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Voduc KD, Nielsen TO, Perou CM, Harrell JC, Fan C, Kennecke H, Minn AJ, Cryns VL, Cheang MCU. αB-crystallin Expression in Breast Cancer is Associated with Brain Metastasis. NPJ Breast Cancer 2015; 1:15014. [PMID: 27656679 PMCID: PMC5027912 DOI: 10.1038/npjbcancer.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The molecular chaperone αB-crystallin is expressed in estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 "triple-negative" breast carcinomas and promotes brain and lung metastasis. We examined αB-crystallin expression in primary breast carcinomas with metastatic data to evaluate its association with prognosis and site-specific metastases. METHODS αB-crystallin gene (CRYAB) expression was examined using publically available global-gene expression data (n=855 breast tumors) with first site of distant metastasis information ("855Met"). αB-crystallin protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry using the clinically annotated tissue microarray (n=3987 breast tumors) from British Columbia Cancer Agency (BCCA). Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the prognostic value of αB-crystallin. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate risks of αB-crystallin and other markers for site of metastasis. RESULTS In the 855Met dataset, αB-crystallin gene (CRYAB) expression was an independent predictor of brain as the first distant site of relapse (HR = 1.2, (95% CI 1.0-1.4), P = 0.021). In the BCCA series, αB-crystallin protein expression was an independent prognostic marker of poor breast cancer specific survival (HR = 1.3, (95% CI 1.1-1.6), P = 0.014). Among patients with metastases, αB-crystallin was the strongest independent predictor of brain metastasis (OR = 2.99 (95% CI 1.83-4.89), P < 0.0001) and the only independent predictor of brain as the first site of distant metastasis (OR = 3.15 (95% CI1.43-6.95), P = 0.005). αB-crystallin was also associated with worse survival (3.0 versus 4.7 months, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS αB-crystallin is a promising biomarker to identify breast cancer patients at high risk for early relapse in the brain, independent of ER and HER2 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- K David Voduc
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charles M Perou
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Chuck Harrell
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cheng Fan
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hagen Kennecke
- Division of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andy J Minn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vincent L Cryns
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maggie C U Cheang
- Division of Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit (ICR-CTSU), Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Chen J, Jin R, Zhao J, Liu J, Ying H, Yan H, Zhou S, Liang Y, Huang D, Liang X, Yu H, Lin H, Cai X. Potential molecular, cellular and microenvironmental mechanism of sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2015; 367:1-11. [PMID: 26170167 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanning Ying
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Senjun Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuelong Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Diyu Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Dittmer J. The role of the transcription factor Ets1 in carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:20-38. [PMID: 26392377 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ets1 belongs to the large family of the ETS domain family of transcription factors and is involved in cancer progression. In most carcinomas, Ets1 expression is linked to poor survival. In breast cancer, Ets1 is primarily expressed in the triple-negative subtype, which is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Ets1 contributes to the acquisition of cancer cell invasiveness, to EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition), to the development of drug resistance and neo-angiogenesis. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the functions of Ets1 in carcinoma progression and on the mechanisms that regulate Ets1 activity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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Kim MS, Lee HW, Jun SY, Lee EH. Expression of alpha B crystallin and BCL2 in patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:8842-8856. [PMID: 26464626 PMCID: PMC4583858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Alpha B crystallin was characterized as a negative prognostic factor in breast cancer. BCL2 has an antiapoptotic role and sustains cell survival in vitro, ironically BCL2 expression has been associated with a good prognosis of breast cancer patients. To investigate the significance of alpha B crystallin and BCL2 expression in breast cancer and the relationship between these proteins, we performed immunohistochemical staining for both proteins in human breast cancer tissues. In the present study, overexpression of alpha B crystallin was observed more frequently in triple negative cancer (9/20, 45%) than in luminal type cancer (8/53, 15.1%, P=0.02161). BCL2 tended to be more highly expressed in luminal type cancer than in HER2 and triple negative cancer types (luminal: 36/53, 68%, HER2: 2/9, 22%, triple negative: 7/20 35%, P=0.008652). In multivariate analysis using ANCOVA, alpha B crystallin was related to short overall survival (P=0.017173). These findings suggest that alpha B crystallin is an independent prognostic factor of infiltrating ductal carcinoma. BCL2 was not associated with survival in multivariate analysis using ANCOVA. Thus, in our study BCL2 was not an independent prognostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Seon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineChangwon, South Korea
| | - Hyoun Wook Lee
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineChangwon, South Korea
| | - Si-Youl Jun
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineChangwon, South Korea
| | - Eun Hee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineChangwon, South Korea
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Alpha crystallins in the retinal pigment epithelium and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:258-68. [PMID: 26026469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND αA- and αB crystallins are principal members of the small heat shock protein family and elicit both a cell protective function and a chaperone function. α-Crystallins have been found to be prominent proteins in normal and pathological retina emphasizing the importance for in-depth understanding of their function and significance. SCOPE OF REVIEW Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) play a vital role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This review addresses a number of cellular functions mediated by α-crystallins in the retina. Prominent expression of αB crystallin in mitochondria may serve to protect cells from oxidative injury. αB crystallin as secretory protein via exosomes can offer neuroprotection to adjacent RPE cells and photoreceptors. The availability of chaperone-containing minipeptides of αB crystallin could prove to be a valuable new tool for therapeutic treatment of retinal disorders. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS α-Crystallins are expressed in cytosol and mitochondria of RPE cells and are regulated during oxygen-induced retinopathy and during development. α-Crystallins protect RPE from oxidative-and ER stress-induced injury and autophagy. αB-Crystallin is a modulator of angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor. αB Crystallin is secreted via exosomal pathway. Minichaperone peptides derived from αB Crystallin prevent oxidant induced cell death and have therapeutic potential. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Overall, this review summarizes several novel properties of α-crystallins and their relevance to maintaining normal retinal function. In particular, the use of α-crystallin derived peptides is a promising therapeutic strategy to combat retinal diseases such as AMD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Crystallin biochemistry in health and disease.
