation. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:240. [PMID: 26557089 PMCID: PMC4615939 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity and hypertension are associated with increased leptin production contributing to cardiovascular remodeling. Mechanisms involving mechanical stretch-induced leptin production and the cross talk between signaling pathways leading to vascular remodeling have not been fully elucidated. Methods and Results: Rat portal vein (RPV) organ culture was used to investigate the effect of mechanical stretch on leptin protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Moreover, the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the RhoA/ROCK pathway, actin cytoskeleton dynamics and the transcriptional factor GATA-4 activation in mechanical stretch-induced vascular remodeling were investigated. Stretching the RPV for 1 or 24 h significantly increased leptin protein level and ROS formation in VSMCs, which was prevented by 1 h pretreatment with the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 and the actin cytoskeleton depolymerization agent cytochalasin D. Moreover, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that mechanical stretch or treatment with 3.1 nmol/L leptin for 24 h significantly increased actin polymerization, as reflected by an increase in the F-actin to G-actin ratio. Increases in blood vessels’ wet weight and [3H]-leucine incorporation following a 24 h treatment with conditioned media from cultured stretched RPVs indicated RPV hypertrophy. This effect was prevented by 1 h pretreatment with anti-leptin antibody, indicating leptin’s crucial role in promoting VSMC hypertrophy. As an index of GATA-4 activation, GATA-4 nuclear translocation was assessed by immunohistochemistry method. Pretreating VSMC with leptin for 1 h significantly activated GATA-4 nuclear translocation, which was potently attenuated by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, Y-27632, and cytochalasin D. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that ROS formation, RhoA/ROCK pathway, and GATA-4 activation play a pivotal role in mechanical stretch-induced leptin synthesis leading to VSMC remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M Ghantous
- Cardiovascular Physiology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas H Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Cardiovascular Physiology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah A Rahman
- Cardiovascular Physiology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mustafa Al-Hariri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hana A Itani
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ramzi Sabra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Cardiovascular Physiology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon
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Yu Y, Cai Z, Cui M, Nie P, Sun Z, Sun S, Chu S, Wang X, Hu L, Yi J, Shen L, He B. The orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 inhibits low shear stress-induced carotid artery remodeling in mice. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1547-55. [PMID: 26498924 PMCID: PMC4678158 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shear stress, particularly low and oscillatory shear stress, plays a critical pathophysiological role in vascular remodeling-related cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence suggests that the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 [also known as TR3 or nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 1 (NR4A1)] is expressed in diseased human vascular tissue and plays an important role in vascular physiology and pathology. In the present study, we used a mouse model of flow-dependent remodeling by partial ligation of the left common carotid artery (LCCA) to define the exact role of Nur77 in vascular remodeling induced by low shear stress. Following vascular remodeling, Nur77 was highly expressed in neointimal vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the ligated carotid arteries. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were elevated in the remodeled arteries in vivo and in primary rat VSMCs in vitro following stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Further in vitro experiments revealed that Nur77 expression was rapidly increased in the VSMCs following stimulation with PDGF and H2O2, whereas treatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, a ROS scavenger) reversed the increase in the protein level of Nur77 induced by H2O2. Moreover, Nur77 overexpression markedly inhibited the proliferation and migration of VSMCs, induced by PDGF. Finally, to determine the in vivo role of Nur77 in low shear stress-induced vascular remodeling, wild-type (WT) and Nur77-deficient mice were subjected to partial ligation of the LCCA. Four weeks following surgery, in the LCCAs of the Nur77-deficient mice, a significant increase in the intima-media area and carotid intima-media thickness was noted, as well as more severe elastin disruption and collagen deposition compared to the WT mice. Immunofluorescence staining revealed an increase in VSMC proliferation [determined by the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)] and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) production in the Nur77-deficient mice. There was no difference in the number of intimal apoptotic cells between the groups. Taken together, our results indicate that Nur77 may be a sensor of oxidative stress and an inhibitor of vascular remodeling induced by low shear stress. Nur77, as well as its downstream cell signals, may thus be a potential therapeutic target for the suppression of vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohua Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Mingli Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Peng Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Shiqun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Shichun Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Liuhua Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yi
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Institutes of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Linghong Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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Sobey CG, Judkins CP, Rivera J, Lewis CV, Diep H, Lee HW, Kemp-Harper BK, Broughton BRS, Selemidis S, Gaspari TA, Samuel CS, Drummond GR. NOX1 deficiency in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice is associated with elevated plasma lipids and enhanced atherosclerosis. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:186-98. [PMID: 25496431 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.992893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). NOX2 activity in the vascular wall is elevated in hypercholesterolemia, and contributes to oxidative stress and atherogenesis. Here we examined the role of another NOX isoform, NOX1, in atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-knockout (APOE(-/-)) mice fed a Western diet for 14 weeks. Although NOX1 mRNA expression was unchanged in aortas from APOE(-/-) versus wild-type mice, expression of the NOX1-specific organizer, NOXO1, was diminished, consistent with an overall reduction in NOX1 activity in APOE(-/-) mice. To examine the impact of a further reduction in NOX1 activity, APOE(-/-) mice were crossed with NOX1(-/y) mice to generate NOX1(-/y)/APOE(-/-) double-knockouts. NOX1 deficiency in APOE(-/-) mice was associated with 30-50% higher plasma very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)/LDL and triglyceride levels (P < 0.01). Vascular ROS levels were also elevated by twofold in NOX1(-/y)/APOE(-/-) versus APOE(-/-) mice (P < 0.05), despite no changes in expression of other NOX subunits. Although en face analysis of the descending aorta revealed no differences in plaque area between NOX1(-/y)/APOE(-/-) and APOE(-/-) mice, intimal thickening in the aortic sinus was increased by 40% (P < 0.05) in the double-knockouts. Moreover, NOX1 deficiency was associated with a less stable plaque phenotype; aortic sinus lesions contained 60% less collagen (P < 0.01), 40% less smooth muscle (P < 0.01), and 2.5-fold higher levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (P < 0.001) than lesions in APOE(-/-) mice. Thus, these data, which suggest a protective role for NOX1 against hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in APOE(-/-) mice, highlight the complex and contrasting roles of different NOX isoforms (e.g., NOX2 versus NOX1) in vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Sobey
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
