51
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Liver X Receptor Genes Variants Modulate ALS Phenotype. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1959-1965. [PMID: 28244008 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most severe motor neuron (MN) disorders in adults. Phenotype of ALS patients is highly variable and may be influenced by modulators of energy metabolism. Recent works have implicated the liver X receptors α and β (LXRs), either in the propagation process of ALS or in the maintenance of MN survival. LXRs are nuclear receptors activated by oxysterols, modulating cholesterol levels, a suspected modulator of ALS severity. In a cohort of 438 ALS patients and 330 healthy controls, the influence of LXR genes on ALS risk and phenotype was studied using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The two LXRα SNPs rs2279238 and rs7120118 were shown to be associated with age at onset in ALS patients. Consistently, homozygotes were twice more correlated than were heterozygotes to delayed onset. The onset was thus delayed by 3.9 years for rs2279238 C/T carriers and 7.8 years for T/T carriers. Similar results were obtained for rs7120118 (+2.1 years and +6.7 years for T/C and C/C genotypes, respectively). The LXRβ SNP rs2695121 was also shown to be associated with a 30% increase of ALS duration (p = 0.0055, FDR = 0.044). The tested genotypes were not associated with ALS risk. These findings add further evidence to the suspected implication of LXR genes in the disease process of ALS and might open new perspectives in ALS therapeutics.
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52
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Griffiths WJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Yutuc E, Morgan AH, Gilmore I, Hearn T, Wang Y. Cholesterolomics: An update. Anal Biochem 2017; 524:56-67. [PMID: 28087213 PMCID: PMC5378159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterolomics can be regarded as the identification and quantification of cholesterol, its precursors post squalene, and metabolites of cholesterol and of its precursors, in a biological sample. These molecules include 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, steroid hormones and bile acids and intermediates in their respective biosynthetic pathways. In this short article we will concentrate our attention on intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis pathways, in particular oxysterols and cholestenoic acids. These molecular classes are implicated in the aetiology of a diverse array of diseases including autoimmune disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, breast cancer, the lysosomal storage disease Niemann-Pick type C and the autosomal recessive disorder Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Mass spectrometry (MS) is the dominant technology for sterol analysis including both gas-chromatography (GC)-MS and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS and more recently matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI)-MS for tissue imaging studies. Here we will discuss exciting biological findings and recent analytical improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alwena H Morgan
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ian Gilmore
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Thomas Hearn
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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53
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Abstract
In this short review we provide a synopsis of recent developments in oxysterol research highlighting topics of current interest to the community. These include the involvement of oxysterols in neuronal development and survival, their participation in the immune system, particularly with respect to bacterial and viral infection and to Th17-cell development, and the role of oxysterols in breast cancer. We also discuss the value of oxysterol analysis in the diagnosis of disease.
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54
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Crick PJ, Griffiths WJ, Zhang J, Beibel M, Abdel-Khalik J, Kuhle J, Sailer AW, Wang Y. Reduced Plasma Levels of 25-Hydroxycholesterol and Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Bile Acid Precursors in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8009-8020. [PMID: 27878760 PMCID: PMC5684259 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). We have measured the levels of over 20 non-esterified sterols in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients suffering from MS, inflammatory CNS disease, neurodegenerative disease and control patients. Analysis was performed following enzyme-assisted derivatisation by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) exploiting multistage fragmentation (MSn). We found increased concentrations of bile acid precursors in CSF from each of the disease states and that patients with inflammatory CNS disease classified as suspected autoimmune disease or of unknown aetiology also showed elevated concentrations of 25-hydroxycholestertol (25-HC, P < 0.05) in CSF. Cholesterol concentrations in CSF were not changed except for patients diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (P < 0.01) or pathogen-based infections of the CNS (P < 0.05) where they were elevated. In plasma, we found that 25-HC (P < 0.01), (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol ((25R)26-HC, P < 0.05) and 7α-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-enoic acid (7αH,3O-CA, P < 0.05) were reduced in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients compared to controls. The pattern of reduced plasma levels of 25-HC, (25R)26-HC and 7αH,3O-CA was unique to RRMS. In summary, in plasma, we find that the concentration of 25-HC in RRMS patients is significantly lower than in controls. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a lower propensity of macrophages to synthesise 25-HC will result in reduced negative feedback by 25-HC on IL-1 family cytokine production and exacerbated MS. In CSF, we find that the dominating metabolites reflect the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis and the elevated levels of these in CNS disease is likely to reflect cholesterol release as a result of demyelination or neuronal death. 25-HC is elevated in patients with inflammatory CNS disease probably as a consequence of up-regulation of the type 1 interferon-stimulated gene cholesterol 25-hydroxylase in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | - Juan Zhang
