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Okwan-Duodu D, Weiss D, Peng Z, Veiras LC, Cao DY, Saito S, Khan Z, Bernstein EA, Giani JF, Taylor WR, Bernstein KE. Overexpression of myeloid angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) reduces atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:573-579. [PMID: 31615657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are ubiquitous in all stages of atherosclerosis, exerting tremendous impact on lesion progression and plaque stability. Because macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques express angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), current dogma posits that local myeloid-mediated effects worsen the disease. In contrast, we previously reported that myeloid ACE overexpression augments macrophage resistance to various immune challenges, including tumors, bacterial infection and Alzheimer's plaque deposition. Here, we sought to assess the impact of myeloid ACE on atherosclerosis. METHODS A mouse model in which ACE is overexpressed in myelomonocytic lineage cells, called ACE10, was generated and sequentially crossed with ApoE-deficient mice to create ACE10/10ApoE-/- (ACE10/ApoE). Control mice were ACEWT/WTApoE-/- (WT/ApoE). Atherosclerosis was induced using an atherogenic diet alone, or in combination with unilateral nephrectomy plus deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt for eight weeks. RESULTS With an atherogenic diet alone or in combination with DOCA, the ACE10/ApoE mice showed significantly less atherosclerotic plaques compared to their WT/ApoE counterparts (p < 0.01). When recipient ApoE-/- mice were reconstituted with ACE10/10 bone marrow, these mice showed significantly reduced lesion areas compared to recipients reconstituted with wild type bone marrow. Furthermore, transfer of ACE-deficient bone marrow had no impact on lesion area. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that while myeloid ACE may not be required for atherosclerosis, enhanced ACE expression paradoxically reduced disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daiana Weiss
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhenzi Peng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Robert Taylor
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Alhenc-Gelas F, Bouby N, Girolami JP. Kallikrein/K1, Kinins, and ACE/Kininase II in Homeostasis and in Disease Insight From Human and Experimental Genetic Studies, Therapeutic Implication. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:136. [PMID: 31316987 PMCID: PMC6610447 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-K1 is the main kinin-forming enzyme in organs in resting condition and in several pathological situations whereas angiotensin I-converting enzyme/kininase II (ACE) is the main kinin-inactivating enzyme in the circulation. Both ACE and K1 activity levels are genetic traits in man. Recent research based mainly on human genetic studies and study of genetically modified mice has documented the physiological role of K1 in the circulation, and also refined understanding of the role of ACE. Kallikrein-K1 is synthesized in arteries and involved in flow-induced vasodilatation. Endothelial ACE synthesis displays strong vessel and organ specificity modulating bioavailability of angiotensins and kinins locally. In pathological situations resulting from hemodynamic, ischemic, or metabolic insult to the cardiovascular system and the kidney K1 and kinins exert critical end-organ protective action and K1 deficiency results in severe worsening of the conditions, at least in the mouse. On the opposite, genetically high ACE level is associated with increased risk of developing ischemic and diabetic cardiac or renal diseases and worsened prognosis of these diseases. The association has been well-documented clinically while causality was established by ACE gene titration in mice. Studies suggest that reduced bioavailability of kinins is prominently involved in the detrimental effect of K1 deficiency or high ACE activity in diseases. Kinins are involved in the therapeutic effect of both ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockers. Based on these findings, a new therapeutic hypothesis focused on selective pharmacological activation of kinin receptors has been launched. Proof of concept was obtained by using prototypic agonists in experimental ischemic and diabetic diseases in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Alhenc-Gelas
- INSERM U1138-CRC, Paris, France.,CRC-INSERM U1138, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France.,CRC-INSERM U1138, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Bouby
- INSERM U1138-CRC, Paris, France.,CRC-INSERM U1138, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France.,CRC-INSERM U1138, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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53
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Semis M, Gugiu GB, Bernstein EA, Bernstein KE, Kalkum M. The Plethora of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-Processed Peptides in Mouse Plasma. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6440-6453. [PMID: 31021607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, which regulates blood pressure. However, ACE activity is also essential for other physiological functions, presumably through processing of peptides unrelated to angiotensin. The goal of this study was to identify novel natural substrates and products of ACE through a series of mass-spectrometric experiments. This included comparing the ACE-treated and untreated plasma peptidomes of ACE-knockout (KO) mice, validation with select synthetic peptides, and a quantitative in vivo study of ACE substrates in mice with distinct genetic ACE backgrounds. In total, 244 natural peptides were identified ex vivo as possible substrates or products of ACE, demonstrating high promiscuity of the enzyme. ACE prefers to cleave substrates with Phe or Leu at the C-terminal P2' position and Gly in the P6 position. Pro in P1' and Iso in P1 are typical residues in peptides that ACE does not cleave. Several of the novel ACE substrates are known to have biological activities, including a fragment of complement C3, the spasmogenic C3f, which was processed by ACE ex vivo and in vitro. Analyses with N-domain-inactive (NKO) ACE allowed clarification of domain selectivity toward substrates. The in vivo ACE-substrate concentrations in WT, transgenic ACE-KO, NKO, and CKO mice correspond well with the in vitro observations in that higher levels of the ACE substrates were observed when the processing domain was knocked out. This study highlights the vast extent of ACE promiscuity and provides a valuable platform for further investigations of ACE functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Semis
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Gabriel B Gugiu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States.,Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Core Facility , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , California 90048 , United States
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , California 90048 , United States
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States.,Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Core Facility , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
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54
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Sikanyika NL, Parkington HC, Smith AI, Kuruppu S. Powering Amyloid Beta Degrading Enzymes: A Possible Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1289-1296. [PMID: 30806879 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain is believed to play a central role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Revisions to the amyloid cascade hypothesis now acknowledge the dynamic equilibrium in which Aβ exists and the importance of enzymes involved in the production and breakdown of Aβ in maintaining healthy Aβ levels. However, while a wealth of pharmacological and immunological therapies are being generated to inhibit the Aβ-producing enzymes, β-site APP cleavage enzyme 1 and γ-secretase, the therapeutic potential of stimulating Aβ-degrading enzymes such as neprilysin, endothelin-converting enzyme-1 and insulin-degrading enzyme remains relatively unexplored. Recent evidence indicates that increasing Aβ degradation as opposed to inhibiting synthesis is a more effective strategy to prevent Aβ build-up. Therefore Aβ degrading enzymes have become valuable targets of therapy. In this review, we discuss the pathway of Aβ synthesis and clearance along with the opportunities they present for therapeutic intervention, the benefits of increasing the expression/activity of Aβ-degrading enzymes, and the untapped therapeutic potential of enzyme activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkumbu L Sikanyika