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Schürmann C, Rezende F, Kruse C, Yasar Y, Löwe O, Fork C, van de Sluis B, Bremer R, Weissmann N, Shah AM, Jo H, Brandes RP, Schröder K. The NADPH oxidase Nox4 has anti-atherosclerotic functions. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:3447-56. [PMID: 26385958 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Oxidative stress is thought to be a risk for cardiovascular disease and NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important producers of reactive oxygen species. Within the Nox family, the NADPH oxidase Nox4 has a unique position as it is constitutively active and produces H2O2 rather than [Formula: see text] . Nox4 is therefore incapable of scavenging NO and its low constitutive H2O2 production might even be beneficial. We hypothesized that Nox4 acts as an endogenous anti-atherosclerotic enzyme. METHODS AND RESULTS Tamoxifen-induced Nox4-knockout mice were crossed with ApoE⁻/⁻ mice and spontaneous atherosclerosis under regular chow as well as accelerated atherosclerosis in response to partial carotid artery ligation under high-fat diet were determined. Deletion of Nox4 resulted in increased atherosclerosis formation in both models. Mechanistically, pro-atherosclerotic and pro-inflammatory changes in gene expression were observed prior to plaque development. Moreover, inhibition of Nox4 or deletion of the enzyme in the endothelium but not in macrophages resulted in increased adhesion of macrophages to the endothelial surface. CONCLUSIONS The H2O2-producing NADPH oxidase Nox4 is an endogenous anti-atherosclerotic enzyme. Nox4 inhibitors, currently under clinical evaluation, should be carefully monitored for cardiovascular side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schürmann
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Flavia Rezende
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Kruse
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yakub Yasar
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Löwe
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Fork
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Bremer
- HBB Datenkommunikation & Abrechnungssysteme, Hannover, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellencecluster Cardiopulmonary System, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ajay M Shah
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, UK
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
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73
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Bai HY, Mogi M, Nakaoka H, Kan-no H, Tsukuda K, Chisaka T, Wang XL, Kukida M, Shan BS, Yamauchi T, Higaki A, Iwanami J, Horiuchi M. Pre-treatment with LCZ696, an orally active angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, prevents ischemic brain damage. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:293-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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74
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Li H, Han Y, Qi R, Wang Y, Zhang X, Yu M, Tang Y, Wang M, Shu YN, Huang W, Liu X, Rodrigues B, Han M, Liu G. Aggravated restenosis and atherogenesis in ApoCIII transgenic mice but lack of protection in ApoCIII knockouts: the effect of authentic triglyceride-rich lipoproteins with and without ApoCIII. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:579-89. [PMID: 26160324 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Previously, our group and others have demonstrated a causative relationship between severe hypertriglyceridaemia and atherogenesis in mice. Furthermore, clinical investigations have shown high levels of plasma Apolipoprotein C-III (ApoCIII) associated with hypertriglyceridaemia and even cardiovascular disease. However, it remains unclear whether ApoCIII affects restenosis in vivo, and whether such an effect is mediated by ApoCIII alone, or in combination with hypertriglyceridaemia. We sought to investigate ApoCIII in restenosis and clarify how smooth muscle cells (SMCs) respond to authentic triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) with or without ApoCIII (TRLs ± ApoCIII). METHODS AND RESULTS ApoCIII transgenic (ApoCIIItg) and knockout (ApoCIII-/-) mice underwent endothelial denudation to model restenosis. Here, ApoCIIItg mice displayed severe hypertriglyceridaemia and increased neointimal formation compared with wild-type (WT) or ApoCIII-/- mice. Furthermore, increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells, Mac-3, and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) expression, and 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) production were found in lesion sites. ApoCIIItg and ApoCIII-/- mice were then crossed to low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice and fed an atherogenic diet. ApoCIIItg/Ldlr-/- mice had significantly increased atherosclerotic lesions. However, there was no statistical difference in restenosis between ApoCIII-/- and WT mice, and in atherosclerosis between ApoCIII/Ldlr double knockout and Ldlr-/- mice. SMCs were then incubated in vitro with authentic TRLs ± ApoCIII isolated from extreme hypertriglyceridaemia glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1-deficient (GPIHBP1-/-) mice crossed with ApoCIIItg or ApoCIII-/- mice. It was shown that TRLs + ApoCIII promoted SMC proliferation, VCAM-1 expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and activated the Akt pathway. Scavenging ROS significantly reduced SMC activation caused by TRLs + ApoCIII. CONCLUSIONS Severe hypertriglyceridaemia resulting from ApoCIII overexpression promotes restenosis and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TRLs + ApoCIII promotes SMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingchun Han
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Rong Qi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Maomao Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yin Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ya-Nan Shu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361, Zhongshan East Rd, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361, Zhongshan East Rd, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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75
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The flavo-oxidase QSOX1 supports vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation: Evidence for a role in neointima growth. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1334-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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76
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Oxidative stress and paraoxonase 1 status in acute ischemic stroke patients. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:192-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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77
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Konradi J, Mollenhauer M, Baldus S, Klinke A. Redox-sensitive mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction in heart failure. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:721-42. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1027200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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78
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Smooth muscle specific overexpression of p22phox potentiates carotid artery wall thickening in response to injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:305686. [PMID: 25945151 PMCID: PMC4402189 DOI: 10.1155/2015/305686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that transgenic mice overexpressing the p22phox subunit of the NADPH oxidase selectively in smooth muscle (Tgp22smc) would exhibit an exacerbated response to transluminal carotid injury compared to wild-type mice. To examine the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a mediator of vascular injury, the injury response was quantified by measuring wall thickness (WT) and cross-sectional wall area (CSWA) of the injured and noninjured arteries in both Tgp22smc and wild-type animals at days 3, 7, and 14 after injury. Akt, p38 MAPK, and Src activation were evaluated at the same time points using Western blotting. WT and CSWA following injury were significantly greater in Tgp22smc mice at both 7 and 14 days after injury while noninjured contralateral carotids were similar between groups. Apocynin treatment attenuated the injury response in both groups and rendered the response similar between Tgp22smc mice and wild-type mice. Following injury, carotid arteries from Tgp22smc mice demonstrated elevated activation of Akt at day 3, while p38 MAPK and Src activation was elevated at day 7 compared to wild-type mice. Both increased activation and temporal regulation of these signaling pathways may contribute to enhanced vascular growth in response to injury in this transgenic model of elevated vascular ROS.