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Nagaraj RH, Nahomi RB, Mueller NH, Raghavan CT, Ammar DA, Petrash JM. Therapeutic potential of α-crystallin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:252-7. [PMID: 25840354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The findings that α-crystallins are multi-functional proteins with diverse biological functions have generated considerable interest in understanding their role in health and disease. Recent studies have shown that chaperone peptides of α-crystallin could be delivered into cultured cells and in experimental animals with beneficial effects against protein aggregation, oxidation, inflammation and apoptosis. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we will summarize the latest developments on the therapeutic potential of α-crystallins and their functional peptides. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS α-Crystallins and their functional peptides have shown significant favorable effects against several diseases. Their targeted delivery to tissues would be of great therapeutic benefit. However, α-crystallins can also function as disease-causing proteins. These seemingly contradictory functions must be carefully considered prior to their therapeutic use. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE αA and αB-Crystallin are members of the small heat shock protein family. These proteins exhibit molecular chaperone and anti-apoptotic activities. The core crystallin domain within these proteins is largely responsible for these prosperities. Recent studies have identified peptides within the crystallin domain of both α- and αB-crystallins with remarkable chaperone and anti-apoptotic activities. Administration of α-crystallin or their functional peptides has shown substantial inhibition of pathologies in several diseases. However, α-crystallins have been shown to promote disease-causing pathways. These two sides of the proteins are discussed in this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Crystallin Biochemistry in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram H Nagaraj
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Rooban B Nahomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Niklaus H Mueller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cibin T Raghavan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David A Ammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Strekalova E, Malin D, Good DM, Cryns VL. Methionine Deprivation Induces a Targetable Vulnerability in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by Enhancing TRAIL Receptor-2 Expression. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2780-91. [PMID: 25724522 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many neoplasms are vulnerable to methionine deficiency by mechanisms that are poorly understood. Because gene profiling studies have revealed that methionine depletion increases TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor-2 (TRAIL-R2) mRNA, we postulated that methionine stress sensitizes breast cancer cells to proapoptotic TRAIL-R2 agonists. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Human triple (ER/PR/HER2)-negative breast carcinoma cell lines were cultured in control or methionine-free media. The effects of methionine depletion on TRAIL receptor expression and sensitivity to chemotherapy or a humanized agonistic TRAIL-R2 monoclonal antibody (lexatumumab) were determined. The melanoma-associated antigen MAGED2 was silenced to delineate its functional role in sensitizing TNBC cells to methionine stress. An orthotopic TNBC model was utilized to evaluate the effects of dietary methionine deficiency, lexatumumab, or the combination. RESULTS Methionine depletion sensitized TNBC cells to lexatumumab-induced caspase activation and apoptosis by increasing TRAIL-R2 mRNA and cell surface expression. MCF-10A cells transformed by oncogenic H-Ras, but not untransformed cells, and matrix-detached TNBC cells were highly sensitive to the combination of lexatumumab and methionine depletion. Proteomics analyses revealed that MAGED2, which has been reported to reduce TRAIL-R2 expression, was suppressed by methionine stress. Silencing MAGED2 recapitulated features of methionine deprivation, including enhanced mRNA and cell surface expression of TRAIL receptors and increased sensitivity to TRAIL receptor agonists. Dietary methionine deprivation enhanced the antitumor effects of lexatumumab in an orthotopic metastatic TNBC model. CONCLUSIONS Methionine depletion exposes a targetable defect in TNBC cells by increasing TRAIL-R2 expression. Our findings provide the foundation for a clinical trial combining dietary methionine restriction and TRAIL-R2 agonists. Clin Cancer Res; 21(12); 2780-91. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Strekalova
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dmitry Malin
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David M Good
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Vincent L Cryns
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
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ERK-regulated αB-crystallin induction by matrix detachment inhibits anoikis and promotes lung metastasis in vivo. Oncogene 2015; 34:5626-34. [PMID: 25684139 PMCID: PMC4537846 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Evasion of extracellular matrix detachment-induced apoptosis ('anoikis') is a defining characteristic of metastatic tumor cells. The ability of metastatic carcinoma cells to survive matrix detachment and escape anoikis enables them to disseminate as viable circulating tumor cells and seed distant organs. Here we report that αB-crystallin, an antiapoptotic molecular chaperone implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse poor-prognosis solid tumors, is induced by matrix detachment and confers anoikis resistance. Specifically, we demonstrate that matrix detachment downregulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity and increases αB-crystallin protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Moreover, we show that ERK inhibition in adherent cancer cells mimics matrix detachment by increasing αB-crystallin protein and mRNA levels, whereas constitutive ERK activation suppresses αB-crystallin induction during matrix detachment. These findings indicate that ERK inhibition is both necessary and sufficient for αB-crystallin induction by matrix detachment. To examine the functional consequences of αB-crystallin induction in anoikis, we stably silenced αB-crystallin in two different metastatic carcinoma cell lines. Strikingly, silencing αB-crystallin increased matrix detachment-induced caspase activation and apoptosis but did not affect cell viability of adherent cancer cells. In addition, silencing αB-crystallin in metastatic carcinoma cells reduced the number of viable circulating tumor cells and inhibited lung metastasis in two orthotopic models, but had little or no effect on primary tumor growth. Taken together, our findings point to αB-crystallin as a novel regulator of anoikis resistance that is induced by matrix detachment-mediated suppression of ERK signaling and promotes lung metastasis. Our results also suggest that αB-crystallin represents a promising molecular target for antimetastatic therapies.
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Treweek TM, Meehan S, Ecroyd H, Carver JA. Small heat-shock proteins: important players in regulating cellular proteostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:429-451. [PMID: 25352169 PMCID: PMC11113218 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small heat-shock proteins (sHsps) are a diverse family of intra-cellular molecular chaperone proteins that play a critical role in mitigating and preventing protein aggregation under stress conditions such as elevated temperature, oxidation and infection. In doing so, they assist in the maintenance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) thereby avoiding the deleterious effects that result from loss of protein function and/or protein aggregation. The chaperone properties of sHsps are therefore employed extensively in many tissues to prevent the development of diseases associated with protein aggregation. Significant progress has been made of late in understanding the structure and chaperone mechanism of sHsps. In this review, we discuss some of these advances, with a focus on mammalian sHsp hetero-oligomerisation, the mechanism by which sHsps act as molecular chaperones to prevent both amorphous and fibrillar protein aggregation, and the role of post-translational modifications in sHsp chaperone function, particularly in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Treweek
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Sarah Meehan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Heath Ecroyd
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - John A Carver
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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Gene expression-based classifications of fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumours of the breast. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1081-90. [PMID: 25687451 PMCID: PMC5528764 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroepithelial tumors (FTs) of the breast are a heterogeneous group of lesions ranging from fibroadenomas (FAD) to phyllodes tumors (PT) (benign, borderline, malignant). Further understanding of their molecular features and classification might be of clinical value. In this study, we analysed the expression of 105 breast cancer‐related genes, including the 50 genes of the PAM50 intrinsic subtype predictor and 12 genes of the Claudin‐low subtype predictor, in a panel of 75 FTs (34 FADs, 5 juvenile FADs, 20 benign PTs, 5 borderline PTs and 11 malignant PTs) with clinical follow‐up. In addition, we compared the expression profiles of FTs with those of 14 normal breast tissues and 49 primary invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs). Our results revealed that the levels of expression of all breast cancer‐related genes can discriminate the various groups of FTs, together with normal breast tissues and IDCs (False Discovery Rate < 5%). Among FTs, the levels expression of proliferation‐related genes (e.g. CCNB1 and MKI67) and mesenchymal/epithelial‐related (e.g. CLDN3 and EPCAM) genes were found to be most discriminative. As expected, FADs showed the highest and lowest expression of epithelial‐ and proliferation‐related genes, respectively, whereas malignant PTs showed the opposite expression pattern. Interestingly, the overall profile of benign PTs was found more similar to FADs and normal breast tissues than the rest of tumours, including juvenile FADs. Within the dataset of IDCs and normal breast tissues, the vast majority of FADs, juvenile FADs, benign PTs and borderline PTs were identified as Normal‐like by intrinsic breast cancer subtyping, whereas 7 (63.6%) and 3 (27.3%) malignant PTs were identified as Claudin‐low and Basal‐like, respectively. Finally, we observed that the previously described PAM50 risk of relapse prognostic score better predicted outcome in FTs than the morphological classification, even within PTs‐only. Our results suggest that classification of FTs using gene expression‐based data is feasible and might provide clinically useful biological and prognostic information. The levels expression of proliferation‐ and mesenchymal/epithelial‐related genes were found to be the most discriminative. The overall profile of benign phyllodes was very similar to fibroadenomas. The vast majority of fibroepithelial tumors (FTs) were identified as Normal‐like by the PAM50 and Claudin‐low predictors. The PAM50 risk of relapse prognostic score better predicted outcome in FTs than the morphological classification. Classification of FTs using gene expression‐based data provides clinically useful information.
