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Tian X, Tian Y, Gawlak G, Sarich N, Wu T, Birukova AA. Control of vascular permeability by atrial natriuretic peptide via a GEF-H1-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:5168-83. [PMID: 24352660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.493924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) dynamics is involved in a variety of cell functions, including control of the endothelial cell (EC) barrier. Release of Rho-specific nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 from microtubules activates the Rho pathway of EC permeability. In turn, pathologic vascular leak can be prevented by treatment with atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). This study investigated a novel mechanism of vascular barrier protection by ANP via modulation of GEF-H1 function. In pulmonary ECs, ANP suppressed thrombin-induced disassembly of peripheral MT and attenuated Rho signaling and cell retraction. ANP effects were mediated by the Rac1 GTPase effector PAK1. Activation of Rac1-PAK1 promoted PAK1 interaction with the Rho activator GEF-H1, inducing phosphorylation of total and MT-bound GEF-H1 and leading to attenuation of Rho-dependent actin remodeling. In vivo, ANP attenuated lung injury caused by excessive mechanical ventilation and TRAP peptide (TRAP/HTV), which was further exacerbated in ANP(-/-) mice. The protective effects of ANP against TRAP/HTV-induced lung injury were linked to the increased pool of stabilized MT and inactivation of Rho signaling via ANP-induced, PAK1-dependent inhibitory phosphorylation of GEF-H1. This study demonstrates a novel protective mechanism of ANP against pathologic hyperpermeability and suggests a novel pharmacological intervention for the prevention of increased vascular leak via PAK1-dependent modulation of GEF-H1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyong Tian
- From the Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Abstract
Increased endothelial permeability and reduction of alveolar liquid clearance capacity are two leading pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema, which is a major complication of acute lung injury, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the pathologies characterized by unacceptably high rates of morbidity and mortality. Besides the success in protective ventilation strategies, no efficient pharmacological approaches exist to treat this devastating condition. Understanding of fundamental mechanisms involved in regulation of endothelial permeability is essential for development of barrier protective therapeutic strategies. Ongoing studies characterized specific barrier protective mechanisms and identified intracellular targets directly involved in regulation of endothelial permeability. Growing evidence suggests that, although each protective agonist triggers a unique pattern of signaling pathways, selected common mechanisms contributing to endothelial barrier protection may be shared by different barrier protective agents. Therefore, understanding of basic barrier protective mechanisms in pulmonary endothelium is essential for selection of optimal treatment of pulmonary edema of different etiology. This article focuses on mechanisms of lung vascular permeability, reviews major intracellular signaling cascades involved in endothelial monolayer barrier preservation and summarizes a current knowledge regarding recently identified compounds which either reduce pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption and hyperpermeability, or reverse preexisting lung vascular barrier compromise induced by pathologic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G Birukov
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Sun X, Ma SF, Wade MS, Acosta-Herrera M, Villar J, Pino-Yanes M, Zhou T, Liu B, Belvitch P, Moitra J, Han YJ, Machado R, Noth I, Natarajan V, Dudek SM, Jacobson JR, Flores C, Garcia JGN. Functional promoter variants in sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 associate with susceptibility to sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L467-77. [PMID: 23911438 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00010.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic mechanisms underlying the susceptibility to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and the S1P receptor S1PR3 are intimately involved in lung inflammatory responses and vascular barrier regulation. Furthermore, plasma S1PR3 protein levels were shown to serve as a biomarker of severity in critically ill ARDS patients. This study explores the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the S1PR3 gene to sepsis-associated ARDS. S1PR3 SNPs were identified by sequencing the entire gene and tagging SNPs selected for case-control association analysis in African- and ED samples from Chicago, with independent replication in a European case-control study of Spanish individuals. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, luciferase activity assays, and protein immunoassays were utilized to assess the functionality of associated SNPs. A total of 80 variants, including 29 novel SNPs, were identified. Because of limited sample size, conclusive findings could not be drawn in African-descent ARDS subjects; however, significant associations were found for two promoter SNPs (rs7022797 -1899T/G; rs11137480 -1785G/C), across two ED samples supporting the association of alleles -1899G and -1785C with decreased risk for sepsis-associated ARDS. In addition, these alleles significantly reduced transcription factor binding to the S1PR3 promoter; reduced S1PR3 promoter activity, a response particularly striking after TNF-α challenge; and were associated with lower plasma S1PR3 protein levels in ARDS patients. These highly functional studies support S1PR3 as a novel ARDS candidate gene and a potential target for individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Sun
- Institute for Personalize Respiratory Medicine, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago, 3099 COMRB (MC719 909 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612.
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Zhou Z, Guo F, Dou Y, Tang J, Huan J. Guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 signaling is involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. Surgery 2013; 154:621-31. [PMID: 23859306 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to the pathologic increase of vascular leakage under septic conditions. However, the mechanisms behind LPS-induced vascular hyperpermeability remain incompletely understood. In this study, we tested hypothesis that guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 (GEF-H1) signaling might be a key pathway involved in endothelial cells (ECs) barrier dysfunction. METHODS The roles of GEF-H1 signaling pathway in LPS-induced ECs barrier dysfunction were accessed by Evans blue dye-labeled albumin (EB-albumin) leak across the human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) monolayers and Western blot assays. Furthermore, the effect of GEF-H1 signaling on LPS-induced alteration of cytoskeletal proteins and disruption of cell-cell junctions were analyzed by immunofluorescent analysis and Western blot assays, respectively. RESULTS We found that LPS could rapidly activated GEF-H1/RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway in ECs. The LPS-mediated increase in EB-albumin flux across human HUVECs monolayers could be prevented by GEF-H1 depletion or ROCK inactivation. ECs permeability is controlled by actin filaments and cell-cell contact protein complexes. Actin stress fiber formation and/or cell-cell contact proteins loss cause vascular barrier disruption. Here, GEF-H1 knockdown or ROCK inactivation both not only significantly inhibited LPS-induced actin stress fiber formation, phosphorylation of myosin light chain, and myosin-associated phosphatase type 1, but also suppressed LPS-induced loss of occludin, claudin-1, and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin in ECs, which suggested that LPS-induced stress fiber formation and cell-cell junctions disruption were closely associated with GEF-H1/RhoA/ROCK signaling activation. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that GEF-H1/RhoA/ROCK pathway in ECs plays an important role in LPS-mediated alteration of cell morphology and disruption of cell-cell junctions, consequently regulate LPS-induced vascular permeability dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengding Zhou
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Wu T, Xing J, Birukova AA. Cell-type-specific crosstalk between p38 MAPK and Rho signaling in lung micro- and macrovascular barrier dysfunction induced by Staphylococcus aureus-derived pathogens. Transl Res 2013; 162:45-55. [PMID: 23571093 PMCID: PMC4075464 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lung inflammation and alterations in endothelial cell (EC) micro- and macrovascular permeability are key events to development of acute lung injury. Using ECs derived from human pulmonary artery and lung microvasculature, we investigated the interplay between p38 stress mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Rho guanosine triphosphatase signaling in inflammatory and hyperpermeability responses. Both cell types were treated with Staphylococcus aureus-derived peptidoglycan (PepG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) with or without pretreatment with p38 MAPK or Rho kinase inhibitors. LTA and PepG increased permeability markedly in both pulmonary macrovascular and microvascular ECs. Agonist-induced hyperpermeability was accompanied by cytoskeletal remodeling, disruption of cell-cell contacts, formation of paracellular gaps, and activation of p38 MAPK, nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), and Rho/Rho kinase signaling. In macrovascular ECs, pharmacologic inhibition of Rho kinase with Y27632 suppressed p38 MAP kinase cascade activation significantly, whereas inhibition of p38 MAPK with SB203580 had no effect on Rho activation. In contrast, inhibition of p38 MAPK in microvascular ECs suppressed LTA/PepG-induced activation of Rho, whereas the Rho inhibitor suppressed activation of p38 MAPK. Inhibition of either p38 MAPK or Rho kinase attenuated activation of NFκB signaling substantially. These results demonstrate cell-type-specific differences in signaling induced by Staphylococcus aureus-derived pathogens in pulmonary endothelium. Thus, although Gram-positive bacterial compounds caused barrier dysfunction in both EC types, it was induced by a different pattern of crosstalk between Rho, p38 MAPK, and NFκB signaling. These observations may have important implications in defining microvasculature-specific therapeutic strategies aimed at the treatment of sepsis and acute lung injury induced by Gram-positive bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghuai Wu
