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Steinborn MB, Langner R. Arousal modulates temporal preparation under increased time uncertainty: Evidence from higher-order sequential foreperiod effects. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2012; 139:65-76. [PMID: 22088963 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When the foreperiod (FP) is unpredictably varied in reaction-time tasks, responses are slow at short but fast at long FPs (variable-FP effect), and further vary asymmetrically as a function of FP sequence (sequential FP effect). A trace-conditioning model attributes these phenomena to time-related associative learning, while a dual-process model views them as resulting from combined effects of strategic preparation and trial-to-trial changes in arousal. Sometimes, responses are slower in long-long than in short-long FP sequences. This pattern is not predicted from the trace-conditioning account, since FP repetitions should speed up, rather than slow down, responses (due to reinforcement). The effect, however, might indicate the contribution of arousal, which according to the dual-process model, is heightened after a short FP(n-1) but decreased after a long FP(n-1). In five experiments, we examined higher-order sequential FP effects on performance, with a particular emphasis on analyzing performance in long-FP(n) trials as a function of FP length in the two preceding trials, varying temporal FP context (i.e. average FP length) and reaction mode (simple vs. choice reaction). Slower responses in long-long-long (compared with short-short-long) FP sequences were not found within a short-FP context (Exps. 1 & 2) but clearly emerged within a long-FP context (Exps. 3-5). This pattern supports the notion that transient arousal changes contribute to sequential performance effects in variable-FP tasks, in line with the dual-process account of temporal preparation.
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Coull JT, Morgan H, Cambridge VC, Moore JW, Giorlando F, Adapa R, Corlett PR, Fletcher PC. Ketamine perturbs perception of the flow of time in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:543-56. [PMID: 21603893 PMCID: PMC3210361 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Disturbances in the subjective experience of time have been observed both in schizophrenia and following acute administration of ketamine. However, effects of ketamine on more objective timing tasks have not yet been measured in humans, nor has it been established that timing effects are not merely secondary to a more general dysfunction in working memory (WM). OBJECTIVE AND METHODS In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study, we characterised the effects of ketamine (100 ng/ml blood plasma level) on performance of perceptual timing and colour discrimination tasks, which were matched for WM and attentional demands. To test the ubiquity of ketamine's effects on timing, we also examined two distinct measures of temporal predictability. RESULTS Ketamine significantly distorted the subjective experience of time as measured by the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scales. Critically, ketamine also impaired accuracy on the perceptual timing task while having no effect on performance of the colour perception task. Although ketamine did not impair the ability to use prelearned temporal (or spatial) cues to predict target onset (or location), it did slow reaction times at long delays following non-informative neutral cues, suggesting an impaired ability to use the unidirectional flow of time itself to make temporal predictions. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine induced selective impairments in timing, which could not be explained by more fundamental effects on the ability to hold information in WM. Rather our collected findings suggest that ketamine may disturb timing by selectively impairing the way in which information is temporally manipulated within WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Coull
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, Université de Provence & CNRS, Pôle 3C, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France.
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53
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Boulay CB, Sarnacki WA, Wolpaw JR, McFarland DJ. Trained modulation of sensorimotor rhythms can affect reaction time. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 122:1820-6. [PMID: 21411366 PMCID: PMC3132832 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology might be useful for rehabilitation of motor function. This speculation is based on the premise that modifying the EEG will modify behavior, a proposition for which there is limited empirical data. The present study examined the possibility that voluntary modulation of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) can affect motor behavior in normal human subjects. METHODS Six individuals performed a cued-reaction task with variable warning periods. A typical variable foreperiod effect was associated with SMR desynchronization. SMR features that correlated with reaction times were then used to control a two-target cursor movement BCI task. Following successful BCI training, an uncued reaction time task was embedded within the cursor movement task. RESULTS Voluntarily increasing SMR beta rhythms was associated with longer reaction times than decreasing SMR beta rhythms. CONCLUSIONS Voluntary modulation of EEG SMR can affect motor behavior. SIGNIFICANCE These results encourage studies that integrate BCI training into rehabilitation protocols and examine its capacity to augment restoration of useful motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Boulay
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, PO Box 509, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
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54
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Abstract
Proceeding from the assumptions that specific frontal regions control discrete functions and that very basic cognitive processes can be systematically manipulated to reveal those functions, recent reports have demonstrated consistent anatomical/functional relationships: dorsomedial for energization, left dorsolateral for task setting, and right dorsolateral for monitoring. There is no central executive. There are, instead, numerous domain general processes discretely distributed across several frontal regions that act in concert to accomplish control. Beyond these functions, there are two additional "frontal" anatomical/functional relationships: ventral-medial/orbital for emotional and behavioral regulation, and frontopolar for integrative-even meta-cognitive-functions.
