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Guo H, Kong S, Chen W, Dai Z, Lin T, Su J, Li S, Xie Q, Su Z, Xu Y, Lai X. Apigenin Mediated Protection of OGD-Evoked Neuron-Like Injury in Differentiated PC12 Cells. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2197-210. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Tu Q, Cao H, Zhong W, Ding B, Tang X. Atorvastatin protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:268-75. [PMID: 25206811 PMCID: PMC4146150 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.128220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its lipid-lowering effect, atorvastatin exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects as well. In this study, we hypothesized that atorvastatin could protect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The middle cerebral artery ischemia/reperfusion model was established, and atorvastatin, 6.5 mg/kg, was administered by gavage. We found that, after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, levels of the inflammation-related factors E-selectin and myeloperoxidase were upregulated, the oxidative stress-related marker malondialdehyde was increased, and superoxide dismutase activity was decreased in the ischemic cerebral cortex. Atorvastatin pretreatment significantly inhibited these changes. Our findings indicate that atorvastatin protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Tu
- Department of Geriatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Binrong Ding
- Department of Geriatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiangqi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Sim J, Gray R, Nevatte T, Howman A, Ives N, Roffe C. Statistical analysis plan for the Stroke Oxygen Study (SO₂S): a multi-center randomized controlled trial to assess whether routine oxygen supplementation in the first 72 hours after a stroke improves long-term outcome. Trials 2014; 15:229. [PMID: 24939648 PMCID: PMC4067072 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Stroke Oxygen Study (SO₂S) is a multi-center randomized controlled trial of oxygen supplementation in patients with acute stroke. The main hypothesis for the trial is that fixed-dose oxygen treatment during the first 3 days after an acute stroke improves outcome. The secondary hypothesis is that restricting oxygen supplementation to night time only is more effective than continuous supplementation. This paper describes the statistical analysis plan for the study. METHODS AND DESIGN Patients (n = 8000) are randomized to three groups: (1) continuous oxygen supplementation for 72 hours; (2) nocturnal oxygen supplementation for three nights; and (3) no routine oxygen supplementation. Outcomes are recorded at 7 days, 90 days, 6 months, and 12 months. The primary outcome measure is the modified Rankin scale at 90 days. Data will be analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Methods of statistical analysis are described, including the handling of missing data, the covariates used in adjusted analyses, planned subgroups analyses, and planned sensitivity analyses. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered with the ISRCTN register, number ISRCTN52416964 (30 September 2005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Sim
- Health Services Research Unit, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Richard Gray
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Tracy Nevatte
- Stroke Research, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Andrew Howman
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, Robert Aitken Institute, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Natalie Ives
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, Robert Aitken Institute, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christine Roffe
- Health Services Research Unit, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
- Stroke Research, North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare NHS Trust, Holly Lodge, 62 Queens Road, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7LH, UK
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SEMENAS E, SHARMA HS, WIKLUND L. Adrenaline increases blood-brain-barrier permeability after haemorrhagic cardiac arrest in immature pigs. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014; 58:620-9. [PMID: 24580085 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenaline (ADR) and vasopressin (VAS) are used as vasopressors during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Data regarding their effects on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and neuronal damage are lacking. We hypothesised that VAS given during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after haemorrhagic circulatory arrest will preserve BBB integrity better than ADR. METHODS Twenty-one anaesthetised sexually immature male piglets (with a weight of 24.3 ± 1.3 kg) were bled 35% via femoral artery to a mean arterial blood pressure of 25 mmHg in the period of 15 min. Afterwards, the piglets were subjected to 8 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation followed by 15 min of open-chest CPR. At 9 min of circulatory arrest, piglets received amiodarone 1.0 mg/kg and hypertonic-hyperoncotic solution 4 ml/kg infusions for 20 min. At the same time, VAS 0.4 U/kg was given intravenously to the VAS group (n = 9) while the ADR group received ADR 20 μg/kg (n = 12). Internal defibrillation was attempted from 11 min of cardiac arrest to achieve restoration of spontaneous circulation. The experiment was terminated 3 h after resuscitation. RESULTS The intracranial pressure (ICP) in the post-resuscitation phase was significantly greater in ADR group than in VAS group. VAS group piglets exhibited a significantly smaller BBB disruption compared with ADR group. Cerebral pressure reactivity index showed that cerebral blood flow autoregulation was also better preserved in VAS group. CONCLUSIONS Resuscitation with ADR as compared with VAS after haemorrhagic circulatory arrest increased the ICP and impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation more profoundly, as well as exerted an increased BBB disruption though no significant difference in neuronal injury was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. SEMENAS
- Department of Surgical Sciences/Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care; Faculty of Medicine; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - H. S. SHARMA
- Department of Surgical Sciences/Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care; Faculty of Medicine; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - L. WIKLUND
- Department of Surgical Sciences/Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care; Faculty of Medicine; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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Roffe C, Nevatte T, Crome P, Gray R, Sim J, Pountain S, Handy L, Handy P. The Stroke Oxygen Study (SO2S) - a multi-center, study to assess whether routine oxygen treatment in the first 72 hours after a stroke improves long-term outcome: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:99. [PMID: 24684940 PMCID: PMC3977676 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild hypoxia is common in stroke patients and may have significant adverse effects on the ischemic brain after stroke. The use of oxygen treatment is rapidly increasing in European stroke units but is not without side effects. It impedes early mobilization, could pose an infection risk, and may encourage the formation of toxic free radicals, leading to further damage to the ischemic brain. In the Stroke Oxygen Pilot Study (2 or 3 L/min for 72 hours) neurological recovery at one week was better in the oxygen group than in controls, and after correction for difference in baseline stroke severity and prognostic factors, there was a trend to better outcome with oxygen at six months. Oxygen was as effective in mild as in severe strokes.Oxygen saturation is lower at night than during the day, and episodes of oxygen desaturation are common during sleep. Nocturnal oxygen supplementation is likely to reduce the burden of hypoxia without interfering with daytime mobilization and rehabilitation.Before wider use of oxygen supplementation becomes established it is important to obtain better evidence on which patients benefit from such treatment. METHODS Participants will be randomized to one of three groups: the first will receive continuous oxygen for 72 hours (at a rate of 2 or 3 L/min depending on baseline oxygen saturation), the second group will receive nocturnal oxygen only (at a rate of 2 or 3 L/min depending on baseline oxygen saturation) and the third group will not receive any oxygen (control). A baseline assessment is performed at randomization and a one-week follow-up completed. Outcome data at three, six and twelve months will be obtained via a questionnaire sent to the patient by the trial center. DISCUSSION This study will provide evidence on the effectiveness of oxygen supplementation for the treatment of stroke and whether nocturnal oxygen is a potentially beneficial therapy regimen. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered with the ISRCTN register ID number ISRCTN52416964.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Roffe