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Han J, Ding R, Zhao D, Zhang Z, Ma X. Unfractionated heparin attenuates lung vascular leak in a mouse model of sepsis:Role of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. Thromb Res 2013; 132:e42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cinel I, Ark M, Dellinger P, Karabacak T, Tamer L, Cinel L, Michael P, Hussein S, Parrillo JE, Kumar A, Kumar A. Involvement of Rho kinase (ROCK) in sepsis-induced acute lung injury. J Thorac Dis 2012; 4:30-9. [PMID: 22295165 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2010.08.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Indirect acute lung injury is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We investigated the link between Rho kinase (ROCK) activation and apoptotic cell death in sepsis induced acute lung injury. This hypothesis was tested by administering a specific, selective inhibitor of ROCK (Y-27632) to rats subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as; sham-operated, sham + Y-27632, CLP and CLP + Y-27632. Twenty-four hours later, each experiment was terminated and lungs analyzed. Histopathology was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and the presence of apoptosis was evaluated through the TUNEL assay. Pulmonary activity of caspase 3 and ROCK 1 & 2 were measured by western blot. Interstitial edema, severely damaged pulmonary architecture with massive infiltration of the inflammatory cells and an increase in lung tissue TBARS levels as well as 3-NT to total tyrosine ratios were observed in untreated CLP animals. Pretreatment of animals with Y-27632, reduced lung injury in the CLP induced septic rats in each of these parameters of lung injury (p<0.05). Western immunoblot revealed active caspase cleavage and increased expression of active fragment of ROCK 1 & 2 in the CLP group. TUNEL assay showed an increase in percentage of apoptotic cells when comparing the CLP group with the CLP + Y-27632 group. These results suggest an important role of Rho kinase in sepsis induced lung injury by a mechanism that might be related to oxidative and/or nitrosative stress mediated caspase cleavage leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Cinel
- Department of Anesthesiology & Reanimation Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Differential requirement for ROCK in dendritic cell migration within lymphatic capillaries in steady-state and inflammation. Blood 2012; 120:2249-58. [PMID: 22855606 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-03-417923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) migration via lymphatic vessels to draining lymph nodes (dLNs) is crucial for the initiation of adaptive immunity. We imaged this process by intravital microscopy (IVM) in the ear skin of transgenic mice bearing red-fluorescent vasculature and yellow-fluorescent DCs. DCs within lymphatic capillaries were rarely transported by flow, but actively migrated within lymphatics and were significantly faster than in the interstitium. Pharmacologic blockade of the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), which mediates nuclear contraction and de-adhesion from integrin ligands, significantly reduced DC migration from skin to dLNs in steady-state. IVM revealed that ROCK blockade strongly reduced the velocity of interstitial DC migration, but only marginally affected intralymphatic DC migration. By contrast, during tissue inflammation, ROCK blockade profoundly decreased both interstitial and intralymphatic DC migration. Inhibition of intralymphatic migration was paralleled by a strong up-regulation of ICAM-1 in lymphatic endothelium, suggesting that during inflammation ROCK mediates de-adhesion of DC-expressed integrins from lymphatic-expressed ICAM-1. Flow chamber assays confirmed an involvement of lymphatic-expressed ICAM-1 and DC-expressed ROCK in DC crawling on lymphatic endothelium. Overall, our findings further define the role of ROCK in DC migration to dLNs and reveal a differential requirement for ROCK in intralymphatic DC crawling during steady-state and inflammation.
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Kratzer E, Tian Y, Sarich N, Wu T, Meliton A, Leff A, Birukova AA. Oxidative stress contributes to lung injury and barrier dysfunction via microtubule destabilization. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:688-97. [PMID: 22842495 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0161oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an important part of host innate immune response to foreign pathogens, such as bacterial LPS, but excessive activation of redox signaling may lead to pathologic endothelial cell (EC) activation and barrier dysfunction. Microtubules (MTs) play an important role in agonist-induced regulation of vascular endothelial permeability, but their impact in modulation of inflammation and EC barrier has not been yet investigated. This study examined the effects of LPS-induced oxidative stress on MT dynamics and the involvement of MTs in the LPS-induced mechanisms of Rho activation, EC permeability, and lung injury. LPS treatment of pulmonary vascular EC induced elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused oxidative stress associated with EC hyperpermeability, cytoskeletal remodeling, and formation of paracellular gaps, as well as activation of Rho, p38 stress kinase, and NF-κB signaling, the hallmarks of endothelial barrier dysfunction. LPS also triggered ROS-dependent disassembly of the MT network, leading to activation of MT-dependent signaling. Stabilization of MTs with epothilone B, or inhibition of MT-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)-H1 activity by silencing RNA-mediated knockdown, suppressed LPS-induced EC barrier dysfunction in vitro, and attenuated vascular leak and lung inflammation in vivo. LPS disruptive effects were linked to activation of Rho signaling caused by LPS-induced MT disassembly and release of Rho-specific GEF-H1 from MTs. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, the mechanism of ROS-induced Rho activation via destabilization of MTs and GEF-H1-dependent activation of Rho signaling, leading to pulmonary EC barrier dysfunction and exacerbation of LPS-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kratzer
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Suzuki K, Nemoto K, Ninomiya N, Kuno M, Kubota M, Yokota H. Fasudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular hyperpermeability and colonic muscle relaxation in guinea pigs. J Surg Res 2012; 178:352-7. [PMID: 22487385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase (Rho-kinase), a downstream target effector of the small GTP-binding protein Rho, plays a key role in cell adhesion, motility, and contraction. The goal of the present study was to determine the role of the Rho/Rho-kinase signal pathway in the pathogenesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced vascular hyperpermeability using the Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil. METHODS To evaluate plasma leakage, fasudil (3 or 10 mg/kg) or saline was intravenously administered 30 min before LPS injection. LPS (100, 300, and 1,000 μg/0.1 mL/site) and saline (0.1 mL/site) were administered intracutaneously in the dorsum of guinea pigs. Vascular permeability was measured on the dorsal skin by the local accumulation of Evans Blue dye after intracutaneous injection of LPS (100-1000 μg/site) from Escherichia coli. For the measurement of colonic muscle tension, fasudil (3 mg/kg) or saline was intravenously administered 30 min before LPS injection. LPS (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously. RESULTS Dye leakage in the skin increased significantly 2 h after the injection of LPS. This LPS-induced dye leakage was significantly suppressed by fasudil (3 and 10 mg/kg). LPS caused a transient decrease in colonic muscle tension, which peaked 2.5 h after the injection. This decrease in muscle tension was significantly suppressed by pretreatment with fasudil (3 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS The Rho/Rho-kinase pathway might play an important role in the pathogenesis of LPS-induced endotoxemia, and fasudil could attenuate LPS-induced microvascular permeability, leading to inhibition of endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Suzuki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Palani K, Rahman M, Hasan Z, Zhang S, Qi Z, Jeppsson B, Thorlacius H. Rho-kinase regulates adhesive and mechanical mechanisms of pulmonary recruitment of neutrophils in abdominal sepsis. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 682:181-7. [PMID: 22374257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that Rho-kinase signaling plays a role in mechanical and adhesive mechanisms of neutrophil accumulation in lung. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 prior to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Lung levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and histological tissue damage were determined 6h and 24h after CLP. Expression of Mac-1 and F-actin formation in neutrophils were quantified by using flow cytometry 6h after CLP. Mac-1 expression and F-actin formation were also determined in isolated neutrophils up to 3h after stimulation with CXCL2. Labeled and activated neutrophils co-incubated with Y-27632, an anti-Mac-1 antibody and cytochalasin B were adoptively transferred to CLP mice. Y-27632 reduced the CLP-induced pulmonary injury and MPO activity as well as Mac-1 on neutrophils. Neutrophil F-actin formation peaked at 6h and returned to baseline levels 24h after CLP induction. Rho-kinase inhibition decreased CLP-provoked F-actin formation in neutrophils. CXCL2 rapidly increased Mac-1 expression and F-actin formation in neutrophils. Co-incubation with Y-27632 abolished CXCL2-induced Mac-1 up-regulation and formation of F-actin in neutrophils. Notably, co-incubation with cytochalasin B inhibited formation of F-actin but did not reduce Mac-1 expression on activated neutrophils. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that co-incubation of neutrophils with the anti-Mac-1 antibody or cytochalasin B significantly decreased pulmonary accumulation of neutrophils in septic mice. Our data show that targeting Rho-kinase effectively reduces neutrophil recruitment and tissue damage in abdominal sepsis. Moreover, these findings demonstrate that Rho-kinase-dependent neutrophil accumulation in septic lung injury is regulated by both adhesive and mechanical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karzan Palani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Surgery, Malmö, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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Birukova AA, Tian Y, Meliton A, Leff A, Wu T, Birukov KG. Stimulation of Rho signaling by pathologic mechanical stretch is a "second hit" to Rho-independent lung injury induced by IL-6. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L965-75. [PMID: 22345573 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00292.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome of septic and nonseptic nature require assisted ventilation with positive pressure, which at suboptimal range may further exacerbate lung dysfunction. Previous studies described enhancement of agonist-induced Rho GTPase signaling and endothelial cell (EC) permeability in EC cultures exposed to pathologically relevant cyclic stretch (CS) magnitudes. This study examined a role of pathologic CS in modulation of pulmonary EC permeability caused by IL-6, a cytokine increased in sepsis and acting in a Rho-independent manner. IL-6 increased EC permeability, which was associated with activation of Jak/signal transducers and activators of transcription, p38 MAP kinase, and NF-κB signaling and was augmented by EC exposure to 18% CS. Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 suppressed the synergistic effect of 18% CS on IL-6-induced EC monolayer disruption but did not alter the IL-6 effects on static EC culture. 18% CS also increased IL-6-induced ICAM-1 expression by pulmonary EC and neutrophil adhesion, which was attenuated by Y-27632. Intratracheal IL-6 administration in C57BL/6J mice increased protein content and cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These changes were augmented by high tidal volume mechanical ventilation (HTV; 30 ml/kg, 4 h). Intravenous injection of Y-27632 suppressed IL6/HTV-induced lung injury. In conclusion, this study proposes a novel mechanism contributing to two-hit model of ALI: in addition to synergistic effects on Rho-dependent endothelial hyper-permeability triggered by thrombin, TNFα, LPS, or other agonists, ventilator-induced lung injury-relevant CS may also exacerbate Rho-independent mechanisms of EC permeability induced by other inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 via mechanisms involving Rho activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Birukova