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79
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Androwiki ACD, Camargo LDL, Sartoretto S, Couto GK, Ribeiro IMR, Veríssimo-Filho S, Rossoni LV, Lopes LR. Protein disulfide isomerase expression increases in resistance arteries during hypertension development. Effects on Nox1 NADPH oxidase signaling. Front Chem 2015; 3:24. [PMID: 25870854 PMCID: PMC4375999 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2015.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in vascular function and remodeling in hypertension through redox signaling processes. Previous studies demonstrated that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) regulates Nox1 expression and ROS generation in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the role of PDI in conductance and resistance arteries during hypertension development remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate PDI expression and NADPH oxidase dependent ROS generation during hypertension development. Mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) and thoracic aorta were isolated from 6, 8, and 12 week-old spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar rats. ROS production (dihydroethidium fluorescence), PDI (WB, imunofluorescence), Nox1 and NOX4 (RT-PCR) expression were evaluated. Results show a progressive increase in ROS generation in MRA and aorta from 8 to 12 week-old SHR. This effect was associated with a concomitant increase in PDI and Nox1 expression only in MRA. Therefore, suggesting a positive correlation between PDI and Nox1 expression during the development of hypertension in MRA. In order to investigate if this effect was due to an increase in arterial blood pressure, pre hypertensive SHR were treated with losartan (20 mg/kg/day for 30 days), an AT1 receptor antagonist. Losartan decreased blood pressure and ROS generation in both vascular beds. However, only in SHR MRA losartan treatment lowered PDI and Nox1 expression to control levels. In MRA PDI inhibition (bacitracin, 0.5 mM) decreased Ang II redox signaling (p-ERK 1/2). Altogether, our results suggest that PDI plays a role in triggering oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction in resistance but not in conductance arteries, increasing Nox1 expression and activity. Therefore, PDI could be a new player in oxidative stress and functional alterations in resistance arteries during the establishment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline C D Androwiki
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Lucca Camargo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Sartoretto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele K Couto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Izabela M R Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sidney Veríssimo-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana V Rossoni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia R Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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80
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Mack C. Fibroblasts. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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81
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Li XW, Wang XM, Li S, Yang JR. Effects of chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) on vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Chin Med 2015; 10:4. [PMID: 25722740 PMCID: PMC4341233 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and arterial intima hyperplasia. This study aims to investigate the effects of chrysin on rat pulmonary vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were continuously exposed to 10% O2 for 4 weeks to induce PH. The effect of chrysin (50 or 100 mg/kg/d, subcutaneous) on vascular remodeling was investigated in hypoxia-induced PH model. At the end of the experiments, the indexes for pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricle hypertrophy were measured by vascular medial wall thickness and the ratio of right ventricle to (left ventricle plus septum). The expressions of NOX4, collagen I, and collagen III were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, or western blotting. The proliferation of cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) was determined by BrdU incorporation and flow cytometry. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay and 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate method. RESULTS Chrysin treatment for 4 weeks significantly attenuated pulmonary vascular remodeling and improved collagen accumulation and down-regulated collagen I and collagen III expressions, accompanied by downregulation of NOX4 expression in the pulmonary artery (P = 0.012 for 50 mg/kg/d, P < 0.001 for 100 mg/kg/d) and lung tissue (P = 0.026, P < 0.001). In vitro, chrysin (1, 10, and 100 μM) remarkably attenuated PASMC proliferation (P = 0.021 for 1 μM, P < 0.001 for 10 μM, and P < 0.001 for 100 μM), collagen I expression (P = 0.035, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001), and collagen III expression (P = 0.027, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001) induced by hypoxia, and these inhibitory effects of chrysin were accompanied by inhibition of NOX4 expression (P = 0.019, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001), ROS production (P = 0.038, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001), and MDA generation (P = 0.024, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that chrysin treatment in hypoxia-induced PH in rats reversed the hypoxia-induced (1) elevations of NOX4 expression, (2) productions of ROS and MDA, (3) proliferation of PASMC, and (4) accumulation of collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Anhui, 241002 China
| | - Xiang-Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Anhui, 241002 China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wannan Medical College, Anhui, 241002 China
| | - Jie-Ren Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Anhui, 241002 China
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82
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Sun QA, Runge MS, Madamanchi NR. Oxidative stress, NADPH oxidases, and arteries. Hamostaseologie 2015; 36:77-88. [PMID: 25649240 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-11-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its major complications - myocardial infarction and stroke - remain major causes of death and disability in the United States and world-wide. Indeed, with dramatic increases in obesity and diabetes mellitus, the prevalence and public health impact of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) will likely remain high. Major advances have been made in development of new therapies to reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis and CVD, in particular for treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Oxidative stress is the common mechanistic link for many CVD risk factors. However, only recently have the tools existed to study the interface between oxidative stress and CVD in animal models. The most important source of reactive oxygen species (and hence oxidative stress) in vascular cells are the multiple forms of enzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase). Recently published and emerging studies now clearly establish that: 1) NADPH oxidases are of critical importance in atherosclerosis and hypertension in animal models; 2) given the tissue-specific expression of key components of NADPH oxidase, it may be possible to target vascular oxidative stress for prevention of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marschall S Runge