- Stroke Research, North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare NHS Trust, Holly Lodge, 62 Queens Road, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7LH, UK
| | - Tracy Nevatte
- Stroke Research, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Peter Crome
- Primary Care and Population Health, University College London Medical School (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Richard Gray
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Julius Sim
- Health Services Research Unit, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Sarah Pountain
- Stroke Research, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Linda Handy
- Strokes R Us, High Lane, Stoke on Trent ST6 7DZ, UK
| | - Peter Handy
- Strokes R Us, High Lane, Stoke on Trent ST6 7DZ, UK
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Lin Y, Yu P, Hao J, Wang Y, Ohsaka T, Mao L. Continuous and Simultaneous Electrochemical Measurements of Glucose, Lactate, and Ascorbate in Rat Brain Following Brain Ischemia. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3895-901. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4042087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lin
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Takeo Ohsaka
- Department
of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School
of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Zhang H, Guo S, Zhang L, Jia L, Zhang Z, Duan H, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhang W. Treatment with carnosine reduces hypoxia-ischemia brain damage in a neonatal rat model. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 727:174-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wu S, Sena E, Egan K, Macleod M, Mead G. Edaravone Improves Functional and Structural Outcomes in Animal Models of Focal Cerebral Ischemia: A Systematic Review. Int J Stroke 2013; 9:101-6. [PMID: 24148907 DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Edaravone has been used in patients with acute ischemic stroke in Japan for over 10 years but does not have marketing authorization in Europe or America. Either patients in Europe and America are not receiving an effective treatment, or those in Asia are being given a treatment which is not effective. Finding out which of these is true will require further clinical trials, and a better understanding of its efficacy in animal models may help inform the design of those trials so that it might be tested under conditions where there is the greatest prospect of success. We systematically reviewed the efficacy of edaravone in animal models of focal ischemia and summarized data using weighted mean difference DerSimonian and Laird random-effects modeling. We used stratified meta-analysis and metaregression to assess the influence of study design and methodological quality. We identified 49 experiments describing outcome in 814 animals; 30 experiments (519 animals) reported functional and 35 experiments (503 animals) reported structural outcome. Edaravone improved functional and structural outcome by 30.3% (95% confidence interval 23.4–37.2%) and 25.5% (95% confidence interval, 21.1–29.9%), respectively. For functional outcome, there was an inverse relationship between study quality and effect size ( P < 0.0017). Effect sizes were larger in studies where randomization or blinded assessment was not reported. There was no evidence of publication bias. Edaravone is a promising treatment for stroke. However, because of the methodological weakness in current animal studies, no sufficient preclinical evidence is available to optimize the study design of clinical trials. Higher quality animal studies are expected to inform further clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Wu
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Department of Neurology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Emily Sena
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, 245 Burgundy St., Heidelberg Vic 3084, Australia
| | - Kieren Egan
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Malcolm Macleod
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gillian Mead
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
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Xanthine oxidase does not contribute to apoptosis after brain hypoxia-ischemia in immature rabbits. ISRN NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 2013:253093. [PMID: 24967305 PMCID: PMC4045541 DOI: 10.1155/2013/253093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background. The mechanisms involving the initiation of apoptosis after brain hypoxia-ischemia through caspase activation are not fully defined. Oxygen free radicals may be an important mediator of caspase initiation with reactive oxygen species generated by xanthine oxidase (XO) being one potential source. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of XO in apoptosis after global cerebral injury. Methods. Immature rabbits were subjected to 8 minutes hypoxia and 8 minutes ischemia and then 4 hours of reperfusion. In one group (n = 5), the XO substrate xanthine was infused to generate more oxygen free radicals to promote apoptosis while in another (n = 5), the XO inhibitor allopurinol was given to reduce apoptosis by preventing free radical production (n = 5). Control animals (n = 4) received the vehicles. Caspase 3, 8, and 9 enzyme activities were measured in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamus, and caudate. Results. Administration of xanthine increased (P < 0.05) caspase 3 activity but only in the hippocampus, and pretreatment with allopurinol did not reduce it. No differences (P > 0.05) were found in any other region nor were there any changes in caspases 8 or 9 activities. Conclusion. We conclude that XO is not a major factor in inducing apoptosis after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Gao X, Yu P, Wang Y, Ohsaka T, Ye J, Mao L. Microfluidic Chip-Based Online Electrochemical Detecting System for Continuous and Simultaneous Monitoring of Ascorbate and Mg2+ in Rat Brain. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7599-605. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401727d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190,
China
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190,
China
| | - Takeo Ohsaka
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama
226-8502, Japan
| | - Jianshan Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190,
China
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Jotic A, Covickovic Sternic N, Kostic VS, Lalic K, Milicic T, Mijajlovic M, Lukic L, Civcic M, Colak E, Macesic M, Seferovic JP, Aleksic S, Lalic NM. Type 2 diabetic patients with ischemic stroke: decreased insulin sensitivity and decreases in antioxidant enzyme activity are related to different stroke subtypes. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:401609. [PMID: 23843789 PMCID: PMC3697295 DOI: 10.1155/2013/401609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed (a) insulin sensitivity (IS) and (b) glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant enzyme activity in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients with atherothrombotic infarction (ATI) (group A), lacunar infarction (LI) (B), or without stroke (C) and in nondiabetics with ATI (D), LI (E), or without stroke (F). ATI and LI were confirmed by brain imaging IS levels were determined by minimal model (Si index), and the enzyme activity by spectrophotometry. In T2D patients, Si was lower in A and B versus C (1.14 ± 0.58, 1.00 ± 0.26 versus 3.14 ± 0.62 min(-1)/mU/l × 10(4), P < 0.001) and in nondiabetics in D and E versus F (3.38 ± 0.77, 3.03 ± 0.72 versus 6.03 ± 1.69 min(-1)/mU/l × 10(4), P < 0.001). Also, GSH-Px and GR activities were lower in A and B versus C (GSH-Px: 21.96 ± 3.56, 22.51 ± 1.23 versus 25.12 ± 1.67; GR: 44.37 ± 3.58, 43.50 ± 2.39 versus 48.58 ± 3.67 U/gHb; P < 0.001) and in D and E versus F (GSH-Px: 24.75 ± 3.02, 25.57 ± 1.92 versus 28.56 ± 3.91; GR: 48.27 ± 6.81, 49.17 ± 6.24 versus 53.67 ± 3.96 U/gHb; P < 0.001). Decreases in Si and GR were significantly related to both ATI and LI in T2D. Our results showed that decreased IS and impaired antioxidant enzymes activity influence ischemic stroke subtypes in T2D. The influence of insulin resistance might be exerted on the level of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jotic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Covickovic Sternic