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Helena C Parkington
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - A Ian Smith
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sanjaya Kuruppu
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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55
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Khan Z, Cao DY, Giani JF, Bernstein EA, Veiras LC, Fuchs S, Wang Y, Peng Z, Kalkum M, Liu GY, Bernstein KE. Overexpression of the C-domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme reduces melanoma growth by stimulating M1 macrophage polarization. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4368-4380. [PMID: 30670595 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) can hydrolyze many peptides and plays a central role in controlling blood pressure. Moreover, ACE overexpression in monocytes and macrophages increases resistance of mice to tumor growth. ACE is composed of two independent catalytic domains. Here, to investigate the specific role of each domain in tumor resistance, we overexpressed either WT ACE (Tg-ACE mice) or ACE lacking N- or C-domain catalytic activity (Tg-NKO and Tg-CKO mice) in the myeloid cells of mice. Tg-ACE and Tg-NKO mice exhibited strongly suppressed growth of B16-F10 melanoma because of increased ACE expression in macrophages, whereas Tg-CKO mice resisted melanoma no better than WT animals. The effect of ACE overexpression reverted to that of the WT enzyme with an ACE inhibitor but not with an angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist. ACE C-domain overexpression in macrophages drove them toward a pronounced M1 phenotype upon tumor stimulation, with increased activation of NF-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and decreased STAT3 and STAT6 activation. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is important for M1 activation, and TNFα blockade reverted Tg-NKO macrophages to a WT phenotype. Increased ACE C-domain expression increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and of the transcription factor C/EBPβ in macrophages, important stimuli for TNFα expression, and decreased expression of several M2 markers, including interleukin-4Rα. Natural ACE C-domain-specific substrates are not well-described, and we propose that the peptide(s) responsible for the striking ACE-mediated enhancement of myeloid function are substrates/products of the ACE C-domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Khan
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and.,Pathology
| | - Duo-Yao Cao
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and
| | | | | | | | - Sebastien Fuchs
- the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, and
| | - Yizhou Wang
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and.,the Genomic Core, and
| | - Zhenzi Peng
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Markus Kalkum
- the Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - George Y Liu
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and.,the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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56
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Gebre AK, Altaye BM, Atey TM, Tuem KB, Berhe DF. Targeting Renin-Angiotensin System Against Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:440. [PMID: 29760662 PMCID: PMC5937164 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) is a hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through a coordinated action of renal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. In addition to its hemodynamic regulatory role, RAS involves in many brain activities, including memory acquisition and consolidation. This review has summarized the involvement of RAS in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and the outcomes of treatment with RAS inhibitors. We have discussed the effect of brain RAS in the amyloid plaque (Aβ) deposition, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and vascular pathology which are directly and indirectly associated with AD. Angiotensin II (AngII) via AT1 receptor is reported to increase brain Aβ level via different mechanisms including increasing amyloid precursor protein (APP) mRNA, β-secretase activity, and presenilin expression. Similarly, it was associated with tau phosphorylation, and reactive oxygen species generation. However, these effects are counterbalanced by Ang II mediated AT2 signaling. The protective effect observed with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) could be as the result of inhibition of Ang II signaling. ARBs also offer additional benefit by shifting the effect of Ang II toward AT2 receptor. To conclude, targeting RAS in the brain may benefit patients with AD though it still requires further in depth understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abadi Kahsu Gebre
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanetensay Masresha Altaye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfay Mehari Atey
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Kald Beshir Tuem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Derbew Fikadu Berhe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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57
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Eriguchi M, Lin M, Yamashita M, Zhao TV, Khan Z, Bernstein EA, Gurley SB, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Bernstein KE, Giani JF. Renal tubular ACE-mediated tubular injury is the major contributor to microalbuminuria in early diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F531-F542. [PMID: 29187372 PMCID: PMC5966765 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00523.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of end-stage renal disease in developed countries. While angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used to treat diabetic nephropathy, how intrarenal ACE contributes to diabetic renal injury is uncertain. Here, two mouse models with different patterns of renal ACE expression were studied to determine the specific contribution of tubular vs. glomerular ACE to early diabetic nephropathy: it-ACE mice, which make endothelial ACE but lack ACE expression by renal tubular epithelium, and ACE 3/9 mice, which lack endothelial ACE and only express renal ACE in tubular epithelial cells. The absence of endothelial ACE normalized the glomerular filtration rate and endothelial injury in diabetic ACE 3/9 mice. However, these mice developed tubular injury and albuminuria and displayed low renal levels of megalin that were similar to those observed in diabetic wild-type mice. In diabetic it-ACE mice, despite hyperfiltration, the absence of renal tubular ACE greatly reduced tubulointerstitial injury and albuminuria and increased renal megalin expression compared with diabetic wild-type and diabetic ACE 3/9 mice. These findings demonstrate that endothelial ACE is a central regulator of the glomerular filtration rate while tubular ACE is a key player in the development of tubular injury and albuminuria. These data suggest that tubular injury, rather than hyperfiltration, is the main cause of microalbuminuria in early diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Eriguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Mercury Lin
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Michifumi Yamashita
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Tuantuan V Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Susan B Gurley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
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58
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Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) - a zinc-dependent dicarboxypeptidase with two catalytic domains - plays a major part in blood pressure regulation by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II. However, ACE cleaves many peptides besides angiotensin I and thereby affects diverse physiological functions, including renal development and male reproduction. In addition, ACE has a role in both innate and adaptive responses by modulating macrophage and neutrophil function - effects that are magnified when these cells overexpress ACE. Macrophages that overexpress ACE are more effective against tumours and infections. Neutrophils that overexpress ACE have an increased production of superoxide, which increases their ability to kill bacteria. These effects are due to increased ACE activity but are independent of angiotensin II. ACE also affects the display of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II peptides, potentially by enzymatically trimming these peptides. Understanding how ACE expression and activity affect myeloid cells may hold great promise for therapeutic manipulation, including the treatment of both infection and malignancy.
