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Liu G, Hao P, Xu J, Wang L, Wang Y, Han R, Ying M, Sui S, Liu J, Li X. Upregulation of microRNA-17-5p contributes to hypoxia-induced proliferation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells through modulation of p21 and PTEN. Respir Res 2018; 19:200. [PMID: 30305109 PMCID: PMC6180506 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation in response to hypoxia plays an important role in the vascular remodelling that occurs in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. MicroRNAs (miRs) are emerging as important regulators in the progression of pulmonary hypertension. In this study, we investigated whether the expression of miR-17-5p is modulated by hypoxia and is involved in the hypoxia-induced proliferation of PASMCs. METHODS Human PASMCs were cultured under hypoxic conditions. miR-17-5p expression was determined by real-time RT-PCR. A BrdU incorporation assay and time-lapse recording were utilized to determine cell proliferation and migration. RESULTS PASMC proliferation was increased by moderate hypoxia (3% oxygen) but was reduced by severe hypoxia (0.1% oxygen) after 48 h. Moderate hypoxia induced miR-17-5p expression. Overexpression of miR-17-5p by transfection with miR-17-5p enhanced cell proliferation and migration in normoxia, whereas knockdown of miR-17-5p with anti-miR-17-5p inhibitors significantly reduced cell proliferation and migration. The expression of miR-17-5p target genes, specifically phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21WAF1/Cip1, p21), was reduced under moderate hypoxia in PASMCs. Under normoxia, overexpression of miR-17-5p in PASMCs reduced the expression of PTEN and p21. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that miR-17-5p might play a significant role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by regulating multiple gene targets, including PTEN and p21, and that miR-17-5p could be a novel therapeutic target for the management of hypoxia-induced PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Peng Hao
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Ruifang Han
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Ming Ying
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Shuangshuang Sui
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, 300020, China. .,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300020, China. .,Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, China.
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52
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Chen T, Huang JB, Dai J, Zhou Q, Raj JU, Zhou G. PAI-1 is a novel component of the miR-17~92 signaling that regulates pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell phenotypes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L149-L161. [PMID: 29644896 PMCID: PMC6139661 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00137.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that miR-17~92 is critically involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We also identified two novel mR-17/20a direct targets, PDZ and LIM domain protein 5 (PDLIM5) and prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2), and elucidated the signaling pathways by which PDLIM5 and PHD2 regulate functions of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). In addition, we have shown that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is also downregulated in PASMCs that overexpress miR-17~92. However, it is unclear whether PAI-1 is a direct target of miR-17~92 and whether it plays a role in regulating the PASMC phenotype. In this study, we have identified PAI-1 as a novel target of miR-19a/b, two members of the miR-17~92 cluster. We found that the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of PAI-1 contains a miR-19a/b binding site and that miR-19a/b can target this site to suppress PAI-1 protein expression. MiR-17/20a, two other members of miR-17~92, may also indirectly suppress PAI-1 expression through PDLIM5. PAI-1 is a negative regulator of miR-17~92-mediated PASMC proliferation. Silencing of PAI-1 induces Smad2/calponin signaling in PASMCs, suggesting that PAI-1 is a negative regulator of the PASMC contractile phenotype. We also found that PAI-1 is essential for the metabolic gene expression in PASMCs. Furthermore, although there is no significant change in PAI-1 levels in PASMCs isolated from idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and associated pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, PAI-1 is downregulated in hypoxia/Sugen-induced hypertensive rat lungs. These results suggest that miR-17~92 regulates the PASMC contractile phenotype and proliferation coordinately and synergistically by direct and indirect targeting of PAI-1.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Muscle Contraction/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/biosynthesis
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/genetics
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianji Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason B Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jingbo Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Qiyuan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - J Usha Raj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guofei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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53
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Klimov LO, Seryapina AA, Zarytova VF, Levina AS, Markel AL. Antisense oligonucleotides for the arterial hypertension mechanisms study and therapy. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2018. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases in adults all over the world. This pathology can not only reduce patients’ life quality, but can also be accompanied by a number of complications. Despite the fact that there is a large group of antihypertensive drugs on the market, mainly representing different combinations of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, adrenoreceptor blockers in combination with diuretics, there is no generally accepted “gold standard” for drugs that would not have side effects. The review discusses the main aspects of antisense oligonucleotides use in the context of arterial hypertension. It is well known that the medical implementation of antisense oligonucleotides aims to block the expression of particular genes involved in the pathology development, and a key advantage of this technique is a high selectivity of the effect. However, with the undoubted advantages of the method, there are difficulties in its application, related both to the properties of the oligonucleotides themselves (insufficient stability and poor penetration into cells), and to the variety of mechanisms of the origin of a particular pathology, arterial hypertension, in our case. The review provides a brief description of the main molecular targets for antisense treatment of hypertensive disease. The newest targets for therapy with oligonucleotides – microRNAs – are discussed. The main modifications of antisense nucleotides, designed to increase the duration of their effects and simplify the delivery of this type of drugs to the targets are discussed, in particular, combining antisense oligonucleotides with adenovirus-based expression vectors. Particular attention is given to antisense oligonucleotides in the complex with nanoparticles. The review discusses the results of the use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) containing antisense nanocomposites for the angiotensin converting enzyme in rats with stress induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH). It was shown that the use of antisense oligonucleotides continues to be a promising technique for studying the mechanisms of various forms of hypertensive disease and has a high potential for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. A. Seryapina
- Novosibirsk State University; Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS
| | - V. F. Zarytova
- Novosibirsk State University; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS
| | - A. S. Levina
- Novosibirsk State University; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS
| | - A. L. Markel
- Novosibirsk State University; Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS
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Wang Y, Yan L, Zhang Z, Prado E, Fu L, Xu X, Du L. Epigenetic Regulation and Its Therapeutic Potential in Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:241. [PMID: 29615911 PMCID: PMC5870037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in epigenetics have made a tremendous impact on our knowledge of biological phenomena and the environmental stressors on complex diseases. Understanding the mechanism of epigenetic reprogramming during the occurrence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is important for advanced studies and clinical therapy. In this article, we review the discovery of novel epigenetic mechanisms associated with PH including DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA interference. In addition, we highlight the role of epigenetic mechanisms in adult PAH resulting from undesirable perinatal environments-Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) and Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Lastly, we give a comprehensive summary for the remaining challenges and discuss future methods of epigenetic targeted therapy for pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziming Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Eric Prado
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Linchen Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhong Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a resting mean pulmonary artery pressure of 25 mm Hg or above. This review deals with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a type of pulmonary hypertension that primarily affects the pulmonary vasculature. In PAH, the pulmonary vasculature is dynamically obstructed by vasoconstriction, structurally obstructed by adverse vascular remodeling, and pathologically non-compliant as a result of vascular fibrosis and stiffening. Many cell types are abnormal in PAH, including vascular cells (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts) and inflammatory cells. Progress has been made in identifying the causes of PAH and approving new drug therapies. A cancer-like increase in cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis reflects acquired abnormalities of mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics. Mutations in the type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR2) gene dramatically increase the risk of developing heritable PAH. Epigenetic dysregulation of DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNAs also contributes to disease pathogenesis. Aberrant bone morphogenetic protein signaling and epigenetic dysregulation in PAH promote cell proliferation in part through induction of a Warburg mitochondrial-metabolic state of uncoupled glycolysis. Complex changes in cytokines (interleukins and tumor necrosis factor), cellular immunity (T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, macrophages), and autoantibodies suggest that PAH is, in part, an autoimmune, inflammatory disease. Obstructive pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH increases right ventricular afterload causing right ventricular hypertrophy. In some patients, maladaptive changes in the right ventricle, including ischemia and fibrosis, reduce right ventricular function and cause right ventricular failure. Patients with PAH have dyspnea, reduced exercise capacity, exertional syncope, and premature death from right ventricular failure. PAH targeted therapies (prostaglandins, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, and soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators), used alone or in combination, improve functional capacity and hemodynamics and reduce hospital admissions. However, these vasodilators do not target key features of PAH pathogenesis and have not been shown to reduce mortality, which remains about 50% at five years. This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark L Ormiston
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - John J Ryan
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stephen L Archer
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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56
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Dysregulated expression of microRNAs and mRNAs in pulmonary artery remodeling in ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1993-2007. [PMID: 27791988 PMCID: PMC5356772 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascites syndrome (AS), also known as pulmonary artery hypertension, remains a challenging disease that severely affects both humans and broiler chickens. Pulmonary artery remodeling presents a key step in the development of AS. In this study, we obtained pulmonary artery tissues from broilers with and without AS to perform miRNA sequencing analysis, miRNA-mRNA association analysis and pathological examinations. 29 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were found both in known and novel miRNAs with 18 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated miRNAs. Their predicted potential targets were involved in a wide range of functional clusters as indicated via GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analyses. The upregulation of miR-155, miR-23b-3p, miR-146b-5p and miR-146b-3p were found closely associated with the pathogenesis of pulmonary artery remodeling in AS progression. The association analysis for the miRNAs-mRNAs showed that these 29 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs regulate 162 differentially expressed target genes. Among them, 20 miRNAs correlated with 18 predicted target genes that appear to be involved in pulmonary artery remodeling, mainly in three broad physiological processes: the hypoxia sensing response (HIF1α, NHE1, STAT5 and STAT3), endothelial permeability dysfunction (CD44, TRAF2, CDK2AP1, LZTFL1, JAZF1, PEBP1, LRP1B, RPS14 and THBS2) and inflammation (MEOX2, STAT5, STAT3, IRF8, MAP3K8, IL-1BETA and TNFRSF1B). Pathological pulmonary artery remodeling in the AS broilers was consistently observed in the present study. Taken together, the current analysis further illuminates the molecular mechanism of pulmonary artery remodeling underlying AS progression.
