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Kucerova L, Broz V, Arefin B, Maaroufi HO, Hurychova J, Strnad H, Zurovec M, Theopold U. The Drosophila Chitinase-Like Protein IDGF3 Is Involved in Protection against Nematodes and in Wound Healing. J Innate Immun 2015; 8:199-210. [PMID: 26694862 DOI: 10.1159/000442351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) of the 18 glycosyl hydrolase family retain structural similarity to chitinases but lack enzymatic activity. Although CLPs are upregulated in several human disorders that affect regenerative and inflammatory processes, very little is known about their normal physiological function. We show that an insect CLP (Drosophila imaginal disc growth factor 3, IDGF3) plays an immune-protective role during entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) infections. During these infections, nematodes force their entry into the host via border tissues, thus creating wounds. Whole-genome transcriptional analysis of nematode-infected wild-type and Idgf3 mutant larvae have shown that, in addition to the regulation of genes related to immunity and wound closure, IDGF3 represses Jak/STAT and Wingless signaling. Further experiments have confirmed that IDGF3 has multiple roles in innate immunity. It serves as an essential component required for the formation of hemolymph clots that seal wounds, and Idgf3 mutants display an extended developmental delay during wound healing. Altogether, our findings indicate that vertebrate and invertebrate CLP proteins function in analogous settings and have a broad impact on inflammatory reactions and infections. This opens the way to further genetic analysis of Drosophila IDGF3 and will help to elucidate the exact molecular context of CLP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kucerova
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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52
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Pathogenic aspects and therapeutic avenues of intestinal fibrosis in Crohn's disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:1107-13. [PMID: 26494636 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In Crohn's disease, one of the two major forms of inflammatory bowel diseases in human beings, persistent and chronic inflammation promotes fibrotic processes thereby facilitating formation of strictures, the most common indication for surgical intervention in this disorder. The pathogenesis of Crohn's disease-associated fibrosis is not fully understood, but variants of genes involved in the recognition of microbial components/products [e.g. CARD15 (caspase-activating recruitment domain 15) and ATG16L1 (autophagy-related 16-like 1)] are associated with this phenotype, and experimental evidence suggests that intestinal fibrosis results from an altered balance between deposition of ECM (extracellular matrix) and degradation of ECM by proteases. Studies have also contributed to identify the main phenotypic and functional alterations of cells involved in the fibrogenic process, as well as molecules that stimulate such cells to produce elevated amounts of collagen and other ECM-related proteins. In the present review, we assess the current knowledge about cellular and molecular mediators of intestinal fibrosis and describe results of recent studies aimed at testing the preventive/therapeutic effect of compounds in experimental models of intestinal fibrosis.
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53
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The Effector Protein BPE005 from Brucella abortus Induces Collagen Deposition and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Downmodulation via Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Hepatic Stellate Cells. Infect Immun 2015; 84:598-606. [PMID: 26667834 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01227-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is frequently affected in patients with active brucellosis. In the present study, we identified a virulence factor involved in the modulation of hepatic stellate cell function and consequent fibrosis during Brucella abortus infection. This study assessed the role of BPE005 protein from B. abortus in the fibrotic phenotype induced on hepatic stellate cells during B. abortus infection in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that the fibrotic phenotype induced by B. abortus on hepatic stellate (LX-2) cells was dependent on BPE005, a protein associated with the type IV secretion system (T4SS) VirB from B. abortus. Our results indicated that B. abortus inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) secretion through the activity of the BPE005-secreted protein and induces concomitant collagen deposition by LX-2 cells. BPE005 is a small protein containing a cyclic nucleotide monophosphate binding domain (cNMP) that modulates the LX-2 cell phenotype through a mechanism that is dependent on the cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. Altogether, these results indicate that B. abortus tilts LX-2 cells to a profibrogenic phenotype employing a functional T4SS and the secreted BPE005 protein through a mechanism that involves the cAMP and PKA signaling pathway.
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54
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Engineering macrophages to control the inflammatory response and angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:300-9. [PMID: 26610863 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage (MΦ) dysregulation is increasingly becoming recognized as a risk factor for a number of inflammatory complications including atherosclerosis, cancer, and the host response elicited by biomedical devices. It is still unclear what roles the pro-inflammatory (M1) MΦ and pro-healing (M2) MΦ phenotypes play during the healing process. However, it has been shown that a local overabundance of M1 MΦs can potentially lead to a chronically inflamed state of the tissue; while a local over-exuberant M2 MΦ response can lead to tissue fibrosis and even promote tumorigenesis. These notions strengthen the argument that the tight temporal regulation of this phenotype balance is necessary to promote inflammatory resolution that leads to tissue homeostasis. In this study, we have engineered pro-inflammatory MΦs, MΦ-cTLR4 cells, which can be activated to a M1-like MΦ phenotype with a small molecule, the chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) drug. The MΦ-cTLR4 cells when activated with the CID drug, express increased levels of TNFα, IL-6, and iNOS. Activated MΦ-cTLR4 cells stay stimulated for at least 48h; once the CID drug is withdrawn, the MΦ-cTLR4 cells return to baseline state within 18h. Further, in vitro CID-activated MΦ-cTLR4 cells induce upregulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on endothelial cells (EC) in a TNFα-dependent manner. With the ability to specifically modulate the MФ-cTLR4 cells with the presence or absence of a small molecule, we now have the tool necessary to observe a primarily M1 MФ response during inflammation. By isolating this phase of the wound healing response, it may be possible to determine conditions for ideal healing.