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Ding RY, Zhao DM, Zhang ZD, Guo RX, Ma XC. Pretreatment of Rho Kinase Inhibitor Inhibits Systemic Inflammation and Prevents Endotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice. J Surg Res 2011; 171:e209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Zhang D, Huang C, Yang C, Liu RJ, Wang J, Niu J, Brömme D. Antifibrotic effects of curcumin are associated with overexpression of cathepsins K and L in bleomycin treated mice and human fibroblasts. Respir Res 2011; 12:154. [PMID: 22126332 PMCID: PMC3260240 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung fibrosis is characterized by fibroblast proliferation and the deposition of collagens. Curcumin, a polyphenol antioxidant from the spice tumeric, has been shown to effectively counteract fibroblast proliferation and reducing inflammation and fibrotic progression in animal models of bleomycin-induced lung injury. However, there is little mechanistic insight in the biological activity of curcumin. Here, we study the effects of curcumin on the expression and activity of cathepsins which have been implicated in the development of fibrotic lung diseases. Methods We investigated the effects of curcumin administration to bleomycin stimulated C57BL/6 mice and human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) on the expression of cathepsins K and L which have been implicated in matrix degradation, TGF-β1 modulation, and apoptosis. Lung tissues were evaluated for their contents of cathepsins K and L, collagen, and TGF-β1. HFL-1 cells were used to investigate the effects of curcumin and cathepsin inhibition on cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and the expression of cathepsins K and L and TGF-β1. Results Collagen deposition in lungs was decreased by 17-28% after curcumin treatment which was accompanied by increased expression levels of cathepsins L (25%-39%) and K (41%-76%) and a 30% decrease in TGF-β1 expression. Moreover, Tunel staining of lung tissue revealed a 33-41% increase in apoptotic cells after curcumin treatment. These in vivo data correlated well with data obtained from the human fibroblast line, HFL-1. Here, cathepsin K and L expression increased 190% and 240%, respectively, in the presence of curcumin and the expression of TGF-β1 decreased by 34%. Furthermore, curcumin significantly decreased cell proliferation and migration and increased the expression of surrogate markers of apoptosis. In contrast, these curcumin effects were partly reversed by a potent cathepsin inhibitor. Conclusion This study demonstrates that curcumin increases the expression of cathepsins K and L in lung which an effect on lung fibroblast cell behavior such as proliferation, migration and apoptosis rates and on the expression of TGF-β1 in mouse lung and HFL-1 cells. These results suggest that cathepsin-inducing drugs such as curcumin may be beneficial in the treatment of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Zhang
- Department of Oral and Biological Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Bogatcheva NV, Zemskova MA, Poirier C, Mirzapoiazova T, Kolosova I, Bresnick AR, Verin AD. The suppression of myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation during the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS): beneficial or detrimental to endothelial barrier? J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3132-46. [PMID: 21302311 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced vascular leakage is a major underlying cause of the respiratory dysfunction seen in severe sepsis. Here, we studied the role of MLC phosphorylation in LPS-induced endothelial hyperpermeability and assessed how the changes in phospho-MLC distribution affect LPS-induced barrier dysfunction. We demonstrated that the changes in human lung microvascular endothelial permeability are preceded by the increase in intracellular calcium level, and increase in MYPT and MLC phosphorylation. Using the siRNA approach, we showed that both LPS-induced barrier dysfunction and MLC phosphorylation are attenuated by the depletion of the smooth muscle isoform of MLC kinase (MLCK) and Rho kinase 2 (ROCK2). Surprisingly, pharmacological inhibition of both ROCK1 and 2 with Y-27632 exacerbated LPS-induced drop in transendothelial resistance, although significantly decreasing MLC phosphorylation level. We next studied the involvement of protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathways in LPS-induced barrier dysfunction. We showed that LPS decreased the level of PKA-dependent phosphorylation in endothelial cells; and the pretreatment with forskolin or PKA activator bnz-cAMP counteracted this effect. Forskolin and bnz-cAMP also attenuated LPS-induced increase in MLC phosphorylation level. As we have shown earlier (Bogatcheva et al., 2009), forskolin and bnz-cAMP provide protection from LPS-induced barrier dysfunction. We compared the effects of bnz-cAMP and Y-27632 on phospho-MLC distribution and observed that while bnz-cAMP increased the association of the phospho-MLC signal with the cortical structures, Y-27632 decreased this association. These data indicate that an overall decrease in MLC phosphorylation could be either beneficial or detrimental to endothelial barrier, depending on the intracellular locale of major phospho-MLC changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Bogatcheva
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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Awla D, Hartman H, Abdulla A, Zhang S, Rahman M, Regnér S, Thorlacius H. Rho-kinase signalling regulates trypsinogen activation and tissue damage in severe acute pancreatitis. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:648-58. [PMID: 20942858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is characterized by trypsinogen activation, infiltration of leucocytes and tissue necrosis but the intracellular signalling mechanisms regulating organ injury in the pancreas remain elusive. Rho-kinase is a potent regulator of specific cellular processes effecting several pro-inflammatory activities. Herein, we examined the role of Rho-kinase signalling in acute pancreatitis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pancreatitis was induced by infusion of taurocholate into the pancreatic duct in C57BL/6 mice. Animals were treated with a Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (0.5-5 mg·kg⁻¹) before induction of pancreatitis. KEY RESULTS Taurocholate infusion caused a clear-cut increase in blood amylase, pancreatic neutrophil infiltration, acinar cell necrosis and oedema formation in the pancreas. Levels of pancreatic myeloperoxidase (MPO), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP) and lung MPO were significantly increased, indicating local and systemic disease. Inhibition of Rho-kinase activity dose-dependently protected against pancreatitis. For example, 5 mg·kg⁻¹ Y-27632 reduced acinar cell necrosis, leucocyte infiltration and pancreatic oedema by 90%, 89% and 58%, respectively, as well as tissue levels of MPO by 75% and MIP-2 by 84%. Moreover, Rho-kinase inhibition decreased lung MPO by 75% and blood amylase by 83%. Pancreatitis-induced TAP levels were reduced by 61% in Y-27632-treated mice. Inhibition of Rho-kinase abolished secretagogue-induced activation of trypsinogen in pancreatic acinar cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our novel data suggest that Rho-kinase signalling plays an important role in acute pancreatitis by regulating trypsinogen activation and subsequent CXC chemokine formation, neutrophil infiltration and tissue injury. Thus, these results indicate that Rho-kinase may constitute a novel target in the management of SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Awla
- Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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Chen SC, Liu CC, Huang SY, Chiou SJ. Vascular hyperpermeability in response to inflammatory mustard oil is mediated by Rho kinase in mice systemically exposed to arsenic. Microvasc Res 2011; 82:182-9. [PMID: 21703283 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular disease induced by chronic arsenic exposure are not completely understood. We have previously shown that mice chronically fed sodium arsenite are hypersensitive to the permeability-increasing effects of inflammatory mustard oil. The aim of this study was to investigate whether RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK)-mediated vascular leakage (hyperpermeability) is induced by mustard oil in mice systemically exposed to arsenic. Animals were orally fed water (control group) or sodium arsenite for 8weeks. We compared the blood pressure and microvessel density of the ears between these two groups. Both control and arsenic groups exhibited a similar mean arterial pressure and microvessel density. Microvessel permeability changes that occurred following mustard oil treatment in the presence of Y-27632, a ROCK inhibitor, were quantified using the Evans blue (EB) technique and vascular labeling with carbon particles. Both the excessive leakiness of EB and the high density of carbon-labeled microvessels upon stimulation with mustard oil in the arsenic-fed mice were reduced by Y-27632 treatment. However, RhoA and ROCK2 expression levels were similar between control and arsenic-fed mice. We further investigated ROCK2 levels and ROCK activity in the ears following mustard oil challenge. ROCK2 levels in mouse ears treated with mustard oil were higher in the arsenic group as compared with the control group. Following mustard oil application, ROCK activity was significantly higher in the arsenic-fed mice compared with the control mice. These findings indicate that increased ROCK2 levels and enhanced ROCK activity are responsible for mustard oil-induced vascular hyperpermeability in arsenic-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION A role for cytokines in the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED) has emerged. Cytokines induce genes that synthesize other peptides in the cytokine family and several mediators, such as prostanoids, leukotrienes, nitric oxide, bradykinin, reactive oxygen species, and platelet-activating factor, all of which can affect vascular function. Consistent with the fact that the cavernosal tissue is a complex extension of the vasculature, risk factors that affect the vasculature have been shown to affect cavernosal function as well. Accordingly, the penile tissue has been recognized as an early sentinel for atherosclerosis that underlies coronary artery disease and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). AIM To review the literature pertaining to the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in ED. METHODS PubMed search for pertinent publications on the role of cytokines, particularly TNF-α, in CVD and ED. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical and experimental evidence demonstrates that TNF-α may play a role in ED. RESULTS TNF-α has been shown to play an important role in CVD, mainly due to its direct effects on the vasculature. In addition, high levels of TNF-α were demonstrated in patients with ED. In this review, we present a short description of the physiology of erection and the cytokine network. We focus on vascular actions of TNF-α that support a role for this cytokine as a potential candidate in the pathophysiology of ED, particularly in the context of CVD. A brief overview of its discovery, mechanisms of synthesis, receptors, and its main actions on the systemic and penile vasculature is also presented. CONCLUSIONS Considering that ED results from a systemic arterial defect not only confined to the penile vasculature, implication of TNF-α in the pathophysiology of ED offers a humoral linking between CVD and ED.
