51
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Currier MG, Lee S, Stobart CC, Hotard AL, Villenave R, Meng J, Pretto CD, Shields MD, Nguyen MT, Todd SO, Chi MH, Hammonds J, Krumm SA, Spearman P, Plemper RK, Sakamoto K, Peebles RS, Power UF, Moore ML. EGFR Interacts with the Fusion Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Strain 2-20 and Mediates Infection and Mucin Expression. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005622. [PMID: 27152417 PMCID: PMC4859522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of viral lower respiratory tract illness in children. In contrast to the RSV prototypic strain A2, clinical isolate RSV 2–20 induces airway mucin expression in mice, a clinically relevant phenotype dependent on the fusion (F) protein of the RSV strain. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a role in airway mucin expression in other systems; therefore, we hypothesized that the RSV 2–20 F protein stimulates EGFR signaling. Infection of cells with chimeric strains RSV A2-2-20F and A2-2-20GF or over-expression of 2–20 F protein resulted in greater phosphorylation of EGFR than infection with RSV A2 or over-expression of A2 F, respectively. Chemical inhibition of EGFR signaling or knockdown of EGFR resulted in diminished infectivity of RSV A2-2-20F but not RSV A2. Over-expression of EGFR enhanced the fusion activity of 2–20 F protein in trans. EGFR co-immunoprecipitated most efficiently with RSV F proteins derived from “mucogenic” strains. RSV 2–20 F and EGFR co-localized in H292 cells, and A2-2-20GF-induced MUC5AC expression was ablated by EGFR inhibitors in these cells. Treatment of BALB/c mice with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib significantly reduced the amount of RSV A2-2-20F-induced airway mucin expression. Our results demonstrate that RSV F interacts with EGFR in a strain-specific manner, EGFR is a co-factor for infection, and EGFR plays a role in RSV-induced mucin expression, suggesting EGFR is a potential target for RSV disease. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for severe lower respiratory disease in infants and young children. Overabundant airway mucus contributes to airway obstruction in RSV bronchiolitis, and a better understanding of RSV pathogenesis may contribute to needed therapies and vaccines. We reported previously that RSV clinical isolate strain 2–20 induces more airway mucin expression in mice than prototypic RSV strains and that the 2–20 fusion (F) protein mediates mucin induction. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been shown to play a role in lung mucin expression. We identified a functional interaction between 2–20 F and EGFR, in that 2–20 F expression activated EGFR and, reciprocally, EGFR expression increased 2–20 F fusion activity. RSV F and EGFR co-localized in infected cells. EGFR co-immunoprecipitated with RSV F protein from various RSV strains, and the strength of this in vitro interaction correlated with strain-specific airway pathogenicity in mice. EGFR inhibition abrogated 2–20 F-mediated infection in vitro and mucin expression induction in vivo. These data identify EGFR as a novel strain-specific co-factor of RSV infection and suggest EGFR may be a target for ameliorating RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Currier
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Stobart
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anne L. Hotard
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Remi Villenave
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Jia Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Carla D. Pretto
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Shields
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- The Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Minh Trang Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sean O. Todd
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Chi
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jason Hammonds
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stefanie A. Krumm
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul Spearman
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - R. Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ultan F. Power
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Martin L. Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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52
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Nakamura S, Horie M, Daidoji T, Honda T, Yasugi M, Kuno A, Komori T, Okuzaki D, Narimatsu H, Nakaya T, Tomonaga K. Influenza A Virus-Induced Expression of a GalNAc Transferase, GALNT3, via MicroRNAs Is Required for Enhanced Viral Replication. J Virol 2016; 90:1788-801. [PMID: 26637460 PMCID: PMC4734006 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02246-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A virus (IAV) affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts and rapidly induces the expression of mucins, which are common O-glycosylated proteins, on the epithelial surfaces of the respiratory tract. Although mucin production is associated with the inhibition of virus transmission as well as characteristic clinical symptoms, little is known regarding how mucins are produced on the surfaces of respiratory epithelial cells and how they affect IAV replication. In this study, we found that two microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-17-3p and miR-221, which target GalNAc transferase 3 (GALNT3) mRNA, are rapidly downregulated in human alveolar basal epithelial cells during the early stage of IAV infection. We demonstrated that the expression of GALNT3 mRNA is upregulated in an IAV replication-dependent fashion and leads to mucin production in bronchial epithelial cells. A lectin microarray analysis revealed that the stable expression of GALNT3 by human alveolar basal epithelial cells induces mucin-type O-glycosylation modifications similar to those present in IAV-infected cells, suggesting that GALNT3 promotes mucin-type O-linked glycosylation in IAV-infected cells. Notably, analyses using short