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59
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Bernstein KE, Khan Z, Giani JF, Cao DY, Bernstein EA, Shen XZ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme in innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:325-336. [PMID: 29578208 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2018.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) - a zinc-dependent dicarboxypeptidase with two catalytic domains - plays a major part in blood pressure regulation by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II. However, ACE cleaves many peptides besides angiotensin I and thereby affects diverse physiological functions, including renal development and male reproduction. In addition, ACE has a role in both innate and adaptive responses by modulating macrophage and neutrophil function - effects that are magnified when these cells overexpress ACE. Macrophages that overexpress ACE are more effective against tumours and infections. Neutrophils that overexpress ACE have an increased production of superoxide, which increases their ability to kill bacteria. These effects are due to increased ACE activity but are independent of angiotensin II. ACE also affects the display of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II peptides, potentially by enzymatically trimming these peptides. Understanding how ACE expression and activity affect myeloid cells may hold great promise for therapeutic manipulation, including the treatment of both infection and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | | | - Xiao Z Shen
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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60
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Kohlstedt K, Trouvain C, Frömel T, Mudersbach T, Henschler R, Fleming I. Role of the angiotensin-converting enzyme in the G-CSF-induced mobilization of progenitor cells. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:18. [PMID: 29549541 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being a peptidase, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) can be phosphorylated and involved in signal transduction. We evaluated the role of ACE in granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) mobilization and detected a significant increase in mice-lacking ACE. Transplantation experiments revealed that the loss of ACE in the HPC microenvironment rather than in the HPCs increased mobilization. Indeed, although ACE was expressed by a small population of bone-marrow cells, it was more strongly expressed by endosteal bone. Interestingly, there was a physical association of ACE with the G-CSF receptor (CD114), and G-CSF elicited ACE phosphorylation on Ser1270 in vivo and in vitro. A transgenic mouse expressing a non-phosphorylatable ACE (ACES/A) mutant demonstrated increased G-CSF-induced HPC mobilization and decreased G-CSF-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5. These results indicate that ACE expression/phosphorylation in the bone-marrow niche interface negatively regulates G-CSF-induced signaling and HPC mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kohlstedt
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Caroline Trouvain
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timo Frömel
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Mudersbach
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Reinhard Henschler
- Blood Donor Services Zürich and Chur, Swiss Red Cross, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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61
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Jackson L, Eldahshan W, Fagan SC, Ergul A. Within the Brain: The Renin Angiotensin System. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E876. [PMID: 29543776 PMCID: PMC5877737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, modulators of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) have been trusted by clinicians for the control of essential hypertension. It was recently demonstrated that these modulators have other pleiotropic properties independent of their hypotensive effects, such as enhancement of cognition. Within the brain, different components of the RAS have been extensively studied in the context of neuroprotection and cognition. Interestingly, a crosstalk between the RAS and other systems such as cholinergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic systems have been demonstrated. In this review, the preclinical and clinical evidence for the impact of RAS modulators on cognitive impairment of multiple etiologies will be discussed. In addition, the expression and function of different receptor subtypes within the RAS such as: Angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R), Angiotensin II type II receptor (AT2R), Angiotensin IV receptor (AT4R), Mas receptor (MasR), and Mas-related-G protein-coupled receptor (MrgD), on different cell types within the brain will be presented. We aim to direct the attention of the scientific community to the plethora of evidence on the importance of the RAS on cognition and to the different disease conditions in which these agents can be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaDonya Jackson
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Wael Eldahshan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Susan C Fagan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA.
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62
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Emerging Roles of Immune Cells in Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6215350. [PMID: 29670465 PMCID: PMC5835271 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6215350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), a long-lasting cognitive decline after surgery, is currently a major clinical problem with no clear pathophysiological mechanism or effective therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in POCD. After surgery, alarmins are leaked from the injury sites and proinflammatory cytokines are increased in the peripheral circulation. Neurons in the hippocampus, which is responsible for learning and memory, can be damaged by cytokines transmitted to the brain parenchyma. Microglia, bone marrow-derived macrophages, mast cells, and T cells in the central nervous system (CNS) can be activated to secrete more cytokines, further aggravating neuroinflammation after surgery. Conversely, blocking the inflammation network between these immune cells and related cytokines alleviates POCD in experimental animals. Thus, a deeper understanding of the roles of immune cells and the crosstalk between them in POCD may uncover promising therapeutic targets for POCD treatment and prevention. Here, we reviewed several major immune cells and discussed their functional roles in POCD.