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Abstract
Following its initial description over a century ago, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) continues to challenge researchers committed to understanding its pathobiology and finding a cure. The last two decades have seen major developments in our understanding of the genetics and molecular basis of PAH that drive cells within the pulmonary vascular wall to produce obstructive vascular lesions; presently, the field of PAH research has taken numerous approaches to dissect the complex amalgam of genetic, molecular and inflammatory pathways that interact to initiate and drive disease progression. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of PAH pathology and the role that genetic factors and environmental influences share in the development of vascular lesions and abnormal cell function. We also discuss how animal models can assist in elucidating gene function and the study of novel therapeutics, while at the same time addressing the limitations of the most commonly used rodent models. Novel experimental approaches based on application of next generation sequencing, bioinformatics and epigenetics research are also discussed as these are now being actively used to facilitate the discovery of novel gene mutations and mechanisms that regulate gene expression in PAH. Finally, we touch on recent discoveries concerning the role of inflammation and immunity in PAH pathobiology and how they are being targeted with immunomodulatory agents. We conclude that the field of PAH research is actively expanding and the major challenge in the coming years is to develop a unified theory that incorporates genetic and mechanistic data to address viable areas for disease modifying drugs that can target key processes that regulate the evolution of vascular pathology of PAH.
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58
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Marshall JD, Bazan I, Zhang Y, Fares WH, Lee PJ. Mitochondrial dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension: cause, effect, or both. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L782-L796. [PMID: 29345195 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00331.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension describes a heterogeneous disease defined by increased pulmonary artery pressures, and progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance due to pathologic remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature involving pulmonary endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells. This process occurs under various conditions, and although these populations vary, the clinical manifestations are the same: progressive dyspnea, increases in right ventricular (RV) afterload and dysfunction, RV-pulmonary artery uncoupling, and right-sided heart failure with systemic circulatory collapse. The overall estimated 5-yr survival rate is 72% in highly functioning patients, and as low as 28% for those presenting with advanced symptoms. Metabolic theories have been suggested as underlying the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension with growing evidence of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction involving the major proteins of the electron transport chain, redox-related enzymes, regulators of the proton gradient and calcium homeostasis, regulators of apoptosis, and mitophagy. There remain more studies needed to characterize mitochondrial dysfunction leading to impaired vascular relaxation, increase proliferation, and failure of regulatory mechanisms. The effects on endothelial cells and resulting interactions with their microenvironment remain uncharted territory for future discovery. Additionally, on the basis of observations that the "plexigenic lesions" of pulmonary hypertension resemble the unregulated proliferation of tumor cells, similarities between cancer pathobiology and pulmonary hypertension have been drawn, suggesting interactions between mitochondria and angiogenesis. Recently, mitochondria targeting has become feasible, which may yield new therapeutic strategies. We present a state-of-the-art review of the role of mitochondria in both the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension and potential therapeutic targets in pulmonary vascular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Marshall
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Isabel Bazan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yi Zhang
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wassim H Fares
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Patty J Lee
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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Jiang J, Xia Y, Liang Y, Yang M, Zeng W, Zeng X. miR-190a-5p participates in the regulation of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by targeting KLF15 and can serve as a biomarker of diagnosis and prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with pulmonary hypertension. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:3777-3790. [PMID: 30538440 PMCID: PMC6251363 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s182504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE miR-190a-5p expression alters dynamically in response to hypoxia. However, the role of miR-190a-5p expression in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains unclear. We sought to correlate the miR-190a-5p expression levels with the severity, diagnosis, and prognosis of PH in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD-PH). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of miR-190a-5p through in vitro experiments on human pulmonary endothelial cells (HPECs) that were exposed to hypoxia and in vivo experiments using an animal model of hypoxia-induced PH. METHODS Circulating miR-190a-5p levels were measured from 73 patients with PH and 32 healthy controls through quantitative real-time PCR. The levels of miR-190a-5p and the expression of Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) were analyzed in HPECs that were exposed to hypoxia, and the effects of antagomir-190a-5p in mice with chronic hypoxia-induced PH were tested. Target gene analysis was performed by Western blot and luciferase assay. RESULTS The miR-190a-5p level was significantly higher in patients with COPD-PH than in the healthy controls. Higher miR-190a-5p levels were associated with a greater severity of COPD-PH. In vitro experiments on HPECs showed that exposure to hypoxia increased the miR-190a-5p levels significantly. KLF15 was validated as a target of miR-190a-5p. Transfection with miR-190a-5p mimicked inhibition of KLF15 expression in HPECs. In the mouse model of PH, antagomir-190a-5p reduced right ventricular systolic pressure and enhanced the KLF15 expression levels in lung tissue. CONCLUSION miR-190a-5p regulates hypoxia-induced PH by targeting KLF15. The circulating levels of miR-190a-5p correlate with the severity of COPD-PH, thereby confirming the diagnostic and prognostic value of this parameter in COPD-PH.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Lung/blood supply
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Prospective Studies
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/genetics
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimeng Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocong Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China,
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60
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Zeng Z, Yao J, Li Y, Xue Y, Zou Y, Shu Z, Jiao Z. Anti-apoptosis endothelial cell-secreted microRNA-195-5p promotes pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2144-2155. [PMID: 28862358 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the pathological mechanism of pulmonary arterial hypertension, the role of apoptosis-resistant pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PVECs/AR) has been emphasized on the pulmonary vascular remodeling. In the present study, we investigated whether PVECs/AR can promote the proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to study the role of miR-195-5p in the crosstalk between these two types of cells. We confirmed that PVECs/AR can promote the proliferation and migration of PASMCs in a co-culture system of AR/PVECs and PASMCs. Additionally, after exposure to hypoxia for 12 or 24 h, AR/PVECs had a higher mature miR-195-5p level than PVECs (P < 0.05, 12 and 24 h). Luciferase reporter assays were used to validate indications of the existence of an HRE in the miR-195-5p promoter. Knocking down Smad7 can reverse the inhibition of Lv-S195 on TGF-β1-induced PASMCs remodeling. TGF-β1 promoted cell growth in PASMCs, and the supernatant of PVECs/AP infected with Lv-S195 inhibited TGF-β1 enhanced proliferation in PASMCs, which was also blocked by Lv-shRNA-Smad7. The result of this experiment confirmed the specificity of the HIF-1a/miR-195/Smad7 pathway. Our data indicate the possible function of PVECs/AR in the process of pulmonary vascular remodeling. MiRNA-195-5p played a role as an interacting paracrine factor between PVECs/AR and PASMC, which seemed to function through the HIF-1a/miRNA-195-5p/Smad7 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zeng
- Shanghai 6th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Shanghai 6th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinchuan Li
- Shanghai 6th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Shanghai 6th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhuoling Shu
- Shanghai 6th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Jiao
- Shanghai 6th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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61
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Chen D, Gao W, Wang S, Ni B, Gao Y. Critical effects of epigenetic regulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3789-3808. [PMID: 28573430 PMCID: PMC11107652 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by persistent pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling. The pathogenic mechanisms of PAH remain to be fully clarified and measures of effective prevention are lacking. Recent studies; however, have indicated that epigenetic processes may exert pivotal influences on PAH pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the latest research findings regarding epigenetic regulation in PAH, focusing on the roles of non-coding RNAs, histone modifications, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation, and discuss the potential of epigenetic-based therapies for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine of PLA, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiang Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine of PLA, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouxian Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine of PLA, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine of PLA, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuqi Gao
- Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine of PLA, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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62