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Verma SC, Agarwal P, Krishnan MY. Primary mouse lung fibroblasts help macrophages to tackle Mycobacterium tuberculosis more efficiently and differentiate into myofibroblasts up on bacterial stimulation. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 97:172-80. [PMID: 26586648 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Keeping with their classical role in wound healing, fibroblasts of the lung take part in the resolution of tubercular granulomas. They are totally absent in nascent granulomas, but surround necrotizing granulomas, and are the majority of cells in healed granulomas. Lung fibroblasts may become infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Two previous studies suggested an immunomodulatory effect of fibroblasts on infected macrophages. In the present study, we looked at the role of primary mouse lung fibroblasts on naive or activated mouse bone marrow macrophages infected with Mtb and the effect of infection on fibroblast properties. We observed that with fibroblasts in the vicinity, infected naive macrophages restricted the bacterial growth, while activated macrophages turned more bactericidal with concomitant increase in nitrite production. Neutralizing IL-1α in fibroblast supernatant reduced the nitrite production by infected macrophages. Secretion of IL-6 and MCP-1 was down-regulated, while TNF-α was up-regulated in infected naive macrophages. In infected activated macrophages, the secretion of IL-6 was up-regulated, while that of MCP-1 and TNF-α was unaffected. The 'fibroblast effects' were enhanced when the fibroblasts too were infected. Mtb induced IL-1 secretion and pro-fibrotic responses by fibroblasts. Mtb-induced myofibroblast conversion was blocked by rapamycin suggesting cell signalling via mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Chand Verma
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Agarwal
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manju Y Krishnan
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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56
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Micera A, Balzamino BO, Zazzo AD, Biamonte F, Sica G, Bonini S. Toll-Like Receptors and Tissue Remodeling: The Pro/Cons Recent Findings. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:531-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
| | - Filippo Biamonte
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
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Serum cytokine profiling analysis for zheng differentiation in chronic hepatitis B. Chin Med 2015; 10:24. [PMID: 26312063 PMCID: PMC4550060 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver-gallbladder dampness-heat (LGDH) and liver kidney yin deficiency (LKYD) syndromes are Chinese medicine (CM) zhengs in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. This study aims to investigate the changes in cytokines and their profiles accompanied by different biological responses in LGDH and LKYD in CHB. Methods During 2010–2012, a total of 138 morning fasting venous blood samples were obtained from participants in Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shanghai, China. First, serum samples from 20 health controls (HCs) and 40 CHB patients (20 LGDH, 20 LKYD) were collected to detect the profiles of cytokines by multiplex biometric ELISA-based immunoassay. Random forest (RF) with a fivefold cross-validation was used to analyze the significant cytokines. Then the significant cytokines were validated using serum samples from an independent cohort of 60 CHB patients (30 LGDH, 30 LKYD) and 18 HCs. Results There were different profiles of cytokines in LGDH and LKYD. Twenty-three significantly differentially expressed cytokines were detected, among which three cytokines, interleukin (IL)-17, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and MIP-1β, with the largest Gini scores were identified by RF, and further evaluated for their significant changes in serum levels. A receiver-operator characteristic analysis revealed that the logistic regression panel could differentiate LGDH from LKYD (P < 0.001; AUC = 0.827). A functional pathway analysis showed that cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, and chemokine signaling pathway overlapped between LGDH and LKYD, whereas Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, intestinal immune network for IgA production, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and Jak-STAT signaling pathway were only enriched in LGDH. Conclusions There were characteristic cytokines profiles in LGDH and LKYD with different inflammatory and immune responses. IL-17, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β might be involved in the differentiation of LGDH and LKYD in CHB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13020-015-0055-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Amoah BP, Yang H, Zhang P, Su Z, Xu H. Immunopathogenesis of Myocarditis: The Interplay Between Cardiac Fibroblast Cells, Dendritic Cells, Macrophages and CD4+T Cells. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Prince Amoah
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; University of Cape Coast; Cape Coast Ghana
| | - H. Yang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - P. Zhang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Z. Su
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - H. Xu
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
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SUBRAMANI TAMILSELVAN, RATHNAVELU VIDHYA, ALITHEEN NOORJAHANBANU, PADMANABHAN PARASURAMAN. Cellular crosstalk mechanism of Toll-like receptors in gingival overgrowth (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1151-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Sohn SH, Lee JM, Park S, Yoo H, Kang JW, Shin D, Jung KH, Lee YS, Cho J, Bae H. The inflammasome accelerates radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:917-926. [PMID: 25805627 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although lung inflammation and fibrosis are well-documented dose-limiting side effects of lung irradiation, the mechanisms underlying these pathologies are unknown. An improved mechanistic understanding of radiation-induced pneumonitis is a prerequisite for the development of more effective radiotherapy; this was the rationale for the current study. Mouse lungs were focally irradiated with 75 Gy. The numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and total cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were counted, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were measured. Histological analysis and immunohistochemical staining for Tgf-β1 and Cd68 (a macrophage-specific protein) was also performed. After irradiation, mice developed pneumonitis, and exhibited higher numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, and total cells compared to controls. In addition, inflammasome (Nlrp3, and caspase 1, Il1a, and Il1β), adhesion molecule (Vcam1), and cytokine (Il6) genes were significantly upregulated in the IR group. Cd68 and Tgfb1 proteins were significantly increased after irradiation. Upregulation of Cd68 and Tgfb1 correlates with the onset of radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis. In addition, radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis are accompanied by upregulation of phenotypic markers of inflammasome activity. Our findings have implications for the onset and exacerbation of damage in normal lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwa Sohn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Yoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Wook Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dasom Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Jung
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Jaeho Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Landolina N, Gangwar RS, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cells' integrated actions with eosinophils and fibroblasts in allergic inflammation: implications for therapy. Adv Immunol 2015; 125:41-85. [PMID: 25591464 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils (Eos) are the key players in the development of allergic inflammation (AI). Their cross-talk, named the Allergic Effector Unit (AEU), takes place through an array of soluble mediators and ligands/receptors interactions that enhance the functions of both the cells. One of the salient features of the AEU is the CD48/2B4 receptor/ligand binding complex. Furthermore, MCs and Eos have been demonstrated to play a role not only in AI but also in the modulation of its consequence, i.e., fibrosis/tissue remodeling, by directly influencing fibroblasts (FBs), the main target cells of these processes. In turn, FBs can regulate the survival, activity, and phenotype of both MCs and Eos. Therefore, a complex three players, MCs/Eos/FBs interaction, can take place in various stages of AI. The characterization of the soluble and physical mediated cross talk among these three cells might lead to the identification of both better and novel targets for the treatment of allergy and its tissue remodeling consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Landolina
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Angelino E, Reano S, Ferrara M, Agosti E, Graziani A, Filigheddu N. Antifibrotic activity of acylated and unacylated ghrelin. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:385682. [PMID: 25960743 PMCID: PMC4415458 DOI: 10.1155/2015/385682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis can affect almost all tissues and organs, it often represents the terminal stage of chronic diseases, and it is regarded as a major health issue for which efficient therapies are needed. Tissue injury, by inducing necrosis/apoptosis, triggers inflammatory response that, in turn, promotes fibroblast activation and pathological deposition of extracellular matrix. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin are the main products of the ghrelin gene. The acylated form, through its receptor GHSR-1a, stimulates appetite and growth hormone (GH) release. Although unacylated ghrelin does not bind or activate GHSR-1a, it shares with the acylated form several biological activities. Ghrelin peptides exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic activities, suggesting that they might represent an efficient approach to prevent or reduce fibrosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence regarding the effects of acylated and unacylated ghrelin on different pathologies and experimental models in which fibrosis is a predominant characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Angelino
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Simone Reano
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Agosti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Filigheddu
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- *Nicoletta Filigheddu:
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Holmes CJ, Plichta JK, Gamelli RL, Radek KA. Dynamic Role of Host Stress Responses in Modulating the Cutaneous Microbiome: Implications for Wound Healing and Infection. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:24-37. [PMID: 25566412 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Humans are under constant bombardment by various stressors, including psychological anxiety and physiologic injury. Understanding how these stress responses influence the innate immune system and the skin microbiome remains elusive due to the complexity of the neuroimmune and stress response pathways. Both animal and human studies have provided critical information upon which to further elucidate the mechanisms by which mammalian stressors impair normal wound healing and/or promote chronic wound progression. Recent Advances: Development of high-throughput genomic and bioinformatic approaches has led to the discovery of both an epidermal and dermal microbiome with distinct characteristics. This technology is now being used to identify statistical correlations between specific microbiota profiles and clinical outcomes related to cutaneous wound healing and the response to pathogenic infection. Studies have also identified more prominent roles for typical skin commensal organisms in maintaining homeostasis and modulating inflammatory responses. Critical Issues: It is well-established that stress-induced factors, including catecholamines, acetylcholine, and glucocorticoids, increase the risk of impaired wound healing and susceptibility to infection. Despite the characterization of the cutaneous microbiome, little is known regarding the impact of these stress-induced molecules on the development and evolution of the cutaneous microbiome during wound healing. Future Directions: Further characterization of the mechanisms by which stress-induced molecules influence microbial proliferation and metabolism in wounds is necessary to identify altered microbial phenotypes that differentially influence host innate immune responses required for optimal healing. These mechanisms may yield beneficial as targets for manipulation of the microbiome to further benefit the host after cutaneous injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J. Holmes
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois
- Burn Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Jennifer K. Plichta
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Richard L. Gamelli
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois
- Burn Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Katherine A. Radek
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois
- Burn Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois
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Pathway analysis for a genome-wide association study of pneumoconiosis. Toxicol Lett 2015; 232:284-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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The nucleic acid scavenger polyamidoamine third-generation dendrimer inhibits fibroblast activation and granulation tissue contraction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 134:420e-433e. [PMID: 25158719 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathologic cutaneous scarring affects over 40 million people worldwide and costs billions of dollars annually. Understanding mechanisms of fibroblast activation and granulation tissue contraction is the first step toward preventing pathologic scarring. The authors hypothesize that nucleic acids increase fibroblast activation and cause granulation tissue contraction and that sequestration of nucleic acids by application of a nucleic acid scavenger dendrimer, polyamidoamine third-generation dendrimer, will decrease pathologic scarring. METHODS In vitro experiments were performed to assess the effect of nucleic acids on pathologic scar-associated fibroblast activity. The effect of nucleic acids on cytokine production and migration on mouse fibroblasts was evaluated. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to determine the effect of nucleic acids on the differentiation of human primary fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Using a murine model, the effect of polyamidoamine third-generation dendrimer on granulation tissue contraction was evaluated by gross and histologic parameters. RESULTS Mouse fibroblasts stimulated with nucleic acids had increased cytokine production (i.e., transforming growth factor-β, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ), migration, and differentiation into myofibroblasts. Polyamidoamine third-generation dendrimer blocked cytokine production, migration, and differentiation into myofibroblasts. Using a murine model of granulation tissue contraction, polyamidoamine third-generation dendrimer decreased wound contraction and angiogenesis. Collagen deposition in polyamidoamine third-generation dendrimer-treated tissues was aligned more randomly and whorl-like compared with control tissue. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that nucleic acid-stimulated fibroblast activation and granulation tissue contraction are blocked by polyamidoamine third-generation dendrimer. Sequestration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns may be an approach for preventing pathologic scarring.