- Clinic for Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir S. Kostic
- Clinic for Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Lalic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Milicic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milija Mijajlovic
- Clinic for Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Lukic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Civcic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emina Colak
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Macesic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena P. Seferovic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Aleksic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa M. Lalic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Sivakumar V, Foulds WS, Luu CD, Ling EA, Kaur C. Hypoxia-induced retinal ganglion cell damage through activation of AMPA receptors and the neuroprotective effects of DNQX. Exp Eye Res 2013; 109:83-97. [PMID: 23375774 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced glutamate accumulation in neural tissues results in damage to neurons through excitotoxic mechanisms via activation of glutamate receptors (GluRs). Here we examine whether hypoxia in the developing retina would cause activation of the ionotropic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propioate (AMPA) GluRs and increase in Ca(2+) influx into retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that might ultimately lead to their death. Neonatal Wistar rats were subjected to hypoxia for 2h and then sacrificed at various time points after the exposure together with normal age matched control rats. Primary cultures of RGCs were also prepared and subjected to hypoxia. Expression of AMPA glutamate receptor (GluR) 1-4 was examined in the retina. Additionally, expression of GluRs, intracellular Ca(2+) influx, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell death were investigated in cultured RGCs. GluR1-4 mRNA and protein expression showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) over control values after the hypoxic exposure both in vivo and in vitro. Cells expressing GluR1-4 in the retina were identified as RGCs by double immunofluorescence labeling with Thy1.1. Increased intracellular Ca(2+) in cultured RGCs following hypoxic exposure was reduced (P < 0.01) by 10 μM AMPA antagonist 6, 7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX). Our results suggest that following a hypoxic insult, an increased amount of glutamate accumulates in the neonatal retina. This would then activate AMPA receptors which may damage RGCs through increased Ca(2+) accumulation and ROS generation. The involvement of AMPA receptors in damaging the RGCs is evidenced by suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) influx by DNQX which also decreased ROS generation and cell death by 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sivakumar
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Oprea E, Berteanu M, Cintezã D, Manolescu BN. The effect of the ALAnerv nutritional supplement on some oxidative stress markers in postacute stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:613-20. [PMID: 23724877 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a pathologic condition associated with redox imbalance. This pilot study was designed to evaluate the effect of the consumption of the nutritional supplement ALAnerv on some oxidative stress markers in postacute stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. To achieve this goal, we assigned 28 patients to 2 study groups: (-)ALA and (+)ALA. Patients in both groups participated in the same rehabilitation program and received comparable standard medications; however, patients in the (+)ALA group received ALAnerv for 2 weeks (2 pills per day). We assessed total and nonproteic thiols, protein carbonyls, ceruloplasmin, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, lipid hydroperoxide concentrations, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity, and total antioxidant capacity. Regression analysis indicated that supplementation with ALAnerv was responsible for the significant decrease in glucose (p = 0.002) and oxidized LDL particles (p < 0.001) during the study period. For both parameters, the variation in the percent of concentration between the 2 groups during the study period reached statistical significance (p = 0.012 and p < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, Barthel Index values at discharge were significantly influenced by ALAnerv treatment. These preliminary results indicate that ALAnerv might be helpful because it rapidly corrects plasma fasting glucose and corrects serum oxidized LDL particle concentrations, suggesting the need for longer treatment with 2 pills or more per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Oprea
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 030018, Bucharest, Romania
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Nagel S, Hadley G, Pfleger K, Grond-Ginsbach C, Buchan AM, Wagner S, Papadakis M. Suppression of the inflammatory response by diphenyleneiodonium after transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2012; 123 Suppl 2:98-107. [PMID: 23050647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, reduces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and confers neuroprotection to focal cerebral ischemia. Our objective was to investigate whether the neuroprotective action of DPI extends to averting the immune response. DPI-induced gene changes were analyzed by microarray analysis from rat brains subjected to 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion, treated with NaCl (ischemia), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), or DMSO and DPI (DPI), and reperfused for 48 h. The genomic expression profile was compared between groups using ingenuity pathway analysis at the pathway and network level. DPI selectively up-regulated 23 genes and down-regulated 75 genes more than twofold compared with both DMSO and ischemia. It significantly suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase signaling and increased the expression of methionine adenosyltransferasesynthetase 2A and adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 genes, which are involved in increasing the production of the antioxidant glutathione. The most significantly affected gene network comprised genes implicated in the inflammatory response with an expression change indicating an overall suppression. Both integrin- and interleukin-17A-signaling pathways were also significantly associated and suppressed. In conclusion, the neuroprotective effects of DPI are mediated not only by suppressing ischemia-triggered oxidative stress but also by limiting leukocyte migration and infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nagel
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Takamiya M, Miyamoto Y, Yamashita T, Deguchi K, Ohta Y, Abe K. Strong neuroprotection with a novel platinum nanoparticle against ischemic stroke- and tissue plasminogen activator-related brain damages in mice. Neuroscience 2012; 221:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Modulation of RAGE isoforms expression in the brain and plasma of rats exposed to transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1508-16. [PMID: 22528836 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) and of its subtypes may play a role in neuronal damage and neuroinflammation associated with brain ischemia, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we have examined by Western blotting the expression of RAGE isoforms in the cerebral cortex and striatum of Wistar rats subjected to transient (1 or 2 h) middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). The findings show that the full-length RAGE (~50 kDa) and its isoforms in the 26-43 kDa range are significantly decreased in the ischemic cortex, but not in the striatum, after 1 and 2 h tMCAo when compared to the sham group. By contrast, in the striatum, ischemia-reperfusion injury caused a significant increase of full-length RAGE and its isoforms in the 72-100 kDa range. We also investigated the soluble form of RAGE, which was significantly decreased in the plasma of rats subjected to transient or permanent MCAo. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that regional brain expression of RAGE is differentially affected by tMCAo in rat. These modifications are accompanied by a decrease in the plasma levels of soluble RAGE, thereby suggesting a potential role for soluble RAGE as a peripheral biomarker of focal ischemia.