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Arrigo AP, Ducarouge B, Lavial F, Gibert B. Immense Cellular Implications Associated to Small Stress Proteins Expression: Impacts on Human Pathologies. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16077-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Der Perng M, Quinlan RA. The Dynamic Duo of Small Heat Proteins and IFs Maintain Cell Homeostasis, Resist Cellular Stress and Enable Evolution in Cells and Tissues. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16077-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Shi C, He Z, Hou N, Ni Y, Xiong L, Chen P. Alpha B-crystallin correlates with poor survival in colorectal cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:6056-6063. [PMID: 25337251 PMCID: PMC4203222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alpha B-crystallin (CRYAB) is primarily found as major structural proteins of the ocular lens and is a principal member of the small heat shock protein (HSP) family. So far, CRYAB has been suggested to play critical roles in the development of several kinds of human cancers. However, the association between CRYAB expression and clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been elucidated yet. In the present study, one-step quantitative PCR reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of 18 samples of CRC and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis with 100 cases of CRC sample in tissue microarrays (TMA) were employed to evaluate the expression of CRYAB in CRC. The results suggested that CRYAB expression in the mRNA and protein levels was significantly higher in CRC tissues than in corresponding non-cancerous tissues (P < 0.05 and P = 0.014, respectively). The expression of CRYAB protein in CRC was significantly associated with distant metastasis (P = 0.040) and overall survival (P = 0.003). Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate survival analysis indicated that high expression of CRYAB (P = 0.040) and distant metastasis (P = 0.005) showed significant correlations with poor prognosis of CRC patients. The data imply that CRYAB expression is correlated with substantial clinical characteristics of CRC, and it may be identified as an unfavorable prognostic factor for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbing Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast UniversityNanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210000, China
| | - Ning Hou
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Cancer HospitalNanjing 210000, China
| | - Yijiang Ni
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical UniversityChangzhou 213000, China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210000, China
| | - Pingsheng Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast UniversityNanjing 210009, China
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Lu H, Han YJ, Xu JD, Xing WM, Chen J. Proteomic characterization of acyclovir-induced nephrotoxicity in a mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103185. [PMID: 25055032 PMCID: PMC4108384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) is an effective and widely used antiviral agent. However, its clinical application is limited by severe nephrotoxicity. We assessed ACV-induced nephrotoxicity and identified the differentially expressed proteins using mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. In total, 30 ICR mice were intraperitoneally administrated ACV (150 or 600 mg/kg per day) for 9 days. After administration of ACV, levels of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen increased significantly. In addition, mouse kidneys exhibited histopathological changes and reduced expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR2. In the proteomic analysis, more than 1,000 proteins were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and a total of 20 proteins were up- or down-regulated in the ACV group compared with the saline group. Among these, six proteins (MHC class II antigen, glyoxalase 1, peroxiredoxin 1, αB-crystallin, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-IIIb, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit Vb) were identified in association with ACV-induced nephrotoxicity. These findings were confirmed by Western blotting analysis. The differential expression levels of α-BC, Prx1, Glo I and CcO Vb suggest that oxidative damage and mitochondrial injury may be involved in ACV-induced nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, VEGF and FGF may play a role in tissue repair and the restoration process following ACV nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- School of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ya-Juan Han
- School of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jia-Dong Xu
- School of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wen-Min Xing
- School of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Yilmaz M, Karatas OF, Yuceturk B, Dag H, Yener M, Ozen M. Alpha-B-crystallin expression in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues. Head Neck 2014; 37:1344-8. [PMID: 24817638 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), being an aggressive malignancy, is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignant types of head and neck SCC worldwide. The recent studies suggested that αB-crystallin might play an important role in tumorigenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the αB-crystallin expression level in metastatic and nonmetastatic laryngeal SCC tissues and to determine its prognostic significance. METHODS Alpha-B-crystallin expression status in metastatic, nonmetastatic laryngeal SCC, and normal tissue samples was investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS We demonstrated that the expression of αB-crystallin was significantly upregulated in laryngeal SCC tumor tissue samples in comparison with the corresponding normal tissues (p < .001), although no significant association has been found between αB-crystallin expression and either the metastatic potential or the T classification of the specimens. CONCLUSION Although expression of αB-crystallin is not statistically correlated with neck metastases, we demonstrated that αB-crystallin is significantly overexpressed in laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yilmaz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Karatas
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey.,Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Betul Yuceturk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Dag
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Yener
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Koletsa T, Stavridi F, Bobos M, Kostopoulos I, Kotoula V, Eleftheraki AG, Konstantopoulou I, Papadimitriou C, Batistatou A, Gogas H, Koutras A, Skarlos DV, Pentheroudakis G, Efstratiou I, Pectasides D, Fountzilas G. alphaB-crystallin is a marker of aggressive breast cancer behavior but does not independently predict for patient outcome: a combined analysis of two randomized studies. BMC Clin Pathol 2014; 14:28. [PMID: 24987308 PMCID: PMC4077639 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-14-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND alphaB-crystallin is a small heat shock protein that has recently been characterized as an oncoprotein correlating with the basal core phenotype and with negative prognostic factors in breast carcinomas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate alphaB-crystallin with respect to clinicopathological parameters and the outcome of patients with operable high-risk breast cancer. METHODS A total of 940 tumors were examined, derived from an equal number of patients who had participated in two randomized clinical trials (paclitaxel-containing regimen in 793 cases). Immunohistochemistry for ER, PgR, HER2, Ki67, CK5, CK14, CK17, EGFR, alphaB-crystallin, BRCA1 and p53 was performed. BRCA1 mutation data were available in 89 cases. RESULTS alphaβ-crystallin was expressed in 170 cases (18.1%) and more frequently in triple-negative breast carcinomas (TNBC) (45% vs. 14.5% non-TNBC, p < 0.001). alphaB-crystallin protein expression was significantly associated with high Ki67 (Pearson chi-square test, p < 0.001), p53 (p = 0.002) and basal cytokeratin protein expression (p < 0.001), BRCA1 mutations (p = 0.045) and negative ER (p < 0.001) and PgR (p < 0.001). Its overexpression, defined as >30% positive neoplastic cells, was associated with adverse overall survival (Wald's p = 0.046). However, alphaB-crystallin was not an independent prognostic factor upon multivariate analysis. No interaction between taxane-based therapy and aβ-crystallin expression was observed. CONCLUSIONS In operable high-risk breast cancer, alphaB-crystallin protein expression is associated with poor prognostic features indicating aggressive tumor behavior, but it does not seem to have an independent impact on patient survival or to interfere with taxane-based therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS ACTRN12611000506998 (HE10/97 trial) and ACTRN12609001036202 (HE10/00 trial).
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllia Koletsa
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Flora Stavridi
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, "Hygeia" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mattheos Bobos
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kostopoulos
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Kotoula
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece ; Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Irene Konstantopoulou
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Papadimitriou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, "Alexandra" Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Batistatou
- Department of Pathology, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, "Laiko" General Hospital, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Koutras
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Dimitrios Pectasides
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Oncology Section, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Department of Medical Oncology, "Papageorgiou" Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Liu S, Yan B, Lai W, Chen L, Xiao D, Xi S, Jiang Y, Dong X, An J, Chen X, Cao Y, Tao Y. As a novel p53 direct target, bidirectional gene HspB2/αB-crystallin regulates the ROS level and Warburg effect. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:592-603. [PMID: 24859470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many mammalian genes are composed of bidirectional gene pairs with the two genes separated by less than 1.0kb. The transcriptional regulation and function of these bidirectional genes remain largely unclear. Here, we report that bidirectional gene pair HspB2/αB-crystallin, both of which are members of the small heat shock protein gene family, is a novel direct target gene of p53. Two potential binding sites of p53 are present in the intergenic region of HspB2/αB-crystallin. p53 up-regulated the bidirectional promoter activities of HspB2/αB-crystallin. Actinomycin D (ActD), an activator of p53, induces the promoter and protein activities of HspB2/αB-crystallin. p53 binds to two p53 binding sites in the intergenic region of HspB2/αB-crystallin in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the products of bidirectional gene pair HspB2/αB-crystallin regulate glucose metabolism, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and the Warburg effect by affecting metabolic genes, including the synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 (SCO2), hexokinase II (HK2), and TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR). The ROS level and the Warburg effect are affected after the depletion of p53, HspB2 and αB-crystallin respectively. Finally, we show that both HspB2 and αB-crystallin are linked with human renal carcinogenesis. These findings provide novel insights into the role of p53 as a regulator of bidirectional gene pair HspB2/αB-crystallin-mediated ROS and the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Center for Medicine Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Weiwei Lai
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Desheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Sichuan Xi
- Thoracic Oncology Section, Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Yiqun Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jing An
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 4010078, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan 410078, China.
