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Bilinski M, Lanari C, Fabris VT. Centrosome Abnormalities and Polyploidy in Murine Mammary Carcinomas with Different Degrees of Hormone Responsiveness. Cancer Invest 2020; 38:300-309. [PMID: 32378982 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2020.1766482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Centrosome amplification leads to aberrant mitosis, giving rise to aneuploidy and it has been associated with poor prognosis in human cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between polyploidy, centrosome abnormalities, and response to endocrine treatment in progestin-induced mouse mammary carcinomas. We found cells with three or more centrosomes in the polyploid tumors. The endocrine unresponsive tumors showed a higher average number of centrosomes per cell than the responsive tumors. The results suggest an association between polyploidy and centrosome amplification with the resistance to endocrine therapy in this luminal breast cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Bilinski
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Lanari
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria T Fabris
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Merrick BA, Phadke DP, Bostrom MA, Shah RR, Wright GM, Wang X, Gordon O, Pelch KE, Auerbach SS, Paules RS, DeVito MJ, Waalkes MP, Tokar EJ. KRAS-retroviral fusion transcripts and gene amplification in arsenic-transformed, human prostate CAsE-PE cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 397:115017. [PMID: 32344290 PMCID: PMC7606314 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CAsE-PE cells are an arsenic-transformed, human prostate epithelial line containing oncogenic mutations in KRAS compared to immortalized, normal KRAS parent cells, RWPE-1. We previously reported increased copy number of mutated KRAS in CAsE-PE cells, suggesting gene amplification. Here, KRAS flanking genomic and transcriptomic regions were sequenced in CAsE-PE cells for insight into KRAS amplification. Comparison of DNA-Seq and RNA-Seq showed increased reads from background aligning to all KRAS exons in CAsE-PE cells, while a uniform DNA-Seq read distribution occurred in RWPE-1 cells with normal transcript expression. We searched for KRAS fusions in DNA and RNA sequencing data finding a portion of reads aligning to KRAS and viral sequence. After generation of cDNA from total RNA, short and long KRAS probes were generated to hybridize cDNA and KRAS enriched fragments were PacBio sequenced. More KRAS reads were captured from CAsE-PE cDNA versus RWPE-1 by each probe set. Only CAsE-PE cDNA showed KRAS viral fusion transcripts, primarily mapping to LTR and endogenous retrovirus sequences on either 5'- or 3'-ends of KRAS. Most KRAS viral fusion transcripts contained 4 to 6 exons but some PacBio sequences were in unusual orientations, suggesting viral insertions within the gene body. Additionally, conditioned media was extracted for potential retroviral particles. RNA-Seq of culture media isolates identified KRAS retroviral fusion transcripts in CAsE-PE media only. Truncated KRAS transcripts suggested multiple retroviral integration sites occurred within the KRAS gene producing KRAS retroviral fusions of various lengths. Findings suggest activation of endogenous retroviruses in arsenic carcinogenesis should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alex Merrick
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States.
| | - Dhiral P Phadke
- Sciome, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Meredith A Bostrom
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States
| | - Ruchir R Shah
- Sciome, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Garron M Wright
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States
| | - Xinguo Wang
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States
| | - Oksana Gordon
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States
| | - Katherine E Pelch
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Scott S Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael J DeVito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael P Waalkes
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Erik J Tokar
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
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Khalil AIS, Khyriem C, Chattopadhyay A, Sanyal A. Hierarchical discovery of large-scale and focal copy number alterations in low-coverage cancer genomes. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:147. [PMID: 32299346 PMCID: PMC7160937 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of DNA copy number alterations (CNAs) is critical to understand genetic diversity, genome evolution and pathological conditions such as cancer. Cancer genomes are plagued with widespread multi-level structural aberrations of chromosomes that pose challenges to discover CNAs of different length scales, and distinct biological origins and functions. Although several computational tools are available to identify CNAs using read depth (RD) signal, they fail to distinguish between large-scale and focal alterations due to inaccurate modeling of the RD signal of cancer genomes. Additionally, RD signal is affected by overdispersion-driven biases at low coverage, which significantly inflate false detection of CNA regions. Results We have developed CNAtra framework to hierarchically discover and classify ‘large-scale’ and ‘focal’ copy number gain/loss from a single whole-genome sequencing (WGS) sample. CNAtra first utilizes a multimodal-based distribution to estimate the copy number (CN) reference from the complex RD profile of the cancer genome. We implemented Savitzky-Golay smoothing filter and Modified Varri segmentation to capture the change points of the RD signal. We then developed a CN state-driven merging algorithm to identify the large segments with distinct copy numbers. Next, we identified focal alterations in each large segment using coverage-based thresholding to mitigate the adverse effects of signal variations. Using cancer cell lines and patient datasets, we confirmed CNAtra’s ability to detect and distinguish the segmental aneuploidies and focal alterations. We used realistic simulated data for benchmarking the performance of CNAtra against other single-sample detection tools, where we artificially introduced CNAs in the original cancer profiles. We found that CNAtra is superior in terms of precision, recall and f-measure. CNAtra shows the highest sensitivity of 93 and 97% for detecting large-scale and focal alterations respectively. Visual inspection of CNAs revealed that CNAtra is the most robust detection tool for low-coverage cancer data. Conclusions CNAtra is a single-sample CNA detection tool that provides an analytical and visualization framework for CNA profiling without relying on any reference control. It can detect chromosome-level segmental aneuploidies and high-confidence focal alterations, even from low-coverage data. CNAtra is an open-source software implemented in MATLAB®. It is freely available at https://github.com/AISKhalil/CNAtra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ibrahim Samir Khalil
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Costerwell Khyriem
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Anupam Chattopadhyay
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Amartya Sanyal
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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54
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Petsalaki E, Zachos G. DNA damage response proteins regulating mitotic cell division: double agents preserving genome stability. FEBS J 2020; 287:1700-1721. [PMID: 32027459 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response recognizes DNA lesions and coordinates a cell cycle arrest with the repair of the damaged DNA, or removal of the affected cells to prevent the passage of genetic alterations to the next generation. The mitotic cell division, on the other hand, is a series of processes that aims to accurately segregate the genomic material from the maternal to the two daughter cells. Despite their great importance in safeguarding genomic integrity, the DNA damage response and the mitotic cell division were long viewed as unrelated processes, mainly because animal cells that are irradiated during mitosis continue cell division without repairing the broken chromosomes. However, recent studies have demonstrated that DNA damage proteins play an important role in mitotic cell division. This is performed through regulation of the onset of mitosis, mitotic spindle formation, correction of misattached kinetochore-microtubules, spindle checkpoint signaling, or completion of cytokinesis (abscission), in the absence of DNA damage. In this review, we summarize the roles of DNA damage proteins in unperturbed mitosis, analyze the molecular mechanisms involved, and discuss the potential implications of these findings in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Zachos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Matellán L, Monje-Casas F. Regulation of Mitotic Exit by Cell Cycle Checkpoints: Lessons From Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E195. [PMID: 32059558 PMCID: PMC7074328 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to preserve genome integrity and their ploidy, cells must ensure that the duplicated genome has been faithfully replicated and evenly distributed before they complete their division by mitosis. To this end, cells have developed highly elaborated checkpoints that halt mitotic progression when problems in DNA integrity or chromosome segregation arise, providing them with time to fix these issues before advancing further into the cell cycle. Remarkably, exit from mitosis constitutes a key cell cycle transition that is targeted by the main mitotic checkpoints, despite these surveillance mechanisms being activated by specific intracellular signals and acting at different stages of cell division. Focusing primarily on research carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism, the aim of this review is to provide a general overview of the molecular mechanisms by which the major cell cycle checkpoints control mitotic exit and to highlight the importance of the proper regulation of this process for the maintenance of genome stability during the distribution of the duplicated chromosomes between the dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Monje-Casas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)—University of Seville—University Pablo de Olavide, Avda, Américo Vespucio, 24, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
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56
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Lara-Cerrillo S, Gual-Frau J, Benet J, Abad C, Prats J, Amengual MJ, Ribas-Maynou J, García-Peiró A. Microsurgical varicocelectomy effect on sperm telomere length, DNA fragmentation and seminal parameters. HUM FERTIL 2020; 25:135-141. [PMID: 31916507 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2019.1711204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Varicocele is one of the main causes of male infertility and microsurgical varicocelectomy (MV) seems to be the best procedure for its repair and to reduce testicular oxidative stress (ROS). As ROS causes guanine modifications, we postulated that DNA damage could be more intense in telomeres due to their G-rich nature. We studied the effect of MV on sperm telomere length (TL), single- and double-strand DNA fragmentation (ssSDF and dsSDF) and seminal parameters. Sperm telomeres from 12 fertile donors and 20 varicocele patients before and nine months after MV were labelled using FITC-PNA qFISH (a new method to obtain absolute TL from relative fluorescence intensity using FITC-fluorescent spheres). Both ssSDF and dsSDF were analysed using the alkaline and neutral Comet assays, respectively. The results showed that varicocele and MV had no effect on TL. Seminal parameters, ssSDF and dsSDF of varicocele patients were altered. Although these parameters improved after MV, values did not reach those seen in fertile donors. A good estimation of absolute TL was developed based on FITC-fluorescent spheres. The results showed that TL is not affected by varicocele or surgery. However, MV is able to partially reduce altered seminal parameters, ssSDF and dsSDF values in varicocele patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep Gual-Frau
- Servei d'Urologia, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jordi Benet
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular i Genètica Mèdica, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carlos Abad
- Servei d'Urologia, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Juan Prats
- Servei d'Urologia, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - María José Amengual
- Centre Diagnòstic UDIAT, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí - UAB, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribas-Maynou
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular i Genètica Mèdica, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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The Phenoxyphenol Compound 4-HPPP Selectively Induces Antiproliferation Effects and Apoptosis in Human Lung Cancer Cells through Aneupolyploidization and ATR DNA Repair Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5167292. [PMID: 32089770 PMCID: PMC7024103 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5167292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of lung cancer, which is highly metastatic, leading to the poor survival rate of patients. We recently reported that 4-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)phenoxy]phenol (4-HPPP), a phenoxyphenol, exerts antihepatoma effects by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. In this study, we further examined the effect of 4-HPPP and its analogs on NSCLC cells. Colony formation assays showed that 4-HPPP exerts selective cytotoxicity against NSCLC H1299 cells; furthermore, the inhibitory effect of 4-HPPP on the proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells was validated using an in vivo zebrafish-based tumor xenograft assay. The flow cytometry-based dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assays indicated that 4-HPPP caused an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in NSCLC cells, and Western blot assays showed that the major ROS scavenging enzymes superoxide dismutases- (SODs-) 1/2 were upregulated, whereas peroxidase (PRX) was downregulated. Furthermore, 4-HPPP caused both aneuploidization and the accumulation of γH2AX, a sensor of DNA damage, as well as the activation of double-strand break (DSB) markers, especially Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) in NSCLC cells. Our present work suggests that the antiproliferative effects of 4-HPPP on lung cancer cells could be due to its phenoxyphenol structure, and 4-HPPP could be a candidate molecule for treating NSCLC by modulating ROS levels and lowering the threshold of polyploidy-specific cell death in the future.