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55
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Vallesi A, Crescentini C. Right fronto-parietal involvement in monitoring spatial trajectories. Neuroimage 2011; 57:558-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Breckel TP, Giessing C, Thiel CM. Impact of brain networks involved in vigilance on processing irrelevant visual motion. Neuroimage 2011; 55:1754-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Davranche K, Nazarian B, Vidal F, Coull J. Orienting attention in time activates left intraparietal sulcus for both perceptual and motor task goals. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:3318-30. [PMID: 21452942 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Attention can be directed not only toward a location in space but also to a moment in time ("temporal orienting"). Temporally informative cues allow subjects to predict when an imminent event will occur, thereby speeding responses to that event. In contrast to spatial orienting, temporal orienting preferentially activates left inferior parietal cortex. Yet, left parietal cortex is also implicated in selective motor attention, suggesting its activation during temporal orienting could merely reflect incidental engagement of preparatory motor processes. Using fMRI, we therefore examined whether temporal orienting would still activate left parietal cortex when the cued target required a difficult perceptual discrimination rather than a speeded motor response. Behaviorally, temporal orienting improved accuracy of target identification as well as speed of target detection, demonstrating the general utility of temporal cues. Crucially, temporal orienting selectively activated left inferior parietal cortex for both motor and perceptual versions of the task. Moreover, conjunction analysis formally revealed a region deep in left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) as common to both tasks, thereby identifying it as a core neural substrate for temporal orienting. Despite the context-independent nature of left IPS activation, complementary psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed how the functional connectivity of left IPS changed as a function of task context. Specifically, left IPS activity covaried with premotor activity during motor temporal orienting but with visual extrastriate activity during perceptual temporal orienting, thereby revealing a cooperative network that comprises both temporal orienting and task-specific processing nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Davranche
- Université de Provence and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille cedex 3, France
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58
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Coull JT, Cheng RK, Meck WH. Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of timing. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:3-25. [PMID: 20668434 PMCID: PMC3055517 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We all have a sense of time. Yet, there are no sensory receptors specifically dedicated for perceiving time. It is an almost uniquely intangible sensation: we cannot see time in the way that we see color, shape, or even location. So how is time represented in the brain? We explore the neural substrates of metrical representations of time such as duration estimation (explicit timing) or temporal expectation (implicit timing). Basal ganglia (BG), supplementary motor area, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortex have all been linked to the explicit estimation of duration. However, each region may have a functionally discrete role and will be differentially implicated depending upon task context. Among these, the dorsal striatum of the BG and, more specifically, its ascending nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway seems to be the most crucial of these regions, as shown by converging functional neuroimaging, neuropsychological, and psychopharmacological investigations in humans, as well as lesion and pharmacological studies in animals. Moreover, neuronal firing rates in both striatal and interconnected frontal areas vary as a function of duration, suggesting a neurophysiological mechanism for the representation of time in the brain, with the excitatory-inhibitory balance of interactions among distinct subtypes of striatal neuron serving to fine-tune temporal accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Coull
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, Pole 3C, Université de Provence and CNRS, Marseille, France.
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59
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Cotti J, Rohenkohl G, Stokes M, Nobre AC, Coull JT. Functionally dissociating temporal and motor components of response preparation in left intraparietal sulcus. Neuroimage 2010; 54:1221-30. [PMID: 20868756 PMCID: PMC3025354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To optimise speed and accuracy of motor behaviour, we can prepare not only the type of movement to be made but also the time at which it will be executed. Previous cued reaction-time paradigms have shown that anticipating the moment in time at which this response will be made (“temporal orienting”) or selectively preparing the motor effector with which an imminent response will be made (motor intention or “motor orienting”) recruits similar regions of left intraparietal sulcus (IPS), raising the possibility that these two preparatory processes are inextricably co-activated. We used a factorial design to independently cue motor and temporal components of response preparation within the same experimental paradigm. By differentially cueing either ocular or manual response systems, rather than spatially lateralised responses within just one of these systems, potential spatial confounds were removed. We demonstrated that temporal and motor orienting were behaviourally dissociable, each capable of improving performance alone. Crucially, fMRI data revealed that temporal orienting activated the left IPS even if the motor effector that would be used to execute the response was unpredictable. Moreover, temporal orienting activated left IPS whether the target required a saccadic or manual response, and whether this response was left- or right-sided, thus confirming the ubiquity of left IPS activation for temporal orienting. Finally, a small region of left IPS was also activated by motor orienting for manual, though not saccadic, responses. Despite their functional independence therefore, temporal orienting and manual motor orienting nevertheless engage partially overlapping regions of left IPS, possibly reflecting their shared ontogenetic roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Cotti
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, Université de Provence & CNRS, Marseille, France
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60
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Steinborn MB, Rolke B, Bratzke D, Ulrich R. The effect of a cross-trial shift of auditory warning signals on the sequential foreperiod effect. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2010; 134:94-104. [PMID: 20096395 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When a warning signal (WS) precedes an imperative signal (IS) by a certain amount of time (the foreperiod, FP), responses are speeded. Moreover, this effect is modulated by the FP length in the previous trial. This sequential FP effect has lately been attributed to a trace-conditioning mechanism according to which individuals learn (and re-learn) temporal relationships between the WS and the IS. Recent evidence suggests that sensory WS attributes are critical to trigger time-related response activation. Specifically, when WS modality is shifted in subsequent trials (e.g., from auditory to visual modality), the sequential FP effect becomes attenuated. This study examined whether the sequential FP effect is reduced only by between-modality shifts or whether this attenuation generalizes to cross-trial shifts of WS attributes within modalities. We compared dimensional (low vs. high tone frequency) and qualitative shifts (pure tone vs. noise) of equal-intense auditory WS events. The results of four experiments revealed that shifts of tone frequency did not, whereas shifts of qualitative tone characteristics did attenuate the sequential FP effect. These results support the view that the WS acts as a trigger cue that unintentionally activates responses at previously reinforced critical moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Steinborn
- Cognitive and Biological Psychology, Psychologisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.