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van de Schootbrugge C, Schults EMJ, Bussink J, Span PN, Grénman R, Pruijn GJM, Kaanders JHAM, Boelens WC. Effect of hypoxia on the expression of αB-crystallin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:252. [PMID: 24725344 PMCID: PMC3990244 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of hypoxia in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with therapeutic resistance and increased risk of metastasis formation. αB-crystallin (HspB5) is a small heat shock protein, which is also associated with metastasis formation in HNSCC. In this study, we investigated whether αB-crystallin protein expression is increased in hypoxic areas of HNSCC biopsies and analyzed whether hypoxia induces αB-crystallin expression in vitro and in this way may confer hypoxic cell survival. Methods In 38 HNSCC biopsies, the overlap between immunohistochemically stained αB-crystallin and pimonidazole-adducts (hypoxiamarker) was determined. Moreover, expression levels of αB-crystallin were analyzed in HNSCC cell lines under hypoxia and reoxygenation conditions and after exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). siRNA-mediated knockdown was used to determine the influence of αB-crystallin on cell survival under hypoxic conditions. Results In all biopsies αB-crystallin was more abundantly present in hypoxic areas than in normoxic areas. Remarkably, hypoxia decreased αB-crystallin mRNA expression in the HNSCC cell lines. Only after reoxygenation, a condition that stimulates ROS formation, αB-crystallin expression was increased. αB-crystallin mRNA levels were also increased by extracellular ROS, and NAC abolished the reoxygenation-induced αB-crystallin upregulation. Moreover, it was found that decreased αB-crystallin levels reduced cell survival under hypoxic conditions. Conclusions We provide the first evidence that hypoxia stimulates upregulation of αB-crystallin in HNSCC. This upregulation was not caused by the low oxygen pressure, but more likely by ROS formation. The higher expression of αB-crystallin may lead to prolonged survival of these cells under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wilbert C Boelens
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, 271, RIMLS, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Chen Z, Ruan Q, Han S, Xi L, Jiang W, Jiang H, Ostrov DA, Cai J. Discovery of structure-based small molecular inhibitor of αB-crystallin against basal-like/triple-negative breast cancer development in vitro and in vivo. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 145:45-59. [PMID: 24710637 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Leidy J, Khan A, Kandil D. Basal-like breast cancer: update on clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:37-43. [PMID: 24377810 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0439-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Basal-like breast carcinoma (BLBC) is a distinct molecular subtype of breast carcinoma identified through gene expression profiling studies. OBJECTIVE To provide the clinical background, the histologic profile, and the immunohistochemical profile of these tumors and discuss the current knowledge of their molecular signature and their implications on targeted molecular therapy. DATA SOURCES Data were obtained from review of the pertinent peer-reviewed literature. CONCLUSIONS Basal-like breast carcinomas are aggressive tumors with poor prognosis. Lack of targeted therapy makes their treatment a challenging task. Traditional chemotherapy is still associated with a high risk of relapse and death in a high percentage of patients. Platinum-based chemotherapy has been considered as a candidate for the treatment of BLBCs owing to their BRCA1 phenotype. Approximately 22% of patients treated with single-agent cisplatin show pathologic complete response, which is a comparable rate to that seen with nonplatinum agents. Antiangiogenic agents have been promising, but their currently demonstrated limited response is considered disappointing. Additionally, epidermal growth factor receptor was not shown to be a helpful target for BLBC. A recent study has shown that BLBC appears to be especially sensitive to MEK inhibitors, making it a promising therapeutic possibility. The list of new targets is still evolving and the "magic" therapeutic target is yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Leidy
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester
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71
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Arrigo AP, Gibert B. HspB1, HspB5 and HspB4 in Human Cancers: Potent Oncogenic Role of Some of Their Client Proteins. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:333-65. [PMID: 24514166 PMCID: PMC3980596 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human small heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones that regulate fundamental cellular processes in normal unstressed cells as well as in many cancer cells where they are over-expressed. These proteins are characterized by cell physiology dependent changes in their oligomerization and phosphorylation status. These structural changes allow them to interact with many different client proteins that subsequently display modified activity and/or half-life. Nowdays, the protein interactomes of small Hsps are under intense investigations and will represent, when completed, key parameters to elaborate therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the functions of these chaperones. Here, we have analyzed the potential pro-cancerous roles of several client proteins that have been described so far to interact with HspB1 (Hsp27) and its close members HspB5 (αB-crystallin) and HspB4 (αA-crystallin).
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Affiliation(s)
- André-Patrick Arrigo
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Lyon Cancer Research Center, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon 69008, France.
| | - Benjamin Gibert
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Lyon Cancer Research Center, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon 69008, France.
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Chin D, Boyle GM, Porceddu S, Theile DR, Parsons PG, Coman WB. Head and neck cancer: past, present and future. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:1111-8. [PMID: 16831082 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.7.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer consists of a diverse group of cancers that ranges from cutaneous, lip, salivary glands, sinuses, oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Each group dictates different management. In this review, the primary focus is on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arising from the mucosal lining of the oral cavity and pharynx, excluding nasopharyngeal cancer. Presently, HNSCC is the sixth most prevalent neoplasm in the world, with approximately 900,000 cases diagnosed worldwide. Prognosis has improved little in the past 30 years. In those who have survived, pain, disfigurement and physical disability from treatment have had an enormous psychosocial impact on their lives. Management of these patients remains a challenge, especially in developing countries where this disease is most common. Of all human cancers, HNSCC is the most distressing since the head and neck is the site of the most complex functional anatomy in the human body. Its areas of responsibility include breathing, the CNS, vision, hearing, balance, olfaction, taste, swallowing, voice, endocrine and cosmesis. Cancers that occur in this area impact on these important human functions. Consequently, in treating cancers of the head and neck, the effects of the treatment on the functional outcome of the patient need the most serious consideration. In assessing the success of HNSCC treatment, consideration of both the survival and functional deficits that the patient may suffer as a consequence of their treatment are of paramount importance. For this reason, the modern-day management of head and neck patients should be carried out in a multidisciplinary head and neck clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chin
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Head & Neck Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Queensland, Australia.
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αB-crystallin expression is correlated with phospho-ERK1/2 expression in human breast cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2013; 28:e365-70. [PMID: 23722303 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
αB-crystallin is regarded as a biomarker for triple-negative and/or basal-like breast cancer. In normal breast cells, overexpression of αB-crystallin leads to neoplastic-like changes, which likely relate to enhanced expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2). In this study, we investigated whether αB-crystallin expression is correlated to pERK1/2 expression in breast cancer. In a balanced tissue microarray the expression of αB-crystallin and pERK1/2 kinase were determined immunohistochemically, together with the triple-negativity and basal-like markers CK5/6 and SMA and the signaling molecules pAKT, pmTOR, EGFR, and IGF-1R. αB-crystallin expression significantly correlated with triple negativity and basal-like markers CK5/6 and SMA (Pearson Chi-square test p=0.004, p=0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). A significant correlation was also observed with pERK1/2 expression (p=0.002). siRNA-mediated knockdown of αB-crystallin in the triple-negative breast cell line MDA-MB468 did not show an effect on pERK1/2 expression levels, indicating that lowering the level of αB-crystallin does not reduce pERK1/2 expression. Our results confirm that αB-crystallin can be used as a biomarker for triple-negative and/or basal-like breast cancer. The expression of αB-crystallin correlates with pERK1/2 expression in breast cancer tissue suggesting that therapies targeting αB-crystallin might be considered for treatment of triple-negative or basal-like breast cancer.