interfering RNAs and miRNA mimics showed that GALNT3 knockdown significantly reduces IAV replication. Furthermore, IAV replication was markedly decreased in embryonic fibroblast cells obtained from galnt3-knockout mice. Interestingly, IAV-infected galnt3-knockout mice exhibited high mortality and severe pathological alterations in the lungs compared to those of wild-type mice. Our results demonstrate not only the molecular mechanism underlying rapid mucin production during IAV infection but also the contribution of O-linked glycosylation to the replication and propagation of IAV in lung cells. IMPORTANCE Viral infections that affect the upper or lower respiratory tracts, such as IAV, rapidly induce mucin production on the epithelial surfaces of respiratory cells. However, the details of how mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is initiated by IAV infection and how mucin production affects viral replication have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we show that levels of two miRNAs that target the UDP-GalNAc transferase GALNT3 are markedly decreased during the early stage of IAV infection, resulting in the upregulation of GALNT3 mRNA. We also demonstrate that the expression of GALNT3 initiates mucin production and affects IAV replication in infected cells. This is the first report demonstrating the mechanism underlying the miRNA-mediated initiation of mucin-type O-glycosylation in IAV-infected cells and its role in viral replication. Our results have broad implications for understanding IAV replication and suggest a strategy for the development of novel anti-influenza approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Nakamura
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Department of Tumor Viruses, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomo Daidoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayo Yasugi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- DNA-Chip Development Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Department of Tumor Viruses, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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53
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Siegel SJ, Roche AM, Weiser JN. Influenza promotes pneumococcal growth during coinfection by providing host sialylated substrates as a nutrient source. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:55-67. [PMID: 25011108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Much of the mortality attributed to influenza virus is due to secondary bacterial pneumonia, particularly from Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, mechanisms underlying this coinfection are incompletely understood. We find that prior influenza infection enhances pneumococcal colonization of the murine nasopharynx, which in turn promotes bacterial spread to the lungs. Influenza accelerates bacterial replication in vivo, and sialic acid, a major component of airway glycoconjugates, is identified as the host-derived metabolite that stimulates pneumococcal proliferation. Influenza infection increases sialic acid and sialylated mucin availability and enhances desialylation of host glycoconjugates. Pneumococcal genes for sialic acid catabolism are required for influenza to promote bacterial growth. Decreasing sialic acid availability in vivo by genetic deletion of the major airway mucin Muc5ac or mucolytic treatment limits influenza-induced pneumococcal replication. Our findings suggest that higher rates of disease during coinfection could stem from influenza-provided sialic acid, which increases pneumococcal proliferation, colonization, and aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Siegel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aoife M Roche
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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54
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Human Dendritic Cell Response Signatures Distinguish 1918, Pandemic, and Seasonal H1N1 Influenza Viruses. J Virol 2015. [PMID: 26223639 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01523-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza viruses continue to present global threats to human health. Antigenic drift and shift, genetic reassortment, and cross-species transmission generate new strains with differences in epidemiology and clinical severity. We compared the temporal transcriptional responses of human dendritic cells (DC) to infection with two pandemic (A/Brevig Mission/1/1918, A/California/4/2009) and two seasonal (A/New Caledonia/20/1999, A/Texas/36/1991) H1N1 influenza viruses. Strain-specific response differences included stronger activation of NF-κB following infection with A/New Caledonia/20/1999 and a unique cluster of genes expressed following infection with A/Brevig Mission/1/1918. A common antiviral program showing strain-specific timing was identified in the early DC response and found to correspond with reported transcript changes in blood during symptomatic human influenza virus infection. Comparison of the global responses to the seasonal and pandemic strains showed that a dramatic divergence occurred after 4 h, with only the seasonal strains inducing widespread mRNA loss. IMPORTANCE Continuously evolving influenza viruses present a global threat to human health; however, these host responses display strain-dependent differences that are incompletely understood. Thus, we conducted a detailed comparative study assessing the immune responses of human DC to infection with two pandemic and two seasonal H1N1 influenza strains. We identified in the immune response to viral infection both common and strain-specific features. Among the stain-specific elements were a time shift of the interferon-stimulated gene response, selective induction of NF-κB signaling by one of the seasonal strains, and massive RNA degradation as early as 4 h postinfection by the seasonal, but not the pandemic, viruses. These findings illuminate new aspects of the distinct differences in the immune responses to pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses.