- Marschall S. Runge, MD PhD, Department of Medicine, 125 MacNider Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7005, USA, E-mail:
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83
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Rodríguez AI, Csányi G, Ranayhossaini DJ, Feck DM, Blose KJ, Assatourian L, Vorp DA, Pagano PJ. MEF2B-Nox1 signaling is critical for stretch-induced phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:430-8. [PMID: 25550204 PMCID: PMC4409426 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blood vessel hemodynamics have profound influences on function and structure of vascular cells. One of the main mechanical forces influencing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is cyclic stretch (CS). Increased CS stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in VSMC, leading to their dedifferentiation, yet the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that pathological CS stimulates NADPH oxidase isoform 1 (Nox1)-derived ROS via MEF2B, leading to VSMC dysfunction via a switch from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using a newly developed isoform-specific Nox1 inhibitor and gene silencing technology, we demonstrate that a novel pathway, including MEF2B-Nox1-ROS, is upregulated under pathological stretch conditions, and this pathway promotes a VSMC phenotypic switch from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. We observed that CS (10% at 1 Hz) mimicking systemic hypertension in humans increased Nox1 mRNA, protein levels, and enzymatic activity in a time-dependent manner, and this upregulation was mediated by MEF2B. Furthermore, we show that stretch-induced Nox1-derived ROS upregulated a specific marker for synthetic phenotype (osteopontin), whereas it downregulated classical markers for contractile phenotype (calponin1 and smoothelin B). In addition, our data demonstrated that stretch-induced Nox1 activation decreases actin fiber density and augments matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity, VSMC migration, and vectorial alignment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CS initiates a signal through MEF2B that potentiates Nox1-mediated ROS production and causes VSMC to switch to a synthetic phenotype. The data also characterize a new Nox1 inhibitor as a potential therapy for treatment of vascular dysfunction in hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- MEF2 Transcription Factors/genetics
- MEF2 Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular/drug effects
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/genetics
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidase 1
- Osteopontin/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Pressoreceptors/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Calponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés I Rodríguez
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - Gábor Csányi
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - Daniel J Ranayhossaini
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - Douglas M Feck
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - Kory J Blose
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - Lillian Assatourian
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - David A Vorp
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R).
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Lee JC, Kim IH, Park JH, Ahn JH, Cho JH, Cho GS, Tae HJ, Chen BH, Yan BC, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Lee CH, Hwang IK, Cho JH, Kwon YG, Kim YM, Won MH. Ischemic preconditioning protects hippocampal pyramidal neurons from transient ischemic injury via the attenuation of oxidative damage through upregulating heme oxygenase-1. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:78-90. [PMID: 25483558 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) provides neuroprotection against subsequent severe ischemic injury by activating specific mechanisms. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that IPC attenuates postischemic neuronal death via heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Animals used in this study were randomly assigned to 4 groups; sham-operated group, ischemia-operated group, IPC plus (+) sham-operated group and IPC+ischemia-operated group. IPC was induced by subjecting gerbils to 2min of ischemia followed by 1 day of recovery. A significant loss of neurons was observed in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) in the ischemia-operated groups at 5 days postischemia. In the IPC+ischemia-operated groups, CA1 pyramidal neurons were well protected. The level of HO-1 protein and its activity increased significantly in the CA1 of the IPC+sham-operated group, and the level and activity was maintained in all the time after ischemia-reperfusion compared with the ischemia-operated groups. HO-1 immunoreactivity was induced in the CA1 pyramidal neurons in both IPC+sham-operated- and IPC+ischemia-operated groups. We also found that levels or immunoreactivities of superoxide anion, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal were significantly decreased in the CA1 of both IPC+sham-operated- and IPC+ischemia-operated groups. Whereas, treatment with zinc protoporphyrin IX (a HO-1 inhibitor) into the IPC+ischemia-operated groups did not preserve the IPC-mediated increase of HO-1 and lost beneficial effects of IPC by inhibiting ischemia-induced DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. In brief, IPC protects CA1 pyramidal neurons from ischemic injury by upregulating HO-1, and we suggest that the enhancement of HO-1 expression by IPC may be a legitimate strategy for a therapeutic intervention of cerebral ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Geum-Sil Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, South Korea
| | - Bai Hui Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, South Korea
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Institute of Integrative Traditional & Western Medicine & Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225-001, China
| | - Ki-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea.
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea.