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Won JR, Gao D, Chow C, Cheng J, Lau SYH, Ellis MJ, Perou CM, Bernard PS, Nielsen TO. A survey of immunohistochemical biomarkers for basal-like breast cancer against a gene expression profile gold standard. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:1438-50. [PMID: 23702728 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling of breast cancer delineates a particularly aggressive subtype referred to as 'basal-like', which comprises ∼15% of all breast cancers, afflicts younger women and is refractory to endocrine and anti-HER2 therapies. Immunohistochemical surrogate definitions for basal-like breast cancer, such as the clinical ER/PR/HER2 triple-negative phenotype and models incorporating positive expression for CK5 (CK5/6) and/or EGFR are heavily cited. However, many additional biomarkers for basal-like breast cancer have been described in the literature. A parallel comparison of 46 proposed immunohistochemical biomarkers of basal-like breast cancer was performed against a gene expression profile gold standard on a tissue microarray containing 42 basal-like and 80 non-basal-like breast cancer cases. Ki67 and PPH3 were the most sensitive biomarkers (both 92%) positively expressed in the basal-like subtype, whereas CK14, IMP3 and NGFR were the most specific (100%). Among biomarkers surveyed, loss of INPP4B (a negative regulator of phosphatidylinositol signaling) was 61% sensitive and 99% specific with the highest odds ratio (OR) at 108, indicating the strongest association with basal-like breast cancer. Expression of nestin, a common marker of neural progenitor cells that is also associated with the triple-negative/basal-like phenotype and poor breast cancer prognosis, possessed the second highest OR at 29 among the 46 biomarkers surveyed, as well as 54% sensitivity and 96% specificity. As a positively expressed biomarker, nestin possesses technical advantages over INPP4B that make it a more ideal biomarker for identification of basal-like breast cancer. The comprehensive immunohistochemical biomarker survey presented in this study is a necessary step for determining an optimized surrogate immunopanel that best defines basal-like breast cancer in a practical and clinically accessible way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Won
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada [2] Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Malin D, Strekalova E, Petrovic V, Deal AM, Al Ahmad A, Adamo B, Miller CR, Ugolkov A, Livasy C, Fritchie K, Hamilton E, Blackwell K, Geradts J, Ewend M, Carey L, Shusta EV, Anders CK, Cryns VL. αB-crystallin: a novel regulator of breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:56-67. [PMID: 24132917 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Basal-like breast tumors are typically (ER/PR/HER2) triple-negative and are associated with a high incidence of brain metastases and poor clinical outcomes. The molecular chaperone αB-crystallin is predominantly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and contributes to an aggressive tumor phenotype in preclinical models. We investigated the potential role of αB-crystallin in brain metastasis in TNBCs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN αB-crystallin expression in primary breast carcinomas and brain metastases was analyzed by immunohistochemistry among patients with breast cancer with brain metastases. αB-crystallin was overexpressed or silenced in two different TNBC cell lines. The effects on cell adhesion to human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) or extracellular matrix proteins, transendothelial migration, and transmigration across a HBMEC/astrocyte coculture blood-brain barrier (BBB) model were examined. In addition, the effects of overexpressing or silencing αB-crystallin on brain metastasis in vivo were investigated using orthotopic TNBC models. RESULTS In a cohort of women with breast cancer brain metastasis, αB-crystallin expression in primary breast carcinomas was associated with poor overall survival and poor survival after brain metastasis, even among patients with TNBC. Stable overexpression of αB-crystallin in TNBC cells enhanced adhesion to HBMECs, transendothelial migration, and BBB transmigration in vitro, whereas silencing αB-crystallin inhibited these events. αB-crystallin promoted adhesion of TNBC cells to HBMECs, at least in part, through an α3β1 integrin-dependent mechanism. αB-crystallin overexpression promoted brain metastasis, whereas silencing αB-crystallin inhibited brain metastasis in orthotopic TNBC models. CONCLUSION αB-crystallin is a novel regulator of brain metastasis in TNBC and represents a potential biomarker and drug target for this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Malin
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Breast Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Tsang JYS, Ni YB, Chan SK, Shao MM, Kwok YK, Chan KW, Tan PH, Tse GM. CX3CL1 expression is associated with poor outcome in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 140:495-504. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kapoor S. αB-Crystallin and its emerging role in tumor progression and growth in systemic malignancies. Urol Oncol 2013; 31:949. [PMID: 23886036 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lohmüller T, Xu Q, Groves JT. Nanoscale obstacle arrays frustrate transport of EphA2-Ephrin-A1 clusters in cancer cell lines. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:3059-64. [PMID: 23668885 PMCID: PMC4007685 DOI: 10.1021/nl400874v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Juxtacrine signaling interactions between the EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase and its ephrin-A1 ligand contribute to healthy tissue maintenance and misregulation of this system is observed in at least 40% of human breast cancer. Hybrid live cell-supported membrane experiments in which membrane-linked ephrin-A1 displayed in supported membranes interacts with EphA2 in living cells have revealed large scale clustering of EphA2/ephrin-A1 complexes as well as their lateral transport across the cell surface during triggering. Here, we utilize 100 nm spaced hexagonally ordered arrays of gold nanodots embedded within supported membranes to present defined obstacles to the movement and assembly of EphA2 clusters. By functionalizing both the supported membrane and the nanodots with ephrin-A1, we perform a type of affinity chromatography on EphA2 signaling clusters in live cell membranes. Analysis of 10 different breast cancer cell lines reveals that EphA2 transport is most frustrated by nanodot arrays in the most diseased cell lines. These observations suggest that strong physical association among EphA2 receptors, as well as their assembly into larger clusters, correlates with and may contribute to the pathological misregulation of the EphA2/ephrin-A1 pathway in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theobald Lohmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Physical Biosciences and Materials Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Qian Xu
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Physical Biosciences and Materials Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Physical Biosciences and Materials Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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79
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Huang XY, Ke AW, Shi GM, Zhang X, Zhang C, Shi YH, Wang XY, Ding ZB, Xiao YS, Yan J, Qiu SJ, Fan J, Zhou J. αB-crystallin complexes with 14-3-3ζ to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition and resistance to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2013; 57:2235-47. [PMID: 23316005 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The overall survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor, and the molecular pathogenesis remains incompletely defined in HCC. Here we report that increased expression of αB-Crystallin in human HCC predicts poor survival and disease recurrence after surgery. Multivariate analysis identifies αB-Crystallin expression as an independent predictor for postoperative recurrence and overall survival. We show that elevated expression of αB-Crystallin promotes HCC progression in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrate that αB-Crystallin overexpression fosters HCC progression by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC cells through activation of the extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) cascade, which can counteract the effect of sorafenib. αB-Crystallin complexes with and elevates 14-3-3ζ protein, leading to up-regulation of ERK1/2 activity. Moreover, overexpression of αB-Crystallin in HCC cells induces EMT progression through an ERK1/2/Fra-1/slug signaling pathway. Clinically, our data reveal that overexpression of both αB-Crystallin and 14-3-3ζ correlates with the HCC poorest survival outcomes, and sorafenib response is impaired in patients with αB-Crystallin overexpression. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the αB-Crystallin-14-3-3ζ complex acts synergistically to promote HCC progression by constitutively activating ERK signaling. This study reveals αB-Crystallin as a potential therapeutic target for HCC and a biomarker for predicting sorafenib treatment response. (HEPATOLOGY 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Huang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PR China
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Campbell-Lloyd AJM, Mundy J, Deva R, Lampe G, Hawley C, Boyle G, Griffin R, Thompson C, Shah P. Is alpha-B crystallin an independent marker for prognosis in lung cancer? Heart Lung Circ 2013; 22:759-66. [PMID: 23582651 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha B-crystallin (CRYAB) is an oncogene that increases tumour survival by promoting angiogenesis and preventing apoptosis. CRYAB is an independent prognostic marker in epithelial tumours including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and breast cancer where it is predictive of nodal status and associated with poor outcome. We explored the role of CRYAB in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 50 samples. Following staining with anti-alpha-B crystallin antibody, a blinded pathologist scored samples for nuclear (N) and cytoplasmic (C) staining intensity. Analysis was performed using Cox's proportional hazards model. RESULTS There were 32 adenocarcinomas and 18 squamous cell carcinomas. The median tumour size was T2, grade 2 moderately differentiated, and 10 patients had nodal spread. Recurrence was seen in 22 patients (46%). Mortality was 48%, with median time to mortality 871 days. N staining was detected in eight samples (16%), and C staining in 20 (40%), with both N and C staining positive in five (10%). Staining for CRYAB predicted neither recurrence (N stain p=0.78, C stain p=0.38) nor mortality (N stain p=0.86, C stain p=0.66). CONCLUSION CRYAB did not predict outcomes in patients treated for NSCLC. Larger studies are required to validate this finding.