- Analytical Science and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Beibel
- Developmental & Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurology, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Developmental & Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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55
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Abdel-Khalik J, Yutuc E, Crick PJ, Gustafsson JÅ, Warner M, Roman G, Talbot K, Gray E, Griffiths WJ, Turner MR, Wang Y. Defective cholesterol metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:267-278. [PMID: 27811233 PMCID: PMC5234729 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As neurons die, cholesterol is released in the central nervous system (CNS); hence, this sterol and its metabolites may represent a biomarker of neurodegeneration, including in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in which altered cholesterol levels have been linked to prognosis. More than 40 different sterols were quantified in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from ALS patients and healthy controls. In CSF, the concentration of cholesterol was found to be elevated in ALS samples. When CSF metabolite levels were normalized to cholesterol, the cholesterol metabolite 3β,7α-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid, along with its precursor 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid and product 7α-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid, were reduced in concentration, whereas metabolites known to be imported from the circulation into the CNS were not found to differ in concentration between groups. Analysis of serum revealed that (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol, the immediate precursor of 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid, was reduced in concentration in ALS patients compared with controls. We conclude that the acidic branch of bile acid biosynthesis, known to be operative in-part in the brain, is defective in ALS, leading to a failure of the CNS to remove excess cholesterol, which may be toxic to neuronal cells, compounded by a reduction in neuroprotective 3β,7α-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Margaret Warner
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Gustavo Roman
- Methodist Neurological Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Gray
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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56
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Mouzat K, Raoul C, Polge A, Kantar J, Camu W, Lumbroso S. Liver X receptors: from cholesterol regulation to neuroprotection-a new barrier against neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3801-8. [PMID: 27510420 PMCID: PMC11108529 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol plays a central role in numerous nervous system functions. Cholesterol is the major constituent of myelin sheaths, is essential for synapse and dendrite formation, axon guidance as well as neurotransmission. Among regulators of cholesterol homeostasis, liver X receptors (LXRs), two members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, play a determinant role. LXRs act as cholesterol sensors and respond to high intracellular cholesterol concentration by decreasing plasmatic and intracellular cholesterol content. Beyond their cholesterol-lowering role, LXRs have been proposed as regulators of immunity and anti-inflammatory factors. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism combined to neuroinflammatory context have been described in neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is characterized by the progressive loss of motoneurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to severe paralytic condition and death of patients in a median time of 3 years. Motoneuron degeneration is accompanied by chronic neuroinflammatory response, involving microglial and astrocytic activation, infiltration of blood-derived immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory factors. We propose to discuss here the role of LXRs as a molecular link between the central nervous system cholesterol metabolism, neuroinflammation, motoneuron survival and their potential as promising therapeutic candidates for ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mouzat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France.
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France.
| | - Cédric Raoul
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Polge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Jovana Kantar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - William Camu
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Neurology Department, ALS Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Lumbroso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
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57
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Mutemberezi V, Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Oxysterols: From cholesterol metabolites to key mediators. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:152-169. [PMID: 27687912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites that can be produced through enzymatic or radical processes. They constitute a large family of lipids (i.e. the oxysterome) involved in a plethora of physiological processes. They can act through GPCR (e.g. EBI2, SMO, CXCR2), nuclear receptors (LXR, ROR, ERα) and through transporters or regulatory proteins. Their physiological effects encompass cholesterol, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, they were shown to be involved in other processes such as immune regulatory functions and brain homeostasis. First studied as precursors of bile acids, they quickly emerged as interesting lipid mediators. Their levels are greatly altered in several pathologies and some oxysterols (e.g. 4β-hydroxycholesterol or 7α-hydroxycholestenone) are used as biomarkers of specific pathologies. In this review, we discuss the complex metabolism and molecular targets (including binding properties) of these bioactive lipids in human and mice. We also discuss the genetic mouse models currently available to interrogate their effects in pathophysiological settings. We also summarize the levels of oxysterols reported in two key organs in oxysterol metabolism (liver and brain), plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we consider future opportunities and directions in the oxysterol field in order to gain a better insight and understanding of the complex oxysterol system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