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85
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Xu F, Liu Y, Shi L, Liu W, Zhang L, Cai H, Qi J, Cui Y, Wang W, Hu Y. NADPH oxidase p47phox siRNA attenuates adventitial fibroblasts proliferation and migration in apoE(-/-) mouse. J Transl Med 2015; 13:38. [PMID: 25628043 PMCID: PMC4312606 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxide species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidases is involved in atherosclerosis. However, as a key component of NADPH oxidase, how p47phox regulates NADPH oxidases activity, ROS production and adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) function remains unclear. METHODS p47phox in aortic arteries of apoE(-/-) mice fed with hyperlipid diet was detected by immunohistochemistry. NADPH oxidase activity, superoxide anion (O2(-)) generation and p47phox expression were analyzed in primary AFs treated by diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). The proliferation and migration of AFs were also analyzed. RESULTS p47phox expression was low in the aortic adventitia but high in the site of intimal injury with continuous hyperlipidic diet. Compared to AFs from wild-type mice, AFs derived from apoE(-/-) mice exhibited elevated NADPH oxidase activity, O2(-) production and higher mRNA and protein levels of p47phox, correlated with increased capability of proliferation and migration. DPI inhibited NADPH oxidase activity and AFs proliferation and migration in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, siRNA mediated knockdown of p47phox attenuated the proliferation and migration of AFs derived from apoE(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION p47phox plays a critical role in the regulation of adventitial fibroblast proliferation and migration and may be a new therapeutic target for neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- />Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, 661 Huangheer Road, Binzhou, 256603 China
| | - Lei Shi
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- />Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, 661 Huangheer Road, Binzhou, 256603 China
| | - Hongjing Cai
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Jie Qi
- />Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, 661 Huangheer Road, Binzhou, 256603 China
| | - Yong Cui
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Weichen Wang
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yejia Hu
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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86
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Gole HKA, Tharp DL, Bowles DK. Upregulation of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCNN4) in porcine coronary smooth muscle requires NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5). PLoS One 2014; 9:e105337. [PMID: 25144362 PMCID: PMC4140784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims NADPH oxidase (NOX) is the primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) and is proposed to play a key role in redox signaling involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Growth factors and cytokines stimulate coronary SMC (CSMC) phenotypic modulation, proliferation, and migration during atherosclerotic plaque development and restenosis. We previously demonstrated that increased expression and activity of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCNN4) is necessary for CSMC phenotypic modulation and progression of stenotic lesions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether NOX is required for KCNN4 upregulation induced by mitogenic growth factors. Methods and Results Dihydroethidium micro-fluorography in porcine CSMCs demonstrated that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) increased superoxide production, which was blocked by the NOX inhibitor apocynin (Apo). Apo also blocked bFGF-induced increases in KCNN4 mRNA levels in both right coronary artery sections and CSMCs. Similarly, immunohistochemistry and whole cell voltage clamp showed bFGF-induced increases in CSMC KCNN4 protein expression and channel activity were abolished by Apo. Treatment with Apo also inhibited bFGF-induced increases in activator protein-1 promoter activity, as measured by luciferase activity assay. qRT-PCR demonstrated porcine coronary smooth muscle expression of NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, and NOX5 isoforms. Knockdown of NOX5 alone prevented both bFGF-induced upregulation of KCNN4 mRNA and CSMC migration. Conclusions Our findings provide novel evidence that NOX5-derived ROS increase functional expression of KCNN4 through activator protein-1, providing another potential link between NOX, CSMC phenotypic modulation, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope K. A. Gole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Darla L. Tharp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Douglas K. Bowles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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87
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Siani A, Tirelli N. Myofibroblast differentiation: main features, biomedical relevance, and the role of reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:768-85. [PMID: 24279926 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Myofibroblasts are prototypical fibrotic cells, which are involved in a number of more or less pathological conditions, from foreign body reactions to scarring, from liver, kidney, or lung fibrosis to neoplastic phenomena. The differentiation of precursor cells (not only of fibroblastic nature) is characterized by a complex interplay between soluble factors (growth factors such as transforming growth factor β1, reactive oxygen species [ROS]) and material properties (matrix stiffness). RECENT ADVANCES The last 15 years have seen very significant advances in the identification of appropriate differentiation markers, in the understanding of the differentiation mechanism, and above all, the involvement of ROS as causative and persistence factors. CRITICAL ISSUES The specific mechanisms of action of ROS remain largely unknown, although evidence suggests that both intracellular and extracellular phenomena play a role. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Approaches based on antioxidant (ROS-scavenging) principles and on the potentiation of nitric oxide signaling hold much promise in view of a pharmacological therapy of fibrotic phenomena. However, how to make the active principles available at the target sites is yet a largely neglected issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Siani
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
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88
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Min LJ, Mogi M, Tsukuda K, Jing F, Ohshima K, Nakaoka H, Kan-No H, Wang XL, Chisaka T, Bai HY, Iwanami J, Horiuchi M. Direct stimulation of angiotensin II type 2 receptor initiated after stroke ameliorates ischemic brain damage. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:1036-44. [PMID: 24572705 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability; however, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of blood pressure-lowering drugs in acute stroke has shown no definite evidence of a beneficial effect on functional outcome. Accumulating evidence suggests that angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade with angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor stimulation could contribute to protection against ischemic brain damage. We examined the possibility that direct AT2 receptor stimulation by compound 21 (C21) initiated even after stroke can prevent ischemic brain damage. METHODS Stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, and the area of cerebral infarction was measured by magnetic resonant imaging. C21 (10 µg/kg/day) treatment was initiated immediately after MCA occlusion by intraperitoneal injection followed by treatment with C21 once daily. RESULTS We observed that ischemic area was enlarged in a time dependent fashion and decreased on day 5 after MCA occlusion. Treatment with C21 initiated after MCA occlusion significantly reduced the ischemic area, with improvement of neurological deficit in a time-dependent manner without affecting blood pressure. The decrease of cerebral blood flow after MCA occlusion was also ameliorated by C21 treatment. Moreover, treatment with C21 significantly attenuated superoxide anion production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and tumor necrosis factor α. Interestingly, C21 administration significantly decreased blood-brain barrier permeability and cerebral edema on the ischemic side. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new evidence that direct AT2 receptor stimulation with C21 is a novel therapeutic approach to prevent ischemic brain damage after acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Min
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masaki Mogi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kana Tsukuda
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Fei Jing
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kousei Ohshima
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Nakaoka
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Harumi Kan-No
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Chisaka
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hui-Yu Bai
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jun Iwanami
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Horiuchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan.