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58
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Qin C, He X, Zhao Y, Tong CY, Zhu KY, Sun Y, Cheng C. Systematic computational identification of prognostic cytogenetic markers in neuroblastoma. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:192. [PMID: 31831008 PMCID: PMC6909636 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor found in children. The frequent gain/loss of many chromosome bands in tumor cells and absence of mutations found at diagnosis suggests that NB is a copy number-driven cancer. Despite the previous work, a systematic analysis that investigates the relationship between such frequent gain/loss of chromosome bands and patient prognosis has yet to be implemented. METHODS First, we analyzed two NB CNV datasets to select chromosomal bands with a high frequency of gain or loss. Second, we applied a computational approach to infer sample-specific CNVs for each chromosomal band selected in step 1 based on gene expression data. Third, we applied univariate Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association between the resulting inferred copy number values (iCNVs) and patient survival. Finally, we applied multivariate Cox proportional hazards models to select chromosomal bands that remained significantly associated with prognosis after adjusting for critical clinical variables, including age, stage, gender, and MYCN amplification status. RESULTS Here, we used a computational method to infer the copy number variations (CNVs) of sample-specific chromosome bands from NB patient gene expression profiles. The resulting inferred CNVs (iCNVs) were highly correlated with the experimentally determined CNVs, demonstrating CNVs can be accurately inferred from gene expression profiles. Using this iCNV metric, we identified 58 frequent gain/loss chromosome bands that were significantly associated with patient survival. Furthermore, we found that 7 chromosome bands were still significantly associated with patient survival even when clinical factors, such as MYCN status, were considered. Particularly, we found that the chromosome band chr11p14 has high potential as a novel candidate cytogenetic biomarker for clinical use. CONCLUSION Our analysis resulted in a comprehensive list of prognostic chromosome bands supported by strong statistical evidence. In particular, the chr11p14 gain event provided additional prognostic value in addition to well-established clinical factors, including MYCN status, and thereby represents a novel candidate cytogenetic biomarker with high clinical potential. Additionally, this computational framework could be readily extended to other cancer types, such as leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qin
- Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, No.3 Shangyuancun, Beijing, 100044 Haidian District China
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM451, Suite 100D, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014 China
| | - Yanding Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03766 USA
| | - Chun-Yip Tong
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM451, Suite 100D, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Kenneth Y. Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Yongqi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, No.3 Shangyuancun, Beijing, 100044 Haidian District China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM451, Suite 100D, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Amoroso L, Ognibene M, Morini M, Conte M, Di Cataldo A, Tondo A, D'Angelo P, Castellano A, Garaventa A, Lasorsa VA, Podestà M, Capasso M, Pezzolo A. Genomic coamplification of CDK4/MDM2/FRS2 is associated with very poor prognosis and atypical clinical features in neuroblastoma patients. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 59:277-285. [PMID: 31756773 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial malignant tumor of childhood and is characterized by a broad heterogeneity in clinical presentation and evolution. Recent advances in pangenomic analysis of NB have revealed different recurrent chromosomal aberrations. Indeed, it is now well established that the overall genomic profile is important for treatment stratification. In previous studies, 11 genes were shown to be recurrently amplified (ODC1, ALK, GREB1, NTSR2, LIN28B, MDM2, CDK4, MYEOV, CCND1, TERT, and MYC) besides MYCN, with poor survival of NB patients harboring these amplifications being suggested. Genomic profiles of 628 NB samples analyzed by array-comparative genome hybridization (a-CGH) were re-examined to identify gene amplifications other them MYCN amplification. Clinical data were retrospectively collected. We additionally evaluated the association of FRS2 gene expression with NB patient outcome using the public R2 Platform. We found eight NB samples with high grade amplification of one or two loci on chromosome arm 12q. The regional amplifications were located on bands 12q13.3-q14.1 and 12q15-q21.1 involving the genes CDK4, MDM2, and the potential oncogenic gene FRS2. The CDK4, MDM2, and FRS2 loci were coamplified in 8/8 samples. The 12q amplifications were associated with very poor prognosis and atypical clinical features of NB patients. Further functional and clinical investigations are needed to confirm or refute these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marzia Ognibene
- Laboratorio Cellule Staminali e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Istituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Morini
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, IRCCS Istituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Conte
- UOC Oncologia, IRCCS Istituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Tondo
- UOC Oncologia Pediatrica, Ospedale Meyer, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo D'Angelo
- UOC Onco-ematologia Pediatrica, Ospedale dei Bambini, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Vito A Lasorsa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Podestà
- Laboratorio Cellule Staminali e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Istituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Capasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pezzolo
- Laboratorio Cellule Staminali e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Istituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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Lee K, Kim HJ, Jang MH, Lee S, Ahn S, Park SY. Centromere 17 copy number gain reflects chromosomal instability in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17968. [PMID: 31784614 PMCID: PMC6884473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54471-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is known to be associated with prognosis and treatment response in breast cancer. This study was conducted to determine whether copy number gain of centromere 17 (CEP17) reflects CIN, and to evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of CIN in breast cancer. CIN status was determined by summing copy number gains of four centromeric probes (CEP1, CEP8, CEP11, and CEP16) based on fluorescence in situ hybridization and CIN scores were calculated using next generation sequencing data. High CIN was associated with adverse clinicopatholgical parameters of breast cancer. Among them, positive HER2 status, high Ki-67 index and CEP17 copy number gain were found to be independent predictors of high CIN. High CIN was associated with poor clinical outcome of the patients in the whole group, as well as in luminal/HER2-negative and HER2-positive subtypes. CEP17 copy number was significantly higher in the high-CIN-score group than in the low-CIN-score group. A positive linear correlation between the mean CEP17 copy number and the CIN score was found. In conclusion, CEP17 copy number was confirmed as a useful predictor for CIN in breast cancer, and high CIN was revealed as an indicator of poor prognosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungyul Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Kangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hye Jang
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejoon Lee
- Precision Medicine Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
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Petsalaki E, Zachos G. Building bridges between chromosomes: novel insights into the abscission checkpoint. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4291-4307. [PMID: 31302750 PMCID: PMC11105294 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of chromatin bridges, mammalian cells delay completion of cytokinesis (abscission) to prevent chromatin breakage or tetraploidization by regression of the cleavage furrow. This abscission delay is called "the abscission checkpoint" and is dependent on Aurora B kinase. Furthermore, cells stabilize the narrow cytoplasmic canal between the two daughter cells until the DNA bridges are resolved. Impaired abscission checkpoint signaling or unstable intercellular canals can lead to accumulation of DNA damage, aneuploidy, or generation of polyploid cells which are associated with tumourigenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved have only recently started to emerge. In this review, we focus on the molecular pathways of the abscission checkpoint and describe newly identified triggers, Aurora B-regulators and effector proteins in abscission checkpoint signaling. We also describe mechanisms that control intercellular bridge stabilization, DNA bridge resolution, or abscission checkpoint silencing upon satisfaction, and discuss how abscission checkpoint proteins can be targeted to potentially improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Zachos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