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81
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Quinlan RA, Ellis RJ. Chaperones: needed for both the good times and the bad times. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20130091. [PMID: 23530265 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue, we explore the assembly roles of protein chaperones, mainly through the portal of their associated human diseases (e.g. cardiomyopathy, cataract, neurodegeneration, cancer and neuropathy). There is a diversity to chaperone function that goes beyond the current emphasis in the scientific literature on their undoubted roles in protein folding and refolding. The focus on chaperone-mediated protein folding needs to be broadened by the original Laskey discovery that a chaperone assists the assembly of an oligomeric structure, the nucleosome, and the subsequent suggestion by Ellis that other chaperones may function in assembly processes, as well as in folding. There have been a number of recent discoveries that extend this relatively neglected aspect of chaperone biology to include proteostasis, maintenance of the cellular redox potential, genome stability, transcriptional regulation and cytoskeletal dynamics. So central are these processes that we propose that chaperones stand at the crossroads of life and death because they mediate essential functions, not only during the bad times, but also in the good times. We suggest that chaperones facilitate the success of a species, and hence the evolution of individuals within populations, because of their contributions to so many key cellular processes, of which protein folding is only one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Quinlan
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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82
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αB-crystallin stimulates VEGF secretion and tumor cell migration and correlates with enhanced distant metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:128. [PMID: 23506259 PMCID: PMC3606599 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background αB-crystallin is able to modulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. In many solid tumors VEGF is associated with angiogenesis, metastasis formation and poor prognosis. We set out to assess whether αB-crystallin expression is correlated with worse prognosis and whether this is related to VEGF secretion and cell motility in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods αB-crystallin expression was determined immunohistochemically in tumor biopsies of 38 HNSCC patients. Locoregional control (LRC) and metastasis-free survival (MFS) of the patients were analyzed in relation to αB-crystallin expression. Additionally, the effects of αB-crystallin knockdown on VEGF secretion and cell motility were studied in vitro. Results Patients with higher staining fractions of αB-crystallin exhibited a significantly shorter MFS (Log-Rank test, p < 0.005). Under normoxic conditions αB-crystallin knockdown with two different siRNAs in a HNSCC cell line reduced VEGF secretion 1.9-fold and 2.1-fold, respectively. Under hypoxic conditions, a similar reduction of VEGF secretion was observed, 1.9-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively. The effect on cell motility was assessed by a gap closure assay, which showed that αB-crystallin knockdown decreased the rate by which HNSCC cells were able to close a gap by 1.5- to 2.0-fold. Conclusions Our data suggest that αB-crystallin expression is associated with distant metastases formation in HNSCC patients. This association might relate to the chaperone function of αB-crystallin in mediating folding and secretion of VEGF and stimulating cell migration.
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83
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Petrovic V, Malin D, Cryns VL. αB-crystallin promotes oncogenic transformation and inhibits caspase activation in cells primed for apoptosis by Rb inactivation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 138:415-25. [PMID: 23471649 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor gene is frequently inactivated in cancer, resulting in deregulated activation of E2F transcription factors, which promote S-phase entry, p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis. Transformed cells evade p53-dependent apoptosis initiated by Rb inactivation by TP53 mutation. However, the mechanisms by which cancer cells circumvent p53-independent apoptosis in this context are poorly understood. Because Rb inactivation primes cells for apoptosis by p53-independent induction of procaspases, we postulated that αB-crystallin, an inhibitor of procaspase-3 activation, would suppress caspase activation in cells with combined Rb and p53 inactivation. Notably, αB-crystallin is commonly expressed in ER/PR/HER2 "triple-negative" breast carcinomas characterized by frequent Rb loss and TP53 mutation. We report that αB-crystallin (-/-) knock out (KO) MEFs immortalized by dominant negative (DN) p53 are resistant to transformation by the adenovirus E1A oncoprotein, which inactivates Rb, while wild-type (WT) MEFs are readily transformed by DN p53 and E1A. αB-crystallin (-/-) KO MEFs stably expressing DN p53 and E1A were more sensitive to chemotherapy-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis than the corresponding WT MEFs, despite comparable induction of procaspases by E1A. Similarly, silencing Rb in WT and αB-crystallin (-/-) KO MEFs immortalized by DN p53 increased procaspase levels and sensitized αB-crystallin (-/-) KO MEFs to chemotherapy. Furthermore, silencing αB-crystallin in triple-negative breast cancer cells, which lack Rb and express mutant p53, enhanced chemotherapy sensitivity compared to non-silencing controls. Our results indicate that αB-crystallin inhibits caspase activation in cells primed for apoptosis by Rb inactivation and plays a novel oncogenic role in the context of combined Rb and p53 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Petrovic
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 4144 MFCB, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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84
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Increased Expression of Small Heat Shock Protein αB-crystallin After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adult Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:159-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-9970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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85
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Cooper CL, Karim RZ, Selinger C, Carmalt H, Lee CS, O'Toole SA. Molecular alterations in metaplastic breast carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2013; 66:522-8. [PMID: 23372178 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2012-201086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast is a rare and heterogeneous subtype of breast carcinoma with a generally poor outcome, and few therapeutic options once disease recurs or progresses. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast are usually of a larger size at diagnosis, with less frequent nodal metastasis compared with invasive ductal carcinoma no special type, and lack hormone and HER2 receptor expression. Recent research has revealed some potentially actionable genetic changes in a subset of these rare tumours. However, ongoing efforts to further characterise the genetic basis and the molecular alterations underlying the distinctive morphological and clinical characteristics of these tumours are needed in order to identify new targets for treatment. This review will describe the theories of pathogenesis of metaplastic breast carcinoma, and highlight genetic changes and potential therapeutic targets in this generally poor prognosis malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Louise Cooper
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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86
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Dieterich LC, Schiller P, Huang H, Wawrousek EF, Loskog A, Wanders A, Moons L, Dimberg A. αB-Crystallin regulates expansion of CD11b⁺Gr-1⁺ immature myeloid cells during tumor progression. FASEB J 2013; 27:151-62. [PMID: 23033322 PMCID: PMC3528311 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-213017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular chaperone αB-crystallin has emerged as a target for cancer therapy due to its expression in human tumors and its role in regulating tumor angiogenesis. αB-crystallin also reduces neuroinflammation, but its role in other inflammatory conditions has not been investigated. Here, we examined whether αB-crystallin regulates inflammation associated with tumors and ischemia. We found that CD45(+) leukocyte infiltration is 3-fold increased in tumors and ischemic myocardium in αB-crystallin-deficient mice. Notably, αB-crystallin is prominently expressed in CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) immature myeloid cells (IMCs), known as regulators of angiogenesis and immune responses, while lymphocytes and mature granulocytes show low αB-crystallin expression. αB-Crystallin deficiency results in a 3-fold higher accumulation of CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) IMCs in tumors and a significant rise in CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) IMCs in spleen and bone marrow. Similarly, we noted a 2-fold increase in CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) IMCs in chronically inflamed livers in αB-crystallin-deficient mice. The effect of αB-crystallin on IMC accumulation is limited to pathological conditions, as CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) IMCs are not elevated in naive mice. Through ex vivo differentiation of CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) cells, we provide evidence that αB-crystallin regulates systemic expansion of IMCs through a cell-intrinsic mechanism. Our study suggests a key role of αB-crystallin in limiting expansion of CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) IMCs in diverse pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar C. Dieterich