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Schülke S, Dreidax D, Malik A, Burmester T, Nevo E, Band M, Avivi A, Hankeln T. Living with stress: regulation of antioxidant defense genes in the subterranean, hypoxia-tolerant mole rat, Spalax. Gene 2012; 500:199-206. [PMID: 22441129 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lack of oxygen is life threatening for most mammals. It is therefore of biomedical interest to investigate the adaptive mechanisms which enable mammalian species to tolerate extremely hypoxic conditions. The subterranean mole rat Spalax survives substantially longer periods of hypoxia than the laboratory rat. We hypothesized that genes of the antioxidant defense, detoxifying harmful reactive oxygen species generated during hypoxia and hyperoxia, are involved in Spalax underground adaptation. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we analyzed the mRNA expression levels of seven antioxidant defense genes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1, glutathione-S-transferase Pi1, heme oxygenase 1, superoxide dismutase 1 and 2) and a master regulator of this stress pathway, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) in several tissues of two Israeli Spalax species, S. galili (2n=52) and S. judaei (2n=60), and rat. We also studied the differential expression of these genes after experimental hypoxia and hyperoxia as oxidative stress treatments. We found that mRNA levels and transcriptional responses are species and tissue specific. There are constitutively higher transcript levels of antioxidant genes and their transcription factor Nrf2 in Spalax tissue as compared to rat, suggesting an increased ability in the mole rat to withstand hypoxic/hyperoxic insults. In contrast to Spalax, the rat reacts to experimental oxidative stress by changes in gene regulation. In addition, Spalax Nrf2 reveals unique amino acid changes, which may be functionally important for this transcription factor and indicate positive (Darwinian) selection. Antioxidant defense genes are therefore important targets for adaptive change during evolution of hypoxia tolerance in Spalax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schülke
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Bhuiyan MIH, Kim JY, Ha TJ, Kim SY, Cho KO. Anthocyanins extracted from black soybean seed coat protect primary cortical neurons against in vitro ischemia. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:999-1008. [PMID: 22791144 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b110628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of anthocyanins extracted from black soybean (cv. Cheongja 3, Glycine max (L.) MERR.) seed coat against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and glutamate-induced cell death in rat primary cortical neurons. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assays were employed to assess cell membrane damage and viability of primary neurons, respectively. OGD-induced cell death in 7 d in vitro primary cortical neurons was found to be OGD duration-dependent, and approximately 3.5 h of OGD resulted in ≈60% cell death. Treatment with black soybean anthocyanins dose-dependently prevented membrane damage and increased the viability of primary neurons that were exposed to OGD. Glutamate-induced neuronal cell death was dependent on the glutamate concentration at relatively low concentrations and the number of days the cells remained in culture. Interestingly, black soybean anthocyanins did not protect against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death. They did, however, inhibit the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preserve mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in primary neurons exposed to OGD. In agreement with the neuroprotective effect of crude black soybean anthocyanins, purified cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), the major component of anthocyanins, also offered dose-dependent neuroprotection against OGD-induced neuronal cell death. Moreover, black soybean C3G markedly prevented excessive generation of ROS and preserved MMP in primary neurons that were exposed to OGD. Collectively, these results suggest that the neuroprotection of primary rat cortical neurons by anthocyanins that were extracted from black soybean seed coat might be mediated through oxidative stress inhibition and MMP preservation but not through glutamate-induced excitotoxicity attenuation.
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Bhuiyan MIH, Kim HB, Kim SY, Cho KO. The Neuroprotective Potential of Cyanidin-3-glucoside Fraction Extracted from Mulberry Following Oxygen-glucose Deprivation. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 15:353-61. [PMID: 22359473 PMCID: PMC3282223 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2011.15.6.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) fraction extracted from the mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) was investigated for its neuroprotective effects against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and glutamate-induced cell death in rat primary cortical neurons. Cell membrane damage and mitochondrial function were assessed by LDH release and MTT reduction assays, respectively. A time-course study of OGD-induced cell death of primary cortical neurons at 7 days in vitro (DIV) indicated that neuronal death was OGD duration-dependent. It was also demonstrated that OGD for 3.5 h resulted in approximately 50% cell death, as determined by the LDH release assay. Treatments with mulberry C3G fraction prevented membrane damage and preserved the mitochondrial function of the primary cortical neurons exposed to OGD for 3.5 h in a concentration-dependent manner. Glutamate-induced cell death was more pronounced in DIV-9 and DIV-11 cells than that in DIV-7 neurons, and an application of 50µM glutamate was shown to induce approximately 40% cell death in DIV-9 neurons. Interestingly, treatment with mulberry C3G fraction did not provide a protective effect against glutamate-induced cell death in primary cortical neurons. On the other hand, treatment with mulberry C3G fraction maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in primary cortical neurons exposed to OGD as assessed by the intensity of rhodamine-123 fluorescence. These results therefore suggest that the neuroprotective effects of mulberry C3G fraction are mediated by the maintenance of the MMP and mitochondrial function but not by attenuating glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rat primary cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Iqbal Hossain Bhuiyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Hyun-Bok Kim
- Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Seong Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ok Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Zhang Z, Li X, Wang C, Zhang C, Liu P, Fang T, Xiong Y, Xu W. A novel dinuclear Schiff-base copper(II) complex modified electrode for ascorbic acid catalytic oxidation and determination. Dalton Trans 2011; 41:1252-8. [PMID: 22124199 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11370d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new dinuclear copper salicylaldehyde-glycine Schiff-base complex [Cu(2)(Sal-Gly)(2)(H(2)O)(2)] was synthesized and structurally characterized. [Cu(2)(Sal-Gly)(2)(H(2)O)(2)] crystallized in the monoclinic system in the P2(1)/c space group. The molecule is a dinuclear complex, formed by two [Cu(Sal-Gly)(H(2)O)] units. The electropolymerization properties of the copper complex on a glass carbon electrode were studied at different potential ranges. The electropolymerization occurred when the high scan potential reached 1.4 V. The modified electrode exhibited good electrocatalytic oxidation properties to ascorbic acid and showed a sensitivity of 22.9 nA μM(-1) (r(2) = 0.9998) and detection limit of 0.39 μM (S/N = 3) in the amperometric determination of ascorbic acid. The designed determination method can be used to analyze vitamin C tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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Effects of Early Correction of Energy and Free Radical Homeostasis on the Clinical and Morphological Picture of Cerebral Infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-011-9496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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72