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Blissenbach B, Nakas CT, Krönke M, Geiser T, Merz TM, Pichler Hefti J. Hypoxia-induced changes in plasma micro-RNAs correlate with pulmonary artery pressure at high altitude. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L157-L164. [PMID: 28971974 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00146.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and animal studies revealed micro-RNAs (miRs) to be involved in modulation of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). However, knowledge of circulating miRs in humans in the context of HPH is very limited. Since symptoms of HPH are nonspecific and noninvasive diagnostic parameters do not exist, a disease-specific and hypoxemia-independent biomarker indicating HPH would be of clinical value. To examine whether plasma miR levels correlate with hypoxia-induced increase in pulmonary artery pressures, plasma miRs were assessed in a model of hypoxia-related pulmonary hypertension in humans exposed to extreme altitude. Forty healthy volunteers were repetitively examined during a high-altitude expedition up to an altitude of 7,050 m. Plasma levels of miR-17, -21, and -190 were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and correlated with systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP), which was assessed by echocardiography. A significant altitude-dependent increase in circulating miR expression was found (all P values < 0.0001). Compared with baseline at 500 m, miR-17 changed by 4.72 ± 0.57-fold, miR-21 changed by 1.91 ± 0.33-fold, and miR-190 changed by 3.61 ± 0.54-fold at 7,050 m (means ± SD). Even after adjusting for hypoxemia, miR-17 and miR-190 were found to be independently correlated with increased SPAP. Progressive hypobaric hypoxia significantly affects levels of circulating miR-17, -21, and -190. Independently from the extent of hypoxemia, miR-17 and -190 significantly correlate with increased SPAP. These novel findings provide evidence for an epigenetic modulation of hypoxia-induced increase in pulmonary artery pressures by miR-17 and -190 and suggest the potential value of these miRs as biomarkers for HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Blissenbach
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Christos T Nakas
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland.,Laboratory of Biometry, University of Thessaly , Volos , Greece
| | - Martin Krönke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Tobias M Merz
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Pichler Hefti
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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63
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Batkai S, Bär C, Thum T. MicroRNAs in right ventricular remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:1433-1440. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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64
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Huang CY, Pai PY, Kuo CH, Ho TJ, Lin JY, Lin DY, Tsai FJ, Padma VV, Kuo WW, Huang CY. p53-mediated miR-18 repression activates HSF2 for IGF-IIR-dependent myocyte hypertrophy in hypertension-induced heart failure. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2990. [PMID: 28796250 PMCID: PMC5596536 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy and attenuated cardiac function are the major characteristics of early stage heart failure. Cardiomyocyte death in pathological cardiac conditions is the primary cause of heart failure and mortality. Our previous studies found that heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) protected cardiomyocytes from death by suppressing the IGF-IIR signaling pathway, which is critical for hypertensive angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. However, the role of heat shock factor 2 (HSF2) in hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy is unknown. We identified HSF2 as a miR-18 target for cardiac hypertrophy. p53 activation in angiotensin II (ANG II)-stimulated NRVMs is responsible for miR-18 downregulation both in vitro and in vivo, which triggers HSF2 expression and the activation of IGF-IIR-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Finally, we provide genetic evidence that miR-18 is required for cardiomyocyte functions in the heart based on the gene transfer of cardiac-specific miR-18 via adenovirus-associated virus 2 (AAV2). Transgenic overexpression of miR-18 in cardiomyocytes is sufficient to protect against dilated cardiomyopathy during hypertension-induced heart failure. Our results demonstrated that the p53-miR-18-HSF2-IGF-IIR axis was a critical regulatory pathway of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that miR-18 could be a therapeutic target for the control of cardiac functions and the alleviation of cardiomyopathy during hypertension-induced heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yang Huang
- Translation Research Core, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Pai
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Department, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ying Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - V Vijaya Padma
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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65
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Kang BY, Park K, Kleinhenz JM, Murphy TC, Sutliff RL, Archer D, Hart CM. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Regulates the V-Ets Avian Erythroblastosis Virus E26 Oncogene Homolog 1/microRNA-27a Axis to Reduce Endothelin-1 and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Sickle Cell Mouse Lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:131-144. [PMID: 27612006 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0166oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH), a serious complication of sickle cell disease (SCD), causes significant morbidity and mortality. Although a recent study determined that hemin release during hemolysis triggers endothelial dysfunction in SCD, the pathogenesis of SCD-PH remains incompletely defined. This study examines peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) regulation in SCD-PH and endothelial dysfunction. PH and right ventricular hypertrophy were studied in Townes humanized sickle cell (SS) and littermate control (AA) mice. In parallel studies, SS or AA mice were gavaged with the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone (RSG), 10 mg/kg/day, or vehicle for 10 days. In vitro, human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) were treated with vehicle or hemin for 72 hours, and selected HPAECs were treated with RSG. SS mice developed PH and right ventricular hypertrophy associated with reduced lung levels of PPARγ and increased levels of microRNA-27a (miR-27a), v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and markers of endothelial dysfunction (platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 and E selectin). HPAECs treated with hemin had increased ETS1, miR-27a, ET-1, and endothelial dysfunction and decreased PPARγ levels. These derangements were attenuated by ETS1 knockdown, inhibition of miR-27a, or PPARγ overexpression. In SS mouse lung or in hemin-treated HPAECs, activation of PPARγ with RSG attenuated reductions in PPARγ and increases in miR-27a, ET-1, and markers of endothelial dysfunction. In SCD-PH pathogenesis, ETS1 stimulates increases in miR-27a levels that reduce PPARγ and increase ET-1 and endothelial dysfunction. PPARγ activation attenuated SCD-associated signaling derangements, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach to attenuate SCD-PH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Yong Kang
- 1 Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Kathy Park
- 1 Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Jennifer M Kleinhenz
- 1 Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- 1 Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- 1 Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - David Archer
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C Michael Hart
- 1 Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
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66
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Ball JP, Syed M, Marañon RO, Hall ME, KC R, Reckelhoff JF, Yanes Cardozo LL, Romero DG. Role and Regulation of MicroRNAs in Aldosterone-Mediated Cardiac Injury and Dysfunction in Male Rats. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1859-1874. [PMID: 28368454 PMCID: PMC5460923 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is characterized by excess aldosterone (ALDO) secretion independent of the renin-angiotensin system and accounts for approximately 10% of hypertension cases. Excess ALDO that is inappropriate for salt intake status causes cardiac hypertrophy, inflammation, fibrosis, and hypertension. The molecular mechanisms that trigger the onset and progression of ALDO-mediated cardiac injury are poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small, noncoding RNAs that have been implicated in diverse cardiac abnormalities, yet very little is known about their regulation and role in ALDO-mediated cardiac injury. To elucidate the regulation of miRNAs in ALDO-mediated cardiac injury, we performed a time-series analysis of left ventricle (LV) miRNA expression. Uninephrectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with ALDO (0.75 µg/h) infusion and SALT (1.0% NaCl/0.3% KCl) in the drinking water for up to 8 weeks. ALDO/SALT time dependently modulated the expression of multiple miRNAs in the LV. miR-21 was the most upregulated miRNA after 2 weeks of treatment and remained elevated until the end of the study. To elucidate the role of miR-21 in ALDO/SALT-mediated cardiac injury, miR-21 was downregulated by using antagomirs in ALDO/SALT-treated rats. miR-21 downregulation exacerbated ALDO/SALT-mediated cardiac hypertrophy, expression of fibrosis marker genes, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis, OH-proline content, and cardiac dysfunction. These results suggest that ALDO/SALT-mediated cardiac miR-21 upregulation may be a compensatory mechanism that mitigates ALDO/SALT-mediated cardiac deleterious effects. We speculate that miR-21 supplementation would have beneficial effects in reverting or mitigating cardiac injury and dysfunction in patients with primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana P. Ball
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Maryam Syed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Rodrigo O. Marañon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Cardio-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Michael E. Hall
- Cardio-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Roshan KC
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Jane F. Reckelhoff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Cardio-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Women’s Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Licy L. Yanes Cardozo
- Cardio-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Women’s Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Damian G. Romero
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Cardio-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Women’s Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
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67