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Rentsendorj A, Sheyn J, Fuchs DT, Daley D, Salumbides BC, Schubloom HE, Hart NJ, Li S, Hayden EY, Teplow DB, Black KL, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. A novel role for osteopontin in macrophage-mediated amyloid-β clearance in Alzheimer's models. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:163-180. [PMID: 28860067 PMCID: PMC5865478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN), a matricellular immunomodulatory cytokine highly expressed by myelomonocytic cells, is known to regulate immune cell migration, communication, and response to brain injury. Enhanced cerebral recruitment of monocytes achieved through glatiramer acetate (GA) immunization or peripheral blood enrichment with bone marrow (BM)-derived CD115+ monocytes (MoBM) curbs amyloid β-protein (Aβ) neuropathology and preserves cognitive function in murine models of Alzheimer's disease (ADtg mice). To elucidate the beneficial mechanisms of these immunomodulatory approaches in AD, we focused on the potential role of OPN in macrophage-mediated Aβ clearance. Here, we found extensive OPN upregulation along with reduction of vascular and parenchymal Aβ burden in cortices and hippocampi of GA-immunized ADtg mice. Treatment combining GA with blood-grafted MoBM further increased OPN levels surrounding residual Aβ plaques. In brains from AD patients and ADtg mice, OPN was also elevated and predominantly expressed by infiltrating GFP+- or Iba1+-CD45high monocyte-derived macrophages engulfing Aβ plaques. Following GA immunization, we detected a significant increase in a subpopulation of inflammatory blood monocytes (CD115+CD11b+Ly6Chigh) expressing OPN, and subsequently, an elevated population of OPN-expressing CD11b+Ly6C+CD45high monocyte/macrophages in the brains of these ADtg mice. Correlogram analyses indicate a strong linear correlation between cerebral OPN levels and macrophage infiltration, as well as a tight inverse relation between OPN and Aβ-plaque burden. In vitro studies corroborate in vivo findings by showing that GA directly upregulates OPN expression in BM-derived macrophages (MФBM). Further, OPN promotes a phenotypic shift that is highly phagocytic (increased uptake of Aβ fibrils and surface scavenger receptors) and anti-inflammatory (altered cell morphology, reduced iNOS, and elevated IL-10 and Aβ-degrading enzyme MMP-9). Inhibition of OPN expression in MФBM, either by siRNA, knockout (KOOPN), or minocycline, impairs uptake of Aβ fibrils and hinders GA's neuroprotective effects on macrophage immunological profile. Addition of human recombinant OPN reverses the impaired Aβ phagocytosis in KOOPN-MФBM. This study demonstrates that OPN has an essential role in modulating macrophage immunological profile and their ability to resist pathogenic forms of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - David Daley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Brenda C Salumbides
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hannah E Schubloom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Nadav J Hart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Songlin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, 276 Xueyuan Middle Rd, Lucheng Qu, Wenzhou Shi, Zhejiang Sheng 325027, China
| | - Eric Y Hayden
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Cifuentes D, Poittevin M, Bonnin P, Ngkelo A, Kubis N, Merkulova-Rainon T, Lévy BI. Inactivation of Nitric Oxide Synthesis Exacerbates the Development of Alzheimer Disease Pathology in APPPS1 Mice (Amyloid Precursor Protein/Presenilin-1). Hypertension 2017; 70:613-623. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cifuentes
- From the Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang, Paris, France (M.P., A.N., T.M.-R., B.I.L.); INSERM U965, Paris, France (D.C., P.B., N.K., T.M.-R.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (P.B., N.K., B.I.L.); AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France (P.B., N.K.); and INSERM, U970, Paris, France (B.I.L.)
| | - Marine Poittevin
- From the Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang, Paris, France (M.P., A.N., T.M.-R., B.I.L.); INSERM U965, Paris, France (D.C., P.B., N.K., T.M.-R.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (P.B., N.K., B.I.L.); AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France (P.B., N.K.); and INSERM, U970, Paris, France (B.I.L.)
| | - Philippe Bonnin
- From the Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang, Paris, France (M.P., A.N., T.M.-R., B.I.L.); INSERM U965, Paris, France (D.C., P.B., N.K., T.M.-R.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (P.B., N.K., B.I.L.); AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France (P.B., N.K.); and INSERM, U970, Paris, France (B.I.L.)
| | - Anta Ngkelo
- From the Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang, Paris, France (M.P., A.N., T.M.-R., B.I.L.); INSERM U965, Paris, France (D.C., P.B., N.K., T.M.-R.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (P.B., N.K., B.I.L.); AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France (P.B., N.K.); and INSERM, U970, Paris, France (B.I.L.)
| | - Nathalie Kubis
- From the Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang, Paris, France (M.P., A.N., T.M.-R., B.I.L.); INSERM U965, Paris, France (D.C., P.B., N.K., T.M.-R.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (P.B., N.K., B.I.L.); AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France (P.B., N.K.); and INSERM, U970, Paris, France (B.I.L.)
| | - Tatyana Merkulova-Rainon
- From the Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang, Paris, France (M.P., A.N., T.M.-R., B.I.L.); INSERM U965, Paris, France (D.C., P.B., N.K., T.M.-R.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (P.B., N.K., B.I.L.); AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France (P.B., N.K.); and INSERM, U970, Paris, France (B.I.L.)
| | - Bernard I. Lévy
- From the Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang, Paris, France (M.P., A.N., T.M.-R., B.I.L.); INSERM U965, Paris, France (D.C., P.B., N.K., T.M.-R.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (P.B., N.K., B.I.L.); AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France (P.B., N.K.); and INSERM, U970, Paris, France (B.I.L.)