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Roffe C, Ali K, Warusevitane A, Sills S, Pountain S, Allen M, Hodsoll J, Lally F, Jones P, Crome P. The SOS pilot study: a RCT of routine oxygen supplementation early after acute stroke--effect on recovery of neurological function at one week. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19113. [PMID: 21625533 PMCID: PMC3098237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mild hypoxia is common after stroke and associated with poor long-term outcome. Oxygen supplementation could prevent hypoxia and improve recovery. A previous study of routine oxygen supplementation showed no significant benefit at 7 and 12 months. This pilot study reports the effects of routine oxygen supplementation for 72 hours on oxygen saturation and neurological outcomes at 1 week after a stroke. METHODS Patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke were recruited within 24 h of hospital admission between October 2004 and April 2008. Participants were randomized to oxygen via nasal cannulae (72 h) or control (room air, oxygen given only if clinically indicated). Clinical outcomes were assessed by research team members at 1 week. Baseline data for oxygen (n = 148) and control (n = 141) did not differ between groups. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score for the groups at baseline was 6 (7) and 5 (7) respectively. The median Nocturnal Oxygen Saturation during treatment was 1.4% (0.3) higher in the oxygen than in the control group (p<0.001) during the intervention. At 1 week, the median NIHSS score had reduced by 2 (3) in the oxygen and by 1 (2) in the control group. 31% of participants in the oxygen group and 14% in the control group had an improvement of ≥4 NIHSS points at 1 week doubling the odds of improvement in the oxygen group (OR: 2.9). CONCLUSION Our data show that routine oxygen supplementation started within 24 hours of hospital admission with acute stroke led to a small, but statistically significant, improvement in neurological recovery at 1 week. However, the difference in NIHSS improvement may be due to baseline imbalance in stroke severity between the two groups and needs to be confirmed in a larger study and linked to longer-term clinical outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN12362720; European Clinical Trials Database 2004-001866-41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Roffe
- Stoke Stroke Research Group, North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare Trust, Stoke-On-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
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Manolescu BN, Berteanu M, Oprea E, Chiriac N, Dumitru L, Vlădoiu S, Popa O, Ianăş O. Dynamic of oxidative and nitrosative stress markers during the convalescent period of stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. Ann Clin Biochem 2011; 48:338-43. [DOI: 10.1258/acb.2011.010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Stroke patients have a redox imbalance, a consequence of both the cerebrovascular event and the associated pathological conditions. Our study was aimed to investigate the dynamic of some oxidative and nitrosative markers during the convalescent phase of postacute stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. Methods We assessed thiol, advanced oxidation protein product, protein carbonyl, 3-nitro-l-tyrosine, ceruloplasmin and oxidized LDL concentrations, as well as gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activity in 20 patients at the beginning of the hospitalization and at the discharge moment, respectively, and 24 apparently healthy controls. Results We found significantly increased values for GGT ( P = 0.04), ceruloplasmin ( P = 0.01) and protein carbonyl ( P = 0.04) in stroke patients at the hospitalization moment when compared with healthy controls, while total thiols were significantly decreased ( P = 0.002). Rehabilitation was associated with a significant decrease of protein carbonyl ( P = 0.03) and oxidized LDL particle concentrations ( P = 0.03), as well as GGT activity ( P = 0.02). At the hospitalization moment, both GGT and ceruloplasmin were significantly negatively correlated with non-proteic thiols ( r = −0.44, P = 0.049, and r = −0.53, P = 0.015, respectively) and significantly positively with protein carbonyls ( r = +0.80, P < 0.001, and r = +0.69, P < 0.001, respectively) suggesting putative roles of GGT and ceruloplasmin in the redox imbalance. Conclusions These results highlight the existence of a redox imbalance in postacute stroke patients, and the possible benefits of an antioxidant-based therapy for the recovery of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Berteanu
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Carol Davila’, 020022 Bucharest
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universitary Emergency Hospital Elias, 011461 Bucharest
| | - E Oprea
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest
| | - N Chiriac
- Department of Research and Evaluation in Health Services, National School of Public Health, Management and Continuous Medical Education, 021253 Bucharest
| | - L Dumitru
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Carol Davila’, 020022 Bucharest
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universitary Emergency Hospital Elias, 011461 Bucharest
| | - S Vlădoiu
- National Institute of Endocrinology ‘C.I. Parhon’, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - O Popa
- National Institute of Endocrinology ‘C.I. Parhon’, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - O Ianăş
- National Institute of Endocrinology ‘C.I. Parhon’, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
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Ahmad A, Khan MM, Ishrat T, Khan MB, Khuwaja G, Raza SS, Shrivastava P, Islam F. Synergistic effect of selenium and melatonin on neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 139:81-96. [PMID: 20358308 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The synergistic scavenger effects of selenium and melatonin collectively we called Se-Mel was studied on the prevention of neuronal injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Male Wistar rats were treated with sodium selenite (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) and melatonin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before the middle carotid artery occlusion (MCAO) and immediately after MCAO to male Wistar rats and was continued for 3 days once daily at the interval of 24 h. Behavioral activity (spontaneous motor activity and motor deficit) was improved in Se-Mel-treated rats as compared to MCAO group rats. The level of glutathione and the activity of antioxidant enzymes was depleted significantly while the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein carbonyl, and nitric oxide radical (NO(·)) was increased significantly in MCAO group. Systemic administration of Se-Mel ameliorated oxidative stress and improves ischemia/reperfusion-induced focal cerebral ischemia. Se-Mel also inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in Se-Mel+MCAO group as compared to MCAO group rats. Thus, Se-Mel has shown an excellent neuroprotective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury through an anti-ischemic pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the pretreatment with Se-Mel at the onset of reperfusion, reduced post-ischemic damage, and improved neurological outcome following transient focal cerebral ischemia in male Wistar rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Ahmad
- Neurotoxicology laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
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Nandagopal M, Muralidhar P, Thirumurug G. Cerebroprotective Effect of Root Extract of Asparagus racemosus Willd. in Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2011.49.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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76
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Ren C, Du A, Li D, Sui J, Mayhan WG, Zhao H. Dynamic change of hydrogen sulfide during global cerebral ischemia–reperfusion and its effect in rats. Brain Res 2010; 1345:197-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ye XH, Wu Y, Guo PP, Wang J, Yuan SY, Shang Y, Yao SL. Lipoxin A4 analogue protects brain and reduces inflammation in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Brain Res 2010; 1323:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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78