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Rothman A, Restrepo H, Sarukhanov V, Evans WN, Wiencek RG, Williams R, Hamburger N, Anderson K, Balsara J, Mann D. Assessment of microRNA and gene dysregulation in pulmonary hypertension by endoarterial biopsy. Pulm Circ 2017; 7:455-464. [PMID: 28597755 PMCID: PMC5467936 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217704206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may regulate a number of genes, each of which may have a variety of functions. We utilized an endoarterial biopsy catheter to assess the dysregulation of miRNAs in a porcine shunt model of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Two Yucatan micropigs underwent surgical anastomosis of the left pulmonary artery to the descending aorta. Endoarterial biopsy samples were obtained at baseline, and at regular intervals during the progression of PH. RNA, isolated from biopsy samples, was analyzed by Illumina miRNA expression microarrays (containing ∼1200 human miRNAs), Affymetrix Porcine GeneChips, Bioconductor, and GeneSpring. We examined a total of 925 genes in a PH whole genome microarray. Biopsy samples showed that 39 miRNAs were downregulated and 34 miRNAs were upregulated compared to baseline. The number of PH-associated genes reported to be controlled by each of the dysregulated miRNAs was in the range of 1–113. The five miRNAs that had the largest number of PH-associated genes were: miR-548c-3p, miR-520d-3p, miR-130a-5p, miR-30a-3p, and miR-let-7g-3p. Several of the dysregulated miRNAs have been associated with molecular pathways and biologic processes involved in PH. Among 29 miRNAs, which were predicted to be dysregulated by a systems biology approach, we found four that were dysregulated in our porcine shunt model. An endoarterial biopsy technique was successful in showing that a large number of miRNAs are dysregulated in a porcine shunt model of PH. Many of these miRNAs control multiple PH-associated genes, molecular pathways, and biologic processes. Endoarterial biopsy offers potential experimental and clinical diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Rothman
- 1 Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Humberto Restrepo
- 1 Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | | | - William N Evans
- 1 Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Robert G Wiencek
- 5 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Cardiothoracic Dignity Healthcare, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Roy Williams
- 3 Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,4 Vascular BioSciences, Molecular Diagnostics Division, Goleta, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Hamburger
- 4 Vascular BioSciences, Molecular Diagnostics Division, Goleta, CA, USA
| | - Kylie Anderson
- 4 Vascular BioSciences, Molecular Diagnostics Division, Goleta, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Balsara
- 4 Vascular BioSciences, Molecular Diagnostics Division, Goleta, CA, USA
| | - David Mann
- 4 Vascular BioSciences, Molecular Diagnostics Division, Goleta, CA, USA
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68
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Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a mysterious killer that, like cancer, is characterized by tremendous complexity. PAH development occurs under sustained and persistent environmental stress, such as inflammation, shear stress, pseudo-hypoxia, and more. After inducing an initial death of the endothelial cells, these environmental stresses contribute with time to the development of hyper-proliferative and apoptotic resistant clone of cells including pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and even pulmonary artery endothelial cells allowing vascular remodeling and PAH development. Molecularly, these cells exhibit many features common to cancer cells offering the opportunity to exploit therapeutic strategies used in cancer to treat PAH. In this review, we outline the signaling pathways and mechanisms described in cancer that drive PAH cells' survival and proliferation and discuss the therapeutic potential of antineoplastic drugs in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boucherat
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Geraldine Vitry
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Trinh
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Roxane Paulin
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Steeve Provencher
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Sebastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Vascular Biology Research Group, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Medicine, Québec, Canada
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69
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a multifaceted vascular disease where development and severity are determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Over the past decade, there has been an acceleration of the discovery of molecular effectors that mediate PH pathogenesis, including large numbers of microRNA molecules that are expressed in pulmonary vascular cell types and exert system-wide regulatory functions in all aspects of vascular health and disease. Due to the inherent pleiotropy, overlap, and redundancy of these molecules, it has been challenging to define their integrated effects on overall disease manifestation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the roles of microRNAs in PH with an emphasis on potential methods to discern the hierarchical motifs governing their multifunctional and interconnected activities. Deciphering this higher order of regulatory structure will be crucial for overcoming the challenges of developing these molecules as biomarkers or therapeutic targets, in isolation or combination.
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70
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Maarman GJ, Schulz R, Sliwa K, Schermuly RT, Lecour S. Novel putative pharmacological therapies to protect the right ventricle in pulmonary hypertension: a review of current literature. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:497-511. [PMID: 28099680 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined by elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure following the pathological remodelling of small pulmonary arteries. An increase in right ventricular (RV) afterload results in RV hypertrophy and RV failure. The pathophysiology of PH, and RV remodelling in particular, is not well understood, thus explaining, at least in part, why current PH therapies have a limited effect. Existing therapies mostly target the pulmonary circulation. Because the remodelled RV fails to support normal cardiac function, patients eventually succumb from RV failure. Developing novel therapies that directly target the function of the RV may therefore benefit patients with PH. In the past decade, several promising studies have investigated novel cardioprotective strategies in experimental models of PH. This review aims to comprehensively discuss and highlight these novel experimental approaches to confer, in the long-term, greater health benefit in patients with PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J Maarman
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA) and MRC Inter-University Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA) and MRC Inter-University Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Member of the German Lung Centre (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA) and MRC Inter-University Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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71
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Sibinska Z, Tian X, Korfei M, Kojonazarov B, Kolb JS, Klepetko W, Kosanovic D, Wygrecka M, Ghofrani HA, Weissmann N, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Guenther A, Schermuly RT. Amplified canonical transforming growth factor-β signalling via heat shock protein 90 in pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:13993003.01941-2015. [PMID: 28182573 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01941-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial lung fibroblast activation coupled with extracellular matrix production is a pathological signature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and is governed by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signalling. We sought to define the role of heat shock protein (HSP)90 in profibrotic responses in IPF and to determine the therapeutic effects of HSP90 inhibition in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis.We investigated the effects of HSP90 inhibition in vitro by applying 17-AAG (17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) to lung fibroblasts and A549 cells and in vivo by administering 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) to mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.HSP90 expression was increased in (myo)fibroblasts from fibrotic human and mouse lungs compared with controls. 17-AAG inhibited TGF-β1-induced extracellular matrix production and transdifferentiation of lung fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of A549 cells. The antifibrotic effects were associated with TGF-β receptor disruption and inhibition of Smad2/3 activation. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed that HSP90β interacted with TGF-β receptor II and stabilised TGF-β receptors. Furthermore, 17-DMAG improved lung function and decreased fibrosis and matrix metalloproteinase activity in the lungs of bleomycin-challenged mice.In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that HSP90 inhibition blocks pulmonary fibroblast activation and ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaneta Sibinska
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Both authors contributed equally
| | - Xia Tian
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Both authors contributed equally
| | - Martina Korfei
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Baktybek Kojonazarov
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Janina Susanne Kolb
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Agaplesion Lung Clinic Waldhof Elgershausen, Greifenstein, Germany.,Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Dept of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Agaplesion Lung Clinic Waldhof Elgershausen, Greifenstein, Germany.,European IPF Network and European IPF Registry, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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72
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Chun HJ, Bonnet S, Chan SY. Translational Advances in the Field of Pulmonary Hypertension. Translating MicroRNA Biology in Pulmonary Hypertension. It Will Take More Than "miR" Words. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:167-178. [PMID: 27648944 PMCID: PMC5394787 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0886pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung J. Chun
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Stephen Y. Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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73