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65
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme enhances the oxidative response and bactericidal activity of neutrophils. Blood 2017; 130:328-339. [PMID: 28515091 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-752006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are widely used to reduce blood pressure. Here, we examined if an ACE is important for the antibacterial effectiveness of neutrophils. ACE knockout mice or mice treated with an ACE inhibitor were more susceptible to bacterial infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In contrast, mice overexpressing ACE in neutrophils (NeuACE mice) have increased resistance to MRSA and better in vitro killing of MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ACE overexpression increased neutrophil production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following MRSA challenge, an effect independent of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor. Specifically, as compared with wild-type (WT) mice, there was a marked increase of superoxide generation (>twofold, P < .0005) in NeuACE neutrophils following infection, whereas ACE knockout neutrophils decreased superoxide production. Analysis of membrane p47-phox and p67-phox indicates that ACE increases reduced NAD phosphate oxidase activity but does not increase expression of these subunits. Increased ROS generation mediates the enhanced bacterial resistance of NeuACE mice because the enhanced resistance is lost with DPI (an inhibitor of ROS production by flavoenzymes) inhibition. NeuACE granulocytes also have increased neutrophil extracellular trap formation and interleukin-1β release in response to MRSA. In a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced neutrophil depletion, transfusion of ACE-overexpressing neutrophils was superior to WT neutrophils in treating MRSA infection. These data indicate a previously unknown function of ACE in neutrophil antibacterial defenses and suggest caution in the treatment of certain individuals with ACE inhibitors. ACE overexpression in neutrophils may be useful in boosting the immune response to antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection.
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66
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Zuroff L, Daley D, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Clearance of cerebral Aβ in Alzheimer's disease: reassessing the role of microglia and monocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2167-2201. [PMID: 28197669 PMCID: PMC5425508 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency in cerebral amyloid β-protein (Aβ) clearance is implicated in the pathogenesis of the common late-onset forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Accumulation of misfolded Aβ in the brain is believed to be a net result of imbalance between its production and removal. This in turn may trigger neuroinflammation, progressive synaptic loss, and ultimately cognitive decline. Clearance of cerebral Aβ is a complex process mediated by various systems and cell types, including vascular transport across the blood–brain barrier, glymphatic drainage, and engulfment and degradation by resident microglia and infiltrating innate immune cells. Recent studies have highlighted a new, unexpected role for peripheral monocytes and macrophages in restricting cerebral Aβ fibrils, and possibly soluble oligomers. In AD transgenic (ADtg) mice, monocyte ablation or inhibition of their migration into the brain exacerbated Aβ pathology, while blood enrichment with monocytes and their increased recruitment to plaque lesion sites greatly diminished Aβ burden. Profound neuroprotective effects in ADtg mice were further achieved through increased cerebral recruitment of myelomonocytes overexpressing Aβ-degrading enzymes. This review summarizes the literature on cellular and molecular mechanisms of cerebral Aβ clearance with an emphasis on the role of peripheral monocytes and macrophages in Aβ removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Zuroff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente, AHSP A8115, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David Daley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente, AHSP A8115, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente, AHSP A8115, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente, AHSP A8115, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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67
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Pirici D, Stanaszek L, Garz C, Niklass S, Heinze HJ, Kalinski T, Attems J, Schreiber S. Common Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease and Brain Microhemorrhages on Cerebral Aβ Pathology in SHRSP. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:169-180. [PMID: 27062392 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While chronic kidney disease seems to be an independent risk factor for cognitive decline, its impact on cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) depositions, one hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology, has not been investigated. Utilizing 80 male nontransgenic spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rats (SHRSP) at various ages (12 to 44 weeks), tubulointerstitial renal damage, prevalence of cerebral microhemorrhages and Aβ accumulations were quantified. Using age-adjusted general linear models we investigated the main and interaction effects of renal damage and cerebral microhemorrhages on cerebral Aβ load. In addition, using post mortem human brain tissue of 16 stroke patients we examined the co-localization of perivascular Aβ deposits and small vessel wall damage. Statistical models revealed an age-independent main effect of tubulointerstitial kidney damage on brain Aβ accumulations, which was reinforced by the consecutive presence of cerebral microhemorrhages. Moreover, cerebral microhemorrhages independently predicted brain Aβ burden in SHRSP. In up to 69% of all human cases perivascular Aβ deposits were detected in the direct vicinity of small vessel wall damage. Our results support the associations between vascular pathology and Aβ deposition, and demonstrate a relationship between chronic kidney disease and cerebral Aβ pathology. Hence, our data suggest that prevention of chronic renal damage may reduce cerebral Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pirici
- Department of Research Methodology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rares Street 2, Craiova, 200349, Romania
| | - Luiza Stanaszek
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PAS, Pawińskiego 5, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Cornelia Garz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Solveig Niklass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Thomas Kalinski
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Johannes Attems
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
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68