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Liskovykh M, Goncharov NV, Petrov N, Aksenova V, Pegoraro G, Ozbun LL, Reinhold WC, Varma S, Dasso M, Kumeiko V, Masumoto H, Earnshaw WC, Larionov V, Kouprina N. A novel assay to screen siRNA libraries identifies protein kinases required for chromosome transmission. Genome Res 2019; 29:1719-1732. [PMID: 31515286 PMCID: PMC6771407 DOI: 10.1101/gr.254276.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is chromosome instability (CIN), which leads to aneuploidy, translocations, and other chromosome aberrations. However, in the vast majority of human tumors the molecular basis of CIN remains unknown, partly because not all genes controlling chromosome transmission have yet been identified. To address this question, we developed an experimental high-throughput imaging (HTI) siRNA assay that allows the identification of novel CIN genes. Our method uses a human artificial chromosome (HAC) expressing the GFP transgene. When this assay was applied to screen an siRNA library of protein kinases, we identified PINK1, TRIO, IRAK1, PNCK, and TAOK1 as potential novel genes whose knockdown induces various mitotic abnormalities and results in chromosome loss. The HAC-based assay can be applied for screening different siRNA libraries (cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, epigenetics, and transcription factors) to identify additional genes involved in CIN. Identification of the complete spectrum of CIN genes will reveal new insights into mechanisms of chromosome segregation and may expedite the development of novel therapeutic strategies to target the CIN phenotype in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Liskovykh
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Nikolay V. Goncharov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690000, Russia
| | - Nikolai Petrov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vasilisa Aksenova
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- High-Throughput Imaging Facility, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Laurent L. Ozbun
- High-Throughput Imaging Facility, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - William C. Reinhold
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sudhir Varma
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Mary Dasso
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690000, Russia
| | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory of Chromosome Engineering, Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818d, Japan
| | - William C. Earnshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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63
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Palmitelli M, Stanganelli C, Stella F, Krzywinski A, Bezares R, González Cid M, Slavutsky I. Analysis of basal chromosome instability in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Mutagenesis 2019; 34:245-252. [PMID: 31037299 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer, contributing to tumour development and transformation, being chromosome instability (CIN) the most common form in human cancer. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most frequent adult leukaemia in the Western world. In this study, we have evaluated basal CIN in untreated patients with CLL by measuring chromosome aberrations (CAs) and micronucleus (MN) frequency and their association with different prognostic factors. Seventy-two patients and 21 normal controls were analysed. Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) studies were performed. IGHV (immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region) mutational status was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. An increased number of CA in patients compared with controls (P = 0.0001) was observed. Cases with abnormal karyotypes showed increased CA rate than those with normal karyotypes (P = 0.0026), with a particularly highest frequency in cases with complex karyotypes. Among FISH risk groups, a significant low frequency of CA was found in patients with no FISH alterations compared to those with del13q14 and ≥2 FISH alterations (P = 0.0074). When mean CA value (6.7%) was considered, significant differences in the distribution of low and high CA frequency between cases with normal and abnormal karyotypes (P = 0.002) were observed. By MN analysis, higher frequency in patients compared to controls (P = 0.0001) was also found, as well as between cases with ≥2 FISH abnormalities and those with no FISH alterations (P = 0.026). Similarly, significant differences were observed when patients were divided according to mean MN frequency (2.2%; P ≤ 0.04). Interestingly, patients with high MN frequency had shorter time to first treatment than those with low frequency (P = 0.024). Cases with mutated and unmutated IGHV status showed increased CA and MN frequencies compared to controls (P ≤ 0.0007), but no differences between both groups were found. Our results support the strong interaction between CIN and genomic complexity as well as their influence on poor outcome in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Palmitelli
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carmen Stanganelli
- División Patología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Stella
- Laboratorio de Genética de Neoplasias Linfoides, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Krzywinski
- Laboratorio de Genética de Neoplasias Linfoides, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raimundo Bezares
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Teodoro Álvarez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela González Cid
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irma Slavutsky
- Laboratorio de Genética de Neoplasias Linfoides, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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64
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Bach DH, Zhang W, Sood AK. Chromosomal Instability in Tumor Initiation and Development. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3995-4002. [PMID: 31350294 PMCID: PMC7694409 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is one of the major forms of genomic instability in various human cancers and is recognized as a common hallmark of tumorigenesis and heterogeneity. However, some malignant tumors show a paucity of chromosomal alterations, suggesting that tumor progression and evolution can occur in the absence of CIN. It is unclear whether CIN is stable between precursor lesions, primary tumor, and metastases or if it evolves during these steps. In this review, we describe the influence of CIN on the various steps in tumor initiation and development. Given the recognized significant effects of CIN in cancer, CIN-targeted therapeutics could have a major impact on improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hiep Bach
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Cancer Genomics and Precision Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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65
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hippo/YAP signaling pathway is a central regulator of organ growth and cell proliferation. Activation of the transcriptional co-activator and oncogene YAP (yes-associated protein) supports the development of liver cancer. AIMS The aim of this work was to analyze the molecular mechanisms which are responsible for YAP-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS YAP was silenced using siRNAs in liver cancer cell lines and effects on target gene expression were analyzed via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western immunoblotting. Immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to study interacting proteins and binding to target gene promoter regions, respectively. Transgenic mice with liver-specific and inducible YAP expression were used for in vivo analysis. Gene expression data from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients were used to analyze YAP-dependent gene signatures and to correlate with clinical data. HCC tissue microarrays were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Together with the transcription factors TEAD4 and FOXM1, YAP induces the expression of genes which are responsible for the development of chromosomal instability (CIN). The overexpression of these CIN genes characterizes liver cancer patients with a poor prognosis. Mechanistically, YAP/TEAD4 and FOXM1 bind to the promoter regions of the CIN genes to directly regulate their expression. The treatment of YAP-transgenic mice with a specific FOXM1 inhibitor reduces the YAP-dependent hepatomegaly, CIN gene expression and CIN. The analysis of human HCC tissue samples confirms the statistical correlation between YAP, FOXM1 and CIN. DISCUSSION These results reveal a new oncogenic mechanism of the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway and identify YAP and FOXM1 as potential targets for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Weiler
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
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66
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Proteomic and genomic signatures of repeat instability in cancer and adjacent normal tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16987-16996. [PMID: 31387980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908790116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive sequences are hotspots of evolution at multiple levels. However, due to difficulties involved in their assembly and analysis, the role of repeats in tumor evolution is poorly understood. We developed a rigorous motif-based methodology to quantify variations in the repeat content, beyond microsatellites, in proteomes and genomes directly from proteomic and genomic raw data. This method was applied to a wide range of tumors and normal tissues. We identify high similarity between repeat instability patterns in tumors and their patient-matched adjacent normal tissues. Nonetheless, tumor-specific signatures both in protein expression and in the genome strongly correlate with cancer progression and robustly predict the tumorigenic state. In a patient, the hierarchy of genomic repeat instability signatures accurately reconstructs tumor evolution, with primary tumors differentiated from metastases. We observe an inverse relationship between repeat instability and point mutation load within and across patients independent of other somatic aberrations. Thus, repeat instability is a distinct, transient, and compensatory adaptive mechanism in tumor evolution and a potential signal for early detection.