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Abstract
Fibrotic disorders account for an increasing burden of disease-associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although numerous risk factors have been recognized, the etiologies of many of these clinical syndromes have not been identified, and they are often termed idiopathic or cryptogenic. Here, we provide an evolutionary perspective on fibrosis aimed at elucidating its etiopathogenesis. By asking the ultimate question of "why" this process evolved in multicellular organisms, we hope to uncover proximate explanations for "how" it causes disease in humans. We posit that physiological fibrosis-like reactions evolved as an essential process in host defense against pathogens and in normal wound healing. Based on this premise, we reason that pathological fibrosis is related to one or more of the following: unidentified infectious or noninfectious antigens, autoimmunity, impaired regenerative responses, and the antagonistically pleiotropic action of genes involved in wound healing or development. The importance of genetic susceptibility, epigenetics, aging, and the modern-day environment are highlighted. Consideration of both ultimate and proximate causation goes beyond philosophical cogitations, as it will better inform pathobiological mechanisms of disease and aid in the prevention and treatment of fibrotic diseases.
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Parra ER, Lin F, Martins V, Rangel MP, Capelozzi VL. Immunohistochemical and morphometric evaluation of COX 1 and COX-2 in the remodeled lung in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and systemic sclerosis. J Bras Pneumol 2014; 39:692-700. [PMID: 24473763 PMCID: PMC4075907 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132013000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in the remodeled lung in systemic
sclerosis (SSc) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients,
correlating that expression with patient survival. METHODS: We examined open lung biopsy specimens from 24 SSc patients and 30 IPF
patients, using normal lung tissue as a control. The histological patterns
included fibrotic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) in SSc patients
and usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) in IPF patients. We used
immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry to evaluate the expression of
COX-1 and COX-2 in alveolar septa, vessels, and bronchioles. We then
correlated that expression with pulmonary function test results and
evaluated its impact on patient survival. RESULTS: The expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in alveolar septa was significantly higher
in IPF-UIP and SSc-NSIP lung tissue than in the control tissue. No
difference was found between IPF-UIP and SSc-NSIP tissue regarding COX-1 and
COX-2 expression. Multivariate analysis based on the Cox regression model
showed that the factors associated with a low risk of death were younger
age, high DLCO/alveolar volume, IPF, and high COX-1 expression in alveolar
septa, whereas those associated with a high risk of death were advanced age,
low DLCO/alveolar volume, SSc (with NSIP), and low COX-1 expression in
alveolar septa. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that strategies aimed at preventing low COX-1 synthesis
will have a greater impact on SSc, whereas those aimed at preventing high
COX-2 synthesis will have a greater impact on IPF. However, prospective
randomized clinical trials are needed in order to confirm that.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Lin
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Martins
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, São Paulo, Brazil
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Latella G, Rogler G, Bamias G, Breynaert C, Florholmen J, Pellino G, Reif S, Speca S, Lawrance IC. Results of the 4th scientific workshop of the ECCO (I): pathophysiology of intestinal fibrosis in IBD. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:1147-65. [PMID: 24731838 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The fourth scientific workshop of the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) focused on the relevance of intestinal fibrosis in the disease course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective was to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis, to identify useful markers and imaging modalities of fibrosis in order to assess its presence and progression, and, finally, to point out possible approaches for the prevention and the treatment of fibrosis. The results of this workshop are presented in three separate manuscripts. This first section describes the most important mechanisms that contribute to the initiation and progression of intestinal fibrosis in IBD including the cellular and molecular mediators, the extracellular matrix molecules and matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-system, the microbiota products, the role of fat, genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as the currently available experimental models. Furthermore, it identifies unanswered questions in the field of intestinal fibrosis and provides a framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hopsital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jon Florholmen
- Research Group of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Artic University of Norway and University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- General Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Shimon Reif
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Silvia Speca
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research-INSERM, Unit U995, Lille, France
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Fremantle Hospital, WA, Australia; University Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, WA, Australia
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69
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Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of scleroderma-interstitial lung disease. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2014; 16:411. [PMID: 24523015 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-014-0411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, SSc) is a heterogeneous autoimmune connective tissue disease of unknown etiology. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a frequent complication, and a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality among SSc patients. SSc-ILD most commonly occurs within 10 years of diagnosis, and may be seen in patients with either the limited or diffuse cutaneous subset of SSc. SSc-ILD is a multifaceted disease process in which different factors and pathways are involved. Aberrant function of a variety of lung cells, cytokines, growth factors, peptides, and bioactive proteins, in combination with genetic and epigenetic regulators, have crucial functions in the pathogenesis of this disease. Here we present our view on recent advances regarding the pathogenesis of SSc-ILD.