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58
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Moutinho M, Nunes MJ, Rodrigues E. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase: Brain cholesterol metabolism and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1911-1920. [PMID: 27663182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctions in brain cholesterol homeostasis have been extensively related to brain disorders. The major elimination pathway of brain cholesterol is its hydroxylation into 24 (S)-hydroxycholesterol by the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1). Interestingly, there seems to be an association between CYP46A1 and high-order brain functions, in a sense that increased expression of this hydroxylase improves cognition, while a reduction leads to a poor cognitive performance. Moreover, increasing amount of epidemiological, biochemical and molecular evidence, suggests that CYP46A1 has a role in the pathogenesis or progression of neurodegenerative disorders, in which up-regulation of this enzyme is clearly beneficial. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood, which highlights the importance of studies that further explore the role of CYP46A1 in the central nervous system. In this review we summarize the major findings regarding CYP46A1, and highlight the several recently described pathways modulated by this enzyme from a physiological and pathological perspective, which might account for novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Moutinho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Nunes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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59
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Griffiths WJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Wang Y. New methods for analysis of oxysterols and related compounds by LC-MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:4-26. [PMID: 26639636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated forms of cholesterol or its precursors. They are formed enzymatically and via reactive oxygen species. Oxysterols are intermediates in bile acid and steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways and are also bioactive molecules in their own right, being ligands to nuclear receptors and also regulators of the processing of steroid regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) to their active forms as transcription factors regulating cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis. Oxysterols are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple disease states ranging from atherosclerosis and cancer to multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Analysis of oxysterols is challenging on account of their low abundance in biological systems in comparison to cholesterol, and due to the propensity of cholesterol to undergo oxidation in air to generate oxysterols with the same structures as those present endogenously. In this article we review the mass spectrometry-based methods for oxysterol analysis paying particular attention to analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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60
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Del Fueyo MC, Dansey MV, Paolo LS, Pecci A, Veleiro AS, Burton G. C(16)-C(22) oxygen-bridged analogues of ceDAF-12 and LXR ligands. Steroids 2016; 112:109-14. [PMID: 27235856 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The DAF-12 receptor in nematodes and the Liver X Receptor (LXR) in mammals are structurally related transcription factors that play key roles in determining the life span of the organism. Both types of receptors are activated by oxysterols, cholesterol metabolites with oxidized side chains. Restricting the movement of the oxysterol side chain to certain orientations may have profound effects in the activity profile, however this has not been explored so far. In a first attempt to obtain analogues of natural ligands of DAF-12 and LXR with restricted side chain mobility we introduced a 16,22-oxygen bridge in 26-hydroxycholesterol, a cholestenoic acid and a dafachronic acid (5-7). Diosgenin was used as starting material, the key step to obtain the 16,22 epoxy functionality was the one pot formation and reduction of a cyclic hemiketal via the oxocarbenium ion using sodium cyanoborohydride. All new compounds were characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry and assayed as ceDAF-12 or LXR ligands in transactivation cell-based assays. The dafachronic acid analogue 7 behaved as a ceDAF-12 agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Celeste Del Fueyo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Virginia Dansey
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano S Paolo
- Departamento de Química Biológica and IFIBYNE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adalí Pecci
- Departamento de Química Biológica and IFIBYNE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana S Veleiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Burton
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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61