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Bernstein KE, Khan Z, Giani JF, Zhao T, Eriguchi M, Bernstein EA, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Shen XZ. Overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme in myelomonocytic cells enhances the immune response. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27018193 PMCID: PMC4806706 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7508.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and thereby plays an important role in blood pressure control. However, ACE is relatively non-specific in its substrate specificity and cleaves many other peptides. Recent analysis of mice overexpressing ACE in monocytes, macrophages, and other myelomonocytic cells shows that these animals have a marked increase in resistance to experimental melanoma and to infection by Listeria monocytogenes or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Several other measures of immune responsiveness, including antibody production, are enhanced in these animals. These studies complement a variety of studies indicating an important role of ACE in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tuantuan Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Masahiro Eriguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Romer A Gonzalez-Villalobos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Z Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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69
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Inhibition of ACE Retards Tau Hyperphosphorylation and Signs of Neuronal Degeneration in Aged Rats Subjected to Chronic Mild Stress. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:917156. [PMID: 26697495 PMCID: PMC4677170 DOI: 10.1155/2015/917156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With increasing life expectancy, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other types of age-associated dementia are on the rise worldwide. Treatment approaches for dementia are insufficient and novel therapies are not readily available. In this context repurposing of established drugs appears attractive. A well-established class of cardiovascular drugs, which targets the angiotensin II system, is such a candidate, which currently undergoes a paradigm shift with regard to the potential benefit for treatment of neurodegenerative symptoms. In search for additional evidence, we subjected aged rats to chronic unpredictable mild stress, which is known to enhance the development of AD-related neuropathological features. We report here that four weeks of chronic mild stress induced a strong upregulation of the hippocampal angiotensin-converting enzyme (Ace) at gene expression and protein level. Concomitantly, tau protein hyperphosphorylation developed. Signs of neurodegeneration were detected by the significant downregulation of neuronal structure proteins such as microtubule-associated protein 2 (Map2) and synuclein-gamma (Sncg). Ace was involved in neurodegenerative symptoms because treatment with the brain-penetrating ACE inhibitor, captopril, retarded tau hyperphosphorylation and signs of neurodegeneration. Moreover, ACE inhibitor treatment could counteract glutamate neurotoxicity by preventing the downregulation of glutamate decarboxylase 2 (Gad2). Taken together, ACE inhibition targets neurodegeneration triggered by environmental stress.
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70
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Bernstein KE, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Giani JF, Shah K, Bernstein E, Janjulia T, Koronyo Y, Shi PD, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Fuchs S, Shen XZ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme overexpression in myelocytes enhances the immune response. Biol Chem 2015; 395:1173-8. [PMID: 24633750 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important role in blood pressure control. ACE also has effects on renal function, reproduction, hematopoiesis, and several aspects of the immune response. ACE 10/10 mice overexpress ACE in monocytic cells; macrophages from ACE 10/10 mice demonstrate increased polarization toward a proinflammatory phenotype. As a result, ACE 10/10 mice have a highly effective immune response following challenge with melanoma, bacterial infection, or Alzheimer disease. As shown in ACE 10/10 mice, enhanced monocytic function greatly contributes to the ability of the immune response to defend against a wide variety of antigenic and non-antigenic challenges.
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71
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Koronyo Y, Salumbides BC, Sheyn J, Pelissier L, Li S, Ljubimov V, Moyseyev M, Daley D, Fuchs DT, Pham M, Black KL, Rentsendorj A, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Therapeutic effects of glatiramer acetate and grafted CD115⁺ monocytes in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2015; 138:2399-422. [PMID: 26049087 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Weekly glatiramer acetate immunization of transgenic mice modelling Alzheimer's disease resulted in retained cognition (Morris water maze test), decreased amyloid-β plaque burden, and regulation of local inflammation through a mechanism involving enhanced recruitment of monocytes. Ablation of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells exacerbated plaque pathology, whereas weekly administration of glatiramer acetate enhanced cerebral recruitment of innate immune cells, which dampened the pathology. Here, we assessed the therapeutic potential of grafted CD115(+) monocytes, injected once monthly into the peripheral blood of transgenic APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 Alzheimer's disease mouse models, with and without weekly immunization of glatiramer acetate, as compared to glatiramer acetate alone. All immune-modulation treatment groups were compared with age-matched phosphate-buffered saline-injected control transgenic and untreated non-transgenic mouse groups. Two independent cohorts of mice were assessed for behavioural performance (6-8 mice/group); treatments started in 10-month-old symptomatic mice and spanned a total of 2 months. For all three treatments, our data suggest a substantial decrease in cognitive deficit as assessed by the Barnes maze test (P < 0.0001-0.001). Improved cognitive function was associated with synaptic preservation and reduction in cerebral amyloid-β protein levels and astrogliosis (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001), with no apparent additive effects for the combined treatment. The peripherally grafted, green fluorescent protein-labelled and endogenous monocytes, homed to cerebral amyloid plaques and directly engulfed amyloid-β; their recruitment was further enhanced by glatiramer acetate. In glatiramer acetate-immunized mice and, moreover, in the combined treatment group, monocyte recruitment to the brain was coupled with greater elevation of the regulatory cytokine IL10 surrounding amyloid-β plaques. All treated transgenic mice had increased cerebral levels of MMP9 protein (P < 0.05), an enzyme capable of degrading amyloid-β, which was highly expressed by the infiltrating monocytes. In vitro studies using primary cultures of bone marrow monocyte-derived macrophages, demonstrated that glatiramer acetate enhanced the ability of macrophages to phagocytose preformed fibrillar amyloid-β1-42 (P < 0.0001). These glatiramer acetate-treated macrophages exhibited increased expression of the scavenger receptors CD36 and SCARA1 (encoded by MSR1), which can facilitate amyloid-β phagocytosis, and the amyloid-β-degrading enzyme MMP9 (P < 0.0001-0.001). Overall, our studies indicate that increased cerebral infiltration of monocytes, either by enrichment of their levels in the circulation or by weekly immunization with glatiramer acetate, resulted in substantial attenuation of disease progression in murine Alzheimer's models by mechanisms that involved enhanced cellular uptake and enzymatic degradation of toxic amyloid-β as well as regulation of brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Koronyo
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Brenda C Salumbides