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petter Schiller
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eric F. Wawrousek
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; and
| | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alkwin Wanders
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lieve Moons
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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87
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Volkmann J, Reuning U, Rudelius M, Häfner N, Schuster T, Becker V Ros A, Weimer J, Hilpert F, Kiechle M, Dürst M, Arnold N, Schmalfeldt B, Meindl A, Ramser J. High expression of crystallin αB represents an independent molecular marker for unfavourable ovarian cancer patient outcome and impairs TRAIL- and cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2820-32. [PMID: 23225306 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated apoptotic pathways are regarded as major reasons for chemoresistance development as a particular challenge in ovarian cancer therapy. In search of molecular factors affecting human ovarian cancer cell apoptosis and, consequently, patient survival, we examined tumors of 103 platinum-/taxane-treated ovarian cancer patients by mRNA-array hybridization, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry. We identified high expression of crystallin αB (CRYAB), a proposed negative regulator of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. By Kaplan Meier analysis, this factor turned out to be significantly associated with poor patient outcome [overall survival (OS) p = 0.001, recurrence-free survival (RFS) p = 0.003]. Elevated hazard ratios (HR) were estimated with regard to OS (HR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.10-4.06) and RFS (HR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.07-3.47) in multivariable analyses. These associations were confirmed in independent, publicly available mRNA data comprising 431 patients for OS (p < 0.001) and 413 for RFS (p < 0.001). Our findings were validated by studying apoptotic events in cultured human ovarian cancer cells which were stably transfected to express elevated CRYAB levels. These data emphasized the crucial role of CRYAB in human ovarian cancer biology since TRAIL- as well as cisplatin-induced apoptosis was significantly impaired as a function of enhanced CRYAB expression. Taken together, we identified CRYAB as an independent biomarker for unfavourable outcome of human ovarian cancer patients. Since TRAIL is currently tested as anti-cancer drug and large proportions of the present patient cohort displayed low CRYAB levels in their tumors, CRYAB may enable the selection of patient subgroups benefiting most from TRAIL-containing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Volkmann
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany.
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Mao Y, Zhang DW, Lin H, Xiong L, Liu Y, Li QD, Ma J, Cao Q, Chen RJ, Zhu J, Feng ZQ. Alpha B-crystallin is a new prognostic marker for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:101. [PMID: 23231769 PMCID: PMC3551651 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Alpha B-crystallin (αB-crystallin) has been suggested to play an important role in the development of solid tumors. However, the association between αB-crystallin expression and clinicopathological characteristics of human laryngeal carcinoma is not well defined. This study aimed to examine the expression of αB-crystallin in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and investigate the relationship between its expression and the prognosis of LSCC. Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction (six LSCC samples, six tumor-adjacent normal samples) and immunohistochemistry by tissue microarrays (109 LSCC samples and 28 tumor-adjacent normal samples) were performed to characterize expression of the αB-crystallin gene in LSCC. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were carried out to evaluate the prognosis of LSCC. Results Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the expression of αB-crystallin in LSCC was significantly higher than that in tumor-adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, the expression level of αB-crystallin protein in LSCC was significantly related to alcohol consumption (P = 0.022), tumor differentiation (P = 0.007), pTNM stage (P = 0.041) and 5 years’ survival (P =0.030). COX multi-factor analysis showed that αB-crystallin (P = 0.013), as well as pTNM stage (P =0.027) and lymphatic metastasis (P = 0.015) were independent prognosis factors for LSCC. Conclusions The data suggest that αB-crystallin expression is correlated with malignant phenotypes of LSCC and it may serve as a novel prognostic factor for LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Mao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, No.65 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing 210029, China
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89
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Niemiec JA, Adamczyk A, Małecki K, Majchrzyk K, Ryś J. Relationships Between Immunophenotype, Ki-67 Index, Microvascular Density, Ep-CAM/P-cadherin, and MMP-2 Expression in Early-stage Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2012; 20:550-60. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31824f21af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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90
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Raju I, Abraham EC. Mutants of human αB-crystallin cause enhanced protein aggregation and apoptosis in mammalian cells: influence of co-expression of HspB1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012. [PMID: 23194663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of human αB-crystallin cause congenital cataract and cardio-myopathy by protein aggregation and cell death. How mutations of αB-crystallin become pathogenic is poorly understood. To better understand the cellular events related to protein aggregation and cell death, we transfected cataract and cardio-myopathy causing mutants, R11H, P20S, R56W, D109H, R120G, D140N, G154S, R157H and A171T in HeLa cells and assessed protein aggregation and apoptosis by laser scanning confocal microspy (LSCM) and flow cytometry. Cells individually transfected with the mutants, D109H, R120G, D140N and R157H significantly showed more aggregates. Cells overexpressed with HspB1 (Hsp27) significantly sequestered aggregates in all mutants and suppressed apoptosis in mutants, P20S, D109H and A171T. Significant increases of apoptotic cells as stained with Annexin V were observed in mutants, D109H and A171T transfected cells. Cells positive for active caspase-3 was increased in the mutant, D109H. Thus the previously recognized anti-apoptotic functions of αB-crystallin were compromised in these mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilangovan Raju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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91
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Binding determinants of the small heat shock protein, αB-crystallin: recognition of the 'IxI' motif. EMBO J 2012. [PMID: 23188086 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) play a central role in protein homeostasis under conditions of stress by binding partly unfolded, aggregate-prone proteins and keeping them soluble. Like many sHSPs, the widely expressed human sHSP, αB-crystallin ('αB'), forms large polydisperse multimeric assemblies. Molecular interactions involved in both sHSP function and oligomer formation remain to be delineated. A growing database of structural information reveals that a central conserved α-crystallin domain (ACD) forms dimeric building blocks, while flanking N- and C-termini direct the formation of larger sHSP oligomers. The most commonly observed inter-subunit interaction involves a highly conserved C-terminal 'IxI/V' motif and a groove in the ACD that is also implicated in client binding. To investigate the inherent properties of this interaction, peptides mimicking the IxI/V motif of αB and other human sHSPs were tested for binding to dimeric αB-ACD. IxI-mimicking peptides bind the isolated ACD at 22°C in a manner similar to interactions observed in the oligomer at low temperature, confirming these interactions are likely to exist in functional αB oligomers.