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70
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Jeon JW, Ha UH, Paek SH. In vitro inflammation inhibition model based on semi-continuous toll-like receptor biosensing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105212. [PMID: 25136864 PMCID: PMC4138127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemical inhibition model of inflammation is proposed by semi-continuous monitoring the density of toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) expressed on mammalian cells following bacterial infection to investigate an in vivo-mimicked drug screening system. The inflammation was induced by adding bacterial lysate (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) to a mammalian cell culture (e.g., A549 cell line). The TLR1 density on the same cells was immunochemically monitored up to three cycles under optimized cyclic bacterial stimulation-and-restoration conditions. The assay was carried out by adopting a cell-compatible immunoanalytical procedure and signal generation method. Signal intensity relative to the background control obtained without stimulation was employed to plot the standard curve for inflammation. To suppress the inflammatory response, sodium salicylate, which inhibits nuclear factor-κB activity, was used to prepare the standard curve for anti-inflammation. Such measurement of differential TLR densities was used as a biosensing approach discriminating the anti-inflammatory substance from the non-effector, which was simulated by using caffeic acid phenethyl ester and acetaminophen as the two components, respectively. As the same cells exposed to repetitive bacterial stimulation were semi-continuously monitored, the efficacy and toxicity of the inhibitors may further be determined regarding persistency against time. Therefore, this semi-continuous biosensing model could be appropriate as a substitute for animal-based experimentation during drug screening prior to pre-clinical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Jeon
- Department of Bio-Microsystem Technology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Un-Hwan Ha
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Sejong, Korea
| | - Se-Hwan Paek
- Department of Bio-Microsystem Technology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Sejong, Korea
- * E-mail:
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71
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Siani A, Tirelli N. Myofibroblast differentiation: main features, biomedical relevance, and the role of reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:768-85. [PMID: 24279926 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Myofibroblasts are prototypical fibrotic cells, which are involved in a number of more or less pathological conditions, from foreign body reactions to scarring, from liver, kidney, or lung fibrosis to neoplastic phenomena. The differentiation of precursor cells (not only of fibroblastic nature) is characterized by a complex interplay between soluble factors (growth factors such as transforming growth factor β1, reactive oxygen species [ROS]) and material properties (matrix stiffness). RECENT ADVANCES The last 15 years have seen very significant advances in the identification of appropriate differentiation markers, in the understanding of the differentiation mechanism, and above all, the involvement of ROS as causative and persistence factors. CRITICAL ISSUES The specific mechanisms of action of ROS remain largely unknown, although evidence suggests that both intracellular and extracellular phenomena play a role. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Approaches based on antioxidant (ROS-scavenging) principles and on the potentiation of nitric oxide signaling hold much promise in view of a pharmacological therapy of fibrotic phenomena. However, how to make the active principles available at the target sites is yet a largely neglected issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Siani
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
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72
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Parra ER, Pincelli MS, Teodoro WR, Velosa APP, Martins V, Rangel MP, Barbas-Filho JV, Capelozzi VL. Modeling pulmonary fibrosis by abnormal expression of telomerase/apoptosis/collagen V in experimental usual interstitial pneumonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:567-75. [PMID: 24919172 PMCID: PMC4123836 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Limitations on tissue proliferation capacity determined by telomerase/apoptosis
balance have been implicated in pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In
addition, collagen V shows promise as an inductor of apoptosis. We evaluated the
quantitative relationship between the telomerase/apoptosis index, collagen V
synthesis, and epithelial/fibroblast replication in mice exposed to butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT) at high oxygen concentration. Two groups of mice were analyzed:
20 mice received BHT, and 10 control mice received corn oil. Telomerase expression,
apoptosis, collagen I, III, and V fibers, and hydroxyproline were evaluated by
immunohistochemistry, in situ detection of apoptosis, electron
microscopy, immunofluorescence, and histomorphometry. Electron microscopy confirmed
the presence of increased alveolar epithelial cells type 1 (AEC1) in apoptosis.
Immunostaining showed increased nuclear expression of telomerase in AEC type 2 (AEC2)
between normal and chronic scarring areas of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP).
Control lungs and normal areas from UIP lungs showed weak green birefringence of type
I and III collagens in the alveolar wall and type V collagen in the basement membrane
of alveolar capillaries. The increase in collagen V was greater than collagens I and
III in scarring areas of UIP. A significant direct association was found between
collagen V and AEC2 apoptosis. We concluded that telomerase, collagen V fiber
density, and apoptosis evaluation in experimental UIP offers the potential to control
reepithelization of alveolar septa and fibroblast proliferation. Strategies aimed at
preventing high rates of collagen V synthesis, or local responses to high rates of
cell apoptosis, may have a significant impact in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Parra
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M S Pincelli
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - W R Teodoro
- Disciplina de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A P P Velosa
- Disciplina de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V Martins
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M P Rangel
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J V Barbas-Filho
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V L Capelozzi
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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73
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Abstract
Obesity is one of the most serious pandemic health problems in modern society and the predisposing factor for the type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chronic low-grade inflammation mediates the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obese humans and rodents, and white adipose tissue is one of major tissues to modulate inflammation. Obese humans and rodents show dynamic changes of immunocellular compositions in white adipose tissue to induce inflammatory responses. Innate and adaptive immune responses mainly mediated by macrophages and T cells contribute insulin resistance. Recently, it has been shown that adipose tissue fibrosis is also enhanced in obese humans and rodents along with inflammatory responses, and suppression of adipose tissue fibrosis shows improved insulin sensitivity in rodent models, suggesting that adipose tissue fibrosis is involved in insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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74
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Amplified and selective assay of collagens by enzymatic and fluorescent reactions. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4950. [PMID: 24821501 PMCID: PMC4018762 DOI: 10.1038/srep04950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and selective assay of collagen is of substantial importance to the diagnostic study of health- and aging-related failures. In this paper, we describe a highly specific and sensitive method for the assay of whole collagens in biological samples using a novel fluorogenic reagent, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (3,4-DHPAA). The 3,4-DHPAA reagent can selectively detect N-terminal Gly-containing peptides (NGPs) in the presence of sodium borate and NaIO4. Under conditions optimized, this assay format for collagen, termed 3,4-DHPAA assay method showed a good linear relationship between the amplified FL signals and the collagen concentrations from 0.18 to 12 μg/ml. Therefore the sensitive determination of intracellular collagens in cheek tissue and HeLa cells was individually possible without any separation protocol. The dual recognitions of the collagens in the samples could be performed by the enzymatic digestion and the FL reaction. The proposed assay method enables the determination facile, specific, sensitive and quantitative for biogenic collagens.
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75
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Topical vitamin D analogue calcipotriol reduces skin fibrosis in experimental scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:757-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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76
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Aggarwal NR, King LS, D'Alessio FR. Diverse macrophage populations mediate acute lung inflammation and resolution. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L709-25. [PMID: 24508730 PMCID: PMC3989724 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00341.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating disease with distinct pathological stages. Fundamental to ARDS is the acute onset of lung inflammation as a part of the body's immune response to a variety of local and systemic stimuli. In patients surviving the inflammatory and subsequent fibroproliferative stages, transition from injury to resolution and recovery is an active process dependent on a series of highly coordinated events regulated by the immune system. Experimental animal models of acute lung injury (ALI) reproduce key components of the injury and resolution phases of human ARDS and provide a methodology to explore mechanisms and potential new therapies. Macrophages are essential to innate immunity and host defense, playing a featured role in the lung and alveolar space. Key aspects of their biological response, including differentiation, phenotype, function, and cellular interactions, are determined in large part by the presence, severity, and chronicity of local inflammation. Studies support the importance of macrophages to initiate and maintain the inflammatory response, as well as a determinant of resolution of lung inflammation and repair. We will discuss distinct roles for lung macrophages during early inflammatory and late resolution phases of ARDS using experimental animal models. In addition, each section will highlight human studies that relate to the diverse role of macrophages in initiation and resolution of ALI and ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Aggarwal
- Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Rm. 4B.68, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224.
