51
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Huang Y, Fugier-Vivier IJ, Miller T, Elliott MJ, Xu H, Bozulic LD, Chilton PM, Ildstad ST. Plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cells from NOD mice exhibit impaired function: are they a component of diabetes pathogenesis? Diabetes 2008; 57:2360-70. [PMID: 18567821 PMCID: PMC2518487 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cell facilitating cells (p-preDC FCs) play a critical role in facilitation of syngeneic and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment. Here, we evaluated the phenotype and function of CD8(+)/TCR(-) FCs from NOD mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The phenotype of CD8(+)/TCR(-) FCs was analyzed by flow cytometry using sorted FCs from NOD, NOR, or B6 mice. The function of NOD FCs was evaluated by colony-forming cell (CFC) assay in vitro and syngeneic or allogeneic HSC transplantation in vivo. RESULTS We report for the first time that NOD FCs are functionally impaired. They fail to facilitate engraftment of syngeneic and allogeneic HSCs in vivo and do not enhance HSC clonogenicity in vitro. NOD FCs contain subpopulations similar to those previously described in B6 FCs, including p-preDC, CD19(+), NK1.1(+)DX5(+), and myeloid cells. However, the CD19(+) and NK1.1(+)DX5(+) subpopulations are significantly decreased in number in NOD FCs compared with disease-resistant controls. Removal of the CD19(+) or NK1.1(+)DX5(+) subpopulations from FCs did not significantly affect facilitation. Notably, Flt3 ligand (FL) treatment of NOD donors expanded FC total in peripheral blood and restored facilitating function in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that NOD FCs exhibit significantly impaired function that is reversible, since FL restored production of functional FCs in NOD mice and suggest that FL plays an important role in the regulation and development of FC function. FCs may therefore be linked to diabetes pathogenesis and prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Huang
- From the Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Thomas Miller
- From the Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mary J. Elliott
- From the Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Hong Xu
- From the Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Larry D. Bozulic
- From the Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Paula M. Chilton
- From the Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suzanne T. Ildstad
- From the Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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52
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Golovina TN, Mikheeva T, Suhoski MM, Aqui NA, Tai VC, Shan X, Liu R, Balcarcel RR, Fisher N, Levine BL, Carroll RG, Warner N, Blazar BR, June CH, Riley JL. CD28 costimulation is essential for human T regulatory expansion and function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 181:2855-68. [PMID: 18684977 PMCID: PMC2556987 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The costimulatory requirements required for peripheral blood T regulatory cells (Tregs) are unclear. Using cell-based artificial APCs we found that CD28 but not ICOS, OX40, 4-1BB, CD27, or CD40 ligand costimulation maintained high levels of Foxp3 expression and in vitro suppressive function. Only CD28 costimulation in the presence of rapamycin consistently generated Tregs that consistently suppressed xenogeneic graft-vs-host disease in immunodeficient mice. Restimulation of Tregs after 8-12 days of culture with CD28 costimulation in the presence of rapamycin resulted in >1000-fold expansion of Tregs in <3 wk. Next, we determined whether other costimulatory pathways could augment the replicative potential of CD28-costimulated Tregs. We observed that while OX40 costimulation augmented the proliferative capacity of CD28-costimulated Tregs, Foxp3 expression and suppressive function were diminished. These studies indicate that the costimulatory requirements for expanding Tregs differ from those for T effector cells and, furthermore, they extend findings from mouse Tregs to demonstrate that human postthymic Tregs require CD28 costimulation to expand and maintain potent suppressive function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Golovina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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53
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Tang Q, Adams JY, Penaranda C, Melli K, Piaggio E, Sgouroudis E, Piccirillo CA, Salomon BL, Bluestone JA. Central role of defective interleukin-2 production in the triggering of islet autoimmune destruction. Immunity 2008; 28:687-97. [PMID: 18468463 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of CD4(+) effector T cells (Teff cells) and CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) during diabetes progression in nonobese diabetic mice was investigated to determine whether an imbalance of Treg cells and Teff cells contributes to the development of type 1 diabetes. Our results demonstrated a progressive decrease in the Treg cell:Teff cell ratio in inflamed islets but not in pancreatic lymph nodes. Intra-islet Treg cells expressed reduced amounts of CD25 and Bcl-2, suggesting that their decline was due to increased apoptosis. Additionally, administration of low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoted Treg cell survival and protected mice from developing diabetes. Together, these results suggest intra-islet Treg cell dysfunction secondary to defective IL-2 production is a root cause of the progressive breakdown of self-tolerance and the development of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0540, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA
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54