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92
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Arrigo AP. Pathology-dependent effects linked to small heat shock proteins expression: an update. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:185641. [PMID: 24278676 PMCID: PMC3820616 DOI: 10.6064/2012/185641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (small Hsps) are stress-induced molecular chaperones that act as holdases towards polypeptides that have lost their folding in stress conditions or consequently of mutations in their coding sequence. A cellular protection against the deleterious effects mediated by damaged proteins is thus provided to cells. These chaperones are also highly expressed in response to protein conformational and inflammatory diseases and cancer pathologies. Through specific and reversible modifications in their phospho-oligomeric organization, small Hsps can chaperone appropriate client proteins in order to provide cells with resistance to different types of injuries or pathological conditions. By helping cells to better cope with their pathological status, their expression can be either beneficial, such as in diseases characterized by pathological cell degeneration, or deleterious when they are required for tumor cell survival. Moreover, small Hsps are actively released by cells and can act as immunogenic molecules that have dual effects depending on the pathology. The cellular consequences linked to their expression levels and relationships with other Hsps as well as therapeutic strategies are discussed in view of their dynamic structural organization required to interact with specific client polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.-P. Arrigo
- Apoptosis Cancer and Development Laboratory, Lyon Cancer Research Center, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Claude Bernard University Lyon1, 28 Rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
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Kabbage M, Trimeche M, Ben Nasr H, Hammann P, Kuhn L, Hamrita B, Chaieb A, Chouchane L, Chahed K. Expression of the molecular chaperone αB-crystallin in infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas and the significance thereof: an immunohistochemical and proteomics-based strategy. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:2279-88. [PMID: 22972503 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate αB-crystallin expression in infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas (IDCAs), as well as, its prognostic significance. Using a two-dimensional electrophoresis matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry investigation coupled to an immunohistochemical approach, we have assessed the expression of αB-crystallin in IDCAs, as well as, in other types of breast tumors (invasive lobular carcinomas, medullary carcinomas, and in situ ductal carcinomas). Correlation between αB-crystallin expression and clinicopathological parameters of breast cancer has also been investigated. Proteomic analyses revealed an increased expression of αB-crystallin in IDCA tumors compared to adjacent nontumor tissues. Overexpression of this molecular chaperone was further confirmed in 51 tumor specimens. Statistical analyses revealed, however, no significant correlations between αB-crystallin expression and clinicopathological parameters of the disease (tumor stage, patient age, hormone receptors, SBR grade, and lymph node metastases). This study demonstrates the upregulation of αB-crystallin in IDCA tissues which may highlight its possible involvement in breast cancer development. Our findings do not, however, support the involvement of this molecular chaperone in the progression of this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Prognosis
- Proteomics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- alpha-Crystallin B Chain/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kabbage
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Oncologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Ciocca DR, Arrigo AP, Calderwood SK. Heat shock proteins and heat shock factor 1 in carcinogenesis and tumor development: an update. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:19-48. [PMID: 22885793 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a subset of the molecular chaperones, best known for their rapid and abundant induction by stress. HSP genes are activated at the transcriptional level by heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). During the progression of many types of cancer, this heat shock transcriptional regulon becomes co-opted by mechanisms that are currently unclear, although evidently triggered in the emerging tumor cell. Concerted activation of HSF1 and the accumulation of HSPs then participate in many of the traits that permit the malignant phenotype. Thus, cancers of many histologies exhibit activated HSF1 and increased HSP levels that may help to deter tumor suppression and evade therapy in the clinic. We review here the extensive work that has been carried out and is still in progress aimed at (1) understanding the oncogenic mechanisms by which HSP genes are switched on, (2) determining the roles of HSF1/HSP in malignant transformation and (3) discovering approaches to therapy based on disrupting the influence of the HSF1-controlled transcriptome in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ciocca
- Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), Scientific and Technological Center (CCT), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Andre Patrick Arrigo
- Apoptosis Cancer and Development, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Claude Bernard University, Lyon-1, Cheney A Building, Centre Regional Léon Bérard, 28, rue Laennec 69008 LYON, France. ;
| | - Stuart K Calderwood
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
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Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the expression of alphaB-crystallin and its colocalization with vascular endothelial growth factor in the epiretinal membrane of human proliferative diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Ten epiretinal membranes of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and three normal retinas surgically excised were included in this study. Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were processed for immunohistochemistry with alphaB-crystallin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and CD31 antibodies. RESULTS AlphaB-crystallin was expressed in all epiretinal membranes examined. The immunolocalization of alphaB-crystallin was detected in the cytoplasm of CD31-positive endothelial cells, but not in normal retinal blood vessels. Furthermore, alphaB-crystallin immunoreactivity was colocalized in vascular endothelial growth factor-positive endothelial cells in proliferative diabetic retinopathy membranes. CONCLUSION AlphaB-crystallin was expressed in proliferative diabetic retinopathy membranes, and colocalized with vascular endothelial growth factor-positive neovessels. AlphaB-crystallin may play a potential role in the pathogenesis of epiretinal membranes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, together with vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Thomas F, Delmar P, Vergez S, Rochaix P, Hennebelle I, McLoughlin P, Benlyazid A, Sarini J, Delord JP. Gene expression profiling on pre- and post-erlotinib tumors from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2012; 35:809-18. [PMID: 22791662 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of our work was to identify genomic predictive markers of erlotinib response in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS Tumor tissue biopsies were collected before and after treatment for 39 patients. We analyzed genomic expression of the tumors using microarrays to (1) identify genes differentially expressed in baseline samples in patients who were responders vs nonresponders, (2) characterize erlotinib's effect on gene expression, and (3) identify the pharmacodynamic marker of erlotinib. RESULTS Gene expression profiles found no statistically significant differentially expressed genes between responders and nonresponders. An exploratory analysis by combining statistical criteria allowed us to identify genes differentially expressed in nonresponders compared to responders and genes whose expression was modified during erlotinib treatment. Finally, the search of pharmacodynamic markers identified cyclin-dependent kinase 2-interacting protein (CINP) as a potential marker of erlotinib efficacy because its expression decreased only in patients who were responders to the treatment. CONCLUSION This study provides candidate genes potentially involved in erlotinib response in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Thomas
- EA4553 and Université de Toulouse, 20-24 Rue du Pont St Pierre, 31052 Toulouse, France.
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Acunzo J, Katsogiannou M, Rocchi P. Small heat shock proteins HSP27 (HspB1), αB-crystallin (HspB5) and HSP22 (HspB8) as regulators of cell death. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1622-31. [PMID: 22521623 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hsp27, αB-crystallin and HSP22 are ubiquitous small heat shock proteins (sHsp) whose expression is induced in response to a wide variety of unfavorable physiological and environmental conditions. These sHsp protect cells from otherwise lethal conditions mainly by their involvement in cell death pathways such as necrosis, apoptosis or autophagy. At a molecular level, the mechanisms accounting for sHsp functions in cell death are (1) prevention of denatured proteins aggregation, (2) regulation of caspase activity, (3) regulation of the intracellular redox state, (4) function in actin polymerization and cytoskeleton integrity and (5) proteasome-mediated degradation of selected proteins. In cancer cells, these sHsp are often overexpressed and associated with increased tumorigenicity, cancer cells metastatic potential and resistance to chemotherapy. Altogether, these properties suggest that Hsp27, αB-crystallin and Hsp22 are appropriate targets for modulating cell death pathways. In the present, we briefly review recent reports showing molecular evidence of cell death regulation by these sHsp and co-chaperones. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Small HSPs in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Acunzo
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, UMR1068 Inserm, Institut Paoli-Calmette, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
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Portier BP, Gruver AM, Huba MA, Minca EC, Cheah AL, Wang Z, Tubbs RR. From morphologic to molecular: established and emerging molecular diagnostics for breast carcinoma. N Biotechnol 2012; 29:665-81. [PMID: 22504737 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostics in the field of breast carcinoma are constantly evolving. The recent wave of molecular methodologies, both microscope and non-microscope based, have opened new ways to gain insight into this disease process and have moved clinical diagnostics closer to a 'personalized medicine' approach. In this review we highlight some of the advancements that laboratory medicine technology is making toward guiding the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection for patients affected by breast carcinoma. The content of the article is largely structured by methodology, with a distinct emphasis on both microscope based and non-microscope based diagnostic formats. Where possible, we have attempted to emphasize the potential benefits as well as limitations to each of these technologies. Successful molecular diagnostics, applied in concert within the morphologic context of a patient's tumor, are what will lay the foundation for personalized therapy and allow a more sophisticated approach to clinical trial stratification. The future of breast cancer diagnostics looks challenging, but it is also a field of great opportunity. Never before have there been such a plethora of new tools available for disease investigation or candidate therapy selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce P Portier
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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