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77
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Van Linthout S, Miteva K, Tschöpe C. Crosstalk between fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:258-69. [PMID: 24728497 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts, which are traditionally recognized as a quiescent cell responsible for extracellular matrix production, are more and more appreciated as an active key player of the immune system. This review describes how fibroblasts and immune cells reciprocally influence the pathogenesis of fibrosis. An overview is given how fibroblasts are triggered by components of the innate and adaptive immunity on the one hand and how fibroblasts modulate immune cell behaviour via conditioning the cellular and cytokine microenvironment on the other hand. Finally, latest insights into the role of cardiac fibroblasts in the orchestration of inflammatory cell infiltration in the heart, and their impact on heart failure, are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
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78
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Kim WK, Jain D, Sánchez MD, Koziol-White CJ, Matthews K, Ge MQ, Haczku A, Panettieri RA, Frieman MB, López CB. Deficiency of melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 results in exacerbated chronic postviral lung inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:437-48. [PMID: 24417465 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201307-1338oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Respiratory viral infections can result in the establishment of chronic lung diseases. Understanding the early innate immune mechanisms that participate in the development of chronic postviral lung disease may reveal new targets for therapeutic intervention. The intracellular viral sensor protein melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) sustains the acute immune response to Sendai virus, a mouse pathogen that causes chronic lung inflammation, but its role in the development of postviral chronic lung disease is unknown. OBJECTIVES To establish the role of MDA5 in the development of chronic lung disease. METHODS MDA5-deficient or control mice were infected with Sendai virus. The acute inflammatory response was evaluated by profiling chemokine and cytokine expression and by characterizing the composition of the cellular infiltrate. The impact of MDA5 on chronic lung pathology and function was evaluated through histological studies, degree of oxygen saturation, and responsiveness to carbachol. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS MDA5 deficiency resulted in normal virus replication and in a distinct profile of chemokines and cytokines that associated with acute lung neutropenia and enhanced accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages. Diminished expression of neutrophil-recruiting chemokines was also observed in cells infected with influenza virus, suggesting a key role of MDA5 in driving the early accumulation of neutrophils at the infection site. The biased acute inflammatory response of MDA5-deficient mice led to an enhanced chronic lung inflammation, epithelial cell hyperplasia, airway hyperreactivity, and diminished blood oxygen saturation. CONCLUSIONS MDA5 modulates the development of chronic lung inflammation by regulating the early inflammatory response in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Keun Kim
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, and
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79
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Hamidi S, Schäfer-Korting M, Weindl G. TLR2/1 and sphingosine 1-phosphate modulate inflammation, myofibroblast differentiation and cell migration in fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:484-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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80
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Sculean A, Gruber R, Bosshardt DD. Soft tissue wound healing around teeth and dental implants. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41 Suppl 15:S6-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Dieter D. Bosshardt
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Robert K. Schenk Laboratory of Oral Histology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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81
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Jonczyk MS, Simon M, Kumar S, Fernandes VE, Sylvius N, Mallon AM, Denny P, Andrew PW. Genetic factors regulating lung vasculature and immune cell functions associate with resistance to pneumococcal infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89831. [PMID: 24594938 PMCID: PMC3940657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen responsible for high mortality and morbidity worldwide. The susceptibility to pneumococcal infections is controlled by as yet unknown genetic factors. To elucidate these factors could help to develop new medical treatments and tools to identify those most at risk. In recent years genome wide association studies (GWAS) in mice and humans have proved successful in identification of causal genes involved in many complex diseases for example diabetes, systemic lupus or cholesterol metabolism. In this study a GWAS approach was used to map genetic loci associated with susceptibility to pneumococcal infection in 26 inbred mouse strains. As a result four candidate QTLs were identified on chromosomes 7, 13, 18 and 19. Interestingly, the QTL on chromosome 7 was located within S. pneumoniae resistance QTL (Spir1) identified previously in a linkage study of BALB/cOlaHsd and CBA/CaOlaHsd F2 intercrosses. We showed that only a limited number of genes encoded within the QTLs carried phenotype-associated polymorphisms (22 genes out of several hundred located within the QTLs). These candidate genes are known to regulate TGFβ signalling, smooth muscle and immune cells functions. Interestingly, our pulmonary histopathology and gene expression data demonstrated, lung vasculature plays an important role in resistance to pneumococcal infection. Therefore we concluded that the cumulative effect of these candidate genes on vasculature and immune cells functions as contributory factors in the observed differences in susceptibility to pneumococcal infection. We also propose that TGFβ-mediated regulation of fibroblast differentiation plays an important role in development of invasive pneumococcal disease. Gene expression data submitted to the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus Accession No: GSE49533 SNP data submitted to NCBI dbSNP Short Genetic Variation http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_viewTable.cgi?handle=MUSPNEUMONIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda S. Jonczyk
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Simon
- MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saumya Kumar
- MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vitor E. Fernandes
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Sylvius
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Denny
- MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W. Andrew
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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82
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Guilherme RF, Xisto DG, Kunkel SL, Freire-de-Lima CG, Rocco PRM, Neves JS, Fierro IM, Canetti C, Benjamim CF. Pulmonary antifibrotic mechanisms aspirin-triggered lipoxin A(4) synthetic analog. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:1029-37. [PMID: 23848293 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0462oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
No successful therapies are available for pulmonary fibrosis, indicating the need for new treatments. Lipoxins and their 15-epimers, aspirin-triggered lipoxins (ATL), present potent antiinflammatory and proresolution effects (Martins et al., J Immunol 2009;182:5374-5381). We show that ATLa, an ATL synthetic analog, therapeutically reversed a well-established pulmonary fibrotic process induced by bleomycin (BLM) in mice. We investigated the mechanisms involved in its effect and found that systemic treatment with ATLa 1 week after BLM instillation considerably reversed the inflammatory response, total collagen and collagen type 1 deposition, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression in the lung and restored surfactant protein C expression levels. ATLa also inhibited BLM-induced apoptosis and cellular accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in the lung parenchyma as evaluated by light microscopy and flow cytometry (Ly6G(+), F4/80(+), CD11c(+), CD4(+), and B220(+) cells) assays. Moreover, ATLa inhibited the lung production of IL-1β, IL-17, TNF-α, and TGF-β induced by BLM-challenged mice. ATLa restored the balance of inducible nitric oxide synthase-positive and arginase-positive cells in the lungs, suggesting a prevalence of M2 versus M1 macrophages. Together, these effects improved pulmonary mechanics because ATLa treatment brought to normal levels lung resistance and elastance, which were clearly altered at 7 days after BLM challenge. Our findings support ATLa as a promising therapeutic agent to treat lung fibrosis.