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Bour-Jordan H, Bluestone JA. B cell depletion: a novel therapy for autoimmune diabetes? J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3642-5. [PMID: 18060022 DOI: 10.1172/jci34236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes is believed to be mediated primarily by T cells. However, B cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease in NOD mice. Although preclinical studies have been limited by the absence of anti-CD20 reagents that can induce B cell depletion in mice, a clinical trial using the B cell-depleting anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab (Rituxan) is underway in type 1 diabetes patients. In this issue of the JCI, Hu et al. describe the generation of transgenic NOD mice that express human CD20 on B cells (see the related article beginning on page 3857). They show that anti-CD20 therapy induces B cell depletion in these mice and offers some level of protection against diabetes. Although many questions remain unanswered, this mouse model represents the first opportunity to evaluate the potential value of rituximab as a novel therapy for autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bour-Jordan
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California 94143-0540, USA
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55
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Grazia TJ, Plenter RJ, Doan AN, Kelly BP, Weber SM, Kurche JS, Cushing SO, Gill RG, Pietra BA. Spontaneous allograft tolerance in B7-deficient mice independent of preexisting endogenous CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells. Transplantation 2007; 83:1449-58. [PMID: 17565318 PMCID: PMC4427242 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000265482.88936.b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute cardiac allograft rejection requires host, but not donor, expression of B7-1/B7-2 costimulatory molecules. However, acute cardiac rejection requires direct antigen presentation by donor-derived antigen presenting cells to CD4 T-cells and does not require indirect antigen presentation to CD4 T-cells. Given this discrepancy in the literature and that the consequence of allograft exposure in B7-deficient mice is unknown; the goal of the study was to examine the antidonor status of allografted B7-1/B7-2-deficient hosts. METHODS C57Bl/6 B7-1/B7-2-/- mice were grafted with heterotopic BALB/c hearts. Recipients bearing long-term surviving allografts were used to examine the status of antidonor reactivity in vitro and in vivo. Tolerance was examined in vivo through adoptive transfer of splenocytes from graft-bearing animals to secondary immune-deficient Rag-1-/- hosts bearing donor-type or third-party cardiac allografts and by regulatory T-cell depletion with anti-CD25 antibody. RESULTS When transferred to B7-replete Rag-1-/- recipients, cells from naïve B7-1/B7-2-/- mice readily initiated cardiac allograft rejection. However, splenocytes transferred from long-term allograft acceptor B7-1/B7-2-/- hosts failed to reject donor-type hearts but acutely rejected third-party allografts. In addition, such cells did not reject (donorxthird-party) F1 allografts. Finally, in vivo depletion of regulatory T-cells did not prevent long-term acceptance. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate that B7-deficient T-cells are capable of acute cardiac allograft rejection in a B7-replete environment. Importantly, results also show that B7-deficient hosts do not simply ignore cardiac allografts, but rather spontaneously develop transferable, donor-specific tolerance and linked suppression in vivo. Interestingly, this tolerant state does not require endogenous CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Grazia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, and the Children's Hospital, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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56
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Thomas DC, Mellanby RJ, Phillips JM, Cooke A. An early age-related increase in the frequency of CD4+ Foxp3+ cells in BDC2.5NOD mice. Immunology 2007; 121:565-76. [PMID: 17437531 PMCID: PMC2265971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in maintaining tolerance to self has been intensively scrutinized, particularly since the discovery of Foxp3 as a Treg-specific transcription factor. The BDC2.5NOD transgenic mouse is an excellent model of immunoregulation because it has a very low incidence of diabetes despite a highly autoreactive T-cell repertoire. It has previously been shown that reactivity against islets decreases with age in BDC2.5NOD mice. Here we show that there is a markedly higher frequency of Foxp3(+) Treg in the CD4(+) subset of 16-20-week-old mice compared with 4- or 8-week-old mice. This phenomenon can be observed in the spleen, thymus, pancreatic draining lymph nodes and the pancreas itself. We show that this early age-related increase in the frequency of Foxp3(+) cells does not occur in wild-type NOD, BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. Further, we show that, in contrast to some reports on Treg in wild-type NOD mice, the suppressive function of BDC2.5NOD Treg from 16- to 20-week-old mice is intact and comparable to that from 4- to 8-week-old mice both in vitro and in vivo. Our data offer insights into the long-term protection of BDC2.5NOD mice from diabetes and an explanation for the age-related decrease in anti-islet responses seen in BDC2.5NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Thomas
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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57