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Song Z, Zhu X, Jin R, Wang C, Yan J, Zheng Q, Nanda A, Granger DN, Li G. Roles of the kinase TAK1 in CD40-mediated effects on vascular oxidative stress and neointima formation after vascular injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101671. [PMID: 25050617 PMCID: PMC4106789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although TAK1 has been implicated in inflammation and oxidative stress, its roles in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and in response to vascular injury have not been investigated. The present study aimed to investigate the role of TAK1 in modulating oxidative stress in VSMCs and its involvement in neointima formation after vascular injury. Double immunostaining reveals that vascular injury induces a robust phosphorylation of TAK1 (Thr187) in the medial VSMCs of injured arteries in wildtype mice, but this effect is blocked in CD40-deficient mice. Upregulation of TAK1 in VSMCs is functionally important, as it is critically involved in pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects on VSMCs and eventual neointima formation. In vivo, pharmacological inhibition of TAK1 with 5Z-7-oxozeaenol blocked the injury-induced phosphorylation of both TAK1 (Thr187) and NF-kB/p65 (Ser536), associated with marked inhibition of superoxide production, 3-nitrotyrosine, and MCP-1 in the injured arteries. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that either siRNA knockdown or 5Z-7-oxozeaenol inhibition of TAK1 significantly attenuated NADPH oxidase activation and superoxide production induced by CD40L/CD40 stimulation. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that blockade of TAK1 disrupted the CD40L-induced complex formation of p22phox with p47phox, p67phox, or Nox4. Blockade of TAK1 also inhibited CD40L-induced NF-kB activation by modulating IKKα/β and NF-kB p65 phosphorylation and this was related to reduced expression of proinflammatory genes (IL-6, MCP-1 and ICAM-1) in VSMCs. Lastly, treatment with 5Z-7-oxozeaenol attenuated neointimal formation in wire-injured femoral arteries. Our findings demonstrate previously uncharacterized roles of TAK1 in vascular oxidative stress and the contribution to neointima formation after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Song
- Vascular Biology and Stroke Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, LSU Health Science Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Vascular Biology and Stroke Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, LSU Health Science Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rong Jin
- Vascular Biology and Stroke Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, LSU Health Science Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Vascular Biology and Stroke Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, LSU Health Science Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jinchuan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qichang Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anil Nanda
- Vascular Biology and Stroke Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, LSU Health Science Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - D. Neil Granger
- Department of Physiology, LSU Health Science Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Guohong Li
- Vascular Biology and Stroke Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, LSU Health Science Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, LSU Health Science Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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90
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van Lith R, Gregory EK, Yang J, Kibbe MR, Ameer GA. Engineering biodegradable polyester elastomers with antioxidant properties to attenuate oxidative stress in tissues. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8113-22. [PMID: 24976244 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the limited biological compatibility of many biomaterials due to inflammation, as well as in various pathologies including atherosclerosis and restenosis as a result of vascular interventions. Engineering antioxidant properties into a material is therefore a potential avenue to improve the biocompatibility of materials, as well as to locally attenuate oxidative stress-related pathologies. Moreover, biodegradable polymers that have antioxidant properties built into their backbone structure have high relative antioxidant content and may provide prolonged, continuous attenuation of oxidative stress while the polymer or its degradation products are present. In this report, we describe the synthesis of poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrate-co-ascorbate) (POCA), a citric-acid based biodegradable elastomer with native, intrinsic antioxidant properties. The in vitro antioxidant activity of POCA as well as its effects on vascular cells in vitro and in vivo were studied. Antioxidant properties investigated included scavenging of free radicals, iron chelation and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. POCA reduced reactive oxygen species generation in cells after an oxidative challenge and protected cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death. Importantly, POCA antioxidant properties remained present upon degradation. Vascular cells cultured on POCA showed high viability, and POCA selectively inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation, while supporting endothelial cell proliferation. Finally, preliminary data on POCA-coated ePTFE grafts showed reduced intimal hyperplasia when compared to standard ePTFE grafts. This biodegradable, intrinsically antioxidant polymer may be useful for tissue engineering application where oxidative stress is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert van Lith
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208, USA
| | - Elaine K Gregory
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA; Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208, USA
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA; Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA
| | - Guillermo A Ameer
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208, USA; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208, USA; Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA.
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91
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in vascular disease. While there are many possible sources of ROS, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases play a central role. They are a source of "kindling radicals," which affect other enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase endothelial nitric oxide synthase or xanthine oxidase. This is important, as risk factors for atherosclerosis (hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking) regulate the expression and activity of NADPH oxidases in the vessel wall. RECENT ADVANCES There are seven isoforms in mammals: Nox1, Nox2, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, Duox1 and Duox2. Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and Nox5 are expressed in endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, or perivascular adipocytes. Other homologues have not been found or are expressed at very low levels; their roles have not been established. Nox1/Nox2 promote the development of endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and inflammation. Nox4 may have a role in protecting the vasculature during stress; however, when its activity is increased, it may be detrimental. Calcium-dependent Nox5 has been implicated in oxidative damage in human atherosclerosis. CRITICAL ISSUES NADPH oxidase-derived ROS play a role in vascular pathology as well as in the maintenance of normal physiological vascular function. We also discuss recently elucidated mechanisms such as the role of NADPH oxidases in vascular protection, vascular inflammation, pulmonary hypertension, tumor angiogenesis, and central nervous system regulation of vascular function and hypertension. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the role of individual oxidases and interactions between homologues in vascular disease is critical for efficient pharmacological regulation of vascular NADPH oxidases in both the laboratory and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konior
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine , Cracow, Poland
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92