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83
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Arriola Benitez PC, Scian R, Comerci DJ, Serantes DR, Vanzulli S, Fossati CA, Giambartolomei GH, Delpino MV. Brucella abortus induces collagen deposition and MMP-9 down-modulation in hepatic stellate cells via TGF-β1 production. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1918-1927. [PMID: 24113459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In patients with active brucellosis, the liver is frequently affected by histopathologic lesions, such as granulomas, inflammatory infiltrations, and parenchymal necrosis. Herein, we examine some potential mechanisms of liver damage in brucellosis. We demonstrate that Brucella abortus infection inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) secretion and induces collagen deposition and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 secretion induced by hepatic stellate cells (LX-2). These phenomena depend on transforming growth factor-β1 induction. In contrast, supernatants from B. abortus-infected hepatocytes and monocytes induce MMP-9 secretion and inhibit collagen deposition in hepatic stellate cells. Yet, if LX-2 cells are infected with B. abortus, the capacity of supernatants from B. abortus-infected hepatocytes and monocytes to induce MMP-9 secretion and inhibit collagen deposition is abrogated. These results indicate that depending on the balance between interacting cells and cytokines of the surrounding milieu, the response of LX-2 cells could be turned into an inflammatory or fibrogenic phenotype. Livers from mice infected with B. abortus displayed a fibrogenic phenotype with patches of collagen deposition and transforming growth factor-β1 induction. This study provides potential mechanisms of liver immune response induced by B. abortus-infected hepatic stellate cells. In addition, these results demonstrate that the cross talk of these cells with hepatocytes and macrophages implements a series of interactions that may contribute to explaining some of mechanisms of liver damage observed in human brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C Arriola Benitez
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics, and Metabolism, Jose de San Martin Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Scian
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics, and Metabolism, Jose de San Martin Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego J Comerci
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Technology Institute of Chascomús, National University of San Martin National Scientific and Technical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Rey Serantes
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Technology Institute of Chascomús, National University of San Martin National Scientific and Technical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Vanzulli
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Fossati
- Institute for the Study of Humoral Immunity, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratory of Immune System Research, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guillermo H Giambartolomei
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics, and Metabolism, Jose de San Martin Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Victoria Delpino
- Institute of Immunology, Genetics, and Metabolism, Jose de San Martin Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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84
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Borthwick LA, Wynn TA, Fisher AJ. Cytokine mediated tissue fibrosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1832:1049-60. [PMID: 23046809 PMCID: PMC3787896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a recognised part of normal wound healing. However, when inflammation fails to resolve and a chronic inflammatory response is established this process can become dysregulated resulting in pathological wound repair, accumulation of permanent fibrotic scar tissue at the site of injury and the failure to return the tissue to normal function. Fibrosis can affect any organ including the lung, skin, heart, kidney and liver and it is estimated that 45% of deaths in the western world can now be attributed to diseases where fibrosis plays a major aetiological role. In this review we examine the evidence that cytokines play a vital role in the acute and chronic inflammatory responses that drive fibrosis in injured tissues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fibrosis: Translation of basic research to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Borthwick
- Tissue Fibrosis and Repair Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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85
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Spelta CW, Axon JE, Begg A, Diallo ISI, Carrick JB, Russell CM, Collins NM. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in three horses in Australia. Aust Vet J 2013; 91:274-80. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CW Spelta
- Townsville Vet Clinic; 32-34 Anne St; Aitkenvale; Queensland 4814; Australia
| | - JE Axon
- Scone Equine Hospital; Scone; New South Wales; Australia
| | - A Begg
- Vetnostics; Kotara; New South Wales; Australia
| | - ISI Diallo
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland; Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation; Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct; Coopers Plains; Queensland; Australia
| | - JB Carrick
- Equine Specialist Consulting; Scone; New South Wales; Australia
| | - CM Russell
- Scone Equine Hospital; Scone; New South Wales; Australia
| | - NM Collins
- Scone Equine Hospital; Scone; New South Wales; Australia
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86
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Hasan SA, Eksteen B, Reid D, Paine HV, Alansary A, Johannson K, Gwozd C, Goring KAR, Vo T, Proud D, Kelly MM. Role of IL-17A and neutrophils in fibrosis in experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1663-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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87
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Schmidt M, Dekker FJ, Maarsingh H. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (epac): a multidomain cAMP mediator in the regulation of diverse biological functions. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:670-709. [PMID: 23447132 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery nearly 60 years ago, cAMP is envisioned as one of the most universal and versatile second messengers. The tremendous feature of cAMP to tightly control highly diverse physiologic processes, including calcium homeostasis, metabolism, secretion, muscle contraction, cell fate, and gene transcription, is reflected by the award of five Nobel prizes. The discovery of Epac (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP) has ignited a new surge of cAMP-related research and has depicted novel cAMP properties independent of protein kinase A and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. The multidomain architecture of Epac determines its activity state and allows cell-type specific protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions that control fine-tuning of pivotal biologic responses through the "old" second messenger cAMP. Compartmentalization of cAMP in space and time, maintained by A-kinase anchoring proteins, phosphodiesterases, and β-arrestins, contributes to the Epac signalosome of small GTPases, phospholipases, mitogen- and lipid-activated kinases, and transcription factors. These novel cAMP sensors seem to implement certain unexpected signaling properties of cAMP and thereby to permit delicate adaptations of biologic responses. Agonists and antagonists selective for Epac are developed and will support further studies on the biologic net outcome of the activation of Epac. This will increase our current knowledge on the pathophysiology of devastating diseases, such as diabetes, cognitive impairment, renal and heart failure, (pulmonary) hypertension, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Further insights into the cAMP dynamics executed by the Epac signalosome will help to optimize the pharmacological treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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88
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Usategui A, Criado G, Izquierdo E, Del Rey MJ, Carreira PE, Ortiz P, Leonard WJ, Pablos JL. A profibrotic role for thymic stromal lymphopoietin in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72:2018-23. [PMID: 23413283 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE [corrected] Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterised by progressive fibrosis. Although SSc shares pathogenetic features with other autoimmune diseases, the participation of profibrotic Th2 cytokines is unique to SSc, but the mechanisms of Th2 skewing are unknown. We have analysed the expression and function of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a central regulator of Th2-mediated allergic inflammation, in human SSc, primary lung fibrosis and in a mouse model of scleroderma. METHODS TSLP expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry in human SSc skin, primary lung fibrosis and mouse bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis, and by quantitative RT-PCR in mouse skin and cultured fibroblasts. The regulation of TSLP expression by specific toll-like receptors (TLR)-2, -3 and -4 agonists was analysed in human dermal fibroblast cultures. The role of TSLP in skin fibrosis and local cytokine expression was analysed in TSLP receptor (TSLPR)-deficient mice. RESULTS TSLP was overexpressed by epithelial cells, mast cells and fibroblasts in human SSc skin and lung fibrosis, and in the bleomycin model of scleroderma. In cultured human and mouse skin fibroblasts, TSLP expression was inducible by activation of TLR, particularly TLR3. In TSLPR-deficient mice, bleomycin-induced fibrosis was significantly reduced in parallel with significantly reduced local expression of IL-13. CONCLUSIONS These data provide the first evidence of TSLP overexpression in SSc and other non-allergic fibrotic conditions, and demonstrate a profibrotic role that is potentially meditated by specific changes in the local cytokine milieu. Thus, modulating TSLP may have antifibrotic therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Usategui
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), , Madrid, Spain
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89
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Scales BS, Huffnagle GB. The microbiome in wound repair and tissue fibrosis. J Pathol 2013; 229:323-31. [PMID: 23042513 PMCID: PMC3631561 DOI: 10.1002/path.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial colonization occurs in all wounds, chronic or acute, and the break in epithelium integrity that defines a wound impairs the forces that shape and constrain the microbiome at that site. This review highlights the interactions between bacterial communities in the wound and the ultimate resolution of the wound or development of fibrotic lesions. Chronic wounds support complex microbial communities comprising a wide variety of bacterial phyla, genera, and species, including some fastidious anaerobic bacteria not identified using culture-based methods. Thus, the complexity of bacterial communities in wounds has historically been underestimated. There are a number of intriguing possibilities to explain these results that may also provide novel insights into changes and adaptation of bacterial metabolic networks in inflamed and wounded mucosa, including the critical role of biofilm formation. It is well accepted that the heightened state of activation of host cells in a wound that is driven by the microbiota can certainly lead to detrimental effects on wound regeneration, but the microbiota of the wound may also have beneficial effects on wound healing. Studies in experimental systems have clearly demonstrated a beneficial effect for members of the gut microbiota on regulation of systemic inflammation, which could also impact wound healing at sites outside the gastrointestinal tract. The utilization of culture-independent microbiology to characterize the microbiome of wounds and surrounding mucosa has raised many intriguing questions regarding previously held notions about the cause and effect relationships between bacterial colonization and wound repair and mechanisms involved in this symbiotic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittan S. Scales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary B. Huffnagle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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90
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Del Principe D, Lista P, Malorni W, Giammarioli AM. Fibroblast autophagy in fibrotic disorders. J Pathol 2012; 229:208-20. [PMID: 23018629 DOI: 10.1002/path.4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic disorders are multistage progressive processes that often arise from different causes and are commonly associated with chronic inflammation. Excessive deposition of extracellular matrix is the hallmark of many fibrotic diseases. This may be due to an excess of fibroblast recruitment and activation, as well as to their differentiation in myofibroblasts. These events may be triggered by cytokines, chemokines and growth factors released by lymphocytes or macrophages. The excessive production of extracellular matrix is apparently due to alterations of metabolic pathways in activated fibroblasts. It has been suggested that a defective autophagy, an important subcellular pathway with multiple homeostatic roles, also recognized as a key component of both innate and acquired immunity, could play a role. In this review we illustrate recent insights in the field, suggesting the possible implication of the immune system in orchestrating the fibrotic response via the modulation of autophagic pathways.