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Aboumrad E, Madec AM, Thivolet C. The CXCR4/CXCL12 (SDF-1) signalling pathway protects non-obese diabetic mouse from autoimmune diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 148:432-9. [PMID: 17374136 PMCID: PMC1941939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are part of polarized T helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-mediated immune responses which control trafficking of immunogenic cells to sites of inflammation. The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 CXCL-12 (SDF-1) and its ligand the CXCR4 chemokine receptor are important regulatory elements. CXCR4 is expressed on the surface of CD4(+) T cells, dendritic cells and B lymphocytes. Levels of CXCR4 mRNA were increased in pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) of 4-week-old non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice in comparison to Balb/C mice. However, a significant reduction of CXCR4 was noticed at 12 weeks both at the mRNA and protein levels while expression increased in the inflamed islets. The percentage of SDF-1 attracted splenocytes in a transwell chemotaxis assay was significantly increased in NOD versus Balb/c mice. SDF-1 attracted T cells completely abolished the capacity of diabetogenic T cells to transfer diabetes in the recipients of an adoptive cell co-transfer. When T splenocytes from NOD females treated with AMD3100, a specific CXCR4 antagonist, were mixed with diabetogenic T cells during adoptive cell co-transfer experiments, prevalence of diabetes in the recipients rose from 33% to 75% (P < 0.001). This effect was associated with an increase of interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA and a reduction of interleukin (IL)-4 mRNA levels both in PLNs and isolated islets. AMD3100 also reduced IL-4 and IL-10 production of plate-bound anti-CD3 and anti-CD28-stimulated splenocytes. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that AMD3100 reduced the number of CXCR4(+) and SDF-1 positive cells in the inflamed islets. We can conclude that the CXCL-12/CXCR4 pathway has protective effects against autoimmune diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- Benzylamines
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Cyclams
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Female
- Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aboumrad
- INSERM 449, Faculté Laennec, Lyon, France
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58
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Zhang P, Sun D, Ke Y, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. The net effect of costimulatory blockers is dependent on the subset and activation status of the autoreactive T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:474-9. [PMID: 17182586 PMCID: PMC2587059 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether CD4 and CD8 autoreactive T cells have different costimulatory requirements for their activation in vitro by testing the effect of a panel of Abs specific for various costimulatory molecules. Our results showed that CD8 interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-specific T cells are more dependent on costimulatory molecules for activation than their CD4 counterparts. Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-specific T cells are less dependent on costimulatory molecules in the secondary response than the primary response. We also showed that blockade of costimulatory molecules can either promote or inhibit the proliferation of autoreactive T cells, depending on the degree of activation of the cells. Our results show that anti-costimulatory molecule treatment can have diverse actions on autoreactive T cell subsets, the net effect being determined by the subset of immune cells affected and the type and dose of treatment used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hui Shao
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Hui Shao, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Louisville, 301 East Muhammad Ali Boulevard, Louisville, KY 40202. E-mail address:
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Marangoni F, Trifari S, Scaramuzza S, Panaroni C, Martino S, Notarangelo LD, Baz Z, Metin A, Cattaneo F, Villa A, Aiuti A, Battaglia M, Roncarolo MG, Dupré L. WASP regulates suppressor activity of human and murine CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) natural regulatory T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:369-80. [PMID: 17296785 PMCID: PMC2118740 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients develop autoimmunity and allergy. CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ natural regulatory T (nTreg) cells play a key role in peripheral tolerance to prevent immune responses to self-antigens and allergens. Therefore, we investigated the effect of WAS protein (WASP) deficiency on the distribution and suppressor function of nTreg cells. In WAS−/− mice, the steady-state distribution and phenotype of nTreg cells in the thymus and spleen were normal. However, WAS−/− nTreg cells engrafted poorly in immunized mice, indicating perturbed homeostasis. Moreover, WAS−/− nTreg cells failed to proliferate and to produce transforming growth factor β upon T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 triggering. WASP-dependent F-actin polarization to the site of TCR triggering might not be involved in WAS−/− nTreg cell defects because this process was also inefficient in wild-type (WT) nTreg cells. Compared with WT nTreg cells, WAS−/− nTreg cells showed reduced in vitro suppressor activity on both WT and WAS−/− effector T cells. Similarly, peripheral nTreg cells were present at normal levels in WAS patients but failed to suppress proliferation of autologous and allogeneic CD4+ effector T cells in vitro. Thus, WASP appears to play an important role in the activation and suppressor function of nTreg cells, and a dysfunction or incorrect localization of nTreg cells may contribute to the development of autoimmunity in WAS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Marangoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), 20132 Milan, Italy