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Koga Y, Fujita M, Tsuruta R, Koda Y, Nakahara T, Yagi T, Aoki T, Kobayashi C, Izumi T, Kasaoka S, Yuasa M, Maekawa T. Urinary trypsin inhibitor suppresses excessive superoxide anion radical generation in blood, oxidative stress, early inflammation, and endothelial injury in forebrain ischemia/reperfusion rats. Neurol Res 2010; 32:925-32. [PMID: 20223106 DOI: 10.1179/016164110x12645013515133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of ulinastatin, a urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), on jugular venous superoxide radical (O₂⁻·) generation, oxidative stress, early inflammation, and endothelial activation in forebrain ischemia/reperfusion (FBI/R) rats. METHODS Fourteen Wistar rats were allocated to a control group (n = 7) and a UTI group (n = 7). Throughout the experiments, O₂⁻· in the jugular vein was measured by the produced current using a novel electrochemical O₂⁻· sensor. Forebrain ischemia was induced by occlusion of the bilateral common caroti darteries with hemorrhagic hypotension for 20 min, followed by reperfusion. In the UTI group, UTI (5 U/g) was administered intravenously immediately after reperfusion. At 60 min after reperfusion, plasma and brain were harvested, and malondialdehyde, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured. RESULTS O₂⁻· current increased gradually during forebrain ischemia in both groups. The current increased markedly in the control group immediately after reperfusion but was significantly attenuated in the UTI group after reperfusion. Brain and plasma malondialdehyde, HMGB1, and ICAM-1 were significantly attenuated in the UTI group compared with those in the control group, except for brain HMGB1, which was associated with the amount of O₂⁻· generated during FBI/R. DISCUSSION UTI suppressed jugular venous O₂⁻· generation, oxidative stress, early inflammation, and endothelial activation in FBI/R rats. Therefore, UTI might be a useful agent for the therapy of the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Koga
- Advanced Medical Emergency and Critical Care Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Japan
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Cruz JPDL, Río SD, Arrebola MM, López-Villodres JA, Jebrouni N, González-Correa JA. Effect of virgin olive oil plus acetylsalicylic acid on brain slices damage after hypoxia-reoxygenation in rats with type 1-like diabetes mellitus. Neurosci Lett 2010; 471:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ishii T, Asai T, Urakami T, Oku N. Accumulation of macromolecules in brain parenchyma in acute phase of cerebral infarction/reperfusion. Brain Res 2010; 1321:164-8. [PMID: 20096271 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is induced by recovery of blood flow after ischemia. This phenomenon is a main cause of ischemic brain injury. The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) fails after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Further elucidation of this phenomenon promotes to develop treatment strategies for ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the present study, we attempted to examine the time-dependent change of ischemia-reperfusion injury in relation to BBB disorders at acute phase in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO) model rat as a cerebral infarction and reperfusion model. Brain cell damage after the reperfusion was assessed by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. To clarify a time-dependent change of the integrity of BBB, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (150 kDa) was injected intravenously into t-MCAO rats, and time-dependent localization of FITC-dextran was monitored in ex vivo. As a result, obvious brain damage was firstly observed at 3 h after reperfusion following 1 h of MCAO. In contrast, the leakage of FITC-dextran from cerebral vessels was observed immediately after the reperfusion. The present data suggest that the integrity of BBB failed prior to the occurrence of serious brain damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion, and that macromolecules such as water-soluble polymers and proteins which cannot pass through the BBB under normal condition would reach brain parenchyma at early stage after reperfusion. These findings would be useful to establish a novel treatment strategy for reperfusion injury after cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ishii
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Global COE, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Khan MM, Ishrat T, Ahmad A, Hoda MN, Khan MB, Khuwaja G, Srivastava P, Raza SS, Islam F, Ahmad S. Sesamin attenuates behavioral, biochemical and histological alterations induced by reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rats. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 183:255-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Nikonenko AG, Radenovic L, Andjus PR, Skibo GG. Structural Features of Ischemic Damage in the Hippocampus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1914-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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83
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Yang ZJ, Xie Y, Bosco GM, Chen C, Camporesi EM. Hyperbaric oxygenation alleviates MCAO-induced brain injury and reduces hydroxyl radical formation and glutamate release. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:513-22. [PMID: 19851780 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on the formation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), the products of salicylate trapping of hydroxyl free radicals, and glutamate release in the striatum during acute ischemia and reperfusion. Non-HBO rats (n = 8) were subjected to 1-h ischemia. Study rats (n = 8) were treated with HBO at 2.8 ATA for 1 h during ischemia. Artificial CSF solution containing 5 mM sodium salicylate was perfused at 1 microl/min. Samples were continuously collected at 15 min intervals and the levels of 2,3-DHBA, 2,5-DHBA, and glutamate were analyzed. The lesion volume was determined by TTC stain. Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery induced a significant increase in the levels of 2,3-DHBA and 2,5-DHBA. A peak of approximately two and fourfold of baseline levels was reached at 45 min and was maintained at elevated levels during reperfusion. The level of glutamate increased approximately two times at 30 min during ischemia, continued to increase, and reached approximately three times baseline level during reperfusion. HBO significantly alleviated brain injury associated with decreased levels of 2,3-DHBA, 2,5-DHBA and glutamate. This study suggests that the decreased glutamate release and the reduced formation of hydroxyl free radicals might contribute to the neuroprotective effect of HBO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-jin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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84
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Marine compound Xyloketal B protects PC12 cells against OGD-induced cell damage. Brain Res 2009; 1302:240-7. [PMID: 19765563 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Xyloketal B is a novel marine compound with unique chemical structure isolated from mangrove fungus Xylaria sp. (no. 2508). Recently, we have demonstrated that Xyloketal B is an antioxidant and can protect against oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced cell injury. In the present study, we investigated whether Xyloketal B can protect against ischemia-induced cell injury in an in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) model of ischemic stroke in PC12 cells. We found that Xyloketal B could directly scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and protect PC12 cells against OGD insult. Furthermore, Xyloketal B alleviated OGD-induced mitochondria superoxide, mitochondria fragmentation and GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) overexpression as well as reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential. All together, the present study demonstrates that Xyloketal B protects PC12 cells against OGD-induced cell injury and that the anti-oxidative property and protective action on mitochondria may account for its neuroprotective actions.