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Targeting Vascular Remodeling to Treat Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:31-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Xiao JH, Hao QY, Wang K, Paul J, Wang YX. Emerging Role of MicroRNAs and Long Noncoding RNAs in Healthy and Diseased Lung. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:343-359. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chen T, Zhou Q, Tang H, Bozkanat M, Yuan JXJ, Raj JU, Zhou G. miR-17/20 Controls Prolyl Hydroxylase 2 (PHD2)/Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (HIF1) to Regulate Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004510. [PMID: 27919930 PMCID: PMC5210422 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Previously we found that smooth muscle cell (SMC)‐specific knockout of miR‐17~92 attenuates hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension. However, the mechanism underlying miR‐17~92‐mediated pulmonary artery SMC (PASMC) proliferation remains unclear. We sought to investigate whether miR‐17~92 regulates hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) activity and PASMC proliferation via prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). Methods and Results We show that hypoxic sm‐17~92−/− mice have decreased hematocrit, red blood cell counts, and hemoglobin contents. The sm‐17~92−/− mouse lungs express decreased mRNA levels of HIF targets and increased levels of PHD2. miR‐17~92 inhibitors suppress hypoxia‐induced levels of HIF1α, VEGF, Glut1, HK2, and PDK1 but not HIF2α in vitro in PASMC. Overexpression of miR‐17 in PASMC represses PHD2 expression, whereas miR‐17/20a inhibitors induce PHD2 expression. The 3′‐UTR of PHD2 contains a functional miR‐17/20a seed sequence. Silencing of PHD2 induces HIF1α and PCNA protein levels, whereas overexpression of PHD2 decreases HIF1α and cell proliferation. SMC‐specific knockout of PHD2 enhances hypoxia‐induced vascular remodeling and exacerbates established pulmonary hypertension in mice. PHD2 activator R59949 reverses vessel remodeling in existing hypertensive mice. PHDs are dysregulated in PASMC isolated from pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Conclusions Our results suggest that PHD2 is a direct target of miR‐17/20a and that miR‐17~92 contributes to PASMC proliferation and polycythemia by suppression of PHD2 and induction of HIF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianji Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Qiyuan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Haiyang Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Melike Bozkanat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - J Usha Raj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Children's Hospital University of Illinois, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL
| | - Guofei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Lu Z, Li S, Zhao S, Fa X. Upregulated miR-17 Regulates Hypoxia-Mediated Human Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis by Targeting Mitofusin 2. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3301-8. [PMID: 27640178 PMCID: PMC5029176 DOI: 10.12659/msm.900487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease characterized by impaired regulation of pulmonary artery vascular growth and remodeling. Aberrant expression of miR-17 has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of PAH, but its underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mitofusin 2 (MFN2) expression was determined by qRT-PCR. The protein expression levels of MFN2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and pro-apoptotic protein cleaved Caspase-3 were measured using Western blot analysis. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by CellTiter-Glo reagent and flow cytometry, respectively. Caspase-3/7 activity was measured using an Apo-ONE Homogeneous Caspase-3/7 assay kit. The regulation of miR-17 on MFN2 expression was assessed using luciferase reporter assay system. RESULTS miR-17 expression was upregulated in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASMCs) treated with hypoxia and lung tissues of PAH patients. Inhibition of miR-17 suppressed hypoxia-induced proliferation and promoted apoptosis in hPASMCs. miR-17 inhibited MFN2 expression by binding to its 3'-UTR. Decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis and Caspase-3 activity were observed in the anti-miR-17 + siNC group compared with the anti-miR-NC + siNC group. The expression of cleaved Caspase-3 was upregulated and the expression of PCNA was downregulated in the anti-miR-17 + siNC group. Moreover, these alterations were attenuated by knockdown of MFN2. CONCLUSIONS miR-17 regulates proliferation and apoptosis in hPASMCs through MFN2 modulation. We found that miR-17 acts as a potential regulator of proliferation and apoptosis of hPASMCs, and that it might be developed as a promising new strategy for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Sujun Li
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Shunxin Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Xianen Fa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
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Gareri C, De Rosa S, Indolfi C. MicroRNAs for Restenosis and Thrombosis After Vascular Injury. Circ Res 2016; 118:1170-84. [PMID: 27034278 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.308237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Percutaneous revascularization revolutionized the therapy of patients with coronary artery disease. Despite continuous technical advances that substantially improved patients' outcome after percutaneous revascularization, some issues are still open. In particular, restenosis still represents a challenge, even though it was dramatically reduced with the advent of drug-eluting stents. At the same time, drug-eluting stent thrombosis emerged as a major concern because of incomplete or delayed re-endothelialization after vascular injury. The discovery of microRNAs revealed a previously unknown layer of regulation for several biological processes, increasing our knowledge on the biological mechanisms underlying restenosis and stent thrombosis, revealing novel promising targets for more efficient and selective therapies. The present review summarizes recent experimental and clinical evidence on the role of microRNAs after arterial injury, focusing on practical aspects of their potential therapeutic application for selective inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation, enhancement of endothelial regeneration, and inhibition of platelet activation after coronary interventions. Application of circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Gareri
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (C.G.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy (S.D.R., C.I.); and URT-CNR, Department of Medicine, URT of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.)
| | - Salvatore De Rosa
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (C.G.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy (S.D.R., C.I.); and URT-CNR, Department of Medicine, URT of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.)
| | - Ciro Indolfi
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (C.G.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy (S.D.R., C.I.); and URT-CNR, Department of Medicine, URT of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.).
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Gamen E, Seeger W, Pullamsetti SS. The emerging role of epigenetics in pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:903-17. [PMID: 27492834 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01714-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics is usually defined as the study of changes in phenotype and gene expression not related to sequence alterations, but rather the chemical modifications of DNA and of its associated chromatin proteins. These modifications can be acquired de novo, being inherited, and represent the way in which genome and environment interact. Recent evidence points to the involvement of epigenetic changes in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension, as they can partly explain how environmental and lifestyle factors can impose susceptibility to pulmonary hypertension and can explain the phenotypic alteration and maintenance of the disease state.In this article, we review the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that are mediated by DNA methylation, the post-translational modifications of histone tails and noncoding RNAs in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore, pharmacological interventions aimed at epigenetic regulators/modifiers and their outcomes in different cellular and preclinical rodent models are discussed. Lastly, the remaining challenges and future directions in which to explore epigenetic-based therapies in pulmonary hypertension are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gamen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Dept of Lung Development and Remodelling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Dept of Lung Development and Remodelling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany University of Giessen Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Soni Savai Pullamsetti
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Dept of Lung Development and Remodelling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany University of Giessen Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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79
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MicroRNA signature of end-stage idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: clinical correlations and regulation of WNT signaling. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:849-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Leopold JA, Maron BA. Molecular Mechanisms of Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050761. [PMID: 27213345 PMCID: PMC4881582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease that is precipitated by hypertrophic pulmonary vascular remodeling of distal arterioles to increase pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance in the absence of left heart, lung parenchymal, or thromboembolic disease. Despite available medical therapy, pulmonary artery remodeling and its attendant hemodynamic consequences result in right ventricular dysfunction, failure, and early death. To limit morbidity and mortality, attention has focused on identifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant pulmonary artery remodeling to identify pathways for intervention. While there is a well-recognized heritable genetic component to PAH, there is also evidence of other genetic perturbations, including pulmonary vascular cell DNA damage, activation of the DNA damage response, and variations in microRNA expression. These findings likely contribute, in part, to dysregulation of proliferation and apoptosis signaling pathways akin to what is observed in cancer; changes in cellular metabolism, metabolic flux, and mitochondrial function; and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition as key signaling pathways that promote pulmonary vascular remodeling. This review will highlight recent advances in the field with an emphasis on the aforementioned molecular mechanisms as contributors to the pulmonary vascular disease pathophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Leopold
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Bradley A Maron
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Division of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02132, USA.