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91
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Wang D, Wang Y, Argyriou C, Carrière A, Malo D, Hekimi S. An enhanced immune response of Mclk1⁺/⁻ mutant mice is associated with partial protection from fibrosis, cancer and the development of biomarkers of aging. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49606. [PMID: 23166727 PMCID: PMC3498213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response is essential for survival by destroying microorganisms and pre-cancerous cells. However, inflammation, one aspect of this response, can result in short- and long-term deleterious side-effects. Mclk1+/− mutant mice can be long-lived despite displaying a hair-trigger inflammatory response and chronically activated macrophages as a result of high mitochondrial ROS generation. Here we ask whether this phenotype is beneficial or simply tolerated. We used models of infection by Salmonella serovars and found that Mclk1+/− mutants mount a stronger immune response, control bacterial proliferation better, and are resistant to cell and tissue damage resulting from the response, including fibrosis and types of oxidative damage that are considered to be biomarkers of aging. Moreover, these same types of tissue damage were found to be low in untreated 23 months-old mutants. We also examined the initiation of tumour growth after transplantation of mouse LLC1 carcinoma cells into Mclk1+/− mutants, as well as during spontaneous tumorigenesis in Mclk1+/−Trp53+/− double mutants. Tumour latency was increased by the Mclk1+/− genotype in both models. Furthermore, we used the transplantation model to show that splenic CD8+ T lymphocytes from Mclk1+/− graft recipients show enhanced cytotoxicity against LLC1 cells in vitro. Mclk1+/− mutants thus display an association of an enhanced immune response with partial protection from age-dependent processes and from pathologies similar to those that are found with increased frequency during the aging process. This suggests that the immune phenotype of these mutants might contribute to their longevity. We discuss how these findings suggest a broader view of how the immune response might impact the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dantong Wang
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - Danielle Malo
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Siegfried Hekimi
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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92
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Bhattacharyya S, Kelley K, Melichian DS, Tamaki Z, Fang F, Su Y, Feng G, Pope RM, Budinger GRS, Mutlu GM, Lafyatis R, Radstake T, Feghali-Bostwick C, Varga J. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling augments transforming growth factor-β responses: a novel mechanism for maintaining and amplifying fibrosis in scleroderma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 182:192-205. [PMID: 23141927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Because recent studies implicate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, we sought to investigate the in vitro and in vivo role and mechanism of TLR4-mediated fibroblast responses in fibrogenesis. We found that TLR4 was constitutively expressed, and accumulation of endogenous TLR4 ligands significantly elevated, in lesional skin and lung tissues from patients with scleroderma. Activation of TLR4 signaling in explanted fibroblasts resulted in enhanced collagen synthesis and increased expression of multiple genes involved in tissue remodeling and extracellular matrix homeostasis. Moreover, TLR4 dramatically enhanced the sensitivity of fibroblasts to the stimulatory effect of transforming growth factor-β1. These profibrotic responses were abrogated by both genetic and pharmacological disruption of TLR4 signaling in vitro, and skin fibrosis induced by bleomycin in vivo was attenuated in mice harboring a mutated TLR4. Activation of TLR4 in fibroblasts augmented the intensity of canonical Smad signaling, and was accompanied by suppression of anti-fibrotic microRNA expression. Together, these results suggest a novel model to account for persistent fibrogenesis in scleroderma, in which activation of fibroblast TLR4 signaling, triggered by damage-associated endogenous TLR4 ligands, results in augmented transforming growth factor-β1 sensitivity with increased matrix production and progressive connective tissue remodeling. Under these conditions, fibroblast TLR4 serves as the switch for converting self-limited tissue repair into intractable fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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93
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Dekkers BGJ, Racké K, Schmidt M. Distinct PKA and Epac compartmentalization in airway function and plasticity. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:248-65. [PMID: 23089371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are obstructive lung diseases characterized by airway obstruction, airway inflammation and airway remodelling. Next to inflammatory cells and airway epithelial cells, airway mesenchymal cells, including airway smooth muscle cells and (myo)fibroblasts, substantially contribute to disease features by the release of inflammatory mediators, smooth muscle contraction, extracellular matrix deposition and structural changes in the airways. Current pharmacological treatment of both diseases intends to target the dynamic features of the endogenous intracellular suppressor cyclic AMP (cAMP). This review will summarize our current knowledge on cAMP and will emphasize on key discoveries and paradigm shifts reflecting the complex spatio-temporal nature of compartmentalized cAMP signalling networks in health and disease. As airway fibroblasts and airway smooth muscle cells are recognized as central players in the development and progression of asthma and COPD, we will focus on the role of cAMP signalling in their function in relation to airway function and plasticity. We will recapture on the recent identification of cAMP-sensing multi-protein complexes maintained by cAMP effectors, including A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), proteins kinase A (PKA), exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac), cAMP-elevating seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptors and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and we will report on findings indicating that the pertubation of compartmentalized cAMP signalling correlates with the pathopysiology of obstructive lung diseases. Future challenges include studies on cAMP dynamics and compartmentalization in the lung and the development of novel drugs targeting these systems for therapeutic interventions in chronic obstructive inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart G J Dekkers
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Center of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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94
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Induction of alternatively activated macrophages enhances pathogenesis during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. J Virol 2012; 86:13334-49. [PMID: 23015710 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01689-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) causes acute lung injury (ALI) that often leads to severe lung disease. A mouse model of acute SARS-CoV infection has been helpful in understanding the host response to infection; however, there are still unanswered questions concerning SARS-CoV pathogenesis. We have shown that STAT1 plays an important role in the severity of SARS-CoV pathogenesis and that it is independent of the role of STAT1 in interferon signaling. Mice lacking STAT1 have greater weight loss, severe lung pathology with pre-pulmonary-fibrosis-like lesions, and an altered immune response following infection with SARS-CoV. We hypothesized that STAT1 plays a role in the polarization of the immune response, specifically in macrophages, resulting in a worsened outcome. To test this, we created bone marrow chimeras and cell-type-specific knockouts of STAT1 to identify which cell type(s) is critical to protection from severe lung disease after SARS-CoV infection. Bone marrow chimera experiments demonstrated that hematopoietic cells are responsible for the pathogenesis in STAT1(-/-) mice, and because of an induction of alternatively activated (AA) macrophages after infection, we hypothesized that the AA macrophages were critical for disease severity. Mice with STAT1 in either monocytes and macrophages (LysM/STAT1) or ciliated lung epithelial cells (FoxJ1/STAT1) deleted were created. Following infection, LysM/STAT1 mice display severe lung pathology, while FoxJ1/STAT1 mice display normal lung pathology. We hypothesized that AA macrophages were responsible for this STAT1-dependent pathology and therefore created STAT1/STAT6(-/-) double-knockout mice. STAT6 is essential for the development of AA macrophages. Infection of the double-knockout mice displayed a lack of lung disease and prefibrotic lesions, suggesting that AA macrophage production may be the cause of STAT1-dependent lung disease. We propose that the control of AA macrophages by STAT1 is critical to regulating immune pathologies and for protection from long-term progression to fibrotic lung disease in a mouse model of SARS-CoV infection.