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61
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Vallesi A, McIntosh AR, Stuss DT. Overrecruitment in the aging brain as a function of task demands: evidence for a compensatory view. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 23:801-15. [PMID: 20350184 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study used fMRI to investigate the neural effects of increasing cognitive demands in normal aging and their role for performance. Simple and complex go/no-go tasks were used with two versus eight colored letters as go stimuli, respectively. In both tasks, no-go stimuli could produce high conflict (same letter, different color) or low conflict (colored numbers) with go stimuli. Multivariate partial least square analysis of fMRI data showed that older adults overengaged a cohesive pattern of fronto-parietal regions with no-go stimuli under the specific combination of factors which progressively amplified task demands: high conflict no-go trials in the first phase of the complex task. This early neural overrecruitment was positively correlated with a lower error rate in the older group. Thus, the present data suggest that age-related extra-recruitment of neural resources can be beneficial for performance under taxing task conditions, such as when novel, weak, and complex rules have to be acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Vallesi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, SISSA (International School for Advanced Studies), Trieste, Italy.
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62
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Alertness in young healthy subjects: An fMRI study of brain region interactivity enhanced by a warning signal. Brain Cogn 2010; 72:271-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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63
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Triviño M, Correa A, Arnedo M, Lupiáñez J. Temporal orienting deficit after prefrontal damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 133:1173-85. [PMID: 20145048 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore, for the first time in patients, the neural bases of temporal orienting of attention as well as the interrelations with two other effects of temporal preparation: the foreperiod effect and sequential effects. We administered an experimental task to a group of 14 patients with prefrontal lesion, a group of 15 control subjects and a group of 7 patients with a basal ganglia lesion. In the task, a cue was presented (a short versus long line) to inform participants about the time of appearance (early versus late) of a target stimulus, and the duration of the cue-target time intervals (400 versus 1400 ms) was manipulated. In contrast to the control group, patients with right prefrontal lesion showed a clear deficit in the temporal orienting effect. The foreperiod effect was also affected in the group of patients with prefrontal lesion (without lateralization of the deficit), whereas sequential effects were preserved. The group of basal ganglia patients did not show deficits in any of the effects. These findings support the voluntary and strategic nature of the temporal orienting and foreperiod effects, which depend on the prefrontal cortex, as well as the more automatic nature of sequential effects, which do not depend on either prefrontal cortex or frontobasal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Triviño
- Servicio de Neuropsicología, Hospital Universitario San Rafael, and Departamento de Psicología Experimental y Fisiología del Comportamiento, Universidad de Granada, c/ San Juan de Dios, 19, 18001 Granada, Spain.