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55
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Yu H, Yang J, Xiao Q, Lü Y, Zhou X, Xia L, Nie D. Regulation of high glucose-mediated mucin expression by matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human airway epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 333:127-35. [PMID: 25704757 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucus hypersecretion is the key manifestation in patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) is a major component of airway mucus. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9, have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory airway diseases. Hyperglycemia has been shown to be an independent risk factor for respiratory infections. We hypothesize that high glucose (HG)-regulates MMP-9 production and MMP-9 activity through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)/reactive oxygen species (ROS) cascades pathways, leading to mucin production in human airway epithelial cells (16HBE). We show that HG increases MMP-9 production, MMP-9 activity and MUC5AC expression. These effects are prevented by small interfering RNA (siRNA) for MMP-9, indicating that HG-induced mucin production is MMP-9-dependent. HG activates MMP-9 production, MMP-9 activity and MUC5AC overproduction, which is inhibited by nPG, DMSO and DPI (inhibitors of ROS and NADPH), suggesting that HG-activated mucin synthesis is mediated by NADPH/ROS in 16HBE cells. These observations demonstrate an important role for MMP-9 activated by NADPH/ROS signaling pathways in regulating HG-induced MUC5AC expression. These findings may bring new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of the infections related to diabetes mellitus and lead to novel therapeutic intervention for mucin overproduction in chronic inflammatory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Juan Yang
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Lü
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhou
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Daijing Nie
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
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56
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Richard AL, Siegel SJ, Erikson J, Weiser JN. TLR2 signaling decreases transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae by limiting bacterial shedding in an infant mouse Influenza A co-infection model. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004339. [PMID: 25166617 PMCID: PMC4148449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While the importance of transmission of pathogens is widely accepted, there is currently little mechanistic understanding of this process. Nasal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is common in humans, especially in early childhood, and is a prerequisite for the development of disease and transmission among hosts. In this study, we adapted an infant mouse model to elucidate host determinants of transmission of S. pneumoniae from inoculated index mice to uninfected contact mice. In the context of co-infection with influenza A virus, the pneumococcus was transmitted among wildtype littermates, with approximately half of the contact mice acquiring colonization. Mice deficient for TLR2 were colonized to a similar density but transmitted S. pneumoniae more efficiently (100% transmission) than wildtype animals and showed decreased expression of interferon α and higher viral titers. The greater viral burden in tlr2-/- mice correlated with heightened inflammation, and was responsible for an increase in bacterial shedding from the mouse nose. The role of TLR2 signaling was confirmed by intranasal treatment of wildtype mice with the agonist Pam3Cys, which decreased inflammation and reduced bacterial shedding and transmission. Taken together, these results suggest that the innate immune response to influenza virus promotes bacterial shedding, allowing the bacteria to transit from host to host. These findings provide insight into the role of host factors in the increased pneumococcal carriage rates seen during flu season and contribute to our overall understanding of pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L Richard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven J Siegel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jan Erikson
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Abstract
The clinical manifestations of asthma are caused by obstruction of the conducting airways of the lung. Two airway cell types are critical for asthma pathogenesis: epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Airway epithelial cells, which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens and particles, initiate airway inflammation and produce mucus, an important contributor to airway obstruction. The other main cause of airway obstruction is contraction of airway smooth muscle. Complementary experimental approaches involving cultured cells, animal models, and human clinical studies have provided many insights into diverse mechanisms that contribute to airway epithelial and smooth muscle cell pathology in this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Erle
- Lung Biology Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Lung Biology Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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58
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Martin C, Frija-Masson J, Burgel PR. Targeting Mucus Hypersecretion: New Therapeutic Opportunities for COPD? Drugs 2014; 74:1073-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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59
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Zheng K, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Viruses exploit the function of epidermal growth factor receptor. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:274-86. [PMID: 24888553 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cellular homeostatic processes. Following ligand binding, EGFR activates different downstream signalling cascades that promote cell survival, proliferation, motility, and angiogenesis and induces F-actin-dependent EGFR endocytosis, which relocalises the activated receptors for degradation or recycling. The responses that are induced by ligand binding to EGFR, including cell signalling activation, protein kinase phosphorylation and cytoskeletal network rearrangement, resemble those induced by virus infection. Increasing evidence demonstrates that many viruses usurp EGFR endocytosis or EGFR-mediated signalling for entry, replication, inflammation, and viral antagonism to the host antiviral system. In addition, viruses have acquired sophisticated mechanisms to regulate EGFR functions by interrupting the EGFR-recycling process and modulating EGFR expression. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which viruses alter EGFR signalling in favour of their continued survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering, Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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60