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Criscuolo C, Carbone R, Lieto M, Peluso S, Guacci A, Filla A, Quarantelli M, Lanzillo R, Brescia Morra V, De Michele G. SPG5 and multiple sclerosis: clinical and genetic overlap? Acta Neurol Scand 2016; 133:410-4. [PMID: 26370385 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive (AR) spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) is due to mutations in the CYP7B1 gene, encoding for the cytochrome P450-7B1, responsible for oxysterols 7α-hydroxylation. Oxysterol/cholestenoic acids pool plays a role in motor neuron survival and immune response. SPG5 is characterized by white matter abnormalities at brain resonance imaging (MRI). In view of clinical presentation and MRI findings, multiple sclerosis (MS) is a possible differential diagnosis of SPG5. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of CYP7B1 mutations in patients with MS. METHODS One hundred and seventeen MS patients with clinical spastic paraplegia or possible AR transmission were selected for the mutational screening. RESULTS Forty-three patients had primary progressive, 26 relapsing remitting, 26 secondary progressive, and 22 relapsing progressive MS clinical course. No CYP7B1 homozygous mutations were identified. Two novel variants and one pathogenic mutation were found at heterozygous state. CONCLUSIONS The two novel variants cosegregated with pyramidal signs and autoimmune diseases suggesting that they might be susceptibility factors. Reduced cytochrome P450-7B1 enzymatic activity could alter the balance among neurotoxic and neuroprotective oxysterols promoting motor neuron degeneration and/or immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Criscuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology; ‘Federico II’ University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - R. Carbone
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology; ‘Federico II’ University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - M. Lieto
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology; ‘Federico II’ University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - S. Peluso
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology; ‘Federico II’ University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - A. Guacci
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology; ‘Federico II’ University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - A. Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology; ‘Federico II’ University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - M. Quarantelli
- Biostructure and Bioimaging Institute; National Research Council; Naples Italy
| | - R. Lanzillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology; ‘Federico II’ University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - V. Brescia Morra
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology; ‘Federico II’ University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - G. De Michele
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology; ‘Federico II’ University of Naples; Naples Italy
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62
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Liver X receptors regulate cerebrospinal fluid production. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:844-56. [PMID: 26324101 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Of the two isoforms of Liver X receptor (LXR), LXRβ has been shown to have major effects in the central nervous system (CNS) and on the regulation of aquaporins while LXRα has its most marked effects on cholesterol homeostasis. Both receptors have immunomodulatory functions. In LXRαβ knockout (ko) mice, the CNS phenotype is much more severe than in the LXRβ ko mice, suggesting a contribution of LXRα in CNS functions. One of the most striking abnormalities in the brains of LXRαβ ko mice is the occlusion of the lateral ventricles with age. In the present study, we have found by immunohistochemical staining that both LXRα and LXRβ are expressed in the cell nuclei of the epithelium of the choroid plexus and in the ependymal cells surrounding the lateral ventricles. The two receptors regulate several genes and can compensate for each other on expression of genes involved in structural integrity (E-cadherin, P-cadherin and β-catenin) and function (aquaporin 1 and carbonic anhydrase IX). Aquaporin 4 (AQ4) is not expressed in the choroid plexus but is expressed in the astrocytic end feet and ependymal cells. AQP4 expression was increased in white matter around lateral ventricles but not in neurons of LXRαβ ko mice. The data show that LXR is a regulator of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) both at the choroid plexus and at the astrocytic end feet and defects in the synthesis of cerebrospinal fluid may be targeted by LXR agonists to facilitate CSF production, turnover and clearance in CNS diseases.
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63
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Courtney R, Landreth GE. LXR Regulation of Brain Cholesterol: From Development to Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:404-414. [PMID: 27113081 PMCID: PMC4986614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). The brain, which contains a disproportionately large amount of the body's total cholesterol (∼25%), requires a complex and delicately balanced cholesterol metabolism to maintain neuronal function. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism has been implicated in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Due to their cholesterol-sensing and anti-inflammatory activities, LXRs are positioned centrally in the everyday maintenance of CNS function. This review focuses on recent research into the role of LXRs in the CNS during normal development and homeostasis and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Courtney
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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When cholesterol meets histamine, it gives rise to dendrogenin A: a tumour suppressor metabolite1. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:631-7. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendrogenin A (DDA) is the first steroidal alkaloid (SA) to be identified in human tissues to date and arises from the stereoselective enzymatic conjugation of 5,6α-epoxycholesterol (5,6α-EC) with histamine (HA). DDA induces the re-differentiation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and prevents breast cancer (BC) and melanoma development in mice, evidencing its protective role against oncogenesis. In addition, DDA production is lower in BCs compared with normal tissues, suggesting a deregulation of its biosynthesis during carcinogenesis. The discovery of DDA reveals the existence of a new metabolic pathway in mammals which lies at the crossroads of cholesterol and HA metabolism and which leads to the production of this metabolic tumour suppressor.