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67
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Bakhoum MF, Esmaeli B. Molecular Characteristics of Uveal Melanoma: Insights from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Project. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081061. [PMID: 31357599 PMCID: PMC6721321 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) uveal melanoma project was a comprehensive multi-platform deep molecular investigation of 80 uveal melanoma primary tissue samples supported by the National Cancer Institute. In addition to identification of important mutations for the first time, it identified four different clusters (subgroups) of patients paralleling prognosis. The findings of the TCGA marker paper are summarized in this review manuscript and other investigations that have stemmed from the findings of the TCGA project are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu F Bakhoum
- Shiley Eye Institute, Jacobs Retina Center, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bita Esmaeli
- Orbital Oncology and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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68
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Binz RL, Tian E, Sadhukhan R, Zhou D, Hauer-Jensen M, Pathak R. Identification of novel breakpoints for locus- and region-specific translocations in 293 cells by molecular cytogenetics before and after irradiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10554. [PMID: 31332273 PMCID: PMC6646394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human kidney embryonic 293 cell line (293 cells) is extensively used in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. These cells exhibit a number of numerical and structural chromosomal anomalies. However, the breakpoints responsible for these structural chromosomal rearrangements have not been comprehensively characterized. In addition, it is not known whether chromosomes with structural rearrangement are more sensitive to external toxic agents, such as ionizing radiation. We used G-banding, spectral karyotyping (SKY), and locus- and region-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes designed in our lab or obtained from commercial vendor to address this gap. Our G-banding analysis revealed that the chromosome number varies from 66 to 71, with multiple rearrangements and partial additions and deletions. SKY analysis confirmed 3 consistent rearrangements, two simple and one complex in nature. Multicolor FISH analysis identified an array of breakpoints responsible for locus- and region-specific translocations. Finally, SKY analysis revealed that radio-sensitivity of structurally rearranged chromosomes is dependent on radiation dose. These findings will advance our knowledge in 293 cell biology and will enrich the understanding of radiation biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina L Binz
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Erming Tian
- Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ratan Sadhukhan
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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69
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Lu S, Qian J, Guo M, Gu C, Yang Y. Insights into a Crucial Role of TRIP13 in Human Cancer. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:854-861. [PMID: 31321001 PMCID: PMC6612527 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Interacting Protein 13 (TRIP13) plays a key role in regulating mitotic processes, including spindle assembly checkpoint and DNA repair pathways, which may account for Chromosome instability (CIN). As CIN is a predominant hallmark of cancer, TRIP13 may act as a tumor susceptibility locus. Amplification of TRIP13 has been observed in various human cancers and implicated in several aspects of malignant transformation, including cancer cell proliferation, drug resistance and tumor progression. Here, we discussed the functional significance of TRIP13 in cell progression, highlighted the recent findings on the aberrant expression in human cancers and emphasized its significance for the therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - J Qian
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - M Guo
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - C Gu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Y Yang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,School of Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 0Nanjing, China
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70
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Simmons DB, Cowie AM, Koh J, Sherry JP, Martyniuk CJ. Label-free and iTRAQ proteomics analysis in the liver of zebrafish (Danio rerio) following dietary exposure to the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin. J Proteomics 2019; 202:103362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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71
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Centromere mechanical maturation during mammalian cell mitosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1761. [PMID: 30988289 PMCID: PMC6465287 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, tension develops across the centromere as a result of spindle-based forces. Metaphase tension may be critical in preventing mitotic chromosome segregation errors, however, the nature of force transmission at the centromere and the role of centromere mechanics in controlling metaphase tension remains unknown. We combined quantitative, biophysical microscopy with computational analysis to elucidate the mechanics of the centromere in unperturbed, mitotic human cells. We discovered that the mechanical stiffness of the human centromere matures during mitotic progression, which leads to amplified centromere tension specifically at metaphase. Centromere mechanical maturation is disrupted across multiple aneuploid cell lines, leading to a weak metaphase tension signal. Further, increasing deficiencies in centromere mechanical maturation are correlated with rising frequencies of lagging, merotelic chromosomes in anaphase, leading to segregation defects at telophase. Thus, we reveal a centromere maturation process that may be critical to the fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis. During mitosis, tension at the centromere occurs from the spindle but the role of centromere mechanics in controlling metaphase tension is poorly understood. Here, the authors report that mechanical stiffnness of the centromere matures during mitotic progression and is amplified specifically at metaphase.
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72
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Genetic Factors Associated with a Poor Outcome in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Receiving Definitive Chemoradiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040445. [PMID: 30934880 PMCID: PMC6521057 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
About half of advanced stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients can be cured by chemoradiotherapy. Patient outcome may be partially determined by the genetic alterations in HNSCC, rendering these alterations promising candidate prognostic factors and/or therapeutic targets. However, their relevance in patient outcome prognosis remains to be assessed in patients that receive standard-of-care chemoradiotherapy. We therefore tested whether frequent genetic alterations were associated with progression free survival (PFS) in advanced stage HNSCC patients who were uniformly treated with definitive platinum-based chemoradiotherapy. To this end, we performed targeted DNA sequencing on frozen pre-treatment tumor biopsy material from 77 patients with advanced stage oro- and hypopharyngeal carcinoma. This provided somatic point mutation and copy number aberration data of 556 genes. The most frequently mutated genes, TP53 (62%), CCND1 (51%), CDKN2A (30%) and PIK3CA (21%), were not associated with PFS. However, co-occurring CCND1 and CDKN2A mutations were associated with short PFS (HR 2.24, p = 0.028) in HPV-negative tumors. Furthermore, tumor mutational burden (sum of somatic point mutations) showed a trend towards decreased PFS (HR 1.9, p = 0.089), and chromosomal instability (CIN) was associated with shorter PFS (HR 2.3, p = 0.023), independent of HPV status. Our results show that tumor mutational burden, CIN markers, and co-occurring CCND1 and CDKN2A mutations are associated with chemoradiotherapy outcomes in advanced stage oro- and hypopharyngeal HNSCC patients, thereby highlighting their prognostic potential. Given their poor prognosis association and link to biological targets, they may also identify patients for novel targeted therapies and immunotherapies.
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73
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Yoshida GJ. Beyond Stanton and Pott hypothesis; carbon nanotubes-induced malignant mesothelioma as a disease of gene loss. J Occup Health 2019; 61:203-205. [PMID: 30773744 PMCID: PMC6499342 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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74
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Detecting Chromosome Instability in Cancer: Approaches to Resolve Cell-to-Cell Heterogeneity. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020226. [PMID: 30781398 PMCID: PMC6406658 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is defined as an increased rate of chromosome gains and losses that manifests as cell-to-cell karyotypic heterogeneity and drives cancer initiation and evolution. Current research efforts are aimed at identifying the etiological origins of CIN, establishing its roles in cancer pathogenesis, understanding its implications for patient prognosis, and developing novel therapeutics that are capable of exploiting CIN. Thus, the ability to accurately identify and evaluate CIN is critical within both research and clinical settings. Here, we provide an overview of quantitative single cell approaches that evaluate and resolve cell-to-cell heterogeneity and CIN, and discuss considerations when selecting the most appropriate approach to suit both research and clinical contexts.
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75
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Raynes Y, Weinreich DM. Genomic clustering of fitness-affecting mutations favors the evolution of chromosomal instability. Evol Appl 2019; 12:301-313. [PMID: 30697341 PMCID: PMC6346662 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most solid cancers are characterized by chromosomal instability (CIN)-an elevated rate of large-scale chromosomal aberrations and ploidy changes. Chromosomal instability may arise through mutations in a range of genomic integrity loci and is commonly associated with fast disease progression, poor prognosis, and multidrug resistance. However, the evolutionary forces promoting CIN-inducing alleles (hereafter, CIN mutators) during carcinogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a stochastic, individual-based model of indirect selection experienced by CIN mutators via genomic associations with fitness-affecting mutations. Because mutations associated with CIN affect large swaths of the genome and have the potential to simultaneously comprise many individual loci, we show that indirect selection on CIN mutators is critically influenced by genome organization. In particular, we find strong support for a key role played by the spatial clustering of loci with either beneficial or deleterious mutational effects. Genomic clustering of selected loci allows CIN mutators to generate favorable chromosomal changes that facilitate their rapid expansion within a neoplasm and, in turn, accelerate carcinogenesis. We then examine the distribution of oncogenic and tumor-suppressing loci in the human genome and find both to be potentially more clustered along the chromosome than expected, leading us to speculate that human genome may be susceptible to CIN hitchhiking. More quantitative data on fitness effects of individual mutations will be necessary, though, to assess the true levels of clustering in the human genome and the effectiveness of indirect selection for CIN. Finally, we use our model to examine how therapeutic strategies that increase the deleterious burden of genetically unstable cells by raising either the rate of CIN or the cost of deleterious mutations affect CIN evolution. We find that both can inhibit CIN hitchhiking and delay carcinogenesis in some circumstances, yet, in line with earlier work, we find the latter to be considerably more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniy Raynes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Computational Molecular BiologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode Island
| | - Daniel M. Weinreich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Computational Molecular BiologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode Island
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76
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Prognostic significance of NEK2 in human solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180618. [PMID: 30578380 PMCID: PMC6341124 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A consensus about the prognostic role of NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2) expression in various solid tumors has not been made yet. Thus, this meta-analysis aimed to systematically assess the prognostic role of NEK2 expression in patients with solid tumors. The eligible studies were identified through searching PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE. The hazard ratios (HRs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the link between NEK2 overexpression and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival/recurrence-free survival (DFS/RFS) of patients with solid tumors. A total of 17 studies with 4897 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Among these studies, all of them explored the association between NEK2 expression and OS of patients with solid tumors. Our pooled analysis indicated that NEK2 overexpression was significantly related to adverse OS (HR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.38–2.00; P = 0.001). Additionally, there were six studies with 854 patients that investigated the association between NEK2 expression and DFS/RFS. Our pooled result indicated that there was a substantial relationship between NEK2 overexpression and poorer DFS/RFS (HR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.61–2.48; P = 0.003). In conclusion, our meta-analysis indicated that NEK2 may be a useful predictor of prognosis and an effective therapeutic target in solid tumors. Nevertheless, more high-quality studies are warranted to further support our conclusions because of several limitations in our meta-analysis.