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Kalinowski A, Ueki I, Min-Oo G, Ballon-Landa E, Knoff D, Galen B, Lanier LL, Nadel JA, Koff JL. EGFR activation suppresses respiratory virus-induced IRF1-dependent CXCL10 production. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L186-96. [PMID: 24838750 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00368.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are the primary cell type involved in respiratory viral infection. Upon infection, airway epithelium plays a critical role in host defense against viral infection by contributing to innate and adaptive immune responses. Influenza A virus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represent a broad range of human viral pathogens that cause viral pneumonia and induce exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These respiratory viruses induce airway epithelial production of IL-8, which involves epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation. EGFR activation involves an integrated signaling pathway that includes NADPH oxidase activation of metalloproteinase, and EGFR proligand release that activates EGFR. Because respiratory viruses have been shown to activate EGFR via this signaling pathway in airway epithelium, we investigated the effect of virus-induced EGFR activation on airway epithelial antiviral responses. CXCL10, a chemokine produced by airway epithelial cells in response to respiratory viral infection, contributes to the recruitment of lymphocytes to target and kill virus-infected cells. While respiratory viruses activate EGFR, the interaction between CXCL10 and EGFR signaling pathways is unclear, and the potential for EGFR signaling to suppress CXCL10 has not been explored. Here, we report that respiratory virus-induced EGFR activation suppresses CXCL10 production. We found that influenza virus-, rhinovirus-, and RSV-induced EGFR activation suppressed IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 1-dependent CXCL10 production. In addition, inhibition of EGFR during viral infection augmented IRF1 and CXCL10. These findings describe a novel mechanism that viruses use to suppress endogenous antiviral defenses, and provide potential targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Ueki
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Gundula Min-Oo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | | | - David Knoff
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin Galen
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Jay A Nadel
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan L Koff
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
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Differences in respiratory syncytial virus and influenza infection in a house-dust-mite-induced asthma mouse model: consequences for steroid sensitivity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 125:565-74. [PMID: 23789621 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of clinical asthma exacerbations are triggered by viral infection. We aimed to characterize the effect of virus infection in an HDM (house dust mite) mouse model of asthma and assess the effect of oral corticosteroids. HDM alone significantly increased eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and a number of cytokines in BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage), all of which were sensitive to treatment with prednisolone (with the exception of neutrophils). Virus infection also induced cell infiltration and cytokines. RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) infection in HDM-treated animals further increased all cell types in BAL (except eosinophils, which declined), but induced no further increase in HDM-elicited cytokines. However, while HDM-elicited TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α), IFN-γ (interferon-γ), IL (interleukin)-2, IL-5 and IL-10 were sensitive to prednisolone treatment, concomitant infection with RSV blocked the sensitivity towards steroid. In contrast, influenza infection in HDM- challenged animals resulted in increased BAL lymphocytes, neutrophils, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-12, but all were attenuated by prednisolone treatment. HDM also increased eNO (exhaled NO), which was further increased by concomitant virus infection. This increase was only partially attenuated by prednisolone. RSV infection alone increased BAL mucin. However, BAL mucin was increased in HDM animals with virus infection. Chronic HDM challenge in mice elicits a broad inflammatory response that shares many characteristics with clinical asthma. Concomitant influenza or RSV infection elicits differing inflammatory profiles that differ in their sensitivity towards steroids. This model may be suitable for the assessment of novel pharmacological interventions for asthmatic exacerbation.
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62
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Huang YH, Yang HY, Hsu YF, Chiu PT, Ou G, Hsu MJ. Src contributes to IL6-induced vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in lymphatic endothelial cells. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:407-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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63
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Ueki IF, Min-Oo G, Kalinowski A, Ballon-Landa E, Lanier LL, Nadel JA, Koff JL. Respiratory virus-induced EGFR activation suppresses IRF1-dependent interferon λ and antiviral defense in airway epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1929-36. [PMID: 23999497 PMCID: PMC3782052 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor during viral infection augments IRF1-dependent IFN-λ production and decreases viral titers. Viruses suppress host responses to increase infection, and understanding these mechanisms has provided insights into cellular signaling and led to novel therapies. Many viruses (e.g., Influenza virus, Rhinovirus [RV], Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Hepatitis C virus) activate epithelial epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a tyrosine kinase receptor, but the role of EGFR in viral pathogenesis is not clear. Interferon (IFN) signaling is a critical innate antiviral host response and recent experiments have implicated IFN-λ, a type III IFN, as the most significant IFN for mucosal antiviral immune responses. Despite the importance of IFN-λ in epithelial antiviral responses, the role and mechanisms of epithelial IFN-λ signaling have not been fully elucidated. We report that respiratory virus-induced EGFR activation suppresses endogenous airway epithelial antiviral signaling. We found that Influenza virus– and RV-induced EGFR activation suppressed IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 1–induced IFN-λ production and increased viral infection. In addition, inhibition of EGFR during viral infection augmented IRF1 and IFN-λ, which resulted in decreased viral titers in vitro and in vivo. These findings describe a novel mechanism that viruses use to suppress endogenous antiviral defenses, and provide potential targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris F Ueki
- Department of Medicine, 2 Cardiovascular Research Institute, 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and 4 Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122
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