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Manea SA, Todirita A, Raicu M, Manea A. C/EBP transcription factors regulate NADPH oxidase in human aortic smooth muscle cells. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1467-77. [PMID: 24797079 PMCID: PMC4124029 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerosis, oxidative stress-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) dysfunction is partially mediated by up-regulated NADPH oxidase (Nox); the mechanisms of enzyme regulation are not entirely defined. CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation, and the expression of many inflammatory and immune genes. We aimed at elucidating the role of C/EBP in the regulation of Nox in SMCs exposed to pro-inflammatory conditions. Human aortic SMCs were treated with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) for up to 24 hrs. Lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, real-time PCR, Western blot, promoter-luciferase reporter analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were employed to investigate Nox regulation. IFN-γ dose-dependently induced Nox activity and expression, nuclear translocation and up-regulation of C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ protein expression levels. Silencing of C/EBPα, C/EBPβ or C/EBPδ reduced significantly but differentially the IFN-γ-induced up-regulation of Nox activity, gene and protein expression. In silico analysis indicated the existence of typical C/EBP sites within Nox1, Nox4 and Nox5 promoters. Transient overexpression of C/EBPα, C/EBPβ or C/EBPδ enhanced the luciferase level directed by the promoters of the Nox subtypes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated the physical interaction of C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ proteins with the Nox1/4/5 promoters. C/EBP transcription factors are important regulators of Nox enzymes in IFN-γ-exposed SMCs. Activation of C/EBP may induce excessive Nox-derived reactive oxygen species formation, further contributing to SMCs dysfunction and atherosclerotic plaque development. Pharmacological targeting of C/EBP-related signalling pathways may be used to counteract the adverse effects of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona-Adriana Manea
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology - Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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Nox4 NADPH oxidase contributes to smooth muscle cell phenotypes associated with unstable atherosclerotic plaques. Redox Biol 2014; 2:642-50. [PMID: 24936437 PMCID: PMC4052526 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plaque instability associated with acute coronary syndromes results in part from apoptosis and senescence of cells within the atherosclerotic (AS) lesion. Increased cellular oxidative stress has been proposed to contribute to plaque progression and changes in composition, leading to plaque instability. Our objective was to examine the role of NADPH oxidase in smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypes associated with an unstable plaque. Aortae were isolated from pre-lesion (8 weeks of age) and post-lesion (35 weeks of age) hypercholesterolemic mice (ApoE(-/-)/LDLR(-/-), AS), and age-matched normal C57BL/6J mice. We observed an age-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aorta from AS mice, with evidence for elevated ROS prior to lesion development. Whereas macrophage infiltration was restricted to the lesion, oxidized lipids extended beyond the plaque and into the vessel wall. Consistent with these findings, we observed dynamic changes in the expression of NADPH oxidases in AS vessels. Specifically, Nox1 expression was increased early and decreased with lesion progression, while induction of Nox4 was a late event. Nox2 and p22(phox) were elevated throughout lesion development. Similar to observations in aortae, SMCs isolated from the lesion of AS aortae had decreased Nox1 and increased Nox4 levels as compared to SMCs from normal mice. AS SMCs demonstrated increased generation of ROS, cell cycle arrest, evidence of senescence, and increased susceptibility to apoptosis. Overexpression of Nox4 in normal SMCs recapitulated the phenotypes of the AS SMCs. We conclude that increased expression of Nox4 in AS may drive SMC phenotypes that lead to the plaque instability and rupture responsible for myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Gray SP, Jandeleit-Dahm K. The pathobiology of diabetic vascular complications--cardiovascular and kidney disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:441-52. [PMID: 24687627 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, it is predicted that more than half of Americans will have diabetes or pre-diabetes by 2020. Diabetic patients develop vascular complications at a much faster rate in comparison to non-diabetic individuals, and cardiovascular risk is increased up to tenfold. With the increasing incidence of diabetes across the world, the development of vascular complications will become an increasing medical burden. Diabetic vascular complications affect the micro- and macro-vasculature leading to kidney disease often requiring dialysis and transplantation or cardiovascular disease increasing the risk for myocardial infarction, stroke and amputations as well as leading to premature mortality. It has been suggested that many complex pathways contribute to the pathobiology of diabetic complications including hyperglycaemia itself, the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and interaction with the receptors for AGEs such as the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), as well as the activation of vasoactive systems such as the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and the endothelin system. More recently, it has been hypothesised that reactive oxygen species derived from NAD(P)H oxidases (Nox) may represent a common downstream mediator of vascular injury in diabetes. Current standard treatment of care includes the optimization of blood glucose and blood pressure usually including inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system. Although these interventions are able to delay progression, they fail to prevent the development of complications. Thus, there is an urgent medical need to identify novel targets in diabetic vascular complications which may include the blockade of Nox-derived ROS formation, as well as blockade of AGE formation and inhibitors of RAGE activation. These strategies may provide superior protection against the deleterious effects of diabetes on the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Gray
- Diabetes Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Research Institute, PO Box 6492, St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 8008, Australia,
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95
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Raaz U, Toh R, Maegdefessel L, Adam M, Nakagami F, Emrich FC, Spin JM, Tsao PS. Hemodynamic regulation of reactive oxygen species: implications for vascular diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:914-28. [PMID: 23879326 PMCID: PMC3924901 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Arterial blood vessels functionally and structurally adapt to altering hemodynamic forces in order to accommodate changing needs and to provide stress homeostasis. This ability is achieved at the cellular level by converting mechanical stimulation into biochemical signals (i.e., mechanotransduction). Physiological mechanical stress helps maintain vascular structure and function, whereas pathologic or aberrant stress may impair cellular mechano-signaling, and initiate or augment cellular processes that drive disease. RECENT ADVANCES Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may represent an intriguing class of mechanically regulated second messengers. Chronically enhanced ROS generation may be induced by adverse mechanical stresses, and is associated with a multitude of vascular diseases. Although a causal relationship has clearly been demonstrated in large numbers of animal studies, an effective ROS-modulating therapy still remains to be established by clinical studies. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review article focuses on the role of various mechanical forces (in the form of laminar shear stress, oscillatory shear stress, or cyclic stretch) as modulators of ROS-driven signaling, and their subsequent effects on vascular biology and homeostasis, as well as on specific diseases such as arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Specifically, it highlights the significance of the various NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms as critical ROS generators in the vasculature. Directed targeting of defined components in the complex network of ROS (mechano-)signaling may represent a key for successful translation of experimental findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Raaz