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77
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Fusco P, Esposito MR, Tonini GP. Chromosome instability in neuroblastoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6887-6894. [PMID: 30546420 PMCID: PMC6256707 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a neural crest-derived tumor that accounts for 7-10% of all malignancies in children and ~15% of all childhood cancer-associated mortalities. Approximately 50% of patients are characterized as high-risk (HR) and have an overall survival of <40% at 5 years from diagnosis. HR patients with unfavorable prognosis exhibit several structural copy number variations (CNVs), whereas localized tumors belonging to patients in the low- and intermediate-risk classes, have favorable outcomes and display several numerical CNVs. Taken together these results are indicative of chromosome instability (CIN) in neuroblastoma tumor cells. The present review discusses multiple aspects of CIN including methods of measuring CIN, CIN targeting as a therapeutic strategy in cancer and the effects of CIN in neuroblastoma development and aggressiveness with particular emphasis on the CIN gene signature associated with HR neuroblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pina Fusco
- Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, I-35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Esposito
- Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, I-35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Tonini
- Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, I-35127 Padua, Italy
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78
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Ranoa DRE, Widau RC, Mallon S, Parekh AD, Nicolae CM, Huang X, Bolt MJ, Arina A, Parry R, Kron SJ, Moldovan GL, Khodarev NN, Weichselbaum RR. STING Promotes Homeostasis via Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Chromosomal Stability. Cancer Res 2018; 79:1465-1479. [PMID: 30482772 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Given the integral role of stimulator of interferon genes (STING, TMEM173) in the innate immune response, its loss or impairment in cancer is thought to primarily affect antitumor immunity. Here we demonstrate a role for STING in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis through regulation of the cell cycle. Depletion of STING in human and murine cancer cells and tumors resulted in increased proliferation compared with wild-type controls. Microarray analysis revealed genes involved in cell-cycle regulation are differentially expressed in STINGko compared with WT MEFs. STING-mediated regulation of the cell cycle converged on NFκB- and p53-driven activation of p21. The absence of STING led to premature activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), early onset to S-phase and mitosis, and increased chromosome instability, which was enhanced by ionizing radiation. These results suggest a pivotal role for STING in maintaining cellular homeostasis and response to genotoxic stress. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings provide clear mechanistic understanding of the role of STING in cell-cycle regulation, which may be exploited in cancer therapy because most normal cells express STING, while many tumor cells do not.See related commentary by Gius and Zhu, p. 1295.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rose E Ranoa
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ryan C Widau
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen Mallon
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Akash D Parekh
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Claudia M Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael J Bolt
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ainhoa Arina
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Renate Parry
- Translational Medicine, Varian Medical Systems Inc., Palo Alto, California
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nikolai N Khodarev
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. .,The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. .,The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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79
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Liu M, Qiu YL, Jin T, Zhou Y, Mao ZY, Zhang YJ. Meta-analysis of microarray datasets identify several chromosome segregation-related cancer/testis genes potentially contributing to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5822. [PMID: 30386706 PMCID: PMC6203939 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the most lethal thyroid malignancy. Identification of novel drug targets is urgently needed. MATERIALS & METHODS We re-analyzed several GEO datasets by systematic retrieval and data merging. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered out. We also performed pathway enrichment analysis to interpret the data. We predicted key genes based on protein-protein interaction networks, weighted gene co-expression network analysis and genes' cancer/testis expression pattern. We also further characterized these genes using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project and gene ontology annotation. RESULTS Cell cycle-related pathways were significantly enriched in upregulated genes in ATC. We identified TRIP13, DLGAP5, HJURP, CDKN3, NEK2, KIF15, TTK, KIF2C, AURKA and TPX2 as cell cycle-related key genes with cancer/testis expression pattern. We further uncovered that most of these putative key genes were critical components during chromosome segregation. CONCLUSION We predicted several key genes harboring potential therapeutic value in ATC. Cell cycle-related processes, especially chromosome segregation, may be the key to tumorigenesis and treatment of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Liu
- The First Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Lu Qiu
- The First Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Jin
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin Zhou
- The First Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Mao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory for Aging & Diseases of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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80
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Veneziano L, Barra V, Cilluffo D, Di Leonardo A. Proliferation of aneuploid cells induced by CENP-E depletion is counteracted by the p14 ARF tumor suppressor. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 294:149-158. [PMID: 30264192 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a cellular surveillance mechanism that ensures the fidelity of chromosomes segregation. Reduced expression of some of its components weakens the SAC and induces chromosome instability and aneuploidy, which are both well-known hallmarks of cancer cells. Centromere protein-E (CENP-E) is a crucial component of the SAC and its function is to facilitate kinetochore microtubule attachment required to achieve and maintain chromosome alignment. The present study investigates the possible role of p14ARF as a controller of aneuploid cells proliferation. We used RNA interference to induce aneuploidy by partial depletion of CENP-E in human primary fibroblasts (IMR90) and in near diploid tumor cells (HCT116). In contrast to IMR90 aneuploid cell number, which was drastically reduced and leaned towards the WT condition, HCT116 aneuploid cell numbers were slightly decreased at later time points. This euploidy restoration was accompanied by increased p14ARF expression in IMR90 cells and followed ectopic p14ARF re-expression in p14ARF-null HCT116 cells. Collectively, our results suggest that hampering proliferation of aneuploid cells could be an additional role of the p14ARF tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Veneziano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Viviana Barra
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Genetic Stability and Oncogenesis, Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS UMR8200, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Danilo Cilluffo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Leonardo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. .,Centro di OncoBiologia Sperimentale (COBS), Palermo, Italy.
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81
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Kawakami M, Liu X, Dmitrovsky E. New Cell Cycle Inhibitors Target Aneuploidy in Cancer Therapy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 59:361-377. [PMID: 30110577 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a hallmark of cancer. Defects in chromosome segregation result in aneuploidy. Multiple pathways are engaged in this process, including errors in kinetochore-microtubule attachments, supernumerary centrosomes, spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) defects, and chromosome cohesion defects. Although aneuploidy provides an adaptation and proliferative advantage in affected cells, excessive aneuploidy beyond a critical level can be lethal to cancer cells. Given this, enhanced chromosome missegregation is hypothesized to limit survival of aneuploid cancer cells, especially when compared to diploid cells. Based on this concept, proteins and pathways engaged in chromosome segregation are being exploited as candidate therapeutic targets for aneuploid cancers. Agents that induce chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy now exist, including SAC inhibitors, those that alter centrosome fidelity and others that are under active study in preclinical and clinical contexts. This review explores the therapeutic potentials of such new agents, including the benefits of combining them with other antineoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kawakami
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ethan Dmitrovsky
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Current affiliation: Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, USA;
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82
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Balanis NG, Graeber TG. Making Mistakes Empowers Cancer Cells. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:461-463. [PMID: 29937042 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lethal cancers have genomes that can reflect a jigsaw puzzle put together in a hurricane. The missing, misjoined, and extra pieces contribute to the driving forces behind the cancer phenotypes. But is this the only reason genomic instability is so prevalent in aggressive cancers? New findings support that the hurricane winds themselves, not just their aftermath, contribute to the cancer phenotype of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas G Balanis
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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83
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Liu H, He W, Wang B, Xu K, Han J, Zheng J, Ren J, Shao L, Bo S, Lu S, Lin T, Huang J. MALBAC-based chromosomal imbalance analysis: a novel technique enabling effective non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of bladder cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:659. [PMID: 29907142 PMCID: PMC6003132 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gold standard for bladder cancer detection is cystoscopy, which is an invasive procedure that causes discomfort in patients. The currently available non-invasive approaches either show limited sensitivity in low-grade tumours or possess unsatisfying specificity. The aim of the present study is to develop a new non-invasive strategy based on chromosomal imbalance levels to detect bladder cancer effectively. Methods We enrolled 74 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer (BC), 51 healthy participants and 27 patients who were diagnosed with non-malignant urinary disease (UD). The Chromosomal Imbalance Analysis (CIA) was conducted in the tumours and urine of participants via the multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycles-next-generation sequencing (MALBAC-NGS) strategy. The threshold of the CIA was determined with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The comparison of the CIA with voided urine cytology was also performed in a subgroup of 55 BC patients. The consistency and discrepancy of the different assays were studied with the Kappa analysis and the McNemar test, respectively. The performance of the urinary CIA was also validated in an additional group of 120 BC patients, 15 UD and 45 healthy participants. Results Good concordance (87.0%) in the assessments of patient tumour tissues and urine was observed. The urine-based evaluation also demonstrated a good performance (accuracy = 89.0%, sensitivity = 83.1%, specificity = 94.5%, NPV = 85.4% and PPV = 93.7%; AUC = 0.917, 95%CI =0.868–0.966, P < 0.001) in the training group, particularly in the patients with CIA-positive tumours (accuracy = 92.7%, sensitivity = 89.8%). The sensitivity and specificity in the validation group were 89.2 and 90.0%, respectively. Even in Ta/T1 and low-grade tumour patients, the sensitivity was 85–90%. The CIA also exhibited a significantly improved sensitivity compared to voided urine cytology. Conclusions This is the first study employing the concept of whole genome imbalance combined with the MALBAC technique to detect bladder cancer in urine. MALBAC-CIA yielded significant diagnostic power, even in early-stage/low-grade tumour patients, and it may be used as a non-invasive approach for diagnosis and recurrence surveillance in bladder cancer prior to the use of cystoscopy, which would largely reduce the burden on patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4571-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumour Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang He
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumour Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumour Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kewei Xu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumour Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinli Han
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumour Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjiong Zheng
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumour Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Clinical Research, Yikon Genomics, 1698 Wangyuan Road, Building #26, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Lin Shao
- Department of Clinical Research, Yikon Genomics, 1698 Wangyuan Road, Building #26, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Shiping Bo
- Department of Clinical Research, Yikon Genomics, 1698 Wangyuan Road, Building #26, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Sijia Lu
- Department of Clinical Research, Yikon Genomics, 1698 Wangyuan Road, Building #26, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China.
| | - Tianxin Lin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumour Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumour Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, China.