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Lanterna LAL, Biroli F. Significance of apolipoprotein E in subarachnoid hemorrhage: neuronal injury, repair, and therapeutic perspectives--a review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 18:116-23. [PMID: 19251187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) strikes individuals at a young age with devastating neurologic consequences. Classic formulations that correlate complications and outcome with clinical variables do not explain all the heterogeneity that is usually found in clinical practice. The role of genetic predisposition has recently been investigated. Particular attention has been paid to the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype that encodes for a polymorphic protein existing as 3 isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, apoE4), products of alleles E2, E3, and E4 at a single gene locus. ApoE is produced by astrocytes and exerts complex neuroprotective functions that make it a hub of the biochemical network of SAH. The neuroprotective effectiveness of the apoE4 isoform is reduced with respect to the others and this has made the E4 allele a risk factor candidate. Recently published observational studies and meta-analyses suggested that the APOE genotype may strongly improve the usual predictive model with the possibility of optimizing clinical decisions according to the individual's needs. Furthermore, the clinical results, together with new biological insights, suggest that SAH may be a possible candidate for the ongoing research on apoE-based neuroprotective therapy. This article reviews the clinical studies, analyzes their methodology, and surveys the biological links between the physiopathology of SAH and apoE and the possible prospects.
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Brouns R, De Deyn PP. The complexity of neurobiological processes in acute ischemic stroke. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2009; 111:483-95. [PMID: 19446389 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for improved diagnostics and therapeutics for acute ischemic stroke. This is the focus of numerous research projects involving in vitro studies, animal models and clinical trials, all of which are based on current knowledge of disease mechanisms underlying acute focal cerebral ischemia. Insight in the chain of events occurring during acute ischemic injury is essential for understanding current and future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the actual knowledge on the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke. We focus on the ischemic cascade, which is a complex series of neurochemical processes that are unleashed by transient or permanent focal cerebral ischemia and involves cellular bioenergetic failure, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, microvascular injury, hemostatic activation, post-ischemic inflammation and finally cell death of neurons, glial and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brouns
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Middelheim General Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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88
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Matsuda S, Umeda M, Uchida H, Kato H, Araki T. Alterations of oxidative stress markers and apoptosis markers in the striatum after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:395-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kim YO, Kim HJ, Kim GS, Park HG, Lim SJ, Seong NS, Ham YW, Lee SD, Jang KH, Jung KH, Chung JH, Kang SA. Panax ginseng Protects Against Global Ischemia Injury in Rat Hippocampus. J Med Food 2009; 12:71-6. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Ock Kim
- Medicinal Crops Division, Ginseng & Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jae Kim
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum Soog Kim
- Medicinal Crops Division, Ginseng & Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Gi Park
- Medicinal Crops Division, Ginseng & Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jong Lim
- Medicinal Crops Division, Ginseng & Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak Sul Seong
- Medicinal Crops Division, Ginseng & Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Woon Ham
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Dong Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyo Jang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Jung
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Chung
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ah Kang
- Department of Fermented Food Sciences, Seoul University of Venture and Information, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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KUNZ ALEXANDER, IADECOLA COSTANTINO. Cerebral vascular dysregulation in the ischemic brain. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2009; 92:283-305. [PMID: 18790280 PMCID: PMC3982865 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(08)01914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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92
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Matsuda S, Umeda M, Kato H, Araki T. Glial damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 38:220-6. [PMID: 19051061 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the immunohistochemical changes of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) immunoreactivity as a marker of DNA damage and single-strand DNA (ssDNA) immunoreactivity as a marker of apoptosis in the striatum from 1 up to 15 days after 90 min of focal cerebral ischemia caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. In the present study, marked loss of MAP2 immunostaining was observed in the ipsilateral striatum 3 days after focal cerebral ischemia. A significant increase in the number of ssDNA-immunoreactive apoptotic neurons was observed in the ipsilateral striatum 1 and 3 days after focal cerebral ischemia. In contrast, a significant increase in densities of 8-OHdG-immunopositive cells was observed in the ipsilateral striatum from 3 up to 15 days after focal cerebral ischemia. Our double-labeled immunochemical study showed that 8-OHdG immunoreactivity was observed in both isolectin B(4)-positive microglia and glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunopositive astrocytes in the ipsilateral striatum 7 days after focal cerebral ischemia. These results suggest that focal cerebral ischemia can cause a marked increase in the number of microglia and astrocytes with oxidative DNA damage in the ipsilateral striatum. Furthermore, our results show that most microglia and astrocytes in the ipsilateral striatum after focal cerebral ischemia may not die by apoptosis. Thus, our findings provide novel evidence that focal cerebral ischemia can cause oxidative DNA damage in most microglia and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Matsuda
- Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78, Sho-machi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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93
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Abstract
The topic of hypoxaemia after stroke was last reviewed in this journal in 2001. Since then a lot of new information on the subject has been published, and while some questions have been resolved, new problems have emerged. This article discusses new research in the light of what is already known and outlines areas of persisting uncertainty.