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Magtanong L, Ko PJ, Dixon SJ. Emerging roles for lipids in non-apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1099-109. [PMID: 26967968 PMCID: PMC5399169 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) is essential to maintain organismal homeostasis and may be aberrantly activated during certain pathological states. Lipids are emerging as key components of several non-apoptotic RCD pathways. For example, a direct interaction between membrane phospholipids and the pore-forming protein mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) is needed for the execution of necroptosis, while the oxidative destruction of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), following the inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), is a requisite gateway to ferroptosis. Here, we review the roles of lipids in the initiation and execution of these and other forms of non-apoptotic cell death. We also consider new technologies that are allowing for the roles of lipids and lipid metabolism in RCD to be probed in increasingly sophisticated ways. In certain cases, this new knowledge may enable the development of therapies that target lipids and lipid metabolic processes to enhance or suppress specific non-apoptotic RCD pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Magtanong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P J Ko
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
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Destabilization of the torsioned conformation of a ligand side chain inverts the LXRβ activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1577-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jung JI, Price AR, Ladd TB, Ran Y, Park HJ, Ceballos-Diaz C, Smithson LA, Hochhaus G, Tang Y, Akula R, Ba S, Koo EH, Shapiro G, Felsenstein KM, Golde TE. Cholestenoic acid, an endogenous cholesterol metabolite, is a potent γ-secretase modulator. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:29. [PMID: 26169917 PMCID: PMC4501119 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β (Aβ) 42 has been implicated as the initiating molecule in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD); thus, therapeutic strategies that target Aβ42 are of great interest. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) are small molecules that selectively decrease Aβ42. We have previously reported that many acidic steroids are GSMs with potencies ranging in the low to mid micromolar concentration with 5β-cholanic acid being the most potent steroid identified GSM with half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 5.7 μM. RESULTS We find that the endogenous cholesterol metabolite, 3β-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid (CA), is a steroid GSM with enhanced potency (EC50 of 250 nM) relative to 5β-cholanic acid. CA i) is found in human plasma at ~100-300 nM concentrations ii) has the typical acidic GSM signature of decreasing Aβ42 and increasing Aβ38 levels iii) is active in in vitro γ-secretase assay iv) is made in the brain. To test if CA acts as an endogenous GSM, we used Cyp27a1 knockout (Cyp27a1-/-) and Cyp7b1 knockout (Cyp7b1-/-) mice to investigate if manipulation of cholesterol metabolism pathways relevant to CA formation would affect brain Aβ42 levels. Our data show that Cyp27a1-/- had increased brain Aβ42, whereas Cyp7b1-/- mice had decreased brain Aβ42 levels; however, peripheral dosing of up to 100 mg/kg CA did not affect brain Aβ levels. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies with multiple known and novel CA analogs studies failed to reveal CA analogs with increased potency. CONCLUSION These data suggest that CA may act as an endogenous GSM within the brain. Although it is conceptually attractive to try and increase the levels of CA in the brain for prevention of AD, our data suggest that this will not be easily accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo In Jung
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Ashleigh R Price
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Thomas B Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Yong Ran
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Hyo-Jin Park
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Carolina Ceballos-Diaz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Lisa A Smithson
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Günther Hochhaus
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Yufei Tang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | | | - Saritha Ba
- SAI Life Sciences Ltd., Turkapally, AP500078, India.
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
| | | | - Kevin M Felsenstein
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Crick PJ, Beckers L, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. The oxysterol and cholestenoic acid profile of mouse cerebrospinal fluid. Steroids 2015; 99:172-7. [PMID: 25759118 PMCID: PMC4503871 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols and cholestenoic acids are oxidised forms of cholesterol with a host of biological functions. The possible roles of oxysterols in various neurological diseases makes the analysis of these metabolites in the central nervous system of particular interest. Here, we report the identification and quantification of a panel of twelve sterols in mouse cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry exploiting enzyme assisted derivatisation for sterol analysis technology. We found low levels of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in CSF in the range of 5pg/mL-2.6ng/mL. As found in man, these concentrations are one to two orders of magnitude lower than in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lien Beckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, LIPIT, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Theofilopoulos S, Arenas E. Liver X receptors and cholesterol metabolism: role in ventral midbrain development and neurodegeneration. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2015; 7:37. [PMID: 26097711 PMCID: PMC4447034 DOI: 10.12703/p7-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of the ventral midbrain is orchestrated by a number of cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic factors that control critical processes, such as the patterning of the neural tube along the main body axis and the specification of diverse neuronal cell types in distinct positions of the neural tube. Subsequently, the regulation of neurogenesis and survival— acquire particular relevance in order to define the final size of diverse neuronal populations. In a series of studies during the last few years, we have identified liver X receptors (LXRs) as critical regulators of ventral midbrain development. Moreover, specific cholesterol derivatives present in the midbrain or in the cerebrospinal fluid were identified as LXR ligands, capable of specifically and selectively regulating neurogenesis and the survival of distinct neuronal populations, including midbrain dopamine neurons. These studies have shown that cholesterol derivatives are an entirely new class of factors capable of regulating both neuronal survival and neurogenesis, thus providing a direct link between cholesterol metabolism and brain development. In addition, LXRs and cholesterol metabolism were found to play a critical role in regulating the balance between neuronal survival and death in diverse midbrain neuronal populations. In this review, we will focus on these two aspects and on the possible role of cholesterol metabolism and LXRs in neurodegeneration.