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95
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Speca S, Giusti I, Rieder F, Latella G. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3635-61. [PMID: 22851857 PMCID: PMC3406417 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i28.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a chronic and progressive process characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to stiffening and/or scarring of the involved tissue. Intestinal fibrosis may develop in several different enteropathies, including inflammatory bowel disease. It develops through complex cell, extracellular matrix, cytokine and growth factor interactions. Distinct cell types are involved in intestinal fibrosis, such as resident mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) but also ECM-producing cells derived from epithelial and endothelial cells (through a process termed epithelial- and endothelial-mesenchymal transition), stellate cells, pericytes, local or bone marrow-derived stem cells. The most important soluble factors that regulate the activation of these cells include cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, components of the renin-angiotensin system, angiogenic factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, mammalian target of rapamycin, and products of oxidative stress. It soon becomes clear that although inflammation is responsible for triggering the onset of the fibrotic process, it only plays a minor role in the progression of this condition, as fibrosis may advance in a self-perpetuating fashion. Definition of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in intestinal fibrosis may provide the key to developing new therapeutic approaches.
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96
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Lafyatis R, Farina A. New insights into the mechanisms of innate immune receptor signalling in fibrosis. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:72-9. [PMID: 22802904 PMCID: PMC3396286 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of innate immunity and inflammation have direct bearing on how we understand autoimmunity, and fibrosis, and how innate immune sensors might stimulate both of these key features of several fibrotic diseases. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the major receptors for recognizing pathogen associated molecular patterns present on bacterial cell walls, such as LPS, and nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). Several intracellular pathways mediate TLR effects and initiate various pro-inflammatory programs. Mechanisms for control of inflammation, matrix remodeling, and ultimately fibrosis are also activated. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and interferon (IFNs) appear particularly important in regulating pro-fibrotic aspects of innate immune activation. These mechanisms appear important in fibrotic disease affecting multiple organ-systems, including lung, liver, kidney, and skin. These observations provide new paradigms for understanding the relationship between immunity/inflammation and fibrosis, however, the precise ligand and mechanism linking innate immune sensor(s) to fibrosis remain uncertain in most illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lafyatis
- Rheumatology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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97
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Masuoka M, Shiraishi H, Ohta S, Suzuki S, Arima K, Aoki S, Toda S, Inagaki N, Kurihara Y, Hayashida S, Takeuchi S, Koike K, Ono J, Noshiro H, Furue M, Conway SJ, Narisawa Y, Izuhara K. Periostin promotes chronic allergic inflammation in response to Th2 cytokines. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2590-600. [PMID: 22684102 DOI: 10.1172/jci58978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic inflammation triggered by exposure of an allergen frequently leads to the onset of chronic inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and bronchial asthma. The mechanisms underlying chronicity in allergic inflammation remain unresolved. Periostin, a recently characterized matricellular protein, interacts with several cell surface integrin molecules, providing signals for tissue development and remodeling. Here we show that periostin is a critical mediator for the amplification and persistence of allergic inflammation using a mouse model of skin inflammation. Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 stimulated fibroblasts to produce periostin, which interacted with αv integrin, a functional periostin receptor on keratinocytes, inducing production of proinflammatory cytokines, which consequently accelerated Th2-type immune responses. Accordingly, inhibition of periostin or αv integrin prevented the development or progression of allergen-induced skin inflammation. Thus, periostin sets up a vicious circle that links Th2-type immune responses to keratinocyte activation and plays a critical role in the amplification and chronicity of allergic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Masuoka
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
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98
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Miyazaki H, Kobayashi R, Ishikawa H, Awano N, Yamagoe S, Miyazaki Y, Matsumoto T. Activation of COL1A2 promoter in human fibroblasts by Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:481-7. [PMID: 22534007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between bacterial infection and collagen production was investigated using human fibroblasts transfected with the promoter of COL1A2 , which encodes the α1 chain of human type I collagen, linked to a luciferase reporter. The cells were used to assess the gene promoter activity of COL1A2 following bacterial stimulation. The COL1A2 promoter was activated by stimulation with fixed Escherichia coli in a dose-dependent manner, but not by fixed Staphylococcus aureus. Enhancement of collagen production was observed in the E. coli-stimulated fibroblasts compared to those without stimulation. Both anti-human Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 antibody and polymyxin B clearly blocked the COL1A2 promoter activity stimulated by E. coli, while antibodies against human TLR2 and human transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor type II did not. These results indicate that E. coli can directly interact with TLR4 expressed on the surface of fibroblasts and can further induce human type I collagen gene expression and collagen production in these cells. These data also suggest that infection by gram-negative bacteria may cause fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Miyazaki
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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99
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Santos-Silva MA, Pires KMP, Trajano ETL, Martins V, Nesi RT, Benjamin CF, Caetano MS, Sternberg C, Machado MN, Zin WA, Valença SS, Porto LC. Redox imbalance and pulmonary function in bleomycin-induced fibrosis in C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c mice. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:731-41. [PMID: 22549973 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312441404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (BLEO-PF) has been associated with differences in genetic background and oxidative stress status. The authors' aim was to investigate the crosstalk between the redox profile, lung histology, and respiratory function in BLEO-PF in C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c mice. BLEO-PF was induced with a single intratracheal dose of bleomycin (0.1 U/mouse). Twenty-one days after bleomycin administration, the mortality rate was over 50% in C57BL/6 and 20% in DBA/2 mice, and BLEO-PF was not observed in BALB/c. There was an increase in lung static elastance (p < .001), viscoelastic/inhomogeneous pressure (p < .05), total pressure drop after flow interruption (p < .01), and ΔE (p < .05) in C57BL/6 mice. The septa volume increased in C57BL/6 (p < .05) and DBA/2 (p < .001). The levels of IFN-γ were reduced in C57BL/6 mice (p < .01). OH-proline levels were increased in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice (p < .05). SOD activity and expression were reduced in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice (p < .001 and p < .001, respectively), whereas catalase was reduced in all strains 21 days following bleomycin administration compared with the saline groups (C57BL/6: p < .05; DBA/2: p < .01; BALB/c: p < .01). GPx activity and GPx1/2 expression decreased in C57BL/6 (p < .001). The authors conclude that BLEO-PF resistance may also be related to the activity and expression of SOD in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio Santos-Silva
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Laboratory of Tissue Repair, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Wight TN, Potter-Perigo S. The extracellular matrix: an active or passive player in fibrosis? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G950-5. [PMID: 21512158 PMCID: PMC3233785 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00132.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and this process has been likened to aberrant wound healing. The early phases of wound healing involve the formation of a provisional ECM containing fibrin, fibrinogen, and fibronectin. Fibroblasts occupy this matrix and proliferate in response to activators elaborated by leukocytes that have migrated into the wound and are retained by the ECM. This coincides with the appearance of the myofibroblast, a specialized form of fibroblast whose differentiation is primarily driven by cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and by mechanical tension. When these signals are reduced, as when TGF-β secretion is reduced, or as in scar shrinkage, myofibroblasts undergo apoptosis, resulting in a collagen-rich, cell-poor scar. Retention of myofibroblasts in fibrosis has been described as the result of imbalanced cytokine signaling, especially with respect to levels of activated TGF-β. ECM components can regulate myofibroblast persistence directly, since this phenotype is dependent on extracellular hyaluronan, tenascin-C, and the fibronectin splice variant containing the "extra domain A," and also, indirectly, through retention of TGF-β-secreting cells such as eosinophils. Thus the ECM is actively involved in both cellular and extracellular events that lead to fibrosis. Targeting components of the ECM as cells respond to injury and inflammatory stimuli holds promise as a means to avoid development of fibrosis and direct the wound-healing process toward reestablishment of a healthy equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N. Wight
- Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susan Potter-Perigo
- Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
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