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60
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Yadav D, Fine C, Azuma M, Sarvetnick N. B7-1 mediated costimulation regulates pancreatic autoimmunity. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:2616-24. [PMID: 17289146 PMCID: PMC4275027 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Costimulation by B7-1 and B7-2 molecules results in divergent biological effects. This is particularly striking in the NOD mouse, since the lack of B7-2 leads to complete protection from diabetes whereas the B7-1 deficiency causes exacerbation of disease. We tested the hypothesis that B7-1 costimulation suppresses pancreatic autoimmunity. We describe that the lack of B7-1 not only causes aberrant thymocyte maturation but also significantly enhances expansion, survival, and effector function of islet specific T cells in periphery. We also observed a significant reduction in the proportion of T-regulatory (T-regs) cells. Immunophenotypic analysis of T and APCs revealed a significantly lower frequency of T cells expressing the negative costimulatory receptor PD-1 in B7-1KO mice whereas the proportion of B7-H1 positive APCs was found to be significantly higher. Blocking studies in B7-1KO mice suggest that B7-H1 provides negative signals for anti islet CD4 and CD8 T-cell expansion but is differentially required for their priming. Our data demonstrate that deficiency of B7-1 mediated costimulation causes multitude of immunological defects, which involve reduction in T-regs and a concomitant enhancement of expansion, survival and effector potential of auto reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Yadav
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, Mail Drop IMM-23, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Cody Fine
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, Mail Drop IMM-23, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Nora Sarvetnick
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, Mail Drop IMM-23, La Jolla, CA 92037
- *Corresponding author: Prof. Nora Sarvetnick, The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, Mail Drop IMM-23, La Jolla, CA 92037. E-mail address: , Phone: 858-784-9066, Fax: 858-784-9083
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61
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Fife BT, Guleria I, Gubbels Bupp M, Eagar TN, Tang Q, Bour-Jordan H, Yagita H, Azuma M, Sayegh MH, Bluestone JA. Insulin-induced remission in new-onset NOD mice is maintained by the PD-1-PD-L1 pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2737-47. [PMID: 17116737 PMCID: PMC2118162 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen a significant increase in the number of potentially tolerogenic therapies for treatment of new-onset diabetes. However, most treatments are antigen nonspecific, and the mechanism for the maintenance of long-term tolerance remains unclear. In this study, we developed an antigen-specific therapy, insulin-coupled antigen-presenting cells, to treat diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice after disease onset. Using this approach, we demonstrate disease remission, inhibition of pathogenic T cell proliferation, decreased cytokine production, and induction of anergy. Moreover, we show that robust long-term tolerance depends on the programmed death 1 (PD-1)-programmed death ligand (PD-L)1 pathway, not the distinct cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 pathway. Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1, but not anti-PD-L2, reversed tolerance weeks after tolerogenic therapy by promoting antigen-specific T cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production directly in infiltrated tissues. PD-1-PD-L1 blockade did not limit T regulatory cell activity, suggesting direct effects on pathogenic T cells. Finally, we describe a critical role for PD-1-PD-L1 in another powerful immunotherapy model using anti-CD3, suggesting that PD-1-PD-L1 interactions form part of a common pathway to selectively maintain tolerance within the target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Fife
- UCSF Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, and Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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62
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Dejaco C, Duftner C, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Schirmer M. Imbalance of regulatory T cells in human autoimmune diseases. Immunology 2006; 117:289-300. [PMID: 16476048 PMCID: PMC1782226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of mechanisms assuring the recognition of self and non-self is a hallmark feature of autoimmune diseases. In the past 10 years, there has been a steadily increasing interest in a subpopulation of regulatory T cells, which exert their suppressive function in vitro in a contact-dependent manner and preferentially express high levels of CD25 and forkhead and winged-helix family transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) (TREGs). Recent findings of changed prevalences and functional efficiencies indicate that these TREGs play a unique role in autoimmune diseases. Clinical findings in patients with mutated FOXP3 genes and a specific polymorphism in the promotor region of FOXP3 also support the role of FOXP3 as a 'master control gene' in the development and functioning of TREGs. Both altered generation of TREGs and insufficient suppression of inflammation in autoimmune diseases are considered to be crucial for the initiation and perpetuation of disease. TREG-related somatic cell therapy is considered as an intriguing new intervention to approach autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dejaco