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84
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Pfister K, Pipka JL, Chiang C, Liu Y, Clark RA, Keller R, Skoglund P, Guertin MJ, Hall IM, Stukenberg PT. Identification of Drivers of Aneuploidy in Breast Tumors. Cell Rep 2018; 23:2758-2769. [PMID: 29847804 PMCID: PMC5997284 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although aneuploidy is found in the majority of tumors, the degree of aneuploidy varies widely. It is unclear how cancer cells become aneuploid or how highly aneuploid tumors are different from those of more normal ploidy. We developed a simple computational method that measures the degree of aneuploidy or structural rearrangements of large chromosome regions of 522 human breast tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Highly aneuploid tumors overexpress activators of mitotic transcription and the genes encoding proteins that segregate chromosomes. Overexpression of three mitotic transcriptional regulators, E2F1, MYBL2, and FOXM1, is sufficient to increase the rate of lagging anaphase chromosomes in a non-transformed vertebrate tissue, demonstrating that this event can initiate aneuploidy. Highly aneuploid human breast tumors are also enriched in TP53 mutations. TP53 mutations co-associate with the overexpression of mitotic transcriptional activators, suggesting that these events work together to provide fitness to breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Pfister
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Justyna L Pipka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Colby Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yunxian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Royden A Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ray Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Paul Skoglund
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Michael J Guertin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ira M Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - P Todd Stukenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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85
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Raghavendra A, Kalita-de Croft P, Vargas AC, Smart CE, Simpson PT, Saunus JM, Lakhani SR. Expression of MAGE-A and NY-ESO-1 cancer/testis antigens is enriched in triple-negative invasive breast cancers. Histopathology 2018; 73:68-80. [PMID: 29465777 PMCID: PMC6635746 DOI: 10.1111/his.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims A better understanding of the expression of cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) in breast cancer might enable the identification of new immunotherapy options, especially for triple‐negative (TN) tumours, which lack expression of the conventional therapeutic targets oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The aim of this study was to quantify the expression of MAGE‐A and NY‐ESO‐1 CTAs in breast cancer, and relate this to known clinicopathological parameters. Methods and results We surveyed MAGE‐A and NY‐ESO‐1 expression in an unselected cohort of 367 breast tumours (of which 65 were TN), with accompanying clinical follow‐up data, by using immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays. Relevant to their potential as vaccine targets in breast cancer, MAGE‐A was expressed in 13% of cases, and NY‐ESO‐1 in 3.8%, with the majority of tumours showing fairly homogeneous staining within individual tissue cores (~85% of cases with staining in >75% of tumour cells). Most NY‐ESO‐1‐positive cases also expressed MAGE‐A (P = 2.06 × 10−9), and both were strongly associated with the TN phenotype (P < 0.0001), with the most proliferative and poorly differentiated cases, in paticular, showing genomic instability. This was characterised by coexpression of c‐Kit and TTK, and overexpression of p53. Conclusions MAGE‐A and NY‐ESO‐1 are frequently expressed in TN breast cancer (~47% and 17% of TN cases, respectively), suggesting that targeting them could be feasible in this patient group. Expression is reasonably homogeneous in positive cases, suggesting that immunohistochemical analysis of tissue biopsies would be a reliable companion biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Raghavendra
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Priyakshi Kalita-de Croft
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ana C Vargas
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chanel E Smart
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter T Simpson
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jodi M Saunus
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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86
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Annexin A2-mediated cancer progression and therapeutic resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:30. [PMID: 29598816 PMCID: PMC5877395 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a head and neck cancer with poor clinical outcomes and insufficient treatments in Southeast Asian populations. Although concurrent chemoradiotherapy has improved recovery rates of patients, poor overall survival and low efficacy are still critical problems. To improve the therapeutic efficacy, we focused on a tumor-associated protein called Annexin A2 (ANXA2). This review summarizes the mechanisms by which ANXA2 promotes cancer progression (e.g., proliferation, migration, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and cancer stem cell formation) and therapeutic resistance (e.g., radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy). These mechanisms gave us a deeper understanding of the molecular aspects of cancer progression, and further provided us with a great opportunity to overcome therapeutic resistance of NPC and other cancers with high ANXA2 expression by developing this prospective ANXA2-targeted therapy.
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87
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Cordeiro MH, Smith RJ, Saurin AT. A fine balancing act: A delicate kinase-phosphatase equilibrium that protects against chromosomal instability and cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:148-156. [PMID: 29108876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells rewire signalling networks to acquire specific hallmarks needed for their proliferation, survival, and dissemination throughout the body. Although this is often associated with the constitutive activation or inactivation of protein phosphorylation networks, there are other contexts when the dysregulation must be much milder. For example, chromosomal instability is a widespread cancer hallmark that relies on subtle defects in chromosome replication and/or division, such that these processes remain functional, but nevertheless error-prone. In this article, we will discuss how perturbations to the delicate kinase-phosphatase balance could lie at the heart of this type of dysregulation. In particular, we will explain how the two principle mechanisms that safeguard the chromosome segregation process rely on an equilibrium between at least two kinases and two phosphatases to function correctly. This balance is set during mitosis by a central complex that has also been implicated in chromosomal instability - the BUB1/BUBR1/BUB3 complex - and we will put forward a hypothesis that could link these two findings. This could be relevant for cancer treatment because most tumours have evolved by pushing the boundaries of chromosomal instability to the limit. If this involves subtle changes to the kinase-phosphatase equilibrium, then it may be possible to exacerbate these defects and tip tumour cells over the edge, whilst still maintaining the viability of healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Henriques Cordeiro
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Richard John Smith
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Adrian Thomas Saurin
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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88
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Mizuno Y, Tsukamoto T, Kawata E, Uoshima N, Uchiyama H, Yokota I, Maegawa S, Takimoto T, Tanba K, Matsumura-Kimoto Y, Kuwahara-Ota S, Fujibayashi Y, Yamamoto-Sugitani M, Chinen Y, Shimura Y, Horiike S, Taniwaki M, Kobayashi T, Kuroda J. Chromosomal abnormality variation detected by G-banding is associated with prognosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated by R-CHOP-based therapy. Cancer Med 2018; 7:655-664. [PMID: 29473332 PMCID: PMC5852349 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which is the most prevalent disease subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is highly heterogeneous in terms of cytogenetic and molecular features. This study retrospectively investigated the clinical impact of G-banding-defined chromosomal abnormality on treatment outcomes of DLBCL in the era of rituximab-containing immunochemotherapy. Of 181 patients who were diagnosed with DLBCL and treated with R-CHOP or an R-CHOP-like regimen between January 2006 and April 2014, metaphase spreads were evaluable for G-banding in 120. In these 120 patients, 40 were found to harbor a single chromosomal aberration type; 63 showed chromosomal abnormality variations (CAVs), which are defined by the presence of different types of chromosomal abnormalities in G-banding, including 19 with two CAVs and 44 with ≥3 CAVs; and 17 had normal karyotypes. No specific chromosomal break point or numerical abnormality was associated with overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS), but the presence of ≥3 CAVs was significantly associated with inferior OS rates (hazard ratio (HR): 2.222, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.056-4.677, P = 0.031) and tended to be associated with shorter PFS (HR: 1.796, 95% CI: 0.965-3.344, P = 0.061). In addition, ≥3 CAVs more frequently accumulated in high-risk patients, as defined by several conventional prognostic indices, such as the revised International Prognostic Index. In conclusion, our results suggest that the emergence of more CAVs, especially ≥3, based on chromosomal instability underlies the development of high-risk disease features and a poor prognosis in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Mizuno
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taku Tsukamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eri Kawata
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Uoshima
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoji Uchiyama
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Isao Yokota
- Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saori Maegawa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takimoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuna Tanba
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yayoi Matsumura-Kimoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Kuwahara-Ota
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuto Fujibayashi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mio Yamamoto-Sugitani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Chinen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimura
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeo Horiike
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Taniwaki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junya Kuroda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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89
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Nishimura Y. Losmapimod: A Novel Clinical Drug to Overcome Gefitinib-Resistance. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:2-3. [PMID: 29396298 PMCID: PMC5835558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Nishimura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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90