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64
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Shackman AJ, McMenamin BW, Maxwell JS, Greischar LL, Davidson RJ. Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortical activity and behavioral inhibition. Psychol Sci 2009; 20:1500-6. [PMID: 19906125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals show marked variation in their responses to threat. Such individual differences in behavioral inhibition play a profound role in mental and physical well-being. Behavioral inhibition is thought to reflect variation in the sensitivity of a distributed neural system responsible for generating anxiety and organizing defensive responses to threat and punishment. Although progress has been made in identifying the key constituents of this behavioral inhibition system in humans, the involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) remains unclear. Here, we acquired self-reported Behavioral Inhibition System Sensitivity scores and high-resolution electroencephalography from a large sample (n= 51). Using the enhanced spatial resolution afforded by source modeling techniques, we show that individuals with greater tonic (resting) activity in right-posterior DLPFC rate themselves as more behaviorally inhibited. This observation provides novel support for recent conceptualizations of behavioral inhibition and clues to the mechanisms that might underlie variation in threat-induced negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Shackman
- Laboratory for Affective Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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65
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Vallesi A, Umiltà CA. Decay of Stimulus Spatial Code in Horizontal and Vertical Simon Tasks. The Journal of General Psychology 2009; 136:350-73. [DOI: 10.1080/00221300903266580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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66
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Cui X, Stetson C, Montague PR, Eagleman DM. Ready...go: Amplitude of the FMRI signal encodes expectation of cue arrival time. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000167. [PMID: 19652698 PMCID: PMC2711330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuroimaging study reveals novel insights into how the brain responds to an anticipated event, such as a starting gun or responding to a green light. What happens when the brain awaits a signal of uncertain arrival time, as when a sprinter waits for the starting pistol? And what happens just after the starting pistol fires? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we have discovered a novel correlate of temporal expectations in several brain regions, most prominently in the supplementary motor area (SMA). Contrary to expectations, we found little fMRI activity during the waiting period; however, a large signal appears after the “go” signal, the amplitude of which reflects learned expectations about the distribution of possible waiting times. Specifically, the amplitude of the fMRI signal appears to encode a cumulative conditional probability, also known as the cumulative hazard function. The fMRI signal loses its dependence on waiting time in a “countdown” condition in which the arrival time of the go cue is known in advance, suggesting that the signal encodes temporal probabilities rather than simply elapsed time. The dependence of the signal on temporal expectation is present in “no-go” conditions, demonstrating that the effect is not a consequence of motor output. Finally, the encoding is not dependent on modality, operating in the same manner with auditory or visual signals. This finding extends our understanding of the relationship between temporal expectancy and measurable neural signals. Like the sprinter waiting for the starting pistol, all animals develop expectations about when events will occur in time. We explored the neural correlates of readiness and expectation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and found areas of the brain in which the fMRI signal remains at baseline during the waiting period and rises sharply after a cue to react (a “go” cue). Strikingly, the amplitude of the rise reflects a function of the probability of an event occurring at that time. The dependence on probability remains even in the absence of a motor act (that is, not pressing a button when the go cue appears). When the arrival time of the go cue is known in advance, the expectation-dependent signal disappears, indicating that this brain response reflects expectation, not simply elapsed time. These results match up with prior studies of expectation in the brain, with one important difference: previously, electrophysiology experiments showed that expectation is encoded by a build-up of spiking activity as the waiting period progresses, while our fMRI data reveal a signature of expectation that becomes apparent after the waiting concludes. We discuss the apparent mismatch between these different technologies for measuring expectation-related activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cui
- Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chess Stetson
- Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - P. Read Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David M. Eagleman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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67
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Abstract
A new primer gives a cognitive and neuroanatomical perspective on how timing and expectation are represented in the human brain.
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68
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Temporal preparation in aging: a functional MRI study. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:2876-81. [PMID: 19545578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Young and elderly adults performed a choice-RT task while scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging. A foreperiod separated a warning and a response signal. In the variable condition, the foreperiod varied randomly between 1 and 3s. In the fixed conditions, it was kept constant at either 1 or 3s. Elderly subjects responded slower than controls in both task conditions. An interaction was observed between age and foreperiod in the variable condition only: in the young group, RT decreased with longer foreperiods, whereas the elderly participants showed the opposite tendency. This was accompanied by difference in brain activation. Right lateral prefrontal regions were more activated in the young than in the elderly group in the variable vs. fixed foreperiod contrast. These findings unveil the neural substrate of age-related preparation deficits, and confirm that the involvement of right lateral prefrontal cortex is essential for strategic preparation under uncertain timing conditions.
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69
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Walsh ND, Phillips ML. Interacting outcome retrieval, anticipation, and feedback processes in the human brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 20:271-81. [PMID: 19429861 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive control is an inherently multivariate phenomenon, and its neural basis is currently unclear. Here we examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging how participants retrieve prelearnt information from memory, use this information to guide responses for an impending decision, and adjust their responses based on outcome feedback. We developed a behavioral task designed to manipulate memory outcome-retrieval load, outcome-anticipation interval, and outcome-feedback processes. This allowed us to understand the neural basis of these cognitive processes in isolation and how they interact. Extending previous work, we found a retrieval-load by outcome-feedback interaction in the left globus pallidus; an outcome-feedback by anticipation-interval interaction in the inferior prefrontal cortex; a retrieval-load by anticipation-interval interaction in the midcingulate gyrus and a load by interval by outcome interaction in the right frontal pole. These results further advance our knowledge of how fundamental cognitive processes interact physiologically to give rise to higher-level behavioral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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