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA 2 F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lindsey Pelissier
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Songlin Li
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Vladimir Ljubimov
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Michelle Moyseyev
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - David Daley
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Michael Pham
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA 3 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Snyder HM, Corriveau RA, Craft S, Faber JE, Greenberg SM, Knopman D, Lamb BT, Montine TJ, Nedergaard M, Schaffer CB, Schneider JA, Wellington C, Wilcock DM, Zipfel GJ, Zlokovic B, Bain LJ, Bosetti F, Galis ZS, Koroshetz W, Carrillo MC. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia including Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:710-7. [PMID: 25510382 PMCID: PMC4731036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Scientific evidence continues to demonstrate the linkage of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia such as Alzheimer's disease. In December, 2013, the Alzheimer's Association, with scientific input from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute from the National Institutes of Health, convened scientific experts to discuss the research gaps in our understanding of how vascular factors contribute to Alzheimer's disease and related dementia. This manuscript summarizes the meeting and the resultant discussion, including an outline of next steps needed to move this area of research forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Snyder
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Roderick A Corriveau
- National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James E Faber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chris B Schaffer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Departments of Pathology and Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cheryl Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Neurology, Washington University, St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Berislav Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa J Bain
- Independent Science Writer, Elverson, PA, USA
| | - Francesca Bosetti
- National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zorina S Galis
- National Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Walter Koroshetz
- National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria C Carrillo
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
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73
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Kaur P, Muthuraman A, Kaur M. The implications of angiotensin-converting enzymes and their modulators in neurodegenerative disorders: current and future perspectives. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:508-21. [PMID: 25680080 DOI: 10.1021/cn500363g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a dipeptidyl peptidase transmembrane bound enzyme. Generally, ACE inhibitors are used for the cardiovascular disorders. ACE inhibitors are primary agents for the management of hypertension, so these cannot be avoided for further use. The present Review focuses on the implications of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, and diabetic neuropathy. ACE inhibitors such as ramipril, captopril, perindopril, quinapril, lisinopril, enalapril, and trandolapril have been documented to ameliorate the above neurodegenerative disorders. Neurodegeneration occurs not only by angiotensin II, but also by other endogenous factors, such as the formation of free radicals, amyloid beta, immune reactions, and activation of calcium dependent enzymes. ACE inhibitors interact with the above cellular mechanisms. Thus, these may act as a promising factor for future medicine for neurological disorders beyond the cardiovascular actions. Central acting ACE inhibitors can be useful in the future for the management of neuropathic pain due to following actions: (i) ACE-2 converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin(1-7) (hepatapeptide) which produces neuroprotective action; (ii) ACE inhibitors downregulate kinin B1 receptors in the peripheral nervous system which is responsible for neuropathic pain. However, more extensive research is required in the field of neuropathic pain for the utilization of ACE inhibitors in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parneet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neurodegenerative Research Division, Akal College of Pharmacy & Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur-148001, Punjab, India
| | - Arunachalam Muthuraman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neurodegenerative Research Division, Akal College of Pharmacy & Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur-148001, Punjab, India
| | - Manjinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neurodegenerative Research Division, Akal College of Pharmacy & Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur-148001, Punjab, India
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74
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Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Shah K, Koronyo Y, Bernstein E, Giani JF, Janjulia T, Black KL, Shi PD, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Fuchs S, Shen XZ, Bernstein KE. ACE overexpression in myelomonocytic cells: effect on a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015; 16:444. [PMID: 24792094 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
While it is well known that angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important role in blood pressure control, ACE also has effects on renal function, hematopoiesis, reproduction, and aspects of the immune response. ACE 10/10 mice overexpress ACE in myelomonocytic cells. Macrophages from these mice have an increased polarization towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype that results in a very effective immune response to challenge by tumors or bacterial infection. In a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the ACE 10/10 phenotype provides significant protection against AD pathology, including reduced inflammation, reduced burden of the neurotoxic amyloid-β protein and preserved cognitive function. Taken together, these studies show that increased myelomonocytic ACE expression in mice alters the immune response to better defend against many different types of pathologic insult, including the cognitive decline observed in an animal model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery and the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), discovered as a homologue of ACE, acts as its physiological counterbalance providing homeostatic regulation of circulating angiotensin II (Ang II) levels. ACE2 is a zinc metalloenzyme and carboxypeptidase located as an ectoenzyme on the surface of endothelial and other cells. While its primary substrate appears to be Ang II, it can hydrolyze a number of other physiological substrates. Additionally, ACE2 functions in other noncatalytic cellular roles including the regulation of intestinal neutral amino acid transport. It also serendipitously acts as the receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. Upregulation of ACE2 expression and function is increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic strategy in hypertension and cardiovascular disease, diabetes, lung injury, and fibrotic disorders. ACE2 is regulated at multiple levels including transcriptional, posttranscriptional (miRNA and epigenetic), and posttranslational through its shedding from the cell surface.