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Xiaolu D, Jing P, Fang H, Lifen Y, Liwen W, Ciliu Z, Fei Y. Role of p115RhoGEF in lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse brain microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction. Brain Res 2011; 1387:1-7. [PMID: 21354111 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In endothelial cells, exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in barrier dysfunction through a complex signaling mechanism. The RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway plays a significant role in endothelial cell permeability. p115RhoGEF, a specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) activates RhoA, triggering RhoA-dependent cytoskeletal remodeling. However, little is known about the role of p115RhoGEF in LPS-induced brain endothelial barrier breakdown. We hypothesized that suppression of p115RhoGEF may inhibit activation of RhoA and prevent LPS-induced brain microvascular endothelial cell hyperpermeability. METHODS The cultured monolayer of bEnd.3 cells, an immortalized mouse brain endothelial cell line, was used in this study. bEnd.3 cells were pretreated with specific siRNA to knockdown p115RhoGEF or C3 transferase to inhibit RhoA activity, and then incubated with LPS (5μg/ml). The degree of RhoA activation was determined by a Rhotekin-based pull-down assay, and expression of p115RhoGEF, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin and claudin-5 proteins were detected by Western blot analysis. The barrier function was measured by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). F-actin cytoskeleton was visualized by Rhodamine-phalloidin staining. RESULTS The expression level of p115RhoGEF protein was significantly increased in LPS-treated bEnd.3 cells. The activity of RhoA was enhanced after LPS stimulation and pretreatment with p115RhoGEF siRNA or exoenzyme C3 transferase reduced RhoA activation significantly as shown by the pull-down assay. Furthermore, depletion of p115RhoGEF partially prevented the LPS-induced decrease in TEER, stress fiber formation and tight junction proteins degradation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that p115RhoGEF is important for LPS signaling to RhoA and LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction, providing new insight into the function of RhoGEFs in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Xiaolu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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70
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Xing J, Moldobaeva N, Birukova AA. Atrial natriuretic peptide protects against Staphylococcus aureus-induced lung injury and endothelial barrier dysfunction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 110:213-24. [PMID: 21051573 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00284.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation and alterations in endothelial cell (EC) permeability are key events to development of acute lung injury (ALI). Protective effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) have been shown against inflammatory signaling and endothelial barrier dysfunction induced by gram-negative bacterial wall liposaccharide. We hypothesized that ANP may possess more general protective effects and attenuate lung inflammation and EC barrier dysfunction by suppressing inflammatory cascades and barrier-disruptive mechanisms shared by gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens. C57BL/6J wild-type or ANP knockout mice (Nppa-/-) were treated with gram-positive bacterial cell wall compounds, Staphylococcus aureus-derived peptidoglycan (PepG) and/or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) (intratracheal, 2.5 mg/kg each), with or without ANP (intravenous, 2 μg/kg). In vitro, human pulmonary EC barrier properties were assessed by morphological analysis of gap formation and measurements of transendothelial electrical resistance. LTA and PepG markedly increased pulmonary EC permeability and activated p38 and ERK1/2 MAP kinases, NF-κB, and Rho/Rho kinase signaling. EC barrier dysfunction was further elevated upon combined LTA and PepG treatment, but abolished by ANP pretreatment. In vivo, LTA and PepG-induced accumulation of protein and cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, tissue neutrophil infiltration, and increased Evans blue extravasation in the lungs was significantly attenuated by intravenous injection of ANP. Accumulation of bronchoalveolar lavage markers of LTA/PepG-induced lung inflammation and barrier dysfunction was further augmented in ANP-/- mice and attenuated by exogenous ANP injection. These results strongly suggest a protective role of ANP in the in vitro and in vivo models of ALI associated with gram-positive infection. Thus ANP may have important implications in therapeutic strategies aimed at the treatment of sepsis and ALI-induced gram-positive bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xing
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Lung Injury Center, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Mihaescu A, Santén S, Jeppsson B, Thorlacius H. Rho kinase signalling mediates radiation-induced inflammation and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Br J Surg 2010; 98:124-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Radiotherapy is important in the management of pelvic malignancies, but radiation-induced intestinal damage is a dose-limiting factor. Microvascular injury and epithelial barrier dysfunction are considered to be rate-limiting aspects in radiation-induced enteropathy. This study investigated the role of Rho kinase signalling in radiation-induced inflammation and intestinal barrier dysfunction.
Methods
The specific Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (1 and 10 mg/kg) was given to C57BL/6J mice before challenge with 20 Gy radiation. Leucocyte– and platelet–endothelium interactions in the colonic microcirculation were assessed by intravital microscopy. Levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and CXC chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant), and intestinal leakage were quantified after 16 h.
Results
Radiation increased leucocyte and platelet recruitment, MPO activity, CXC chemokine production and intestinal leakage. Y-27632 significantly reduced radiation-induced leucocyte rolling and abolished adhesion; it also decreased platelet rolling and adhesion by 55 and 74 per cent respectively (P < 0·050). Inhibition of Rho kinase signalling significantly decreased radiation-provoked formation of CXC chemokines, MPO activity by 52 per cent, and intestinal leakage by 67 per cent (P < 0·050).
Conclusion
Rho kinase activity constitutes an important signalling mechanism in radiation-induced inflammation and intestinal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mihaescu
- Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - S Santén
- Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - B Jeppsson
- Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - H Thorlacius
- Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Birukova AA, Fu P, Xing J, Yakubov B, Cokic I, Birukov KG. Mechanotransduction by GEF-H1 as a novel mechanism of ventilator-induced vascular endothelial permeability. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L837-48. [PMID: 20348280 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00263.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological lung overdistention associated with mechanical ventilation at high tidal volumes (ventilator-induced lung injury; VILI) compromises endothelial cell (EC) barrier leading to development of pulmonary edema and increased morbidity and mortality. We have previously shown involvement of microtubule (MT)-associated Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 in the agonist-induced regulation of EC permeability. Using an in vitro model of human pulmonary EC exposed to VILI-relevant magnitude of cyclic stretch (18% CS) we tested a hypothesis that CS-induced alterations in MT dynamics contribute to the activation of Rho-dependent signaling via GEF-H1 and mediate early EC response to pathological mechanical stretch. Acute CS (30 min) induced disassembly of MT network, cell reorientation, and activation of Rho pathway, which was prevented by MT stabilizer taxol. siRNA-based GEF-H1 knockdown suppressed CS-induced disassembly of MT network, abolished Rho signaling, and attenuated CS-induced stress fiber formation and EC realignment compared with nonspecific RNA controls. Depletion of GEF-H1 in the murine two-hit model of VILI attenuated vascular leak induced by lung ventilation at high tidal volume and thrombin-derived peptide TRAP6. These data show for the first time the critical involvement of microtubules and microtubule-associated GEF-H1 in lung vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction induced by pathological mechanical strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Birukova
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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73
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Spindler V, Schlegel N, Waschke J. Role of GTPases in control of microvascular permeability. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87:243-53. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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74
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Moon C, Lee YJ, Park HJ, Chong YH, Kang JL. N-Acetylcysteine Inhibits RhoA and Promotes Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Intense Lung Inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:374-87. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200907-1061oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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75
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Ravindranath TM, Mong PY, Ananthakrishnan R, Li Q, Quadri N, Schmidt AM, Ramasamy R, Wang Q. Novel role for aldose reductase in mediating acute inflammatory responses in the lung. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:8128-37. [PMID: 20007578 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exaggerated inflammatory responses and the resultant increases in alveolar-capillary permeability underlie the pathogenesis of acute lung injury during sepsis. This study examined the functions of aldose reductase (AR) in mediating acute lung inflammation. Transgenic mice expressing human AR (ARTg) were used to study the functions of AR since mice have low intrinsic AR activity. In a mild cecal ligation and puncture model, ARTg mice demonstrated an enhanced AR activity and a greater inflammatory response as evaluated by circulating cytokine levels, neutrophil accumulation in the lungs, and activation of Rho kinase in lung endothelial cells (ECs). Compared with WT lung cells, ARTg lung cells produced more IL-6 and showed augmented JNK activation in response to LPS stimulation ex vivo. In human neutrophils, AR activity was required for fMLP-included CD11b activation and up-regulation, respiratory burst, and shape changes. In human pulmonary microvascular ECs, AR activity was required for TNF-alpha-induced activation of the Rho kinase/MKK4/JNK pathway and IL-6 production, but not p38 activation or ICAM-1 expression. Importantly, AR activity in both human neutrophils and ECs was required for neutrophil adhesion to TNF-alpha-stimulated ECs. These data demonstrate a novel role for AR in regulating the signaling pathways leading to neutrophil-EC adhesion during acute lung inflammation.