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81
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Mohsenin V. The emerging role of microRNAs in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Sleep Breath 2016; 20:1059-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-016-1351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhu Z, Fang Z, Hu X, Zhou S. MicroRNAs and mesenchymal stem cells: hope for pulmonary hypertension. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 30:380-5. [PMID: 26313730 PMCID: PMC4541786 DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20150033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a devastating and refractory disease and there is no cure
for this disease. Recently, microRNAs and mesenchymal stem cells emerged as novel
methods to treat pulmonary hypertension. More than 20 kinds of microRNAs may
participate in the process of pulmonary hypertension. It seems microRNAs or
mesenchymal stem cells can ameliorate some symptoms of pulmonary hypertension in
animals and even improve heart and lung function during pulmonary hypertension.
Nevertheless, the relationship between mesenchymal stem cells, microRNAs and
pulmonary hypertension is not clear. And the mechanisms underlying their function
still need to be investigated. In this study we review the recent findings in
mesenchymal stem cells - and microRNAs-based pulmonary hypertension treatment,
focusing on the potential role of microRNAs regulated mesenchymal stem cells in
pulmonary hypertension and the role of exosomes between mesenchymal stem cells and
pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Zhu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Huan Province, CN
| | - Zhenfei Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Huan Province, CN
| | - Xinqun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Huan Province, CN
| | - Shenghua Zhou
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Huan Province, CN
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Shi L, Kojonazarov B, Elgheznawy A, Popp R, Dahal BK, Böhm M, Pullamsetti SS, Ghofrani HA, Gödecke A, Jungmann A, Katus HA, Müller OJ, Schermuly RT, Fisslthaler B, Seeger W, Fleming I. miR-223-IGF-IR signalling in hypoxia- and load-induced right-ventricular failure: a novel therapeutic approach. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:184-93. [PMID: 27013635 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Pulmonary hypertension is a progressive disease with poor prognosis, characterized by pathological inward remodelling and loss of patency of the lung vasculature. The right ventricle is co-affected by pulmonary hypertension, which triggers events such as hypoxia and/or increased mechanical load. Initially the right ventricle responds with 'adaptive' hypertrophy, which is often rapidly followed by 'maladaptive' changes leading to right heart decompensation and failure, which is the ultimate cause of death. METHODS AND RESULTS We report here that miR-223 is expressed in the murine lung and right ventricle at higher levels than in the left ventricle. Moreover, lung and right-ventricular miR-223 levels were markedly down-regulated by hypoxia. Correspondingly, increasing right-ventricular load by pulmonary artery banding, induced right-ventricular ischaemia, and the down-regulation of miR-223. Lung and right ventricle miR-223 down-regulation were linked with increased expression of the miR-223 target; insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) and IGF-I downstream signalling. Similarly, miR-223 was decreased and IGF-IR increased in human pulmonary hypertension. Notably in young mice, miR-223 overexpression, the genetic inactivation or pharmacological inhibition of IGF-IR, all attenuated right-ventricular hypertrophy and improved right heart function under conditions of hypoxia or increased afterload. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the early role of pulmonary and right-ventricular miR-223 and the IGF-IR in the right heart failure programme initiated by pulmonary hypoxia and increased mechanical load and may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies that target the development of PH and right heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, and German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Baktybek Kojonazarov
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Amro Elgheznawy
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, and German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Popp
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, and German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bhola Kumar Dahal
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Mario Böhm
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Soni Savai Pullamsetti
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hossein-Ardeschir Ghofrani
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Axel Gödecke
- Institut für Herz- und Kreislaufphysiologie, Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Jungmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Beate Fisslthaler
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, and German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, and German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Grunig G, Baghdassarian A, Park SH, Pylawka S, Bleck B, Reibman J, Berman-Rosenzweig E, Durmus N. Challenges and Current Efforts in the Development of Biomarkers for Chronic Inflammatory and Remodeling Conditions of the Lungs. Biomark Insights 2016; 10:59-72. [PMID: 26917944 PMCID: PMC4756863 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s29514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses biomarkers that are being researched for their usefulness to phenotype chronic inflammatory lung diseases that cause remodeling of the lung's architecture. The review focuses on asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary hypertension. Bio-markers of environmental exposure and specific classes of biomarkers (noncoding RNA, metabolism, vitamin, coagulation, and microbiome related) are also discussed. Examples of biomarkers that are in clinical use, biomarkers that are under development, and biomarkers that are still in the research phase are discussed. We chose to present examples of the research in biomarker development by diseases, because asthma, COPD, and pulmonary hypertension are distinct entities, although they clearly share processes of inflammation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Grunig
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aram Baghdassarian
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serhiy Pylawka
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bertram Bleck
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joan Reibman
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nedim Durmus
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Deng B, Du J, Hu R, Wang AP, Wu WH, Hu CP, Li YJ, Li XH. MicroRNA-103/107 is involved in hypoxia-induced proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells by targeting HIF-1β. Life Sci 2016; 147:117-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Reversal of MicroRNA Dysregulation in an Animal Model of Pulmonary Hypertension. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147827. [PMID: 26815432 PMCID: PMC4731388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animals models have played an important role in enhancing our understanding of the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Dysregulation of the profile of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been demonstrated in human tissues from PAH patients and in animal models. In this study, we measured miRNA levels in the monocrotaline (MCT) rat model of PAH and examined whether blocking a specific dysregulated miRNA not previously reported in this model, attenuated PAH. We also evaluated changes in miRNA expression in lung specimens from MCT PAH rats overexpressing human prostacyclin synthase, which has been shown to attenuate MCT PAH. Methods Expression levels of a panel of miRNAs were measured in MCT-PAH rats as compared to naïve (saline) control rats. Subsequently, MCT PAH rats were injected with a specific inhibitor (antagomiR) for miR-223 (A223) or a nonspecific control oligonucleotide (A-control) 4 days after MCT administration, then weekly. Three weeks later, RV systolic pressure and RV mass were measured. Total RNA, isolated from the lungs, microdissected pulmonary arteries, and right ventricle, was reverse transcribed and real-time quantitative PCR was performed. MiRNA levels were also measured in RNA isolated from paraffin sections of MCT-PAH rats overexpressing prostacyclin synthase. Results MiRs 17, 21, and 223 were consistently upregulated, whereas miRs 126, 145, 150, 204, 424, and 503 were downregulated in MCT PAH as compared to vehicle control. A223 significantly reduced levels of miR-223 in PA and lungs of MCT PAH rats as compared to levels measured in A-control or control MCT PAH rats, but A223 did not attenuate MCT PAH. Right ventricular mass and right ventricular systolic pressure in rats treated with A223 were not different from values in A-control or MCT PAH rats. In contrast, analysis of total RNA from lung specimens of MCT PAH rats overexpressing human prostacyclin synthase (hPGIS) demonstrated reversal of MCT-induced upregulation of miRs 17, 21, and 223 and an increase in levels of miR-424 and miR-503. Reduction in bone morphogenetic receptor 2 (BMPR2) messenger (m)RNA expression was not altered by A223, whereas human prostacyclin synthase overexpression restored BMPR2 mRNA to levels in MCT PAH to levels measured in naive controls. Conclusions Inhibition of miR-223 did not attenuate MCT PAH, whereas human prostacyclin synthase overexpression restored miRNA levels in MCT PAH to levels detected in naïve rats. These data may establish a paradigm linking attenuation of PAH to restoration of BMPR2 signaling.