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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63
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Sanderson JP, Naisbitt DJ, Park BK. Role of bioactivation in drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E55-64. [PMID: 16584134 PMCID: PMC2751424 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions are a major problem in both clinical treatment and drug development. This review covers recent developments in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms involved, with special focus on the potential role of metabolism and bioactivation in generating a chemical signal for activation of the immune system. The possible role of haptenation and neoantigen formation is discussed, alongside recent findings that challenge this paradigm. Additionally, the essential role of costimulation is examined, as are the potential points whereby costimulation may be driven by reactive metabolites. The relevance of local generation of metabolites in determining the location and character of a reaction is also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Sanderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, L69 3GE Liverpool, England
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, L69 3GE Liverpool, England
| | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, L69 3GE Liverpool, England
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64
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Schmidt-Weber CB, Blaser K. The role of the FOXP3 transcription factor in the immune regulation of allergic asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2006; 5:356-61. [PMID: 16091206 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-005-0006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Unbalanced immune reactions against allergens are caused by Th2 cells, which are the basis of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated symptoms of allergy and asthma. Although Th2 cells are essential for allergy, they are not sufficient to cause disease, because regulatory T cells (Tregs) control their activity and expansion. Therefore, Tregs are assumed to play an important role not only in the sensitization but also in established allergic disease under therapy. A key factor of Tregs is FOXP3, which, upon expression, is sufficient to induce regulatory T-cell phenotypes. The initiation and suppressive function of FOXP3 and Tregs in the context of allergic asthma are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Obere Str. 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland.
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Chen Z, Herman AE, Matos M, Mathis D, Benoist C. Where CD4+CD25+ T reg cells impinge on autoimmune diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 202:1387-97. [PMID: 16301745 PMCID: PMC2212985 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3 is required for the generation and activity of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (T reg) cells, which are important controllers of autoimmunity, including type-1 diabetes. To determine where T reg cells affect the diabetogenic cascade, we crossed the Foxp3 scurfy mutation, which eliminates T reg cells, with the BDC2.5 T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mouse line. In this model, the absence of T reg cells did not augment the initial activation or phenotypic characteristics of effector T cells in the draining lymph nodes, nor accelerate the onset of T cell infiltration of the pancreatic islets. However, this insulitis was immediately destructive, causing a dramatic progression to overt diabetes. Microarray analysis revealed that T reg cells in the insulitic lesion adopted a gene expression program different from that in lymph nodes, whereas T reg cells in draining or irrelevant lymph nodes appeared very similar. Thus, T reg cells primarily impinge on autoimmune diabetes by reining in destructive T cells inside the islets, more than during the initial activation in the draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Chen
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Abstract
Donor T-cell recognition of host alloantigens presented by host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is necessary for the induction of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but whether direct alloreactivity is sufficient for the propagation of GVHD is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that GVHD cannot be effectively propagated through the direct pathway of allorecognition. Rather, donor T-cell recognition of antigens through the indirect pathway is necessary for the perpetuation of GVHD. Furthermore, GVHD results in the breaking of self tolerance, resulting in the emergence of donor T cells that can cause autoimmune disease in syngeneic recipients. Notably, GVHD-induced autoreactivity is donor APC dependent, transferable into secondary hosts, and involves cells of the innate immune system. These results indicate that donor T-cell--mediated pathologic damage during GVHD becomes donor APC dependent and provide a mechanistic explanation for the long-standing observation that GVHD is associated with autoimmune clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tivol
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Boehm BO, Bluestone JA. Differential roles of costimulatory signaling pathways in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Rev Diabet Stud 2005; 1:156-64. [PMID: 17491700 PMCID: PMC1783691 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2004.1.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard O. Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Germany
- Address correspondence to: Bernhard O. Boehm, e-mail:
| | - Jeffrey A. Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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