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76
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Harvesting, identification and barrier function of human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2010; 52:175-81. [PMID: 20060932 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial barrier dysfunction is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Even though approaches that target the prevention and repair of endothelial barrier dysfunction are clearly needed, our understanding of the molecular regulation of pulmonary microvascular endothelial permeability remains incomplete. Cultured pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells represent an attractive paradigm for the study of barrier function. Here, we describe a method for the harvest, identification and culture of human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC). HLMVEC thus obtained, grow as a monolayer, exhibit contact inhibition and have the typical cobblestone appearance. They express endothelial proteins, such as von Willebrand factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase and take up an acetylated LDL. Furthermore, HLMVEC respond predictably and with superior sensitivity to the barrier disruptive effects of Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial products, thrombin, vascular endothelial growth factor and microtubule disrupting agents. These HLMVEC present an in-house-derived alternative to commercially available human cells for the study of mechanisms contributing to ALI and ARDS.
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Birukova AA, Fu P, Xing J, Cokic I, Birukov KG. Lung endothelial barrier protection by iloprost in the 2-hit models of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) involves inhibition of Rho signaling. Transl Res 2010; 155:44-54. [PMID: 20004361 PMCID: PMC2814140 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation at high tidal volume (HTV) may cause pulmonary capillary leakage and acute lung inflammation culminating in ventilator-induced lung injury. Iloprost is a stable, synthetic analog of prostaglandin I(2) used to treat pulmonary hypertension, which also showed endothelium-dependent antiedemagenic effects in the models of lung injury. To test the hypothesis that iloprost may attenuate lung inflammation and lung endothelial barrier disruption caused by pathologic lung distension and coagulation system component thrombin, we used cell and animal 2-hit models of ventilator-induced lung injury. Mice received a triple injection of iloprost (2 microg/kg, intravenous instillation) at 0, 40, and 80 min after the onset of HTV mechanical ventilation (30 mL/kg, 4h), combined with the administration of a thrombin receptor-activating peptide 6 (TRAP6, 3 x 10(-7)mol/mouse, intratracheal instillation). After 4h of ventilation, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), histologic analysis, and measurements of Evans blue accumulation in the lung tissue were performed. The effects of iloprost on endothelial barrier dysfunction were subsequently assessed in pulmonary endothelial cells (ECs) exposed to thrombin and pathologic (18%) cyclic stretch. The combination of HTV and TRAP6 enhanced the accumulation of neutrophils in BAL fluid and lung parenchyma, as well as increased the BAL protein content and endothelial permeability judged by Evans blue extravasation in the lung tissue. These effects were markedly attenuated by iloprost. The application of 18% cyclic stretch to pulmonary ECs enhanced the thrombin-induced EC paracellular gap formation and Rho-GTPase-mediated phosphorylation of regulatory myosin light chains and myosin phosphatase. Iloprost markedly inhibited the Rho-kinase-mediated site-specific phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase, and it prevented cyclic stretch- and thrombin-induced endothelial monolayer disruption. This study characterizes for the first time the protective effects of iloprost in the in vitro and in vivo 2-hit models of VILI and supports consideration of iloprost as a new therapeutic treatment of VILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Birukova
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill 60637, USA
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78
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Kukulski F, Ben Yebdri F, Bahrami F, Fausther M, Tremblay A, Sévigny J. Endothelial P2Y2 receptor regulates LPS-induced neutrophil transendothelial migration in vitro. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:991-9. [PMID: 20022380 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that P2 receptors are involved in neutrophil migration via stimulation of chemokine release and by facilitating chemoattractant gradient sensing. Here, we have investigated whether these receptors are involved in LPS-induced neutrophil transendothelial migration (TEM) using a Boyden chamber where neutrophils migrated through a layer of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In line with a role of P2 receptors, neutrophil TEM was inhibited by the P2 receptor antagonists suramin and reactive blue 2 (RB-2) acting on the basolateral, but not luminal, HUVECs' P2 receptors. HUVECs express P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), P2Y(6) and P2Y(11). The involvement of P2Y(4) was unlikely as this receptor is insensitive to suramin while P2Y(1), P2Y(6) and P2Y(11) were excluded with available selective antagonists, leaving P2Y(2) as the only candidate. Indeed, the P2Y(2) knockdown in HUVECs inhibited neutrophil TEM compared to control HUVECs transfected with scrambled siRNA. Moreover, UTP, a P2Y(2) ligand, markedly potentiated LPS-induced TEM. Interestingly, IL-8 and ICAM-1 had a modest effect on neutrophil TEM in this 3h assay which was significantly diminished by the inhibition of Rho kinase in HUVECs with Y27632. In summary, endothelial P2Y(2) receptors control the early LPS-induced neutrophil TEM in vitro via Rho kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kukulski
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Birukova AA, Burdette D, Moldobaeva N, Xing J, Fu P, Birukov KG. Rac GTPase is a hub for protein kinase A and Epac signaling in endothelial barrier protection by cAMP. Microvasc Res 2009; 79:128-38. [PMID: 19962392 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevation in intracellular cAMP level has been associated with increased endothelial barrier integrity and linked to the activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Recent studies have shown a novel mechanism of cAMP-mediated endothelial barrier regulation via cAMP-dependent nucleotide exchange factor Epac1 and Rap1 GTPase. This study examined a contribution of PKA-dependent and PKA-independent pathways in the human pulmonary endothelial (EC) barrier protection by cAMP. Synthetic cAMP analog, 8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (Br-cAMP), induced dose-dependent increase in EC transendothelial electrical resistance which was associated with activation of PKA, Epac/Rap1, and Tiam/Vav/Rac cascades and significantly attenuated thrombin-induced EC barrier disruption. Both specific Epac/Rap1 activator 8CPT-2Me-cAMP (8CPT) and specific PKA activator N(6)-benzoyl-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (6Bnz) enhanced EC barrier, suppressed thrombin-induced EC permeability, and independently activated small GTPase Rac. SiRNA-induced Rac knockdown suppressed barrier protective effects of both PKA and Epac signaling in pulmonary EC. Intravenous administration of either 6Bnz, or 8CPT, significantly reduced lung vascular leak in the murine model of lung injury induced by high tidal volume mechanical ventilation (HTV, 30 ml/kg, 4 h), whereas combined treatment with 6Bnz and 8CPT showed no further additive effects. This study dissected for the first time PKA and Epac pathways of lung EC barrier protection caused by cAMP elevation and identified Rac GTPase as a hub for PKA and Epac signaling leading to enhancement of lung vascular barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Birukova
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Xing J, Birukova AA. ANP attenuates inflammatory signaling and Rho pathway of lung endothelial permeability induced by LPS and TNFalpha. Microvasc Res 2009; 79:56-62. [PMID: 19931545 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported protective effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) against endothelial cell (EC) permeability induced by thrombin via suppression of Rho GTPase pathway of barrier dysfunction by protein kinase A and Epac-Rap1-Tiam1-Rac signaling cascades. This study tested effects of ANP on EC barrier dysfunction induced by inflammatory mediators lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNFalpha and linked them with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NFkappaB signaling cascades known to promote EC hyperpermeability in the models of lung inflammation and sepsis. LPS and TNFalpha increased permeability in human pulmonary EC monitored by measurements of transendothelial electrical resistance, and caused disruption of EC monolayer integrity monitored by immunofluorescence staining for adherens junction marker protein VE-cadherin. Both disruptive effects were markedly attenuated by ANP. Both LPS and TNFalpha caused sustained activation of p38 and ERK1/2 MAP kinases, increased phosphorylation and degradation of negative regulator of NFkappaB signaling IkBalpha, and increased Rho-kinase mediated phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase MYPT1 leading to accumulation of phosphorylated myosin light chains. Consistent with protective effects on EC permeability and monolayer integrity, ANP dramatically attenuated activation of inflammatory signaling by LPS and TNFalpha in pulmonary EC. These results strongly suggest inhibitory effects of ANP on the LPS and TNFalpha induced inflammatory signaling as additional mechanism of EC barrier preservation in the models of acute lung injury and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xing