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94
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Helal GK. SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF Zn2+DURING THE REPERFUSION PHASE OF TRANSIENT CEREBRAL ISCHAEMIA PROTECTS RAT HIPPOCAMPUS AGAINST IRON-CATALYSED POSTISCHAEMIC INJURY. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:775-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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95
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Nazam Ansari M, Bhandari U, Islam F, Tripathi CD. Evaluation of antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Embelia ribes Burm in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2008; 22:305-14. [PMID: 18485149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants have been the focus of studies for developing neuroprotective agents to be used in the therapy for stroke, which is an acute and progressive neurodegenerative disorder and is the second leading cause of death throughout the world. In fact, many herbal antioxidants have been developed in in vitro and in vivo experiments and some of these have been tested in clinical studies of stroke. Embelia ribes have been reported to have antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. In addition to these effects, this study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of E. ribes Burm fruits on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were fed ethanolic E. ribes extract (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight; p.o.) for 30 days. After 30 days of feeding, all animals were anaesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg, i.p.). The right middle cerebral artery was occluded with a 4-0 suture for 2 h. The suture was removed after 2 h to allow reperfusion injury. Ischemia followed by reperfusion in ischemic group rats significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the grip strength activity and non-enzymatic (reduced glutathione, GSH) and enzymatic [glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)] antioxidant levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex compared to sham-operated rats. Further, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex were significantly increased in ischemic group compared to sham-operated rats. Furthermore, ethanolic E. ribes extracts pretreatment significantly (P < 0.001) increased the grip strength activity, and GSH, GPx, GR and GST levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex with significant decrease in LDH levels in serum and TBARS levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex compared to MCAO + vehicle group rats. The data from this study suggest that chronic treatment with ethanolic E. ribes extract enhances the antioxidant defense against MCAO- induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats and exhibits neuroprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nazam Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
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96
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Chacon MR, Jensen MB, Sattin JA, Zivin JA. Neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia: emphasis on the SAINT trial. Curr Cardiol Rep 2008; 10:37-42. [PMID: 18416999 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-008-0008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a significant cause of death and disability in the United States. It has been 10 years since tissue plasminogen activator became the first medication approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment for AIS. However, this treatment simply reopens arteries. The identification of deleterious cellular reactions that occur secondary to cerebral ischemia has led investigators to search for neuroprotection strategies to complement reperfusion. More than 100 human trials, including a handful of phase III trials, had failed to produce an efficacious neuroprotective agent. In 2006, the first positive trial of neuroprotection was published: the SAINT I (Stroke-Acute Ischemic NXY Treatment) study. In February 2008, the SAINT II study was published, indicating that NXY-059 was not effective for AIS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus R Chacon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
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97
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Plaisier F, Bastide M, Ouk T, Pétrault O, Laprais M, Stolc S, Bordet R. Stobadine-induced hastening of sensorimotor recovery after focal ischemia/reperfusion is associated with cerebrovascular protection. Brain Res 2008; 1208:240-9. [PMID: 18377875 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In a model of 1 hour-intraluminal occlusion of rat middle cerebral artery (MCA), we investigated the spontaneous recovery of vascular functions and functional deficit together with ischemia volume evolution at 24 h, 3 days and 7 days of reperfusion. Infarct cerebral volumes and edema were quantified with histological methods. Endothelium-dependent and smooth muscle potassium inward rectifier current (Kir2.x)-dependent relaxing responses of MCA were tested using Halpern arteriograph and Kir2.x current density evaluated on MCA myocytes with whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Sensorimotor recovery was estimated according to performances obtained with adhesive removal test and prehensile traction test. A time-dependent improvement of smooth muscle K(+)-dependent vasorelaxation and Kir2.x current density is observed at 7 days of reperfusion while endothelium-dependent relaxation is still impaired. In parallel a significant reduction of functional deficit is observed at 7 days of reperfusion together with a time-matched reduction of striatal infarct and edema volumes. Administration of an antioxidant agent, stobadine, at time of reperfusion and 5 h later allowed: (i) a neuroprotective effect with a significant reduction of infarct size compared to vehicle-treated rats; (ii) a prevention of endothelial-dependent relaxation and Kir2.x current density reductions of MCA ipsilateral to occlusion; (iii) a hastening of the functional recovery. The beneficial effect of stobadine underlines a link between vascular protection, neuronal protection and sensorimotor recovery that could become a promising pharmacological target in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Plaisier
- EA1046-Département de Pharmacologie, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Faculté de Médecine-Université de Lille 2, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, 1, Place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
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98
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Xing B, Chen H, Zhang M, Zhao D, Jiang R, Liu X, Zhang S. Ischemic post-conditioning protects brain and reduces inflammation in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. J Neurochem 2008; 105:1737-45. [PMID: 18248611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic post-conditioning (Post-cond) is a phenomenon in which intermittent interruptions of blood flow in the early phase of reperfusion can protect organ from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Recent studies demonstrated ischemic Post-cond reduced infarct size in cerebral I/R injury. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not completely understood. As inflammation is known to be detrimental to the neurological outcome during the acute phase after stroke, we investigated whether ischemic Post-cond played its protective role in preventing post-ischemic inflammation in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Rats were treated with ischemic Post-cond after 60 min of occlusion (beginning of reperfusion). The infarct volume and myeloperoxidase activity were assessed at 24 h. The lipid peroxidation levels was evaluated by malondialdehyde assay and the expressions of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 were studied by RT-PCR or western blotting. Ischemic Post-cond decreased myeloperoxidase activity and expressions of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Ischemic Post-cond also reduced infarct volume and lipid peroxidation levels. These findings indicated that ischemic Post-cond may be a promising neuroprotective approach for focal cerebral I/R injury and it is achieved, at least in part, by the inhibition of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianzhi Xing
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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99
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating occurrence that may result in short- and long-term complications. Oxidative stress (an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants) plays a critical role in the development of secondary injuries following TBI and, consequently, in patient outcomes. Secondary injuries resulting from oxidative stress produce DNA strand breaks that activate poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and produce another level of injury. PARP-1 functions as a DNA-damage sensor and signaling molecule. In response to the severe DNA damage after brain injury, PARP-1 becomes overactivated and depletes the cells' energy sources, which leads to cellular and neuronal death. Recently, PARP-1 inhibition has been studied in various animal models of brain injury with promising results. TBI treatments based on PARP-1 inhibition in humans are far from the clinical arena, although descriptive studies of PARP-1 activation in humans are beginning to emerge. Nurses should become involved in this area of collaborative research in human response to brain injury by helping design and implement safe and meaningful clinical trials.
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100
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Henninger N, Bouley J, Nelligan JM, Sicard KM, Fisher M. Normobaric hyperoxia delays perfusion/diffusion mismatch evolution, reduces infarct volume, and differentially affects neuronal cell death pathways after suture middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27:1632-42. [PMID: 17311078 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Normobaric hyperoxia (NBO) has been shown to extend the reperfusion window after focal cerebral ischemia. Employing diffusion (DWI)- and perfusion (PWI)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the effect of NBO (100% started at 30 mins after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)) on the spatiotemporal evolution of ischemia during and after permanent (pMCAO) and transient suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was investigated (experiment 3). In two additional experiments, time window (experiment 1) and cell death pathways (experiment 2) were investigated in the pMCAO model. In experiment 1, NBO treatment reduced infarct volume at 24 h after pMCAO by 10% when administered for 3 h (P>0.05) and by 44% when administered for 6 h (P<0.05). In experiment 2, NBO acutely (390 mins, P<0.05) reduced in situ end labeling (ISEL) positivity in the ipsilesional penumbra but increased contralesional necrotic as well as caspase-3-mediated apoptotic cell death. In experiment 3, CBF characteristics and CBF-derived lesion volumes did not differ between treated and untreated animals, whereas the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)-derived lesion volume essentially stopped progressing during NBO treatment, resulting in a persistent PWI/DWI mismatch that could be salvaged by delayed (3 h) reperfusion. In conclusion, NBO (1) acutely preserved the perfusion/diffusion mismatch without altering CBF, (2) significantly extended the time window for reperfusion, (3) induced lasting neuroprotection in permanent ischemia, and (4) although capable of reducing cell death in hypoperfused tissue it also induced cell death in otherwise unaffected areas. Our data suggest that NBO may represent a promising strategy for acute stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Henninger
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
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