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Schlosser K, Taha M, Deng Y, Jiang B, Stewart DJ. Discordant Regulation of microRNA Between Multiple Experimental Models and Human Pulmonary Hypertension. Chest 2015; 148:481-490. [PMID: 25763574 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dysregulation of microRNA (miRNA) is known to contribute to the pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the relationships between changes in tissue and circulating miRNA levels associated with different animal models and human pulmonary hypertension (PH) have not been defined. METHODS A set of miRNAs that have been causally implicated in PH, including miR-17, -21, -130b, -145, -204, -424, and -503, were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the plasma, lung, and right ventricle of three of the most common rodent models of PH: the rat monocrotaline and SU5416 plus chronic hypoxia (SuHx) models and the mouse chronic hypoxia model. Plasma miRNA levels were also evaluated in a cohort of patients with PAH and healthy subjects. RESULTS Several miRNA showed PH model-dependent perturbations in plasma and tissue levels; however, none of these were conserved across all three experimental models. Principle component analysis of miR expression changes in plasma revealed distinct clustering between rodent models, and SuHx-triggered PH showed the greatest similarity to human PAH. Changes in the plasma levels of several miRNA also correlated with changes in tissue expression. In particular, miR-424 was concordantly increased (1.3- to 1.5-fold, P < .05) in the plasma, lung, and right ventricle of hypoxic mice and in the plasma of patients with PAH. CONCLUSIONS miRNAs with established etiologic roles in PH showed context-dependent changes in tissue and circulating levels, which were not consistent across rodent models and human PAH. This suggests different miRNA-dependent mechanisms may contribute to experimental and clinical PH, complicating potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications amenable to these miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Schlosser
- From the Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamad Taha
- From the Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute), Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yupu Deng
- From the Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baohua Jiang
- From the Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Duncan J Stewart
- From the Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute), Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Hu J, Xu Q, McTiernan C, Lai YC, Osei-Hwedieh D, Gladwin M. Novel Targets of Drug Treatment for Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2015; 15:225-34. [PMID: 26016608 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-015-0125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical advances over the last decade have identified the central role of proliferative pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Furthermore, promoters of proliferation and apoptosis resistance in PASMCs and endothelial cells, such as aberrant signal pathways involving growth factors, G protein-coupled receptors, kinases, and microRNAs, have also been described. As a result of these discoveries, PH is currently divided into subgroups based on the underlying pathology, which allows focused and targeted treatment of the condition. The defining features of PH, which subsequently lead to vascular wall remodeling, are dysregulated proliferation of PASMCs, local inflammation, and apoptosis-resistant endothelial cells. Efforts to assess the relative contributions of these factors have generated several promising targets. This review discusses recent novel targets of therapies for PH that have been developed as a result of these advances, which are now in pre-clinical and clinical trials (e.g., imatinib [phase III]; nilotinib, AT-877ER, rituximab, tacrolimus, paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, bardoxolone methyl [phase II]; and sorafenib, FK506, aviptadil, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) [phase I]). While substantial progress has been made in recent years in targeting key molecular pathways, PH still remains without a cure, and these novel therapies provide an important conceptual framework of categorizing patients on the basis of molecular phenotype(s) for effective treatment of the disease.
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89
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Kim JD, Lee A, Choi J, Park Y, Kang H, Chang W, Lee MS, Kim J. Epigenetic modulation as a therapeutic approach for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e175. [PMID: 26228095 PMCID: PMC4525299 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but progressive and currently incurable disease, which is characterized by vascular remodeling in association with muscularization of the arterioles, medial thickening and plexiform lesion formation. Despite our advanced understanding of the pathogenesis of PAH and the recent therapeutic advances, PAH still remains a fatal disease. In addition, the susceptibility to PAH has not yet been adequately explained. Much evidence points to the involvement of epigenetic changes in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases including cancer, peripheral hypertension and asthma. The knowledge gained from the epigenetic study of various human diseases can also be applied to PAH. Thus, the pursuit of novel therapeutic targets via understanding the epigenetic alterations involved in the pathogenesis of PAH, such as DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA, might be an attractive therapeutic avenue for the development of a novel and more effective treatment. This review provides a general overview of the current advances in epigenetics associated with PAH, and discusses the potential for improved treatment through understanding the role of epigenetics in the development of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Dae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aram Lee
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihea Choi
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsook Park
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyesoo Kang
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woochul Chang
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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90
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Green DE, Murphy TC, Kang BY, Searles CD, Hart CM. PPARγ Ligands Attenuate Hypoxia-Induced Proliferation in Human Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells through Modulation of MicroRNA-21. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208095 PMCID: PMC4514882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive and often fatal disorder whose pathogenesis involves pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation. Although modern PH therapies have significantly improved survival, continued progress rests on the discovery of novel therapies and molecular targets. MicroRNA (miR)-21 has emerged as an important non-coding RNA that contributes to PH pathogenesis by enhancing vascular cell proliferation, however little is known about available therapies that modulate its expression. We previously demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists attenuated hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation, vascular remodeling and PH through pleiotropic actions on multiple targets, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). PTEN is a validated target of miR-21. We therefore hypothesized that antiproliferative effects conferred by PPARγ activation are mediated through inhibition of hypoxia-induced miR-21 expression. Human PASMC monolayers were exposed to hypoxia then treated with the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone (RSG,10 μM), or in parallel, C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to hypoxia then treated with RSG. RSG attenuated hypoxic increases in miR-21 expression in vitro and in vivo and abrogated reductions in PTEN and PASMC proliferation. Antiproliferative effects of RSG were lost following siRNA-mediated PTEN depletion. Furthermore, miR-21 mimic decreased PTEN and stimulated PASMC proliferation, whereas miR-21 inhibition increased PTEN and attenuated hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that PPARγ ligands regulate proliferative responses to hypoxia by preventing hypoxic increases in miR-21 and reductions in PTEN. These findings further clarify molecular mechanisms that support targeting PPARγ to attenuate pathogenic derangements in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Green
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Charles D Searles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - C Michael Hart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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91
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Kurakula K, Goumans MJ, Ten Dijke P. Regulatory RNAs controlling vascular (dys)function by affecting TGF-ß family signalling. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:832-50. [PMID: 26862319 PMCID: PMC4743484 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the last few years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as master regulators of gene expression in cardiovascular biology and disease. miRNAs are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that usually bind to 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of their target mRNAs and inhibit mRNA stability or translation of their target genes. miRNAs play a dynamic role in the pathophysiology of many CVDs through their effects on target mRNAs in vascular cells. Recently, numerous miRNAs have been implicated in the regulation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway which plays crucial roles in diverse biological processes, and is involved in pathogenesis of many diseases including CVD. This review gives an overview of current literature on the role of miRNAs targeting TGF-β/BMP signalling in vascular cells, including endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. We also provide insight into how this miRNA-mediated regulation of TGF-β/BMP signalling might be used to harness CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondababu Kurakula
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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92
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Abstract
Since their initial discovery in the early 1990s, microRNAs have now become the focus of a multitude of lines of investigation ranging from basic biology to translational applications in the clinic. Previously believed to be of no biological relevance, microRNAs regulate processes fundamental to human health and disease. In diseases of the lung, microRNAs have been implicated in developmental programming, as drivers of disease, potential therapeutic targets, and clinical biomarkers; however, several obstacles must be overcome for us to fully realize their potential therapeutic use. Here, we provide for the clinician an overview of microRNA biology in selected diseases of the lung with a focus on their potential clinical application.