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Gorovoy M, Han J, Pan H, Welch E, Neamu R, Jia Z, Predescu D, Vogel S, Minshall RD, Ye RD, Malik AB, Voyno-Yasenetskaya T. LIM kinase 1 promotes endothelial barrier disruption and neutrophil infiltration in mouse lungs. Circ Res 2009; 105:549-56. [PMID: 19679840 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.195883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Disruption of endothelial barrier function and neutrophil-mediated injury are two major mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Recently we reported that endotoxin induced activation of RhoA in mice lungs that led to the disruption of endothelial barrier and lung edema formation; however, the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remained unknown. OBJECTIVE We reasoned that LIMK1, which participates in the regulation of endothelial cell contractility and is activated by RhoA/Rho kinase pathway, could mediate RhoA-dependent disruption of endothelial barrier function in mouse lungs during ALI. And if that is the case, then attenuation of endothelial cell contractility by downregulating LIMK1 may lead to the enhancement of endothelial barrier function, which could protect mice from endotoxin-induced ALI. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we report that LIMK1 deficiency in mice significantly reduced mortality induced by endotoxin. Data showed that lung edema formation, lung microvascular permeability, and neutrophil infiltration into the lungs were suppressed in limk1(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS We identified that improvement of endothelial barrier function along with impaired neutrophil chemotaxis were the underlying mechanisms that reduced severity of ALI in limk1(-/-) mice, pointing to a new therapeutic target for diseases associated with acute inflammation of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matvey Gorovoy
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Mafra de Lima F, Costa MS, Albertini R, Silva JA, Aimbire F. Low level laser therapy (LLLT): attenuation of cholinergic hyperreactivity, beta(2)-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness and TNF-alpha mRNA expression in rat bronchi segments in E. coli lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation by a NF-kappaB dependent mechanism. Lasers Surg Med 2009; 41:68-74. [PMID: 19143014 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It is unknown if the decreased ability to relax airways smooth muscles in asthma and other inflammatory disorders, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), can be influenced by low level laser therapy (LLLT) irradiation. In this context, the present work was developed in order to investigate if LLLT could reduce dysfunction in inflamed bronchi smooth muscles (BSM) in rats. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS A controlled ex vivo study was developed where bronchi from Wistar rat were dissected and mounted in an organ bath apparatus with or without a TNF-alpha. RESULTS LLLT administered perpendicularly to a point in the middle of the dissected bronchi with a wavelength of 655 nm and a dose of 2.6 J/cm(2), partially decreased BSM hyperreactivity to cholinergic agonist, restored BSM relaxation to isoproterenol and reduced the TNF-alpha mRNA expression. An NF-kappaB antagonist (BMS205820) blocked the LLLT effect on dysfunction in inflamed BSM. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this work indicate that the LLLT effect on alterations in responsiveness of airway smooth muscles observed in TNF-alpha-induced experimental acute lung inflammation seems to be dependent of NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mafra de Lima
- Institute of Research and Development (IP&D), São Paulo, Brazil
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83
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How to plug a leak? Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1821-2. [PMID: 19373063 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181a096c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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84
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Lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial barrier breakdown is cyclic adenosine monophosphate dependent in vivo and in vitro. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1735-43. [PMID: 19325485 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31819deb6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is critically involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced breakdown of endothelial barrier functions in vivo and in vitro. DESIGN Experimental laboratory research. SETTING Research laboratory. SUBJECTS Wistar rats and cultured human microvascular endothelial cells. INTERVENTION Permeability measurements in single postcapillary venules in vivo and permeability measurements and cell biology techniques in vitro. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS We demonstrate that within 120 minutes LPS increased endothelial permeability in rat mesenteric postcapillary venules in vivo and caused a barrier breakdown in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. This was associated with the formation of large intercellular gaps and fragmentation of vascular endothelial cadherin immunostaining. Furthermore, claudin 5 immunostaining at cell borders was drastically reduced after LPS treatment. Interestingly, activity of the small GTPase Rho A, which has previously been suggested to mediate the LPS-induced endothelial barrier breakdown, was not increased after 2 hours. However, activity of Rac 1, which is known to be important for maintenance of endothelial barrier functions, was significantly reduced to 64 +/- 8% after 2 hours. All LPS-induced changes of endothelial cells were blocked by a forskolin-mediated or rolipram-mediated increase of cAMP. Consistently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based measurements demonstrated that LPS significantly decreased intracellular cAMP. CONCLUSION In summary, our data demonstrate that LPS disrupts endothelial barrier properties by decreasing intracellular cAMP. This mechanism may involve inactivation of Rac 1 rather than activation of Rho A.
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85
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Mong PY, Wang Q. Activation of Rho kinase isoforms in lung endothelial cells during inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2385-94. [PMID: 19201893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rho kinase (ROCK) is a downstream effector of Rho family GTPases, and two highly homologous isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, are similarly inhibited by the widely used pharmacologic inhibitors. In endothelial cells (ECs), activation of ROCK regulates myosin L chain (MLC) phosphorylation, stress fiber formation and permeability increases during inflammation. This study examined isoform-specific ROCK activation in lung ECs in vitro using human pulmonary microvascular ECs and ex vivo using freshly isolated lung ECs from mice. In unstimulated human as well as mouse lung ECs, ROCK2 activity was greater than ROCK1 activity. TNF-alpha stimulation induced activation of both ROCK1 and ROCK2 in cultured human ECs. Studies using lung ECs freshly isolated from mice showed that intratracheal instillation of LPS induced ROCK activation in lung ECs that was inhibited by treating animals with fasudil, a pharmacologic ROCK inhibitor, and that both ROCK1 and ROCK2 were activated. Small interference RNA targeting ROCK1 or ROCK2 was used to examine their functions in regulating MLC phosphorylation and permeability increases induced by TNF-alpha in human ECs. TNF-alpha-induced MLC phosphorylation required ROCK activation. Inhibition of ROCK1 alone was not sufficient to prevent TNF-alpha-induced MLC phosphorylation, whereas inhibition of ROCK2 prevented TNF-alpha-induced late MLC phosphorylation at 24 h. Although ROCK1 was dispensable for TNF-alpha-induced MLC phosphorylation, ROCK1 was required for TNF-alpha-induced early permeability increases. Therefore, ROCK1 and ROCK2 are both activated by TNF-alpha and can be functionally separated in the signaling pathways leading to TNF-alpha-induced MLC phosphorylation and permeability increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllus Y Mong
- The Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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86
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Meyer-Schwesinger C, Dehde S, von Ruffer C, Gatzemeier S, Klug P, Wenzel UO, Stahl RAK, Thaiss F, Meyer TN. Rho kinase inhibition attenuates LPS-induced renal failure in mice in part by attenuation of NF-kappaB p65 signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F1088-99. [PMID: 19225047 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90746.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho kinase signaling regulates inflammatory cell migration and chemokine production. We therefore investigated the mechanisms of Rho-kinase-dependent inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced renal failure. C57/BL6 mice received intraperitoneal LPS with or without daily treatment with specific Rho kinase inhibitors (Y-27632 or HA-1077; 5 mg/kg). Rho kinase inhibitors were applied in a preventive (12 or 1 h before LPS) or a therapeutic (6 h after LPS) scheme. Both protected renal function and decreased tubular injury in LPS-treated mice. Enhanced Rho kinase activity was inhibited by HA-1077 in capillary endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, and tubuli by analysis of Rho kinase substrate phosphorylation. Early neutrophil influx was reduced by HA-1077 without reduction of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha. In contrast, HA-1077 decreased the influx of monocytes/macrophages coinciding with reduced expression of the NF-kappaB-regulated chemokines CCL5 and CCL2. We therefore examined NF-kappaB signal transduction and found that NF-kappaB p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation were reduced by Rho kinase inhibition. IkappaBalpha degradation was not altered during the first 6 h but was reduced by HA-1077 at later time points. NF-kappaB p50-deficient mice were similarly protected from renal injury by Rho kinase inhibition further supporting the prominent role for p65 in Rho kinase inhibition. Together, these data suggest that Rho kinase inhibition by preventive or therapeutic treatment effectively reduced endotoxic kidney injury in part by attenuation of NF-kappaB p65 activation.