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76
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Saito S, Ihara M. New therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:290. [PMID: 25368578 PMCID: PMC4202741 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown a strong relationship between Alzheimer’s disease (AD), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and cerebrovascular disease. Cognitive impairment in AD patients can result from cortical microinfarcts associated with CAA, as well as the synaptic and neuronal disturbances caused by cerebral accumulations of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau proteins. The pathophysiology of AD may lead to a toxic chain of events consisting of Aβ overproduction, impaired Aβ clearance, and brain ischemia. Insufficient removal of Aβ leads to development of CAA and plays a crucial role in sporadic AD cases, implicating promotion of Aβ clearance as an important therapeutic strategy. Aβ is mainly eliminated by three mechanisms: (1) enzymatic/glial degradation, (2) transcytotic delivery, and (3) perivascular drainage (3-“d” mechanisms). Enzymatic degradation may be facilitated by activation of Aβ-degrading enzymes such as neprilysin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and insulin-degrading enzyme. Transcytotic delivery can be promoted by inhibition of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), which mediates transcytotic influx of circulating Aβ into brain. Successful use of the RAGE inhibitor TTP488 in Phase II testing has led to a Phase III clinical trial for AD patients. The perivascular drainage system seems to be driven by motive force generated by cerebral arterial pulsations, suggesting that vasoactive drugs can facilitate Aβ clearance. One of the drugs promoting this system is cilostazol, a selective inhibitor of type 3 phosphodiesterase. The clearance of fluorescent soluble Aβ tracers was significantly enhanced in cilostazol-treated CAA model mice. Given that the balance between Aβ synthesis and clearance determines brain Aβ accumulation, and that Aβ is cleared by several pathways stated above, multi-drugs combination therapy could provide a mainstream cure for sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Saito
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Suita , Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Suita , Japan
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Guo LY, Alekseev O, Li Y, Song Y, Dunaief JL. Iron increases APP translation and amyloid-beta production in the retina. Exp Eye Res 2014; 129:31-7. [PMID: 25456519 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness among older adults in developed countries, and retinal iron accumulation may exacerbate the disease. Iron can upregulate the production of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Since amyloid-β (Aβ), a byproduct of APP proteolysis, is found in drusen, the histopathological hallmark of AMD, we tested the role of iron in regulating APP and Aβ levels in the retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19. We found that treatment with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) increases APP at the translational level. FAC treatment also results in increased generation of APP C-terminal fragments C83 and C99, the products of APP proteolysis by α- and β-secretase, respectively, as well as levels of Aβ42, a highly aggregative amyloid species. Additionally, retinal tissue sections from a patient with aceruloplasminemia, a disease causing iron overload in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), showed increased Aβ deposition in the RPE and drusen. Overall, our results suggest that RPE iron overload could contribute to Aβ accumulation in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Y Guo
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratory, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Oleg Alekseev
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratory, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 W Queen Ln, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | - Yafeng Li
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratory, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Ying Song
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratory, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratory, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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78
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Masuyer G, Yates CJ, Sturrock ED, Acharya KR. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE): structure, biological roles, and molecular basis for chloride ion dependence. Biol Chem 2014; 395:1135-49. [PMID: 25205727 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Somatic angiotensin-I converting enzyme (sACE) has an essential role in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte fluid homeostasis. It is a zinc protease that cleaves angiotensin-I (AngI), bradykinin, and a broad range of other signalling peptides. The enzyme activity is provided by two homologous domains (N- and C-), which display clear differences in substrate specificities and chloride activation. The presence of chloride ions in sACE and its unusual role in activity was identified early on in the characterisation of the enzyme. The molecular mechanisms of chloride activation have been investigated thoroughly through mutagenesis studies and shown to be substrate-dependent. Recent results from X-ray crystallography structural analysis have provided the basis for the intricate interactions between ACE, its substrate and chloride ions. Here we describe the role of chloride ions in human ACE and its physiological consequences. Insights into the chloride activation of the N- and C-domains could impact the design of improved domain-specific ACE inhibitors.
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79
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Nalivaeva NN, Belyaev ND, Kerridge C, Turner AJ. Amyloid-clearing proteins and their epigenetic regulation as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:235. [PMID: 25278875 PMCID: PMC4166351 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal elevation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) levels in the brain is the primary trigger for neuronal cell death specific to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is now evident that Aβ levels in the brain are manipulable due to a dynamic equilibrium between its production from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and removal by amyloid clearance proteins. Clearance can be either enzymic or non-enzymic (binding/transport proteins). Intriguingly several of the main amyloid-degrading enzymes (ADEs) are members of the M13 peptidase family (neprilysin (NEP), NEP2 and the endothelin converting enzymes (ECE-1 and -2)). A distinct metallopeptidase, insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), also contributes to Aβ degradation in the brain. The ADE family currently embraces more than 20 members, both membrane-bound and soluble, and of differing cellular locations. NEP plays an important role in brain function terminating neuropeptide signals. Its decrease in specific brain areas with age or after hypoxia, ischaemia or stroke contribute significantly to the development of AD pathology. The recently discovered mechanism of epigenetic regulation of NEP (and other genes) by the APP intracellular domain (AICD) and its dependence on the cell type and APP isoform expression suggest possibilities for selective manipulation of NEP gene expression in neuronal cells. We have also observed that another amyloid-clearing protein, namely transthyretin (TTR), is also regulated in the neuronal cell by a mechanism similar to NEP. Dependence of amyloid clearance proteins on histone deacetylases and the ability of HDAC inhibitors to up-regulate their expression in the brain opens new avenues for developing preventive strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Nalivaeva
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leed, UK ; I.M.Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolai D Belyaev
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leed, UK
| | - Caroline Kerridge
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leed, UK ; Neurodegeneration DHT, Lilly, Erl Wood Manor Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Anthony J Turner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leed, UK
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