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Yeung YT, Yin S, Lu B, Fan S, Yang R, Bai R, Zhang C, Bode AM, Liu K, Dong Z. Losmapimod Overcomes Gefitinib Resistance in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer by Preventing Tetraploidization. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:51-61. [PMID: 29398601 PMCID: PMC5835564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is known to play a critical role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Constitutively active EGFR mutations, including in-frame deletion in exon 19 and L858R point mutation in exon 21, contribute about 90% of all EGFR-activating mutations in NSCLC. Although oral EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib and erlotinib, show dramatic clinical efficacy with significantly prolonged progression-free survival in patients harboring these EGFR-activating mutations, most of these patients will eventually develop acquired resistance. Researchers have recently named genomic instability as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Genomic instability usually involves a transient phase of polyploidization, in particular tetraploidization. Tetraploid cells can undergo asymmetric cell division or chromosome loss, leading to tumor heterogeneity and multidrug resistance. Therefore, identification of signaling pathways involved in tetraploidization is crucial in overcoming drug resistance. In our present study, we found that gefitinib could activate YAP-MKK3/6-p38 MAPK-STAT3 signaling and induce tetraploidization in gefitinib-resistance cells. Using p38 MAPK inhibitors, SB203580 and losmapimod, we could eliminate gefitinib-induced tetraploidization and overcome gefitinib-resistance. In addition, shRNA approach to knockdown p38α MAPK could prevent tetraploidy formation and showed significant inhibition of cancer cell growth. Finally, in an in vivo study, losmapimod could successfully overcome gefitinib resistance using an in-house established patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model. Overall, these findings suggest that losmapimod could be a potential clinical agent to overcome gefitinib resistance in NSCLC. Gefitinib induces tetraploidy formation in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells YAP-MKK3/6-p38 MAPK signaling is essential for tetraploidization Losmapimod, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, overcomes gefitinib-resistance both in vitro and PDX xenograft mode
Gefitinib is a targeted drug therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) which shows dramatic clinical efficacy. However, most of these patients eventually develop drug resistance. Although researchers have identified different mechanisms contributing to the drug resistance, developing a single therapy to overcome the drug resistance remains difficult. In this study, we find that tetraploidization of cancer cells through YAP-MKK3/6-p38 MAPK signaling could be one of the common mechanisms in developing the drug resistance. By using losmapimod, we could eliminate tetraploidization and overcome gefitinib resistance in an animal model suggesting that losmapimod could be a potential clinical agent to overcome gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu To Yeung
- The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Shuying Yin
- The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bingbing Lu
- The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Pathophysiology Department, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Suyu Fan
- The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ran Yang
- The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruihua Bai
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chengjuan Zhang
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Kangdong Liu
- The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Pathophysiology Department, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center, Cancer Chemoprevention of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Zigang Dong
- The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA; The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Pathophysiology Department, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center, Cancer Chemoprevention of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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91
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Carloni V, Lulli M, Madiai S, Mello T, Hall A, Luong TV, Pinzani M, Rombouts K, Galli A. CHK2 overexpression and mislocalisation within mitotic structures enhances chromosomal instability and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Gut 2018; 67:348-361. [PMID: 28360097 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromosomal instability (CIN) is the most common form of genomic instability, which promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression by enhancing tumour heterogeneity, drug resistance and immunity escape. CIN per se is an important factor of DNA damage, sustaining structural chromosome abnormalities but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. DESIGN DNA damage response protein checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) expression was evaluated in an animal model of diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC characterised by DNA damage and elevated mitotic errors. Chk2 was also determined in two discrete cohorts of human HCC specimens. To assess the functional role of Chk2, gain on and loss-of-function, mutagenesis, karyotyping and immunofluorescence/live imaging were performed by using HCT116, Huh7 and human hepatocytes immortalised with hTERT gene (HuS). RESULTS We demonstrate that mitotic errors during HCC tumorigenesis cause lagging chromosomes/DNA damage and activation of Chk2. Overexpression/phosphorylation and mislocalisation within the mitotic spindle of Chk2 contributes to induce lagging chromosomes. Lagging chromosomes and mitotic activity are reversed by knockdown of Chk2. Furthermore, upregulated Chk2 maintains mitotic activity interacting with Aurora B kinase for chromosome condensation and cytokinesis. The forkhead-associated domain of Chk2 is required for Chk2 mislocalisation to mitotic structures. In addition, retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation contributes to defective mitoses. A cohort and independent validation cohort show a strong cytoplasm to nuclear Chk2 translocation in a subset of patients with HCC. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals a new mechanistic insight in the coinvolvement of Chk2 in HCC progression. These findings propose Chk2 as a putative biomarker to detect CIN in HCC providing a valuable support for clinical/therapeutical management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicio Carloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Lulli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, General Pathology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Madiai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrew Hall
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tu Vinh Luong
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- University College London (UCL) Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Krista Rombouts
- University College London (UCL) Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Andrea Galli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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92
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Szczepny A, Carey K, McKenzie L, Jayasekara WSN, Rossello F, Gonzalez-Rajal A, McCaw AS, Popovski D, Wang D, Sadler AJ, Mahar A, Russell PA, Wright G, McCloy RA, Garama DJ, Gough DJ, Baylin SB, Burgess A, Cain JE, Watkins DN. The tumor suppressor Hic1 maintains chromosomal stability independent of Tp53. Oncogene 2018; 37:1939-1948. [PMID: 29367758 PMCID: PMC5886987 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypermethylated-in-Cancer 1 (Hic1) is a tumor suppressor gene frequently inactivated by epigenetic silencing and loss-of-heterozygosity in a broad range of cancers. Loss of HIC1, a sequence-specific zinc finger transcriptional repressor, results in deregulation of genes that promote a malignant phenotype in a lineage-specific manner. In particular, upregulation of the HIC1 target gene SIRT1, a histone deacetylase, can promote tumor growth by inactivating TP53. An alternate line of evidence suggests that HIC1 can promote the repair of DNA double strand breaks through an interaction with MTA1, a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex. Using a conditional knockout mouse model of tumor initiation, we now show that inactivation of Hic1 results in cell cycle arrest, premature senescence, chromosomal instability and spontaneous transformation in vitro. This phenocopies the effects of deleting Brca1, a component of the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway, in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. These effects did not appear to be mediated by deregulation of Hic1 target gene expression or loss of Tp53 function, and rather support a role for Hic1 in maintaining genome integrity during sustained replicative stress. Loss of Hic1 function also cooperated with activation of oncogenic KRas in the adult airway epithelium of mice, resulting in the formation of highly pleomorphic adenocarcinomas with a micropapillary phenotype in vivo. These results suggest that loss of Hic1 expression in the early stages of tumor formation may contribute to malignant transformation through the acquisition of chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Szczepny
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirstyn Carey
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa McKenzie
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Fernando Rossello
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alvaro Gonzalez-Rajal
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew S McCaw
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dean Popovski
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Die Wang
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J Sadler
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Annabelle Mahar
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Prudence A Russell
- Department of Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Gavin Wright
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachael A McCloy
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel J Garama
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel J Gough
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Centre at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Burgess
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason E Cain
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - D Neil Watkins
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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93
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Vargas-Rondón N, Villegas VE, Rondón-Lagos M. The Role of Chromosomal Instability in Cancer and Therapeutic Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 10:cancers10010004. [PMID: 29283387 PMCID: PMC5789354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death, and despite increased research in recent years, control of advanced-stage disease and optimal therapeutic responses remain elusive. Recent technological improvements have increased our understanding of human cancer as a heterogeneous disease. For instance, four hallmarks of cancer have recently been included, which in addition to being involved in cancer development, could be involved in therapeutic responses and resistance. One of these hallmarks is chromosome instability (CIN), a source of genetic variation in either altered chromosome number or structure. CIN has become a hot topic in recent years, not only for its implications in cancer diagnostics and prognostics, but also for its role in therapeutic responses. Chromosomal alterations are mainly used to determine genetic heterogeneity in tumors, but CIN could also reveal treatment efficacy, as many therapies are based on increasing CIN, which causes aberrant cells to undergo apoptosis. However, it should be noted that contradictory findings on the implications of CIN for the therapeutic response have been reported, with some studies associating high CIN with a better therapeutic response and others associating it with therapeutic resistance. Considering these observations, it is necessary to increase our understanding of the role CIN plays not only in tumor development, but also in therapeutic responses. This review focuses on recent studies that suggest possible mechanisms and consequences of CIN in different disease types, with a primary focus on cancer outcomes and therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vargas-Rondón
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia.
| | - Victoria E Villegas
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia.