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Vanmierlo T, Bogie JF, Mailleux J, Vanmol J, Lütjohann D, Mulder M, Hendriks JJ. Plant sterols: Friend or foe in CNS disorders? Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:26-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Delving into the complexity of hereditary spastic paraplegias: how unexpected phenotypes and inheritance modes are revolutionizing their nosology. Hum Genet 2015; 134:511-38. [PMID: 25758904 PMCID: PMC4424374 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are rare neurodegenerative diseases sharing the degeneration of the corticospinal tracts as the main pathological characteristic. They are considered one of the most heterogeneous neurological disorders. All modes of inheritance have been described for the 84 different loci and 67 known causative genes implicated up to now. Recent advances in molecular genetics have revealed clinico-genetic heterogeneity of these disorders including their clinical and genetic overlap with other diseases of the nervous system. The systematic analysis of a large set of genes, including exome sequencing, is unmasking unusual phenotypes or inheritance modes associated with mutations in HSP genes and related genes involved in various neurological diseases. A new nosology may emerge after integration and understanding of these new data to replace the current classification. Collectively, functions of the known genes implicate the disturbance of intracellular membrane dynamics and trafficking as the consequence of alterations of cytoskeletal dynamics, lipid metabolism and organelle structures, which represent in fact a relatively small number of cellular processes that could help to find common curative approaches, which are still lacking.
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Crick PJ, William Bentley T, Abdel-Khalik J, Matthews I, Clayton PT, Morris AA, Bigger BW, Zerbinati C, Tritapepe L, Iuliano L, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Quantitative Charge-Tags for Sterol and Oxysterol Analysis. Clin Chem 2015; 61:400-11. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.231332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Global sterol analysis is challenging owing to the extreme diversity of sterol natural products, the tendency of cholesterol to dominate in abundance over all other sterols, and the structural lack of a strong chromophore or readily ionized functional group. We developed a method to overcome these challenges by using different isotope-labeled versions of the Girard P reagent (GP) as quantitative charge-tags for the LC-MS analysis of sterols including oxysterols.
METHODS
Sterols/oxysterols in plasma were extracted in ethanol containing deuterated internal standards, separated by C18 solid-phase extraction, and derivatized with GP, with or without prior oxidation of 3β-hydroxy to 3-oxo groups.
RESULTS
By use of different isotope-labeled GPs, it was possible to analyze in a single LC-MS analysis both sterols/oxysterols that naturally possess a 3-oxo group and those with a 3β-hydroxy group. Intra- and interassay CVs were <15%, and recoveries for representative oxysterols and cholestenoic acids were 85%–108%. By adopting a multiplex approach to isotope labeling, we analyzed up to 4 different samples in a single run. Using plasma samples, we could demonstrate the diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism and also the export of oxysterols from brain via the jugular vein.
CONCLUSIONS
This method allows the profiling of the widest range of sterols/oxysterols in a single analytical run and can be used to identify inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian Matthews
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Centre for Translational Omics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
| | - Andrew A Morris
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, U.K
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Chiara Zerbinati
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Luigi Tritapepe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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Malgrange B, Varela-Nieto I, de Medina P, Paillasse MR. Targeting cholesterol homeostasis to fight hearing loss: a new perspective. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:3. [PMID: 25688206 PMCID: PMC4310297 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a major pathology of the inner ear that affects nearly 600 million people worldwide. Despite intensive researches, this major health problem remains without satisfactory solutions. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in SNHL include oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, inflammation, and ischemia, resulting in synaptic loss, axonal degeneration, and apoptosis of spiral ganglion neurons. The mechanisms associated with SNHL are shared with other neurodegenerative disorders. Cholesterol homeostasis is central to numerous pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cholesterol regulates major processes involved in neurons survival and function. The role of cholesterol homeostasis in the physiopathology of inner ear is largely unexplored. In this review, we discuss the findings concerning cholesterol homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases and whether it should be translated into potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of SNHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Malgrange
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Developmental Neurobiology Unit, University of Liege , Liege , Belgium
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM. IdiPAZ, CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Arturo Duperier 4 , Madrid , Spain
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Holmes D. Neuroendocrinology: cholesterol metabolites regulate motor neuron function. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:700. [PMID: 25331283 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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