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
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96
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Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a 5-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitor, alleviates diabetic atherosclerotic manifestations: effect on vascular reactivity and stiffness. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 213:28-36. [PMID: 24508943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major macrovascular complication of diabetes that increases the risks for myocardial infarction, stroke, and other vascular diseases. The effect of a selective 5-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitor; caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on diabetes-induced atherosclerotic manifestations was investigated. Insulin deficiency or resistance was induced by STZ or fructose respectively. Atherosclerosis developed when rats were left for 8 or 12 weeks subsequent STZ or fructose administration respectively. CAPE (30 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) was given in the last 6 weeks. Afterwards, blood pressure (BP) was recorded. Then, isolated aorta reactivity to KCl and phenylephrine (PE) was studied. Blood glucose level, serum levels of insulin, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) as well as advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were determined. Moreover aortic haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression and collagen deposition were also assessed. Insulin deficiency and resistance were accompanied with elevated BP, exaggerated response to KCl and PE, elevated serum TNF-α and AGEs levels. Both models showed marked increase in collagen deposition. However, CAPE alleviated systolic and diastolic BP elevations and the exaggerated vascular contractility to both PE and KCl in both models without affecting AGEs level. CAPE inhibited TNF-α serum level elevation, induced aortic HO-1 expression and reduced collagen deposition. CAPE prevented development of hyperinsulinemia in insulin resistance model without any impact on the developed hyperglycemia in insulin deficiency model. In conclusion, CAPE offsets the atherosclerotic changes associated with diabetes via amelioration of the significant functional and structural derangements in the vessels in addition to its antihyperinsulinemic effect in insulin resistant model.
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97
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Deregulation of pancreas-specific oxidoreductin ERO1β in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1290-9. [PMID: 24469402 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01647-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has underlined the significance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. ER oxidoreductin 1β (ERO1β) is a pancreas-specific disulfide oxidase that is known to be upregulated in response to ER stress and to promote protein folding in pancreatic β cells. It has recently been demonstrated that ERO1β promotes insulin biogenesis in β cells and thus contributes to physiological glucose homeostasis, though it is unknown if ERO1β is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Here we show that in diabetic model mice, ERO1β expression is paradoxically decreased in β cells despite the indications of increased ER stress. However, overexpression of ERO1β in β cells led to the upregulation of unfolded protein response genes and markedly enlarged ER lumens, indicating that ERO1β overexpression caused ER stress in the β cells. Insulin contents were decreased in the β cells that overexpressed ERO1β, leading to impaired insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation. These data indicate the importance of the fine-tuning of the ER redox state, the disturbance of which would compromise the function of β cells in insulin synthesis and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.
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98
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NADPH oxidase 1 and its derived reactive oxygen species mediated tissue injury and repair. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:282854. [PMID: 24669283 PMCID: PMC3942082 DOI: 10.1155/2014/282854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are mostly viewed to cause oxidative damage to various cells and induce organ dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, they are also considered as crucial molecules for cellular signal transduction in biology. NADPH oxidase, whose only function is reactive oxygen species production, has been extensively investigated in many cell types especially phagocytes. The deficiency of NADPH oxidase extends the process of inflammation and delays tissue repair, which causes chronic granulomatous disease in patients. NADPH oxidase 1, one member of the NADPH oxidase family, is not only constitutively expressed in a variety of tissues, but also induced to increase expression in both mRNA and protein levels under many circumstances. NADPH oxidase 1 and its derived reactive oxygen species are suggested to be able to regulate inflammation reaction, cell proliferation and migration, and extracellular matrix synthesis, which contribute to the processes of tissue injury and repair.
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99
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Pereira AC, Olivon VC, Pernomian L, de Oliveira AM. Impairment of α1-adrenoceptor-mediated calcium influx in contralateral carotids following balloon injury: Beneficial effect of superoxide anions. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 723:397-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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100
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Gao P, Xu TT, Lu J, Li L, Xu J, Hao DL, Chen HZ, Liu DP. Overexpression of SIRT1 in vascular smooth muscle cells attenuates angiotensin II-induced vascular remodeling and hypertension in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 92:347-57. [PMID: 24352856 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Angiotensin II (AngII) induces the development of vascular hypertrophy and hypertension. We have shown previously that overexpression of class III deacetylase SIRT1 inhibits AngII-induced hypertrophy in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the direct role of SIRT1 in VSMCs in response to AngII infusion in vivo remains unclear. Here, we found that the expression and activity of SIRT1 in mouse aortas was decreased significantly by AngII infusion. VSMC-specific SIRT1 transgene (SV-Tg) prevented the increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) caused by AngII infusion without affecting heart function in mice. SIRT1 overexpression alleviated vascular remodeling in mouse thoracic and renal aortas induced by AngII infusion, and significantly inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, vascular inflammation, and collagen synthesis in arterial walls. Reduced expression of transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β1) was also observed in the aortas of AngII-infused SV-Tg mice. Moreover, SIRT1 overexpression decreased AngII-increased binding of nuclear factor-κB on its specific binding sites on TGF-β1 promoter. Taken together, these data demonstrate that SIRT1 overexpression in VSMCs reduces SBP and inhibits AngII-induced vascular remodeling in mice. The inhibition of vascular remodeling contributes, at least in part, to the antihypertensive effect of SIRT1. KEY MESSAGE SIRT1 is reduced in aortas of AngII-infused hypertensive mice. SIRT1 VSMC transgene alleviates AngII-increased systolic blood pressure. SIRT1 VSMC transgene attenuates AngII-induced vascular remodeling. VSMC SIRT1 overexpression inhibits remodeling-related pathological changes. VSMC SIRT1 overexpression reduces AngII-induced TGF-β1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
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