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94
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Hanselmann S, Wolter P, Malkmus J, Gaubatz S. The microtubule-associated protein PRC1 is a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4985-4997. [PMID: 29435157 PMCID: PMC5797028 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether proteins that are involved in cytokinesis are potential targets for therapy of lung cancer. We find that the microtubule-associated protein PRC1 (protein required for cytokinesis 1), which plays a key role in organizing anti-parallel microtubule in the central spindle in cytokinesis, is overexpressed in lung cancer cell lines compared to normal cells. Increased expression of PRC1 is correlated with a poor prognosis of human lung adenocarcinoma patients. Lentiviral delivered, inducible RNAi of PRC1 demonstrated that proliferation of lung cancer cell lines strongly depends on PRC1. Significantly, we also show that PRC1 is required for tumorigenesis in vivo using a mouse model for non-small cell lung cancer driven by oncogenic K-RAS and loss of p53. When PRC1 is depleted by in vivo RNA interference, lung tumor formation is significantly reduced. Although PRC1 has been suggested to regulate Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in cancer cells, we find no evidence for a role of PRC1 in this pathway in lung cancer. Instead, we show that the depletion of PRC1 results in a strong increase in bi- and multinuclear cells due to defects in cytokinesis. This ultimately leads to apoptosis and senescence. Together these data establish PRC1 as a potential target for therapy of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Hanselmann
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wolter
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Malkmus
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gaubatz
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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95
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Kabeche L, Nguyen HD, Buisson R, Zou L. A mitosis-specific and R loop-driven ATR pathway promotes faithful chromosome segregation. Science 2017; 359:108-114. [PMID: 29170278 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan6490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is crucial for DNA damage and replication stress responses. Here, we describe an unexpected role of ATR in mitosis. Acute inhibition or degradation of ATR in mitosis induces whole-chromosome missegregation. The effect of ATR ablation is not due to altered cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activity, DNA damage responses, or unscheduled DNA synthesis but to loss of an ATR function at centromeres. In mitosis, ATR localizes to centromeres through Aurora A-regulated association with centromere protein F (CENP-F), allowing ATR to engage replication protein A (RPA)-coated centromeric R loops. As ATR is activated at centromeres, it stimulates Aurora B through Chk1, preventing formation of lagging chromosomes. Thus, a mitosis-specific and R loop-driven ATR pathway acts at centromeres to promote faithful chromosome segregation, revealing functions of R loops and ATR in suppressing chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Kabeche
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hai Dang Nguyen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Rémi Buisson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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96
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Rödel F, Steinhäuser K, Kreis NN, Friemel A, Martin D, Wieland U, Rave-Fränk M, Balermpas P, Fokas E, Louwen F, Rödel C, Yuan J. Prognostic impact of RITA expression in patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma treated with chemoradiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2017; 126:214-221. [PMID: 29122359 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RBP-J interacting and tubulin-associated protein (RITA) has been identified as a negative regulator of the Notch signalling pathway and its deregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of several tumour entities. RITA's impact on the response of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to anticancer treatment, however, remains elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our retrospective study immunohistochemical evaluation of RITA was performed on 140 pre-treatment specimens and was correlated with clinical and histopathologic characteristics and clinical endpoints cumulative incidence of local control (LC), distant recurrence (DC), disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS We observed significant inverse correlations between RITA expression and tumour grading, the levels of HPV-16 virus DNA load, CD8 (+) tumour infiltrating lymphocytes and programmed death protein (PD-1) immunostaining. In univariate analyses, elevated levels of RITA expression were predictive for decreased local control (p = 0.001), decreased distant control (p = 0.040), decreased disease free survival (p = 0.001) and overall survival (p < 0.0001), whereas in multivariate analyses RITA expression remained significant for decreased local control (p = 0.009), disease free survival (p = 0.032) and overall survival (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION These data indicate that elevated levels of pretreatment RITA expression are correlated with unfavourable clinical outcome in anal carcinoma treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site: Frankfurt/Mainz, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Steinhäuser
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Friemel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Martin
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Wieland
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Centre for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Margret Rave-Fränk
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Balermpas
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site: Frankfurt/Mainz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Fokas
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site: Frankfurt/Mainz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Claus Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site: Frankfurt/Mainz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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97
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Thompson LL, Jeusset LMP, Lepage CC, McManus KJ. Evolving Therapeutic Strategies to Exploit Chromosome Instability in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9110151. [PMID: 29104272 PMCID: PMC5704169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9110151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease that claims over 8 million lives each year. Understanding the molecular etiology of the disease is critical to identify and develop new therapeutic strategies and targets. Chromosome instability (CIN) is an abnormal phenotype, characterized by progressive numerical and/or structural chromosomal changes, which is observed in virtually all cancer types. CIN generates intratumoral heterogeneity, drives cancer development, and promotes metastatic progression, and thus, it is associated with highly aggressive, drug-resistant tumors and poor patient prognosis. As CIN is observed in both primary and metastatic lesions, innovative strategies that exploit CIN may offer therapeutic benefits and better outcomes for cancer patients. Unfortunately, exploiting CIN remains a significant challenge, as the aberrant mechanisms driving CIN and their causative roles in cancer have yet to be fully elucidated. The development and utilization of CIN-exploiting therapies is further complicated by the associated risks for off-target effects and secondary cancers. Accordingly, this review will assess the strengths and limitations of current CIN-exploiting therapies, and discuss emerging strategies designed to overcome these challenges to improve outcomes and survival for patients diagnosed with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Lucile M-P Jeusset
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Chloe C Lepage
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Kirk J McManus
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
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98
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Small molecules targeted to the microtubule-Hec1 interaction inhibit cancer cell growth through microtubule stabilization. Oncogene 2017; 37:231-240. [PMID: 28925395 PMCID: PMC5770598 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Highly expressed in cancer protein 1 (Hec1) is a subunit of the kinetochore (KT)-associated Ndc80 complex, which ensures proper segregation of sister chromatids at mitosis by mediating the interaction between KTs and microtubules (MTs). HEC1 mRNA and protein are highly expressed in many malignancies as part of a signature of chromosome instability. These properties render Hec1 a promising molecular target for developing therapeutic drugs that exert their anticancer activities by producing massive chromosome aneuploidy. A virtual screening study aimed at identifying small molecules able to bind at the Hec1–MT interaction domain identified one positive hit compound and two analogs of the hit with high cytotoxic, pro-apoptotic and anti-mitotic activities. The most cytotoxic analog (SM15) was shown to produce chromosome segregation defects in cancer cells by inhibiting the correction of erroneous KT–MT interactions. Live cell imaging of treated cells demonstrated that mitotic arrest and segregation abnormalities lead to cell death through mitotic catastrophe and that cell death occurred also from interphase. Importantly, SM15 was shown to be more effective in inducing apoptotic cell death in cancer cells as compared to normal ones and effectively reduced tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Mechanistically, cold-induced MT depolymerization experiments demonstrated a hyper-stabilization of both mitotic and interphase MTs. Molecular dynamics simulations corroborate this finding by showing that SM15 can bind the MT surface independently from Hec1 and acts as a stabilizer of both MTs and KT–MT interactions. Overall, our studies represent a clear proof of principle that MT-Hec1-interacting compounds may represent novel powerful anticancer agents.
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99
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Chen R, Tian Z, Zhai Y, Janz S, Gu C, Yang Y. Chromosomal instability and acquired drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78234-78244. [PMID: 29100463 PMCID: PMC5652852 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is an important hallmark of human cancer. CIN not only contributes to all stages of tumor development (initiation, promotion and progression) but also drives, in large measure, the acquisition of drug resistance by cancer cells. Although CIN is a cornerstone of the complex mutational architecture that underlies neoplastic cell development and tumor heterogeneity and has been tightly associated with treatment responses and survival of cancer patients, it may be one of the least understood features of the malignant phenotype in terms of genetic pathways and molecular mechanisms. Here we review new insights into the type of CIN seen in multiple myeloma (MM), a blood cancer of terminally differentiated, immunoglobulin-producing B-lymphocytes called plasma cells that remains incurable in the great majority of cases. We will consider bona fide myeloma CIN genes, methods for measuring CIN in myeloma cells, and novel approaches to CIN-targeted treatments of patients with myeloma. The new findings generate optimism that enhanced understanding of CIN will lead to the design and testing of new therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance in MM in the not-so-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Ruini Chen
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhidan Tian
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Yongpin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Siegfried Janz
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, 52242, USA
| | - Chunyan Gu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ye Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
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100
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Chan SH, Ngeow J. Germline mutation contribution to chromosomal instability. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T33-T46. [PMID: 28808044 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is a feature of cancer that fuels oncogenesis through increased frequency of genetic disruption, leading to loss of genomic integrity and promoting clonal evolution as well as tumor transformation. A form of genomic instability prevalent across cancer types is chromosomal instability, which involves karyotypic changes including chromosome copy number alterations as well as gross structural abnormalities such as transversions and translocations. Defects in cellular mechanisms that are in place to govern fidelity of chromosomal segregation, DNA repair and ultimately genomic integrity are known to contribute to chromosomal instability. In this review, we discuss the association of germline mutations in these pathways with chromosomal instability in the background of related cancer predisposition syndromes. We will also reflect on the impact of genetic predisposition to clinical management of patients and how we can exploit this vulnerability to promote catastrophic genomic instability as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sock Hoai Chan
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Genetics Service, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Genetics Service, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Clinical ProgramDuke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
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