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87
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Remarkable progress has been made during the last decade in defining the molecular mechanisms that underlie septic shock. This rapidly expanding field is leading to new therapeutic opportunities in the management of severe sepsis. AIM To provide the clinician with a timely summary of the molecular biology of sepsis and to better understand recent advances in sepsis research. DATA SELECTION Medline search of relevant publications in basic mechanisms of sepsis/severe sepsis/septic shock, and selected literature review of other manuscripts about the signalosome, inflammasome, apoptosis, or mechanisms of shock. DATA SYNTHESIS AND FINDINGS: The identification of the toll-like receptors and the associated concept of innate immunity based upon pathogen- or damage-associated molecular pattern molecules allowed significant advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis. The essential elements of the inflammasome and signal transduction networks responsible for activation of the host response have now been characterized. Apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, sepsis-related immunosuppression, late mediators of systemic inflammation, control mechanisms for coagulation, and reprogramming of immune response genes all have critical roles in the development of sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Many of these basic discoveries have direct implications for the clinical management of sepsis. The translation of these "bench-to-bedside" findings into new therapeutic strategies is already underway. This brief review provides the clinician with a primer into the basic mechanisms responsible for the molecular biology of sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock.
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88
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Ramchandran R, Mehta D, Vogel SM, Mirza MK, Kouklis P, Malik AB. Critical role of Cdc42 in mediating endothelial barrier protection in vivo. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L363-9. [PMID: 18515405 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90241.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Rho GTPase Cdc42 has been shown in endothelial cell monolayers to prevent disassembly of interendothelial junctions and the increase in endothelial permeability. Here, we addressed the in vivo role of Cdc42 activity in mediating endothelial barrier protection in lungs by generating mice expressing the dominant active mutant V12Cdc42 protein in vascular endothelial cells targeted via the VE-cadherin promoter. These mice developed normally and exhibited constitutively active GTP-bound Cdc42. The increase in lung vascular permeability and gain in tissue water content in response to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide challenge (7 mg/kg) were markedly attenuated in the transgenic mice. To address the basis of the protective effect, we observed that expression of V12Cdc42 mutant in endothelial monolayers reduced the decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance, a measure of opening of interendothelial junctions, thus indicating that Cdc42 activity preserved junctional integrity. RhoA activity in V12Cdc42-expressing endothelial monolayers was reduced compared with untransfected cells, suggesting that activated Cdc42 functions by counteracting the canonical RhoA-mediated mechanism of endothelial hyperpermeability. Therefore, Cdc42 activity of microvessel endothelial cells is a critical determinant of junctional barrier restrictiveness and may represent a means of therapeutically modulating increased lung vascular permeability and edema formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaswamy Ramchandran
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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89
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Tsai HH, Chen IJ, Lo YC. Effects of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang on U46619-induced increase in pulmonary arterial blood pressure. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 117:457-62. [PMID: 18387761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXT), composed of Coptidis rhizoma, Scutellariae radix and Rhei rhizoma, is traditionally used to treat hypertension. AIM OF THE STUDY Our aim was to investigate the pharmacology effect of SHXT on a thromboxane A(2) analogue U46619-induced increase in pulmonary hypertension and protein expression in primary pulmonary smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Arterial blood pressure and isometric tension in the aorta and pulmonary artery of rats were measured by pressure and force transducers, respectively. Protein expressions on PASMCs were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS SHXT significantly attenuated U46619-induced increase in arterial blood pressure. The inhibitory effect of SHXT on pulmonary arterial pressure was greater than systemic arterial pressure in U46619 treated rats. Similarly, the inhibitory effect of SHXT on U46619-induced vasoconstriction in rat pulmonary arterial rings was greater than that in aortic rings. In U46619 treated PASMCs, SHXT down-regulated expression of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), Rho-kinase (ROCK) II, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and up-regulated expression of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) alpha(1) and sGCbeta(1). CONCLUSIONS SHXT attenuated U46619-induced increase in systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressure. Inhibition of PDE5, ROCK-II, COX-2 and stimulation of sGC may play important roles in the cardiovascular effects of SHXT.
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MESH Headings
- 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Separation
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5/biosynthesis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/biosynthesis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Isometric Contraction/drug effects
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Vasoconstrictor Agents
- rho-Associated Kinases/biosynthesis
- rho-Associated Kinases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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90
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Schaafsma D, Bos IST, Zuidhof AB, Zaagsma J, Meurs H. The inhaled Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 protects against allergen-induced acute bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L214-9. [PMID: 18487358 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00498.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) after the early (EAR) and late (LAR) asthmatic reaction in guinea pigs could be reversed acutely by inhalation of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632. The present study addresses the effects of pretreatment with inhaled Y-27632 on the severity of the allergen-induced EAR and LAR, the development of AHR after these reactions, and airway inflammation. Using permanently instrumented and unrestrained ovalbumin (OA)-sensitized guinea pigs, single OA challenge-induced EAR and LAR, expressed as area under the lung function (pleural pressure, P(pl)) time-response curve, were measured, and histamine PC(100) (provocation concentration causing a 100% increase of P(pl)) values were assessed 24 h before, and at 6 and 24 h after, the OA challenge (after the EAR and LAR, respectively). Thirty minutes before and 8 h after OA challenge, saline or Y-27632 (5 mM) was nebulized. After the last PC(100) value, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and the inflammatory cell profile was determined. It was demonstrated that inhalation of Y-27632 before allergen challenge markedly reduced the immediate allergen-induced peak rise in P(pl), without significantly reducing the overall EAR and LAR. Also, pretreatment with Y-27632 considerably protected against the development of AHR after the EAR and fully prevented AHR after the LAR. These effects could not be explained by a direct effect of Y-27632 on the histamine responsiveness, because of the short duration of the acute bronchoprotection of Y-27632 (<90 min). In addition, Y-27632 reduced the number of total inflammatory cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and neutrophils recovered from the BAL. Altogether, inhaled Y-27632 protects against acute allergen-induced bronchoconstriction, development of AHR after the EAR and LAR, and airway inflammation in an established guinea pig model of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedmer Schaafsma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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91
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Schaafsma D, Gosens R, Zaagsma J, Halayko AJ, Meurs H. Rho kinase inhibitors: A novel therapeutical intervention in asthma? Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:398-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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92
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Mong PY, Petrulio C, Kaufman HL, Wang Q. Activation of Rho kinase by TNF-alpha is required for JNK activation in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:550-8. [PMID: 18097057 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TNF-alpha induces complex signaling events in endothelial cells (ECs), leading to inflammatory gene transcription and junctional permeability increases. This study examined the activation of RhoA and Rho kinase induced by TNF-alpha in primary human pulmonary microvascular ECs and its role in regulating EC responses to TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha induced a time-dependent activation of RhoA and Rho kinase in these ECs. TNF-alpha also induced activation of JNK that peaked at 15 min and lasted for at least 3 h. Inhibition of Rho kinase using a specific pharmacological inhibitor, Y27632, prevented TNF-alpha-induced early and late JNK activation. Inhibition of RhoA protein expression using small-interfering RNA, however, did not prevent TNF-alpha-induced Rho kinase activation or JNK activation. Studies using MAPK kinase 4 (MKK4) small-interfering RNA showed that MKK4 was not required for TNF-alpha-induced early JNK activation and that Rho kinase modulated early JNK activation through MKK4-independent mechanisms. Rho kinase, however, modulated TNF-alpha-induced late JNK activation mainly through MKK4-dependent mechanisms. Activation of Rho kinase was required for JNK-dependent IL-6 secretion induced by TNF-alpha. Moreover, inhibition of Rho kinase prevented TNF-alpha-induced cytoskeletal changes and permeability increases. Inhibition of JNK activation, however, did not prevent TNF-alpha-induced cytoskeletal changes, suggesting that Rho kinase did not modulate cytoskeletal changes through JNK activation. Therefore, Rho kinase plays important roles in EC responses to TNF-alpha by regulating permeability increases and JNK-dependent IL-6 production during pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllus Y Mong
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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93
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Kirchner M, Higgins DE. Inhibition of ROCK activity allows InlF-mediated invasion and increased virulence of Listeria monocytogenes. Mol Microbiol 2008; 68:749-67. [PMID: 18331468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes life-threatening disease. The mechanisms used by L. monocytogenes to invade non-professional phagocytic cells are not fully understood. In addition to the requirement of bacterial determinants, host cell conditions profoundly influence infection. Here, we have shown that inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK pathway by pharmacological inhibitors or RNA interference results in increased L. monocytogenes invasion of murine fibroblasts and hepatocytes. InlF, a member of the internalin multigene family with no known function, was identified as a L. monocytogenes-specific factor mediating increased host cell binding and entry. Conversely, activation of RhoA/ROCK activity resulted in decreased L. monocytogenes adhesion and invasion. Furthermore, virulence of wild-type bacteria during infection of mice was significantly increased upon inhibition of ROCK activity, whereas colonization and virulence of an inlF deletion mutant was not affected, thus supporting a role for InlF as a functional virulence determinant in vivo under specific conditions. In addition, inhibition of ROCK activity in human-derived cells enhanced either bacterial adhesion or adhesion and entry in an InlF-independent manner, further suggesting a host species or cell type-specific role for InlF and that additional bacterial determinants are involved in mediating ROCK-regulated invasion of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieluise Kirchner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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94