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93
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Drake KM, Comhair SA, Erzurum SC, Tuder RM, Aldred MA. Endothelial chromosome 13 deletion in congenital heart disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension dysregulates SMAD9 signaling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:850-4. [PMID: 25830521 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201411-1985le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Duygu B, de Windt LJ, da Costa Martins PA. Targeting microRNAs in heart failure. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2015; 26:99-110. [PMID: 26119078 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs play pivotal roles in cardiac disease, and their therapeutic modulation raises exciting and unique opportunities, as well as challenges in the path toward clinical development and implementation. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of recent studies highlighting the important role of microRNAs in heart failure (HF) and the potential use of microRNA-based technology for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of HF. We will focus on the strategies presently used for microRNA-based therapy by discussing their use and drawbacks, as well as the challenges and future directions for their development in the context of human HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Duygu
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon J de Windt
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paula A da Costa Martins
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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95
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Shi L, Liao J, Liu B, Zeng F, Zhang L. Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of microRNAs in hypertension. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1188-204. [PMID: 26004493 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the major risk factor for the development of stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure and renal disease. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of hypertension are complex and remain largely elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNA fragments of 22-26 nucleotides and regulate protein expression post-transcriptionally by targeting the 3'-untranslated region of mRNA. A growing body of recent research indicates that miRNAs are important in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of miRNAs in cardiovascular remodeling, focusing specifically on hypertension. We also review recent progress of the miRNA-based therapeutics including pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies (such as exercise training) and their potential applications in the management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jingwen Liao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bailin Liu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fanxing Zeng
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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96
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Chen T, Zhou G, Zhou Q, Tang H, Ibe JCF, Cheng H, Gou D, Chen J, Yuan JXJ, Raj JU. Loss of microRNA-17∼92 in smooth muscle cells attenuates experimental pulmonary hypertension via induction of PDZ and LIM domain 5. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:678-92. [PMID: 25647182 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201405-0941oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) phenotype and are implicated in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. OBJECTIVES This study aims to understand the mechanisms regulating PASMC proliferation and differentiation by microRNA-17∼92 (miR-17∼92) and to elucidate its implication in PAH. METHODS We generated smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific miR-17∼92 and PDZ and LIM domain 5 (PDLIM5) knockout mice and overexpressed miR-17∼92 and PDLIM5 by injection of miR-17∼92 mimics or PDLIM5-V5-His plasmids and measured their responses to hypoxia. We used miR-17∼92 mimics, inhibitors, overexpression vectors, small interfering RNAs against PDLIM5, Smad, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β to determine the role of miR-17∼92 and its downstream targets in PASMC proliferation and differentiation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We found that human PASMC (HPASMC) from patients with PAH expressed decreased levels of the miR-17∼92 cluster, TGF-β, and SMC markers. Overexpression of miR-17∼92 increased and restored the expression of TGF-β3, Smad3, and SMC markers in HPASMC of normal subjects and patients with idiopathic PAH, respectively. Knockdown of Smad3 but not Smad2 prevented miR-17∼92-induced expression of SMC markers. SMC-specific knockout of miR-17∼92 attenuated hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mice, whereas reconstitution of miR-17∼92 restored hypoxia-induced PH in these mice. We also found that PDLIM5 is a direct target of miR-17/20a, and hypertensive HPASMC and mouse PASMC expressed elevated PDLIM5 levels. Suppression of PDLIM5 increased expression of SMC markers and enhanced TGF-β/Smad2/3 activity in vitro and enhanced hypoxia-induced PH in vivo, whereas overexpression of PDLIM5 attenuated hypoxia-induced PH. CONCLUSIONS We provided the first evidence that miR-17∼92 inhibits PDLIM5 to induce the TGF-β3/SMAD3 pathway, contributing to the pathogenesis of PAH.
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97
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McLendon JM, Joshi SR, Sparks J, Matar M, Fewell JG, Abe K, Oka M, McMurtry IF, Gerthoffer WT. Lipid nanoparticle delivery of a microRNA-145 inhibitor improves experimental pulmonary hypertension. J Control Release 2015; 210:67-75. [PMID: 25979327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that exploit RNA interference (RNAi) hold great potential for improving disease outcomes. However, there are several challenges that limit the application of RNAi therapeutics. One of the most important challenges is effective delivery of oligonucleotides to target cells and reduced delivery to non-target cells. We have previously developed a functionalized cationic lipopolyamine (Star:Star-mPEG-550) for in vivo delivery of siRNA to pulmonary vascular cells. This optimized lipid formulation enhances the retention of siRNA in mouse lungs and achieves significant knockdown of target gene expression for at least 10days following a single intravenous injection. Although this suggests great potential for developing lung-directed RNAi-based therapies, the application of Star:Star-mPEG mediated delivery of RNAi based therapies for pulmonary vascular diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains unknown. We identified differential expression of several microRNAs known to regulate cell proliferation, cell survival and cell fate that are associated with development of PAH, including increased expression of microRNA-145 (miR-145). Here we test the hypothesis that Star:Star-mPEG mediated delivery of an antisense oligonucleotide against miR-145 (antimiR-145) will improve established PAH in rats. We performed a series of experiments testing the in vivo distribution, toxicity, and efficacy of Star:Star-mPEG mediated delivery of antimiR-145 in rats with Sugen-5416/hypoxia induced PAH. We showed that after subchronic therapy of three intravenous injections over 5weeks at 2mg/kg, antimiR-145 accumulated in rat lung tissue and reduced expression of endogenous miR-145. Using a novel in situ hybridization approach, we demonstrated substantial distribution of antimiR-145 in the lungs as well as the liver, kidney, and spleen. We assessed toxic effects of Star:Star-mPEG/antimiR-145 with serial complete blood counts of leukocytes and serum metabolic panels, gross pathology, and histopathology and did not detect significant off-target effects. AntimiR-145 reduced the degree of pulmonary arteriopathy, reduced the severity of pulmonary hypertension, and reduced the degree of cardiac dysfunction. The results establish effective and low toxicity of lung delivery of a miRNA-145 inhibitor using functionalized cationic lipopolyamine nanoparticles to repair pulmonary arteriopathy and improve cardiac function in rats with severe PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M McLendon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
| | - Sachindra R Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Jeff Sparks
- Celsion-EGEN, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Majed Matar
- Celsion-EGEN, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | | | - Kohtaro Abe
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Masahiko Oka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Ivan F McMurtry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - William T Gerthoffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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98
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Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease without effective treatment. Despite decades of research and the development of novel treatments, PAH remains a fatal disease, suggesting an urgent need for better understanding of the pathogenesis of PAH. Recent studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) are dysregulated in patients with PAH and in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore, normalization of a few miRNAs is reported to inhibit experimental pulmonary hypertension. We have reviewed the current knowledge about miRNA biogenesis, miRNA expression pattern, and their roles in regulation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. We have also identified emerging trends in our understanding of the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PAH and propose future studies that might lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofei Zhou
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago; and
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99
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Huber LC, Ulrich S, Leuenberger C, Gassmann M, Vogel J, von Blotzheim LG, Speich R, Kohler M, Brock M. Featured Article: microRNA-125a in pulmonary hypertension: Regulator of a proliferative phenotype of endothelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1580-9. [PMID: 25854878 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215579018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling due to excessive proliferation of endothelial and smooth muscle cells is a hallmark feature of pulmonary hypertension. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNA fragments that have recently been associated with remodeling of pulmonary arteries, in particular by silencing the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2). Here we identified a novel pathway involving the concerted action of miR-125a, BMPR2 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKN) that controls a proliferative phenotype of endothelial cells. An in silico approach predicted miR-125a to target BMPR2. Functional inhibition of miR-125a resulted in increased proliferation of these cells, an effect that was found accompanied by upregulation of BMPR2 and reduced expression of the tumor suppressors CDKN1A (p21) and CDKN2A (p16). These data were confirmed in experimental pulmonary hypertension in vivo. Levels of miR-125a were elevated in lung tissue of hypoxic animals that develop pulmonary hypertension. In contrast, circulating levels of miR-125a were found to be lower in mice with pulmonary hypertension as compared to control mice. Similar findings were observed in a small cohort of patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension. These translational data emphasize the pathogenetic role of miR-125a in pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars C Huber
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Ulrich
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Leuenberger
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | | | - Rudolf Speich
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Brock
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
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100
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Rothman AMK, Chico TJA, Lawrie A. MicroRNA in pulmonary vascular disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 124:43-63. [PMID: 24751426 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386930-2.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are short noncoding RNA that regulate gene expression by inhibiting translation or promoting degradation of target mRNA. miRNA are key regulators of a wide range of cellular processes and their discovery has revolutionized our understanding of gene regulatory networks. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a debilitating and fatal disease characterized by remodeling of pulmonary arteries and right heart failure. Factors including sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction, inflammation, and altered cellular signaling pathways drive disease through pulmonary artery endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and the recruitment of circulating cells. miRNA have been shown to regulate many of the key drivers of pathology, yet the role of only a limited number of miRNA has been recognized in PAH. Investigation of the diverse regulatory functions of miRNA offers the potential to further understanding of the cellular pathology of PAH and to provide much needed diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on recent advances in the investigation of miRNA in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M K Rothman
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J A Chico
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Lawrie
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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