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Saito F, Tasaka S, Inoue KI, Miyamoto K, Nakano Y, Ogawa Y, Yamada W, Shiraishi Y, Hasegawa N, Fujishima S, Takano H, Ishizaka A. Role of interleukin-6 in bleomycin-induced lung inflammatory changes in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:566-71. [PMID: 18096870 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0299oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, but its role in bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury and subsequent fibrotic changes remains to be determined. We evaluated the role of IL-6 in the lung inflammatory changes induced by BLM using wild-type (WT) and IL-6-deficient (IL-6(-/-)) mice. The mice were treated intratracheally with 1 mg/kg BLM and killed 2, 7, or 21 days later. Lung Inflammation in the acute phase (Days 2 and 7) was assessed by differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and cytokine levels in the lung. Lung fibrotic changes were evaluated on Day 21 by histopathology and collagen assay. On Day 2, BLM administration induced significant increases in the numbers of total cells, macrophages, and neutrophils in BAL fluid, which were attenuated in IL-6(-/-) mice (P < 0.05). Lung pathology also showed inflammatory cell accumulation, which was attenuated in the IL-6(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. In WT mice, elevated levels of TGF-beta(1) and CCL3 were observed 2 and 7 days after BLM challenge, respectively. On Day 7, BLM-induced inflammatory cell accumulation did not differ between the genotypes. Lung pathology 21 days after BLM challenge revealed significant fibrotic changes with increased collagen content, which was attenuated in IL-6(-/-) mice. Although the TGF-beta(1) level in the lung did not differ between the genotypes on Day 21, CCL3 was significantly lower in IL-6(-/-) mice. These results indicate that IL-6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of BLM-induced lung injury and subsequent fibrotic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitake Saito
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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95
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Singleton PA, Salgia R, Moreno-Vinasco L, Moitra J, Sammani S, Mirzapoiazova T, Garcia JGN. CD44 regulates hepatocyte growth factor-mediated vascular integrity. Role of c-Met, Tiam1/Rac1, dynamin 2, and cortactin. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30643-57. [PMID: 17702746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702573200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of vascular endothelial cell (EC) barrier integrity is critical to normal vessel homeostasis, with barrier dysfunction being a feature of inflammation, tumor angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and acute lung injury. Therefore, agents that preserve or restore vascular integrity have important therapeutic implications. In this study, we explored the regulation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-mediated enhancement of EC barrier function via CD44 isoforms. We observed that HGF promoted c-Met association with CD44v10 and recruitment of c-Met into caveolin-enriched microdomains (CEM) containing CD44s (standard form). Treatment of EC with CD44v10-blocking antibodies inhibited HGF-mediated c-Met phosphorylation and c-Met recruitment to CEM. Silencing CD44 expression (small interfering RNA) attenuated HGF-induced recruitment of c-Met, Tiam1 (a Rac1 exchange factor), cortactin (an actin cytoskeletal regulator), and dynamin 2 (a vesicular regulator) to CEM as well as HGF-induced trans-EC electrical resistance. In addition, silencing Tiam1 or dynamin 2 reduced HGF-induced Rac1 activation, cortactin recruitment to CEM, and EC barrier regulation. We observed that both HGF- and high molecular weight hyaluronan (CD44 ligand)-mediated protection from lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability was significantly reduced in CD44 knock-out mice, thus validating these in vitro findings in an in vivo murine model of inflammatory lung injury. Taken together, these results suggest that CD44 is an important regulator of HGF/c-Met-mediated in vitro and in vivo barrier enhancement, a process with essential involvement of Tiam1, Rac1, dynamin 2, and cortactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Singleton
- Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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96
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97
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Gorovoy M, Neamu R, Niu J, Vogel S, Predescu D, Miyoshi J, Takai Y, Kini V, Mehta D, Malik AB, Voyno-Yasenetskaya T. RhoGDI-1 Modulation of the Activity of Monomeric RhoGTPase RhoA Regulates Endothelial Barrier Function in Mouse Lungs. Circ Res 2007; 101:50-8. [PMID: 17525371 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.106.145847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rho family GTPases have been implicated in the regulation of endothelial permeability via their actions on actin cytoskeletal organization and integrity of interendothelial junctions. In cell culture studies, activation of RhoA disrupts interendothelial junctions and increases endothelial permeability, whereas activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 enhances endothelial barrier function by promoting the formation of restrictive junctions. The primary regulators of Rho proteins, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), form a complex with the GDP-bound form of the Rho family of monomeric G proteins, and thus may serve as a nodal point regulating the activation state of RhoGTPases. In the present study, we addressed the in vivo role of RhoGDI-1 in regulating pulmonary microvascular permeability using
RhoGDI-1
−/−
mice. We observed that basal endothelial permeability in lungs of
RhoGDI-1
−/−
mice was 2-fold greater than wild-type mice. This was the result of opening of interendothelial junctions in lung microvessels which are normally sealed. The activity of RhoA (but not of Rac1 or Cdc42) was significantly increased in
RhoGDI-1
−/−
lungs as well as in cultured endothelial cells on downregulation of RhoGDI-1 with siRNA, consistent with RhoGDI-1–mediated modulation RhoA activity. Thus, RhoGDI-1 by repressing RhoA activity regulates lung microvessel endothelial barrier function in vivo. In this regard, therapies augmenting endothelial RhoGDI-1 function may be beneficial in reestablishing the endothelial barrier and lung fluid balance in lung inflammatory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matvey Gorovoy
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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98
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Singleton PA, Moreno-Vinasco L, Sammani S, Wanderling SL, Moss J, Garcia JGN. Attenuation of vascular permeability by methylnaltrexone: role of mOP-R and S1P3 transactivation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:222-31. [PMID: 17395891 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0327oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction (i.e., increased vascular permeability) is observed in inflammatory states, tumor angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and both sepsis and acute lung injury. Therefore, agents that preserve vascular integrity have important clinical therapeutic implications. We examined the effects of methylnaltrexone (MNTX), a mu opioid receptor (mOP-R) antagonist, on human pulmonary EC barrier disruption produced by edemagenic agents including morphine, the endogenous mOP-R agonist DAMGO, thrombin, and LPS. Pretreatment of EC with MNTX (0.1 muM, 1 h) or the uncharged mOP-R antagonist naloxone attenuated morphine- and DAMGO-induced barrier disruption in vitro. However, MNTX, but not naloxone, pretreatment of EC inhibited thrombin- and LPS-induced barrier disruption, indicating potential mOP-R-independent effects of MNTX. In addition, intravenously delivered MNTX attenuated LPS-induced vascular hyperpermeability in the murine lung. We next examined the mechanistic basis for this MNTX barrier protection and observed that silencing of mOP-R attenuated the morphine- and DAMGO-induced EC barrier disruption, but not the permeability response to either thrombin or LPS. Because activation of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, S1P(3), is key to a number of barrier-disruptive responses, we examined the role of this receptor in the permeability response to mOP-R ligation. Morphine, DAMGO, thrombin, and LPS induced RhoA/ROCK-mediated threonine phosphorylation of S1P(3), which was blocked by MNTX, suggesting S1P(3) transactivation. In addition, silencing of S1P(3) receptor expression (siRNA) abolished the permeability response to each edemagenic agonist. These results indicate that MNTX provides barrier protection against edemagenic agonists via inhibition of S1P(3) receptor activation and represents a potentially useful therapeutic agent for syndromes of increased vascular permeability.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/metabolism
- Animals
- Capillary Permeability/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Electrophysiology
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/metabolism
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Morphine/metabolism
- Naloxone/metabolism
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/genetics
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Thrombin/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
- rho-Associated Kinases
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Singleton
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, W604, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000244802.79475.bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thorlacius K, Slotta JE, Laschke MW, Wang Y, Menger MD, Jeppsson B, Thorlacius H. Protective effect of fasudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, on chemokine expression, leukocyte recruitment, and hepatocellular apoptosis in septic liver injury. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 79:923-31. [PMID: 16641138 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0705406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-kinase signaling regulates important features of inflammatory reactions. Herein, we investigated the effect and mechanisms of action of the Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil in endotoxemic liver injury. C57/BL/6 mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine, with or without pretreatment with the Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil. Six hours after endotoxin challenge, leukocyte-endothelium interactions in the hepatic microvasculature were studied by use of intravital fluorescence microscopy and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha); CXC chemokines as well as liver enzymes and apoptosis were determined. Administration of fasudil reduced LPS-induced leukocyte adhesion in postsinusoidal venules and sequestration in sinusoids. Moreover, we found that fasudil abolished extravascular infiltration of leukocytes as well as production of TNF-alpha and CXC chemokines in the liver of endotoxemic mice. Liver enzymes and hepatocellular apoptosis were markedly reduced, and sinusoidal perfusion was improved significantly in endotoxemic mice pretreated with fasudil. Our novel data document that fasudil is a potent inhibitor of endotoxin-induced expression of TNF-alpha and CXC chemokines as well as leukocyte infiltration and hepatocellular apoptosis in the liver. Based on the present findings, it is suggested that inhibition of the Rho-kinase signaling pathway may be a useful target in the treatment of septic liver injury.
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